Chapter 4

The variety of resources on Earth

4.1 The Various Resources on Earth

Living natural resources
Plants
(fruits, oil, vegetables )
Animals
(milk, meat )

Non-living natural
resources
Water
Air
Soil
Minerals
Fossil fuels
Metals
Non-metal

Nitrogen bulb

Oxygen is one of
the gases that we
breathe in everyday
from the air

Pure carbon dioxide gas can

be poured because it is
heavier than air

Element, Compounds and Mixtures

Element can be divided into :

Metals ( Logam )

All metal element in solid

form but except for
mercury which exist in
liquid
Example of metal
Calcium, copper, gold,
lead, magnesium,
platinum, potassium,
silver, sodium

Non- metals
(bukan logam )
Non-metal elements exist
in all state. Solid, liquid
and gas at room
temperature
Example of non-metal
Sulphur, carbon, bromine,
oxygen, neon, hydrogen,

Cobalt chloride indicator

Dry
(kering)

Moist / Damp
( basah )

Colour : Blue
Colour : Pink

Gas tests
Hydrogen (
)
What you will observe:
-Your light splint
(Popsicle stick) will POP
POP
and go out.
Why does this happen:
-Hydrogen gas is very
flammable and in the
presence of heat or fire it
will explode at a certain
temperature.

Oxygen (
)
What you will observe:
-Your glowing splint will re-light
What does that mean:
-This happened because
Oxygen is part of the fire
triangle. The fire triangle is
composed of three things:
Fuel, Heat energy source
and Oxygen.

Mixture (campuran )

Nasi lemak

Paint

Ice kacang

Iced milo

Sugar solution

Brass

Example of variety type of mixture and its components

Formation of compound
( sebatian )

In chemical reactions the chemical identities

of substances change. Here, a mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen undergoes a
chemical change to form water.

The differences between compounds and mixture

Separation of mixtures
Method : Filtration
( penurasan )

To separate
insoluble solids
(pepejal tak larut
) from
the liquid in a solidliquid mixtures
E.g. To separate
water and sand

Separation of mixtures

Distillation (penyulingan )
To separate a solvent from a
liquid or solid-liquid mixture.
Two types of processes to
take place
(a) Boiling
liquid
vapour/Gas
(b) Condensation
vapour
Liquid
E.g. To separate water from
salt solution

Using magnet
To separate substances
which are attracted to a
magnet from other
objects made from nonmagnetic materials
E.g. To separate iron
filings and sulphur

Extraction

Oil

Water

To separate liquid
substances that do
not mix well and
with different
densities.
E.g. To separate
oil from water

Chromatography
Separates coloured components in a mixtures

Sieving (penapisan )
To separate mixture
of solid substances
with different sizes.

AIR ( udara )
Oxygen :
i. Breathing / cell respiration
(penafasan )
ii. Combustion / burning

Carbon dioxide
(karbon dioksida ):
i. To put out of fire
ii. Importance for photosynthesis
(fotosintesis )

Soil and mineral

Soil is habitat
( tempat tinggal
) for many
types of living
organisms ( benda
hidup ).

Soil contains water and

minerals which is vital for the
growing of plants.

Fossil fuel

To provide energy for

household use, factories
and power stations to
generate electricity.

Water
Regulates body
temperature.
Controls the
concentration of
blood ( mengawal
kepekatan darah
).

Living things
As food, medicine, fibre, building materials
and so on.

Conservation
Conservation of recourses
involves the intelligent use and
care of our resources

Preservation
The act of keeping the resources in their
original state.
Example :
i) Find alternative resources, such as
solar energy to replace depleting
resources such as petroleum)
ii) to prevent the extinction of flora and
fauna.