Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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Fasche: Creative people and gentrification: "Sowing the seeds of demise?" 147
M.
CREATIVE
"SOWING THE
PEOPLE AND GENTRIFICATION:
EVIDENCE FROM NEWTOWN, SYDNEY
SEEDS OF DEMISE?"
With 3 figures
Melanie
und Gentrifizierung:
Zusammenfassung: Kreative
town, Sydney
Die post-industrielle
regime assoziiert,
auszeichnet.
Die
Okonomie
wird mit
sich durch
welches
Fasche
?Saen
einem Wechsel
von einem
fordistischen
designorientierter
Untergang?"
Erkenntnisse
aus New
zu einem
Produktions
post-fordistischen
und informationsreicher
Unternehmen
zu den sich am
kultureller Giiter und Dienstleistungen
tatigen Sektoren gehoren
dyna
der heutigen Zeit. Kleine
kreative Unternehmen
auch als die treibenden Krafte
fiir
unter den sog. Kulturindustrien
etwas abseits der etablierten Ge
haben meist
Innovationen
ihren Standort
angesehen
in Gebieten,
schaftszentren
die sich durch ihr kulturelles Flair, urbane Lebensstile
und Kiinstlerszenen
auszeichnen.
Die Be
zu ihrem raumlichen Wohnzu
der
Kulturindustrien
scheinen
eine
und
Arbeitsumfeld
haben.
schaftigten
spezielle Beziehung
mischsten
in der Produktion
entwickelnden
Sektoren
ver
basieren auf dieser raumlichen
kulturellen Codierung. Mit fortschreitender Gentrifizierung
Marketingkampagnen
ihre Attraktivitat fiir ?Kreative".
Der Fokus der hier zugrunde
lieren diese Areale moglicherweise
liegenden Untersuchung
liegt
auf einem sich im Gentrifizierungsprozess
befindlichen
auf ?Kreativen",
die in diesem Gebiet
leben und arbeiten
Gebiet,
Lokale
lokaler Politik. Es
Dariiber
hinaus werden
Kulturproduktion.
litat des kulturellen Feldes und andererseits
Interessen
Gebietes
Bourdietjs
untersucht.
Basierend
in Sydney, wird
versucht
Habitus-Konzept
der Beziehung
zwischen dem konkreten Ort und der dortigen
erfolgt eine Analyse
einerseits der Einfluss des fortschreitenden Gentrifizierungsprozesses
auf die Vita
auf
begrifflich
den
gefasst werden
kann.
is associated
with the shift from the Fordist to the Post-Fordist
economy
economy where
Summary: The
post-industrial
work within a new flexible mode
information-rich
sectors engaged
of production.
The
in pro
design-orientated,
companies
economic
frontiers today. Small creative businesses,
ducing cultural goods and services constitute some of the most dynamic
to be the major
also imagined
driver for innovation within the cultural industries, tend to locate away from established
busi
ness
to areas
for
cultural amenities, urban lifestyles and artistic scene. People
in cul
employed
tr^eir
to their working and living environment.
are
Local marketing
special relationship
campaigns
areas
based on this cultural claim to space. With proceeding
lose
their
attractiveness
for
creative
gentrification
might
people.
The focus of this study is on a neighbourhood
creative people
undergoing
gentrification,
living and working within this neigh
tural industries
seem
to have
known
bourhood
The culturaleconomy
and itsworkforce
Ll
The emergence
of culturalindustries
sectors,
connectedness
or
a process
reflecting
even
convergence
of
of
growing
cultural
inter
and
economy".
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148_Erdkunde_Band
as
function
of meaning
in
images,
and
sounds.
It
is
the
cultural
symbols,
signs
compo
nent of many
consumer
that stands at the fore
goods
turn,
front
of
their
extremely
carriers
economic
value.
in
heterogeneous
Cultural
their
are
products
substance,
appear
60/2006
propensity
aesthetics
and
aestheticism"
(BOUR
as
music,
theatre,
dance,
the visual
and
non-cultural
the crafts,
arts,
litera
forms
of cultural
in film,
as
garded
cluding
radio,
television,
some
having
advertising,
book
and
or cultural
creative
tourism
such
components
newspaper,
and
content
architectural
cultural
maga
in
services.
and
small
enterprises
based,
creatively
are more
information-rich
flexible,
and
small
cultural
enterprises
to locate
tend
for
known
their
cultural
urban
amenities,
2000; Leslie
lifestyles and artistic scenes (hutton
are
These
areas"
often
old working
1997).
"lifestyle
class
quarters
adjacent
to the cbd,
which
are
undergo
be
more
seen
as
complex
a facet
process
linked
articulation
spatial
to
profound
of
transforma
^ Gentrification
can be defined
cal
and
stocking
housing
?
areas
residential
cheaper
researchers
usually
ends.
1996;
as reinvestment
class-based
this is where
in physi
colonisation
of
agreement
among
distinction.
new
social
residence
is no longer a suburban
home but a renovated
former working-class
in urban downtown.
house
Urban
or the inner
areas
are the
downtown
where
city
places
areas
are
tion
of representation
and
places
as such
involved
increasingly
recombinations
of meanings.
and
tions and
identity forma
in transforma
innovative,
to maintain
strategies
artisans
recently
are
not
also
only part
as
labelled
of
the new
creative class
(FLORIDA 2002)
they seem to be itsprecursors. As cul
tural producers they are directly involved in construct
ing and transmittingmessages about themeaning of
consumption predisposing and defining lifestylesand
identities of broad fractions of themiddle class. They
are specialists inproducing, consuming and promoting
cultural products as they are linked to themarket not
only exclusively through research but through individ
ual intuitionand market identification.Creative people
are
their realm
relationship
between
cultural
with
And
cate
intermediaries
aesthetics
and
identity
construction,
mater
the otherness
gets mass-produced.
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Fasche: Creative people and gentrification: "Sowing the seeds of demise?" 149
M.
attractive
The
entrepreneurs.
population
towards
commerce
cultural
professionals
like
tioners
followed
such
capital,
in turn, are
who,
producers
media-workers,
greater
prac
by business
followed
people.
investment
rise and
cultural
journalists,
with
by professionals
as
and medical
lawyers
as
such
convention,
and
students,
intellectuals,
etc. are
educators
economic
and
flows
capital
to urban
claim
space marked
label
tween
and more
more
become
as "creative
themselves
grows,
places
cultural
produc
And
cities".
places
be
and competition
seems
to be a blue
important
gentrification
urban
izing
as a
emerging
spontaneous
trend becomes
(1998,
231)
transformation
spatial
and
loosely
planned. According
urban
"culture-based
initially
institutionalised
to O'connor
strate
regeneration
limited"
their allure
and
even
often
even
if heritage
damaging.
preservation,
Areas
may
historical,
areas
based
consumption
become
on
are
too
too sterile.
planned,
Develop
aethetisisation
and
cultural
images,
often with
limited
resonance,
espe
acter
and
creative
environment.
their physical
seem
their enterprises
of
appearance
Moreover,
and
people
their
of
local
surrounding
of economic
dynamos
in the new
progress
on
sectors
the cultural
in urban
plementation
industrial
quarters,
leisure
lifestyle,
policies
regeneration
class
former working
form abandoned
and
sites and
area?
Is the gradual
economic
particular
of the cultural
realm
involuntarily
damag
to mediate
or even
between
govern
and
cultural
them
economic
a sustainable
towards
to case
tention
inner
Sydney's
study evidence
city suburbs.
anti-economic
upside-down
in economic
economic
terms,
to understand
this
world".
to be
extraordinarily
sensitive
towards
the char
neigh
one
from Newtown,
of
styles
and
their
representations.
to BOUR
According
and
structure'.
structuring
The
as mutual,
inter
society
landscapes.
of
consumption.
reproducing
cultural
to trans
residential
into areas
waterfronts
namic,
into
Fur
creation.
for employment
the
areas
econ
service
of
milieu.
cultural
place-based
On
to
and
generating
habitus
is
static and dy
all
at
the
same
and
between
habitus
is contrary
between
structure
standardization
and
agency
and
change
as
as
more
clear-cut
concepts
of sociological analysis.
Related to an anthropology of the city (LINDNER
2003) is the anthropomorphic concept of comparing a
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150ErdkundeBand 60/2006
specificplace to a person with itsown biography. It fol
lows the idea, thatplaces, too, have their own habitus,
in the sense of PIERRE BOURDIEU. The habitus of place
can be conceptualized as the present perception of the
ensemble
place's
of
economic,
social,
cultural,
and
nations
constructed
and marked
with
an
role as
important
intermediaries
and
can
between
inspiration
and
be
emotions
the local
within
interpreted
as
a process
area.
of
of
social
differentiation
tural urban
landscapes
are
structured
and,
^^^j^^wX
^^^^
Fzg 7: Sydney
Connell
into
spa
in turn, ex
x^fla^^B
Sowra:
con
soci
^^^^^^^^^^^^
identity
transformed
^^^^^^^^^^
Tasmania^
Gentrifica
- in
tialpractice
other words, a spatial strategy through
which social differences are turned into social distinc
tion. In this sense residential choices, the new stylisation
stimulation
tion
attitudes.
and thehabitusofplace
2.2 Gentrification
for aesthetic
2000
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
M.
can
of gentrification
the process
Thus,
Fasche: Creative people and gentrification: "Sowing the seeds of demise?" 151
be
are
signs of gentrification
to a
large
and
economic
itself gets
trends,
in other
words:
gentrifica
structured.
and
business
of
can
restructuring
sectors
or
and
such
and
in the
such
above
be
as
and
services",
"mining"
"public
sectors
such as "manufactur
stagnating
but
also
"finance
and
insur
"transport",
centre
and
"property
of
the dominant
business
services"
sectors
growth
in absolute
both
business
sector".
In
sector
services
2001,
became
property
Sydney's
sector
the largest
city's workforce
A
survey of
or
1 in 7
jobs.
"Designers-graphic"
and business
"property
the category
of
sub-sector
listed in
services"
doubt
that
designers
an
play
Australia's
growth.
"cultural
the businesses'
creative
and
business
role
important
second
booming
recreational
sizes,
services
there
graphic
for the sector's
entire
services",
sector,
grew
the sector
by 60.5
Avera9e
emP*
>yment
change
Mining
11Water
L^L^L^^^^HI^H^^2^2^^_Electricity,
Gas
Supply
HH^^^H^^^^^^^^H^
Admin.
& Defence
Government
I^^^^^^H
Wholesale
Trade
Manufactur
ng
_ Sydney
J^JJ
andStora
ge
Transport
Finance
and InsuranceJHHHI
& Fishng
Agriculture,
Forestry
Australia
g||g
^H^^H
Educaton
H^HHHHHHL
PersoialandOtherServices
^^HHHBj^^Hn
Trade
HHH^HBBj^^
Healthard Community
Services
^^^H^^^^^i
on
Construct
^^^hhmhmmhb^^h
Cafes& Restaursits
Accommodation,
hH^HBIH^^^P
Communication Services
andRecreational
Services
Cultural
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
es
Servfa
Business
j
_Propertyand
""^^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^j^^^^^^jjj
-25 -65-45
2: Employment
change
by author
-5
by industry
from ABS
1991-2001
15
35 55
75%
Wandel
der Beschaftigungsstruktur
2001
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All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
is little
as
such
Source: Adapted
"cul
all "property
isAustralia's
information
recognised
with shrink
less
Fig
1980s
as
services"
sectors
services".
Additional
ney
sectors
the main
growth
and booming
early
tural and recreational
business
3 A glimpseof Sydney'sculturaleconomy
of
of
1990s
and
process
one
and
deter
degree
ance"
conceptu
1991-2001
of
per
152ErdkundeBand 60/2006
cent between 1991 and 2001. Although this sector does
seem
not
to have
significant
num
in absolute
weight
The
whose
title Australian
business-to-business
is to report
self-conception
about
trend within
creative
Sydney's
wants
market
better
alternatives,
as one
interviewee
stated:
in comfortable
cultural
and
entrepreneur
homely
2002, 2003).
choices
and
"The
big
environments.
his
opening
The
transformation of Sydney's industrial and
employment structure is reflected by the continuous
formation of a "new middle class"
usually defined
as
employees
share
shops
One
of persons
than
compared
"'
50,0%--?-
^r\;F;
,
1991-2001
white
the metropolitan
58.2 per cent
average,
of the occupational
per cent. Data
to 42.0
collar workers
in hoherwertigen
^tx
" '
Iihimi1 ilyAmu
-?-:
o#%-H???-r???j--????
of high-status,
the
white-collar
"'-
?
"
der Beschaftigten
in high-status,
'-:
10>0%*
Share
employed
occupations2^.
1991-2001,
?f^w*^
3ft0%-^?
3:
in white-collar
on King
working
60,0%---n-??
Anteil
and
70,0%A- :
Fig
passionate,
post-production
20,0%-
were
the people
industries:
creative,
ser
itwas
because
Creative,
creative
1301
life*
in Sydney,
Dienstleistungen
in Sydney,
time
2001
and Newtown
den
1991-2001
innerstadtischen
Gebieten
und Newtown
M.
class
structure
Fasche: Creative people and gentrification: "Sowing the seeds of demise?" 153
-
in Newtown
an
inner
city
suburb
in
Sydney4)
are
the period
inner
reflecting
city
area
over
trends:
1991-2001,
and
unique
creative
place,
pot where
melting
acade
stand
the place,
it's too noisy,
they can't
... I
... it's the noise and
it's dirty
love
it
just
here,
it's smelly,
employed
white-collar
in
occupations
such
dences,
as
terrace
row houses
and
as well
as aban
Newtown.
in a
to live
or
terrace
cottage
working-class
row house.
presented
Renovating
a different
im
charm
and
historical
significance
and
re
to the interviewed
According
creatives
Newtown
has
field". The
interviewed
creatives
all
businesses
described
Newtown
as
a vibrant,
lively,
business
defined as persons
classified either as "managers
and administrators",
or "associate
"professionals"
profession
als" adapted
from the official Australian
and New Zealand
defined
Classification
as
the Local
(ANZSIC).
Government
Areas
is not
in Newtown
doesn't
affect
choice.
locational
factor. Working
The
environment
of Newtown
makes
them
from
working
in Newtown
location
influ
One
of them described
location,
work
business,
and
of the
things
"One
inNewtown
as fol
perception
...
is, that you can
Newtown
inconvenient."
ous
location,
to business
business
as one
ative, I think it'sa very ambitious idea ... [but] you still
to meet
the briefs,
still have
to make
communica
2) Here
Industrial
partners
inNewtown
have
Standard
3) Here
located
lows:
Being
hate
of
South
pink,
that's
too bad."
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154ErdkundeBand 60/2006
it: "I think, it's image or when you sayingNewtown
it's definitely giving you something different of what
it actually is, it does have its funky image but it is
actually not as funky as kind of people think itwould
be, where I think, the image is probably two years
behind."
shops,
and
can
restaurants
be witnessed,
nothing
and
cafes
or
upgrade
are
shops
moving
and more
disappear
seems
in. Newtown
to become
get-up-early,
a-cafe
type of
and
go-for-your-jog
suburb.
read-the-paper-in
in Newtown.
Old
buildings
are
torn down
or
get
reno
know,
mainstream
in a way
... and
the artists,
I guess,
into
cheaper
areas
...
it's kind
of hard,
because
of
the way
things."
People
ment
councils
aware
are
the erosion
of Newtown's
venues
the Newtown
spaces
performance
and
live
theatres
independent
there for a long time
have been
to work
to promote
together
as
Newtown
include
on'
'what's
monthly
an
to Newtown,
guide
profile
as an
alternative
entertainment
sense of theword.
precinct to the city in the truest
The project is supported by local retailers as well as
state and
Whereas
its distinct
unrenovated."
that's
guess
local
national
governments.
character
to be seen if Newtown's
can be saved and
preserved,
atmosphere
it has
itsphysical heart
Street
King Street
isNewtown's
aorta,
definitelywill. King
thoroughfare
stretching
for
spaces,
hotels,
cafes,
restaurants,
shops
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Fasche: Creative people and gentrification: "Sowing the seeds of demise?" 155
M.
attractive
visual
quality.
5 Conclusion
become
affordable.
to be
tend
businesses
centres
business
located
away
to areas
close
from
known
for
estab
their
economy.
Sydney's
of an Australian
reports
a trend within
Sydney's
title reveal
business-to-business
areas.
city
They
perceive
as an alternative,
Newtown
makes
a statement
their business
about
prac
construct,
people
and
perceive
represent
them
their
"being
creative"
client's
briefs.
strong
may
on
emphasis
be debunked
artistic
more
on
practice,
as "cultural
convenient
less distinctive
and
aware
but
in Newtown
People
less
of
to preserve
aim
initiatives
Local
the Newtown
town
ness
the other
while
alternative
place. However,
and
institutionalized
becomes
into
transformed
allure
can
be
or whether
preserved
Newtown
coming
"hippy
comedy".
In
Places
are more
and
the
latter
creative
case,
more
in
competition
such
Paris
etc.:
as New
York,
leading-edge
London,
Vancouver,
economic
sectors
Toronto,
as cul
such
transformations,
changes
across
words,
occupa
high-status
cities.
Insofar
gentrification
is a
transformations
in capitalist
societies
the re
new middles
class.
However,
the
signs
and
trajectories
as process
structure
The same creative people are described as the pre
between
and agency
and
mutual,
cursors of the new middle class whose rise is associated
between standardization and change as dialectical. The
habitus of people - their lifestylesand their representa
with the shift to a post-industrial economy. Creative
people are not only predisposing and defining lifestyles tions structurestheirenvironment through the sum of
and identities theyare also transforming these lifestyles individual habits and activities. In turn, the habitus
and identities into spatial practice
all underlying a
itself is under ongoing negotiation as itgets structured
claim of authenticity and distinction. But thepursuit of by its surrounding contexts. The same applies to the
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156ErdkundeBand 60/2006
habitus of places. Finally, all thehabitus are embedded
not only in local but also in regional, national and
global
P. a. Freestone,
C.; Murphy,
and Socio-Spatial
Relations
Gibson,
ment
Autumn,
Editorial.
(2003):
I.
helbrecht,
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Eckart Ehlers for comments
and suggestions on an earlier draft of thispaper. Em
pirically, thispaper isbased on a field studyundertaken
in the context of a diploma thesis in Sydney inWinter
2003/04. My special thanks to four graphic designers
area
in the Newtown
businesses
owning
sentatives
of respective
local government
and
two repre
councils
who
City: Applied
in theMetropolitan
Core.
(4),285-317.
H.
Kendig,
Canberra.
the Foundations
of Gen
16, 70-90.
Sens Pratique.
Paris.
P. (1980): Le
bourdieu,
MA.
(1984): Distinction.
Cambridge,
(1993): The Field of Cultural Production.
Cambridge,
UK.
Vic.
City. South Melbourne,
to 'Yup
M.
from Rural Gentry
(2004): Newtown
In:
GASt-Newsletter
89-94.
18,
piedom'.
Class. North
R.
Florida,
(2002): The Rise of the Creative
Vic.
In: Environment
Industry.
City. Oxford.
(2003): Artists, Aestheticisation
cation. In: Urban
Studies 40
R.
and
the Field
(12), 2527-2544.
Habitus
der Stadt
In: Petermanns
of Gentrifi
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