SG APPTC 2014 10 Paper 12 Presentation

www.ifea.tugraz.
at
OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference

105
15
16
Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014
Projects (per year) ~ 60

3
Short Circuits and Earth Faults
electricity industry
authorities (AT, EU)
private industry AT, IT, DE, CZ, TR, BLG, FYROM, TR, GB, CH, RO
corporations
Partners/ contacts
Guest lecturers
Student-employees
Univ.-Ass. + Univ.Project-Ass. 3 + 13 =
Univ.-Prof + Ao. Univ.-Prof + Senior Scientist
truth
objectivity
neutrality
Philosophy and Activities
We are obliged to:
Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen
Institute of Electrical Power Systems

University of Technology Graz
Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Mallits
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Ernst Schmautzer
Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Lothar Fickert
Consequences Concerning Safety of People
Protection, Application and Judging Fault
Short Circuits and Earth Faults: Calculation for
earth faults
short circuit
Typical faults in power grids
Presentation 12.1
Petersen
coil 1)
Cable
Relay
Landline
1)Petersen
coil (1917):
arc suppression coil
Waldemar Petersen
XPet0 = 3*UN/IPet
R0 = 3*Rtrans
impedance
Neutral
network
Healthy
Relay
XCE0 = 3*UN/ICE
= (IPet ICE)/3
I0 = IE/3
Fault calculation in symmetrical components
Theory and Reality of Earth Faults
Symmetrical Components (2)
faults
method for earth
Simplified calculation
Symmetrical Components (1)
High voltage OHL on ground
Line to ground fault
Presentation 12.2
XNetwork,cap
= (UN/3) / Isc
1%
11
2/3* 60A / 4000A
Xresidual
2/3Z1 /
2/3*(m*ICE) / Ik
Xresidual)
(UN/3) / (2/3Z1 +
IF = 3*(UN/3) / (2 Z1 + 3*Xresidual)
Xresonant = (UN/3) / (m* ICE)
Z1
IF = UN/ Rtrans2+ Xresidual2
Xresidual
Rtrans
accuracy, e.g. for Rtrans = 0:
IF = UPhase / [(RStp // Xresidual) + ZL(1+kE) + Rtrans ]
k0*ZL
ZL
Rtrans
12
10
Step 3 neutral with arc suppression coil (ASC) and neutral resistor
Step 2 neutral with arc suppression coil (ASC)
Simplified Calculation (3)
IF = UN/ Rtrans2+ Xresidual2
Xresidual = (UN/3) / (m* ICE)
IF = UN/ Rtrans2+ XNetwork,cap2
Xresidual
Rtrans
Step 2 neutral with arc suppression coil (ASC)
Step 1 isolated neutral
Rtrans
XNetwork,cap = (UN/ 3) / I
Presentation 12.3
System
Global Earthing
15
13
Questions: Influence of the length to ground? Soil resistivity? Grass etc?
= R(I)*I = U(I)
U = 800V + 120*I
Resistance of a line to ground fault
Voltage in V
Duration in ms
Tolerable Touching Voltage
Danger
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
50
100
150
200
250
300
Resistance of trees
U[Volt]
R[/m]
10
16
14
10
H[m]
H[m]
Presentation 12.4
IEarth
Principally wrong!!
Ground Current (3)
IEarth
1 /r
IEarth
19
17
UE 1m / r12 1/ r2
Utouch, max = UE [1 - r1 /(r1 + 1m)]
(r) = UEarth
UEarth = IEarth REarth
Utouching, max REarth = / (2r1)
Ground Current (1)
IEarth
Ground Current (4)
Top view
20
Return path follows its conductor closely
18
Lateral view
IEarth
Impact on current distribution

Inductance conductor-earth-loop
Impedance-relations of whole setup (parallel conductors)
Like This!
Ground Current (2)
Presentation 12.5
Current flow in power grid (1)
conductor
23
substation is part of system with multi earthed high voltage neutral
feeding extended industrial areas
many outgoing earth electrodes
many nearby substations
protective earth conductors of low voltage system
substation with many distributed earth electrodes interconnected by
city centre or densely built up areas
interconnected earthing systems
substation surrounded by buildings with foundation earth electrodes and
verification by typical measurements or calculations
short fault duration
suitable cable sheath reduction factor or earth wire reduction factor
low fault current level
low overall resistance is helpful, but is not a guarantee
Typical situations
21
Global earthing system: Typical applications
Source
3%
Earth fault current
Current flow in power grid (2)
24
(EPR F UTP: cement mixer in the backyard with extension line)
Connection of l.v. earth (TN) and m.v. earth and und transferred potentials
Installations at the fringes of densely use areas
Outlying Buildings (Sausage stand in the woods)
Outlying RMUs (recreation home)
Cable riser poles (m.v.)
Outliers:
Situations at the fringes of settlements
Example:
Mitigation
Measurements (Calculations)
Exceptions/ critical situations
22
Global earthing system critical situations
Source
Presentation 12.6
30 Volt
27
200 Volt for <0,5s
1000A
for <0,4s
25
Transformer station
ZTrans 30 m
300 Volt
Worst case: 6 times worse
With global earthing system
linear scaling 300A
typ 60A 60 Volt
Typical touch voltages
traditionally:
Summary:
Global earthing system
Global earthing system: reality (1)
Summary
Critical situations s.a. outliers: mitigation
28
An earth current of 100A causes a neglectable touching

voltage
26
UW
Only a small fraction of the fault current flows through

earth
Touching voltage relation is time-dependent
Example for critical points
Global earthing system: reality (2)
Presentation 12.7

www.ifea.tugraz.at
Institute of Electrical Power Systems

University of Technology Graz
Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Mallits
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Ernst Schmautzer
Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Lothar Fickert
29
Consequences Concerning Safety of People
Protection, Application and Judging Fault
Short Circuits and Earth Faults: Calculation for
Presentation 12.8

SG APPTC 2014 10 Paper 12 Presentation

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www.ifea.tugraz.

OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Projects (per year) ~ 60

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Univ.-Prof + Ao. Univ.-Prof + Senior Scientist

Philosophy and Activities

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

We are obliged to:

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institute of Electrical Power Systems

Dipl.-Ing. Thomas Mallits

Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Ernst Schmautzer

Univ.-Prof. Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Lothar Fickert

Consequences Concerning Safety of People

Protection, Application and Judging Fault

Short Circuits and Earth Faults: Calculation for

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

Typical faults in power grids

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

arc suppression coil

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Fault calculation in symmetrical components

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

Theory and Reality of Earth Faults

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Symmetrical Components (2)

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

method for earth

Symmetrical Components (1)

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

High voltage OHL on ground

Line to ground fault

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

OMICRON - Asia-Pacific Protection & Testing Conference

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Institut fr Elektrische Anlagen

Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. L. Fickert

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

Singapore, October 15th - 16th, 2014

Short Circuits and Earth Faults

2/3* 60A / 4000A

Xresonant = (UN/3) / (m* ICE)

IF = UN/ Rtrans2+ Xresidual2