VARIOUS SECURITY FORCES AND AGENCIES AND THEIR MANDATE

ITBP
Indo-Tibetan Border Police was conceived on October 24, 1962. ITBP was
initially raised under the CRPF Act, however in 1992, the parliament
enacted the ITBPF Act and rules there under were framed in 1994.

The Himveers and National Security

ITBP is a multi-dimensional force. Presently Battalions of ITBP deployed on

Border Guarding Duties from Karakoram Pass in Ladakh to Jachep La in
Arunachal Pradesh covering 3488 KM of India China Border are manning
Border Out Posts at an altitude ranging from 9000 to 18500 in the
Western, Middle & Eastern Sector of India China Border. ITBP is basically a
mountain trained Force and most of the officers & men are professionally
trained Mountaineers and Skiers. They have scaled more than 140
Himalayan peaks including Mt. Everest Four times (Recent successful
expedition in April- May, 2012), besides ITBP battalions are also deployed
on CI OPS/ IS/ VIP security duties at Chamba - Doda border in VA/Strategic
locations and with VIPs in Delhi and VIPs in Srinagar J&K.
The border posts manned by ITBP are exposed to high velocity storms,
snow blizzards, avalanches, and landslides, besides the hazards of high
altitude and extreme cold, where temperature dips up to minus 40 degree
Celsius. ITBP conducts Long Range and Short Range patrols to keep an
effective vigil on inaccessible and unmanned areas on the border. To
maintain optimum operational efficiency of troops, periodical tactical
exercises are conducted independently as well as jointly with Army.
Multifarious facets of the Force
New challenging role that has emerged for ITBP is disaster management.
Being the first responder for natural Disaster in Hamalayas, ITBP was the
first to establish 06 (Now 08) Regional Response Centres in HP,
Uttaranchal and North East and carried out numerous rescue and relief
operations in various disaster situations, which took place in our areas of
responsibility as well as other parts of the country. ITBP has already
trained 1032 personnel in Disaster Management including 98 personnel in
Radiological and Chemical/biological emergencies.
ITBP has established a National Centre for Training in Search, Rescue &

Disaster response at Bhanu, Haryana which is imparting training to

personnel of ITBP and other Paramilitary/State Police Forces. There is also
a training centre for the Dogs at Basic Training centre situated at Bhanu.
The center is known as NICD. Presently ITBP Commandos are providing
security to Embassy of India Kabul, Consulate General of India, Jalalabad
and Khandar in Afghanistan since November, 2002. Besides this 02 Coys
of ITBP are providing security to BRO personnel for their Delaram Zaranj
road construction project in Afghanistan since July 2004. ITBP has also
excelled in UN peace keeping operation. The Force personnel have been
deployed for peacekeeping operations in Angola, Namibia, Cambodia,
Bosnia & Herzegovina, Mozambique and Kosovo. Presently 01 coy of ITBP
is deployed in United Nation Mission in Congo since November, 2005. A
National Centre for UNCIVPOL training has been setup at ITBP Camp, Tigri,
New Delhi for providing systematic training to Indian Police Officers for
deployment in UN Mission.
Functions & Tasks of the force:
1. Vigil on the northern borders, detection and prevention of border
violations, and promotion of the sense of security among the local
populace.
2. Check illegal immigration, trans-border smuggling and crimes.
3. Security to sentive installations, banks and protected persons.
4. Restore and preserve order in any area in the event of disturbance.
In border vigil task ITBP mans forward border posts at altitudes ranging
from 9000 to 18000. Most of the forward posts remain cut off by the
surface route during winter months. The border posts are exposed to the
fury and violence of the nature like snow blizzards, avalanches, landslides,
besides the hazards of high altitude and extreme cold where temperature
normally remains below -40 degrees Celcius.
The force, besides guarding the border, is heavily engage in fighting
terrorism in the State of J&K, where it has displayed exemplary nerve and
gallantry.
The Himveers, as the personnel are affectionately called, also provide
security cover to installation and to VIPs in Delhi. Each year ITBP
Personnels are deployed to UN Peace Keeping Missions in Kosovo, Angola
& Western Sahara and Sierra Leone. Crest of the Force epitomizes the
Force motto Shaurya Drindhdta Karamnishta (VALOUR
DETERMINATION DEVOTION TO DUTY) has Ashoka and Chakra on Top
with two rifles. It inspires men to put duty before self.

Ecology, Disaster Management and other info:

ITBP is in the forefront of movement for the preservation of Himalayan
environment & ecology. ITBP has taken up in a big way the task of
greening the Himalayan regions especially in Inner Himalayas. Being the
only human presence on forward areas, it has taken on itself the task of
maintaining the delicate balance of flora and fauna.
ITBP being deployed in mountains has developed the expertise in rescue
& relief operations in mountains, which entail different specialized skills of
very high standard. It is always first in extending rescue & relief in case of
natural calamity. Two major rescue & relief operations conducted by ITBP
were during the massive land slide at Malpa village in the Kumaon Hills in
Aug Sep 98 and in the major earthquake in Chamoli and Rudraprayag
areas of Garhwal in the State of U.P in Mar Apr 99, along with the recent
calamity that struck Kedarnath and other areas of Uttarakhand.
ITBP conducts a large number of medical civic action programmes in
remote border and terrorist affected areas to provide free and expert
medical, health and hygiene care to the civilian population in remote
villages. It is the only police force in the country, which possesses
expertise in policing the most formidable mountains of the Himalayas. The
annual pilgrimage to MOUNT KAILAS and HOLY MANSAROVAR LAKE in
Tibet (China) is conducted under the wings of ITBP since 1981. ITBP
provides communication, security and medical cover to the yatries from
Gunji to Lipulekh Pass and back to Gunji in co-ordination with MEA and
Kumaon Madal vikas Nigam.

ASSAM RIFLES, Role and Tasks:

Conduct counter insurgency operations in the north-east and other areas
where deemed necessary, under control of the army. During peace and
proxy war, ensure security of the Indo-China and Indo-Myanmar borders.
During war, rear area security in the TBA. Act as penultimate
interventionist force of the central government in internal security
situation, under the control of army; when the situation goes beyond the
control of central paramilitary operations.
The Assam Rifles: 178 Years of Glory and Sacrifice
The Assam Rifles raised as Cachar Levy in 1835 is the oldest Central Para

Military Force in India. The Force was raised mainly to guard the alluvial
plains of Assam from the wild and unruly tribes inhabiting the surrounding
hill tracts. This was the earliest embodied unit of what eventually
developed into the Assam Rifles. Gradually more such units were raised
and employed for establishing posts in the interior and thus acted as the
strong arm of the civil administration in extending their authority into
these remote inaccessible areas. They also helped in opening up these
remote areas and all development activities earning many accolades from
the administration. The Assam Rifles contribution towards assimilation of
the people of the North-East into the national mainstream is truly
monumental. Their long association with the region reflects in the force
being fondly called "The Sentinels of the North-East" and "Friends of the
Hill People". As on today, the Force has 46 battalions and has a dual role
of maintaining internal security in the North-Eastern region and guarding
the Indo-Myanmar Border. Variously designated and reorganized from time
to time, as the Assam Frontier Police (1883), the Assam Military Police
(1891) and Eastern Bengal and Assam Military Police (1913), it came to be
known by its present name of the Assam Rifles, in 1917 in recognition of
its contribution to the war effort during World War I. During its long
history, the Assam Rifles has earned many laurels both in aid to the civil
administration as also fighting alongside the Army. The Force has been
officered by Army Officers since 1884 and is today, on a per capita basis
perhaps the highest decorated security force in the country.
The Force has always extended a helping hand for humanitarian causes
and in natural calamities. The force has made a significant impact on
development activities in the North-East by way of construction of roads
and tracks, water sup schemes, schools, community halls, play grounds
for village children and repair/maintenance of buildings in the remote
areas. Operationally, the force has a proud record of taking part in both
the world wars and all post independence conflicts. During World War I,
the Assam Rifles fought alongside the Indian Army in Flanders. In
recognition of the excellent services rendered the force was christened as
Assam Rifles.
Assam Rifles remained untouched by World War II until the danger of
Japanese invasion made it imperative to deploy forces on the North East
Sector as well. WW II saw the force functioning as elements of the much
fabled, hush-hush and ghost-like V Force, on reconnaissance and
harassment missions behind Japanese lines in Burma. Many of its sub
units fought alongside regular British and Indian troops in the fiercely
contested battles of the Burma Front from Ukhrul to Kohima. Units
rendered yeoman service in the management, evacuation and control of

refugees of Burma/NEFA in the face of the onslaught of the Imperial

Japanese Army in the First Burma Campaign of WWII.
Following the end of the war, the five Assam Rifles battalions became part
of the civil police under the Assam Inspector General of Police. After
independence, however, the Indian government assigned the Assam Rifles
its own Inspector General. The Assam Rifles were then placed under
command of the Ministry of External Affairs as part of the North Eastern
Frontier Agency. Post 1965 the force has come under the Ministry of Home
Affairs while the operational control of the force continues to be with the
Army.
In 1947 the state of Tripura was threatened by Pakistani Irregulars from
East Pakistan on the lines of their invasion of Kashmir. Ten platoons under
the IGAR were flown to Agartala and carried out operations to deter the
Pakistan irregulars from making any further move. The Assam Rifles
contained the threat. The role of the Assam Rifles continued to evolve;
when in 1950 a devastating earthquake hit the Assam region and the
force was called in to assist in the reconstruction of the areas and help in
the resettlement and rehabilitation of those affected by it.
In late 1953 the first signs of political unrest were noticed in Tuensang in
Nagaland and the Indian Army was called in with the Assam Rifles
providing the main force to contain the rebels. The grave threat posed by
the insurgency necessitated the expansion of Assam Rifles. This also
resulted in the creation of the Assam Rifles Training Centre at Missamari
on 01 Jan 1959 that was designed to train 600 recruits at a time.
The force was once again called to undertake a combat role, when in 1959
the Chinese annexed Tibet. His Holiness the Dalai Lama fled from Tibet
and came to India. He was received at the Chuthangmu Pass on the Mc
Mahon Line by the men of the 5th Battalion Assam Rifles and escorted
safely to Misamari in the Foothills. For this act, His Holiness donated all his
weapons to the battalion and blessed the Force with the following words:MAY YOUR LUCK INCREASE TO THE SIZE OF A MOUNTAIN MAY YOUR FAME
BE SUCH AS TO COVER THE WHOLE SKY MAY YOUR KNOWLEDGE BECOME
VAST AND DEEP AS THE SEA LONG AND HEALTHY LIVES TO YOU AND HOPE
YOUR WORK. FOR OTHERS, WILL BE A SUCCESS.
Following the annexation of Tibet by the Chinese, The Indian Army was
compelled to adopt a forwards posture to prevent any Chinese occupation
of Indian Territory by force. The Assam Rifles unit established new posts in
uninhabited areas at high altitudes in order to maintain a constant
vigilance of our border and when the Chinese finally attacked in Oct 1962,

officers and men of the force fought bravely combating and delaying the
Chinese advance thereby allowing the Indian Army to reach their battle
locations in time. The Assam Rifles had once again proved their
dependability.
During the 1965 Indo Pak conflict the Assam Rifles filled the void in
Nagaland and Manipur due to the move of the army units for operations in
the west. They conducted counter insurgency operations and were in
addition responsible for the general law and order situation. Its
deployment was further stretched as they were to stand in for the army
along the Indo-Tibetan border and the international border with the
erstwhile East Pakistan in Tripura. Rather thin on the ground, they fulfilled
their assignments with the usual lan and fortitude. During the 1971 Indo
Pak conflict the brief encompassed not only Nagaland and Manipur but
also Mizoram and Tripura, where active counter insurgency operations
were in full swing.
OP PAWAN in Sri Lanka saw the deployment of 22, 23 and 26 battalions
from Dec 1988 to Feb 1990. 7 and 26 battalions also saw active counter
insurgency operations in the Srinagar Valley.
Through its long deployment in the tribal belt, the Assam Rifles have
developed an ethos primarily based on friendship with the people of the
region and have earned their complete confidence. The Assam Rifles have
traditionally participated in all developmental activities of the region and
have helped in bringing the people of this remote and under developed
region into the national main stream. The Assam Rifles detachments
located in remote areas continue to influence every aspect of the lives of
the people of the region, be it education, health, constructional activity,
agricultural assistance, veterinary assistance, or assistance during natural
calamities. The humane, just and ever helping approach of the men of the
force have managed to win the hearts and minds of the populace in a
good natured and large-hearted manner. It is; therefore, not for nothing,
that the famous and erudite anthropologist and naturalist Verrier Elwin,
who was nominated by the Government of India as adviser on Tribal
Affairs to North-East Frontier Agency; had this to say as tribute to the
force:The custodians of law and order, the pioneers of every advance in to the
interior, the guardians of our borders and, the friends of the hill people.
Modestly, and without fuss, they have faced every hardship and difficulty,
and thousands of villagers in the wildest of areas think of them with
affection and gratitude.

At present The Force is a potent organization with 46 battalions and its

associated command and administrative back up. It is designated by the
GoM committee as the Border Guarding Force for the Indo Myanmar
border and is also its lead intelligence agency.

SSB
Motto:- Service, Security and Brotherhood
SSB is a Border Guarding Force (BGF) under the administrative control of
the Ministry of Home Affairs.
SSB was set up in early 1963 in the wake of the Indo-China conflict to
inculcate feelings of national belonging in the border population and
develop their capabilities for resistance through a continuous process of
motivation, training, development, welfare progrmmes and activities in
the then NEFA, North Assam, and North Bengal, hills of Uttar Pradesh,
Himachal Pradesh, and Ladakh. The scheme was later extended to
Manipur, Tripura, Jammu (1965), Meghalaya (1975), Sikkim (1976), border
areas of Rajasthan and Gujarat (1989), Mizoram and South Bengal,
Nagaland (1989) and Nubra Valley, Rajouri and Poonch district of Jammu
and Kashmir (1991).
In the forty years of its existence, SSB endeavoured to present a benign
face of the government among border populace in the far flung and
inaccessible areas subscribing to the ETHOS of Service, Security and
Brotherhood. The local populace always found SSB standing steadfastly
with them during difficult times.
Pursuant to the recommendations of the Group of Ministers on reforming
the National Security System, SSB was declared as a border guarding
force and lead intelligence agency (LIA) for Indo-Nepal border (January,
2001) and Indo-Bhutan border (March, 2004), the details of which are as
under:(a) Indo- Nepal Border: 1751 km.
(b) Indo-Bhutan Border: 699 km.
Role:
To promote sense of security among the people living in the border area
To prevent trans border crimes and unauthorized entries into or exit

from the territory of India.

To prevent smuggling and other illegal activities.
Organization:
The highest-level headquarter of the force in the Force Headquarters
(FHQ), also called the Directorate General of SSB, located in New Delhi.
Force Headquarters (FHQ) is commanded by an officer to the rank of
Director General. Frontier headquarters (FTR HQ) is commanded by an
officer of the rank of Inspector General comes next in chain of command
after FHQ. FTR HQR in turn exercises command and control over the
sector HQs. There are Five FTR HQRs situated at Ranikhet, Lucknow,
Patna, Siliguri and Guwahati. The Sector HQs are commanded by Officers
of the rank of Deputy Inspector General (DIG). The Sector HQ exercise
direct command and control over the SSB Battalions deployed in its area
of responsibility along Indo-Nepal and Indo-Bhutan borders.
SSB has departments of Telecom, Armour, Medical, Veterinary, MT,
Clerical, General Duty, Intelligence, Operations, Personnel, Computer and
Cipher and Legal.

BSF
INTRODUCTION:
Till 1965 Indias borders with Pakistan were manned by the State Armed
Police Battalion. Pakistan attacked Sardar Post, Chhar Bet and Beria Bet on
9 April, 1965 in Kutch. This exposed the inadequacy of the State Armed
Police to cope with armed aggression due to which the Government of
India felt the need for a specialized centrally controlled Border Security
Force, which would be armed and trained to man the International Border
with Pakistan. As a result of the recommendations of the Committee of
Secretaries, the Border Security Force came into existence on 01 Dec
1965, and Shri K F Rustamji was the first chief and founding father.
ROLE OF THE BSF:
SECURITY OF BORDER OF INDIA and matters connected therewith.
TASKS OF THE BSF:
The tasks of the BSF are divided as follows:
1. Peace time:
Promote a sense of security among the people living in the border areas.

 Prevent trans border crimes, unauthorized entry into or exit from the
territory of India.
Prevent smuggling and any other illegal activity.
In the last few years the BSF has, in addition to their duties, been
deployed for counter insurgency and internal security duties
2. War Time:
Holding ground in less threatened sectors.
Protection of vital installations.
Assistance in control of refugees.
Anti-infiltration duties in specified areas.
ETHOS:
The BSF, in its 41 years of existence, has emerged as an elite force of the
country having excelled with distinction in the 1971 war with Pakistan. Its
ethos is Any task, any time, any where and the BSF has given blood and
sweat to execute its motto Duty Unto Death.
CISF
It was set up under an Act of the Parliament of India on 10 March 1969
with a strength of 2, 800. CISF was subsequently made an armed force of
the Union of India by another Act of Parliament passed on 15 June 1983.
Its current strength is 165, 000. The strength will be raised to 200, 000
over the next 2-3 years. CISF is the largest industrial security force in the
world.
It is directly under the Union Ministry of Home Affairs and its headquarters
are at New Delhi. The CISF provides security cover to 300 industrial units
and other establishments located all over India. Industrial sectors like
atomic power plants, space installations, defence production units such as
the Indian Ordnance Factories, DRDO, Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, mints,
oil fields and refineries, major ports, heavy engineering, steel plants,
barrages, fertilizer units, airports and hydroelectric/thermal power plants,
and currency note presses producing Indian currency are protected by
CISF. It thereby covers installations all over India straddling a variety of
terrain and climatic conditions. CISF also provides consultancy services to
private industries as well as other organization within the Indian
government.
The CISF came into existence in 1969 with a modest beginning, having
three battalions, to provide integrated security cover to the Public Sector
Undertakings (PSUs) which, in those years, occupied the commanding

heights of the economy. In a span of four decades, the Force has grown
several folds to reach one lakh twelve thousand personnel today. With
globalization and liberalization of the economy, CISF is no longer a PSUcentric organization. Instead, it has become a premier multi-skilled
security agency of the country, mandated to provide security to major
critical infrastructure installations of the country in diverse areas. CISF is
currently providing security cover to nuclear installations, space
establishments, airports, seaports, power plants, sensitive Government
buildings and ever heritage monuments. Among the important
responsibilities recently entrusted to the CISF are the Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation, VIP Security, Disaster Management and establishment of a
Formed Police Unit (FPU) of the UN at Haiti.
It is a testimony to the level of professional competence and standing
acquired by the Force over the decades that its services are being sought
for consultancy by the private sector also. Over the years, the CISF has
provided Consultancy Services to more than 80 different organizations,
including those in the private sector. After the Mumbai terrorist attack on
November 2008, the mandate of the force has been broadened to provide
direct security cover to private sector also. The CISF Act has been
amended, heralding a new chapter in the glorious history of the Force.
Adaptability and use of cutting edge technology have been the hallmark
of the Force which has always confronted new security challenges
successfully. In view of the prevailing security environment in the country
and threat from trans-national terrorism, the Force continuously strives
towards technological modernization and skills upgradation to build an
edifice of dedicated service to the Nation. The CISF is being continuously
modernized, both in terms of equipment and training.
CRPF
Introductions:
The Central Reserve Police Force came into existence as Crown
Representatives Police on 27th July 1939. It became the Central Reserve
Police Force on enactment of the CRPF Act on 28th December 1949. It has
completed 60 years of glorious history. The Force has grown into a big
organization with 220 Bn, (including 189 executive Bns, 3 Mahila Bns, 10
RAF Bns, 10 CoBRA Bns, 2 DM (NDRF) Bns, 5 Signal Bns and 1 Special
Duty Group), 39 Group Centres, 14 Training Institutions, 3 CWS, 7 AWS, 3
SWS, 4 Composite Hospitals of 100 bed and 17 Composite Hospitals of 50
bed.

Role and Functions of the CRPF

The Central Reserve Police Force is an armed Force of the Union of India,
with the basic role of striking reserve to assist the State/Union Territories
in Police operations to maintain law and order and contain insurgency. Its
role is that of a catalyst in maintaining law & order and returns to barracks
once this objective is achieved. The force is also being used for various
police duties in various States.
It is All India in character, both in deployment and in its composition. Due
to its unique capability to quickly adapt to various situational
requirements and also, to work in perfect harmony with the State Police,
CRPF has, over the years, acquired the distinction of being perhaps the
most acceptable Force, by the people and the State administrations.
Broad gamut of duties performed by the CRPF are:
Crowd control
Riot control
Counter Militancy/Insurgency operations
Dealing with Left Wing Extremism
Overall co-ordination of large scale security arrangement specially with
regard to elections in disturbed areas
Protection of VIPs and vital installations.
Checking environmental de-gradation and protection of local Flora and
Fauna
Fighting aggression during War time
Participating in UN Peace Keeping Mission
Rescue and Relief operations at the time of National Calamities.
Besides Law and Order and counter insurgency duties, the role of CRPF
in the General Elections, held repeatedly during the past few years, has
been very significant and vital. This is especially true for the trouble torn
States of J&K, Bihar and States of North East. During the Parliamentary
elections & State Assembly Election, the CRPF played a major role in the
security arrangements.
One of the vital roles of the CRPF, which is not very evident, is guarding
vital Central Govt. installations such as Airport, Power houses, Bridges,
Doordarshan Kendras, All India Radio Stations, residence of Governors and
Chief Ministers, Nationalized Banks and other Government establishments
in insurgency affected States. The CRPF is ensuring the safety of the
democratic institutions, and preventing the take over of civil society by
the militants, in these highly disturbed areas. This contribution of the
CRPF, though not very visible, is nonetheless very vital.
7.5% of the Force is deployed for the security of VIPs mostly in North-

Eastern States, J&K, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh which include Governors,
Chief Ministers, Ministers, MsP and MsLA of J&K, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland, Tripura and Mizoram. CRPF is also
providing security (Static guard) at the residence/office of Prime Minister
of India, various Union Ministers and MsP and other dignitaries.
17.5% of the Force is deputed for guarding the important installations of
Central and State Govts mostly in insurgency affected areas which
includes Secretariats, Doordarshan Kendras, Telephone exchanges, Banks,
Hydroelectric projects, Jails etc. CRPF is also deployed for the security of
Parliament House.
10 Coys of CRPF are deployed for the security of three sensitive shrines
i.e. Krishna Janma Bhoomi, Shahi Idgah Masjid complex (Mathura), Ram
Janma Bhoomi- Barbi Masjid complex (Ayodhya) and Kashi Vishwanath
Temple- Gyanvapi Mosque (Varanasi). 4 Coys of the Force are deputed for
the security of Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine, Katra, Jammu (J&K).
CRPF is the only Para Military Force in the Country which has two Mahila
(Ladies) Battalions. After its training in March 1987, 88(M) Bn won laurels
for its work assisting the Meerut riots and later with the IPKF in Srilanka,
Personnel of second Mahila battalion (135 Bn) performed creditably during
the Lok Sabha elections 1996 in many states. At present mahila personnel
are deployed in active duty in Jammu & Kashmir, Ayodhya, Manipur,
Assam and other parts of the country where they are doing commendable
job. In addition each RAF battalion has a Mahila (Ladies) component
consisting of 96 personnel.
NSG
History:
The National Security Guard (NSG) was set up in 1984 as a Federal
Contingency Deployment Force to tackle all facets of terrorism in the
county. Thus the primary role of this Force is to combat terrorism in
whatever form it may assume in areas where activity of terrorists assumes
serious proportions, and the State Police and other Central Police Forces
cannot cope up with the situation. The NSG is a Force specially equipped
and trained to deal with specific situations and is therefore, to be used
only in exceptional situations. The Force is not designed to undertake the
functions of the State Police Forces or other Para Military Forces of the
Union of India.
The NSG was modeled on the pattern of the SAS of the UK and GSG 9 of
Germany. It is a task-oriented Force and has two complementary elements
in the form of the Special Action Group (SAG) comprising Army personnel
and the Special Ranger Groups (SRG), comprising personnel drawn from

the Central Para Military Forces/ State Police Force. All the personnel are
on deputation.
The National Security Guard (NSG) is a special force in India that has
primarily been utilized for counter-terrorism activities and was created by
the Cabinet Secretariat under the National Security Guard Act of the
Indian Parliament in 1986. It works completely within the Central Armed
Police Forces structure. The NSG is an elite force providing a second line of
defence to the nation. They have played a pivotal role in safeguarding the
unity of India and have commendably foiled attempts of anti-national
elements to tear apart the social fabric of the country. The NSG has
maintained an edge over terrorist outfits in possession of latest
technology and are considered among the best special operations units in
the world.
Aim:
The National Security Guard (NSG) was set up in 1984 as a Federal
Contingency Deployment Force to tackle all facets of terrorism in the
country and has acquired considerable experience from the intense
insurgency operations it has faced from the present conflict in the state
of Kashmir to the cradle of its birth, the state of Punjab. Adopting a variety
of roles from counter-terrorism to hostage rescue to VIP protection, the
NSG proudly wears the mantle of being one of the finest counter-terrorist
units in all of Asia. The NSGs roles include conducting anti-sabotage
checks, rescuing hostages, neutralizing terrorist threats to vital
installations, engaging terrorists, responding to hijacking and piracy and
protecting VIPs.
The NSGs specific goals include:
Neutralization of terrorist threats.
Handling hijacking situations in air and on land.
Bomb disposal (search, detection and neutralization of IEDs).
PBI (Post Blast Investigation).
Engaging and neutralizing terrorists in specific situations.
Hostage Rescue.
The NSG operates under the oversight of the Ministry of Home Affairs
and is headed by the Director General of the Indian Police Service (IPS).
The NSG members are also known as Black Cats because of the black drill
cotton coveralls and balaclavas or helmets they wear.
The NSG has a total personnel strength of about 14,500. The NSG is
modeled on Germanys GSG 9 (Grenzschutzgruppe 9 or Border Guard
Group 9). It is a task-oriented force and has two complementary

elements in the form of the Special Action Group (SAG) and the Special
Ranger Groups (SRG). The NSG currently has two SAGs- 51 Special Action
Group and 52 Special Action Group; and three SRGs 11, 12 and 13. Each
unit has 900 personnel.
The Special Action Group is the strike force in anti-terrorist and antihijack operations, supported by the SRG. All the personnel in the SAGs
and some support unit, training and headquarters are on deputation from
Indian Armed Forces, the rest being drawn from the central police
organizations. The SAG is the offensive wing drawn from units of the
Indian Army. The SRG consists of members from Central Paramilitary
Forces (CPFs) and Central Police Organizations (CPOs) such as the Border
Security Force (BSF), the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and State
Police forces.
This smallest combat unit in the NSGs counter-terrorist operations is a
hit which comprises five members two pairs, or partners and a
technical support member. Four hits make a team which is under the
command of a Captain. The number of hits used for an intervention job
depends on its complexity and the magnitude of the operations. In
hostage rescue situations, a team of 50 to 90 NSG personnel and an IL76MD strategic transport aircraft to transport them, are stationed on alert
at New Delhis Palam Air Force Station and are ready to deploy within 30
minutes of being informed.

CENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (CBI)

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) is a premier investigating police
agency in India, and is an elite force which plays a major role in
preservation of values in public life and in ensuring the health of the
national economy. It is a governmental agency under Government of
India. The services of its investigating officers are irrefutably sought for by
all major criminal probes in the country. The CBI is the official Interpol unit
for India.
The agency was established in 1941 as the Special Police Establishment,
and was tasked with simple domestic security outlining. The Central
Bureau of Investigation was later established on 1 April 1963. Its motto is
"Industry, Impartiality, and Integrity".
The agency headquarters is a state-of-the-art building located in the
capital, New Delhi. The agency has other field offices located in major
cities throughout India, such as Mumbai. The CBI is controlled by the
Department of Personnel and Training in the Ministry of Personnel, Public

Grievances and Pension of the Union Government, which is usually headed

by a Union Minister who reports directly to the Prime Minister. While
analogous in structure to the FBI, the CBI's powers and functions are
severely limited to specific crimes based on Acts (mainly the Delhi Special
Police Establishment Act, 1946).
The CBI is dependent upon five different ministries of the Government of
India for its functioning:
1. the Ministry of Home Affairs for cadre clearance
2. the DoPT for administration to whom it reports for day-to-day working,
allocation of funds and induction of officers
3. the Union Public Service Commission for officers above the rank of
Deputy SP
4. the Law and Justice Ministry for appointing and paying salaries to the
public prosecutors
5. the Central Vigilance Commission for all anti-corruption cases
Widening Role
As the CBI, over the years, established a reputation for impartiality and
competence, demands were made on it to take up investigation of more
cases of conventional crime such as murder, kidnapping, terrorist crime,
etc. Apart from this, even the Supreme Court and the various High Courts
of the country also started entrusting such cases for investigation to the
CBI on petitions filed by aggrieved parties. Taking into account the fact
that several cases falling under this category were being taken up for
investigation by the CBI, it was found expedient to entrust such cases to
the Branches having local jurisdiction.
It was therefore decided in 1987 to constitute two investigation divisions
in the CBI, namely, Anti-Corruption Division and Special Crimes Division,
the latter dealing with cases of conventional crime, besides economic
offences.
1. Can CBI take over the investigation of a criminal case registered by the
State Police?
Yes, it can, in the following situations
(i) The concerned State Government makes a request to that effect and
the Central Government agrees to it (Central Government generally seeks
comment of CBI before deciding upon the request of the State)
(ii) The State Government issues notification of consent under section 6 of
the DSPE Act and the Central Government issues notification under
section 5 of the DSPE Act

(iii) The Supreme Court or High Courts orders CBI to take up such
investigations.
2. Who exercises supervision over CBI?
The superintendence of CBI related to investigation of offences under the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 lies with the Central Vigilance
Commission (CVC) and in other matters with the Department of Personnel
& Training (DOPT) in the Ministry of Personnel, Pension & Grievances of
the Government of India.
3. What types of Crime CBI investigate today?
CBI has grown into a multidisciplinary investigation agency over a period
of time. Today it has the following three divisions for investigation of
crime:(i) Anti-Corruption Division - for investigation of cases under the
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 against Public officials and the
employees of Central Government, Public Sector Undertakings,
Corporations or Bodies owned or controlled by the Government of India - it
is the largest division having presence almost in all the States of India.
(ii) Economic Offences Division - for investigation of major financial scams
and serious economic frauds, including crimes relating to Fake Indian
Currency Notes, Bank Frauds and Cyber Crime.
(iii) Special Crimes Division - for investigation of serious, sensational and
organized crime under the Indian Penal Code and other laws on the
requests of State Governments or on the orders of the Supreme Court and
High Courts.
The laws under which CBI can investigate Crime are notified by the
Central Government under section 3 of the DSPE Act.
4. Can CBI suo-moto take up investigation of any crime anywhere in the
Country?
No. As per section 2 of the DSPE Act, CBI can suo-moto take up
investigation of offences notified in section 3 only in the Union Territories.
Taking up investigation by CBI in the boundaries of a State requires prior
consent of that State as per Section 6 of the DSPE Act. The Central
Government can authorize CBI to investigate such a crime in a State but
only with the consent of the concerned State Government. The Supreme
Court and High Courts, however, can order CBI to investigate such a crime
anywhere in the country without the consent of the State.
5. Does CBI perform any other important function other than investigation
of crime?
Yes. CBI has been notified as the Interpol of India. CBI has a training

academy in Ghaziabad, where it organizes training courses in various

subjects not only for its own officers but for officers from other countries
as well as from State & UT police organizations, vigilance officers of Public
Sector Undertakings, Banks etc.
Overview
1. A growing need was felt for a Central Police Agency at disposal of the
Central Government which could investigate not only cases of bribery and
corruption, but also violation of Central fiscal laws, major frauds relating to
Government of India departments, public joint stock companies, passport
frauds, crimes on the high seas, crimes on the Airlines and serious crimes
committed by organized gangs and professional criminals. Therefore, the
Government of India set up Central Bureau of Investigation by a resolution
dated 1st April, 1963 with the following divisions:
i. Investigation & Anti Corruption Division (Delhi Special Police
Establishment)
ii. Technical Division
iii. Crime Records and Statistics Division
iv. Research Division
v. Legal and General Division
vi. Administration Division
2. The Investigation & Anti Corruption Division (Delhi Special Police
Establishment) was entrusted with the following mandate in the resolution
although it continued to derive its jurisdiction and powers from DSPE Act,
1946.
i. Cases in which public servants under the control of the Central
Government are involved either by themselves or along with State
Government servants and/or other persons.
ii. Cases in which the interests of the Central Government, or of any public
sector project or undertaking, or any statutory corporation or body set up
and financed by the Government of India are involved.
iii. Cases relating to breaches of Central Laws with the enforcement of
which the Government of India is particularly concerned, e.g.
a. Breaches of Import and Export Control Orders
b. Serious breaches of Foreign Exchange Regulation Act,
c. Passport frauds
d. Cases under the Official Secrets Act pertaining to the affairs of the
Central Government.
e. Cases of certain specified categories under the Defence of India Act or
Rules with which the Central Government is particularly concerned
iv. Serious cases of cheating or fraud relating to the Railways, or Posts &
Telegraphs Department, particularly those involving professional criminals
operating in several States.
a. Crime on the High Seas

b. Crime on the Airlines

v. Important and serious cases in Union Territories particularly those by
professional criminals.
vi. Serious cases of fraud, cheating and embezzlement relating to Public
Joint Stock Companies.
vii. Other cases of a serious nature, when committed by organized gangs
or professional criminals, or cases having ramifications in several States
including Union Territories, serious cases of spurious drugs, important
cases of kidnapping of children by professional inter State gangs, etc.
These cases will be taken up only at the request of or with the
concurrence of the State Governments/Union Territories Administrations
concerned.
viii. Collection of intelligence about corruption in the public services and
the projects and undertakings in the public sector.
ix. Prosecution of cases investigated by this Division.
x. Presentation of cases before Enquiry Offices in which departmental
proceedings are instituted on the recommendation of this Division.
2. CBI was further strengthened by addition of an Economic Offences Wing
by a Government of India Resolution dated 29.2.1964. At this time, CBI
had two investigation Wings; one called the General Offences Wing which
dealt with cases of bribery and corruption involving employees of Central
Government/PSUs and the other Economic Offences Wing, which dealt
with cases of violation of fiscal laws.
3. In September, 1964 a Food Offences Wing was formed to collect
intelligence regarding hoarding, black marketing, smuggling and
profiteering in food grains and take up such cases having inter-state
ramifications in view of the situation prevailing at that time. It was merged
in the Economic Offences Wing in 1968.
4. With the passage of time, requests were made by various quarters for
CBI to take up investigation even in conventional crimes like
assassinations, kidnappings, hijackings, crimes committed by extremists,
violation of Official Secrets Act, large scale Banks and Insurance Frauds
etc. and others specific cases like Bhagalpur Blindings, Bhopal Gas
Tragedy etc. Since early 1980's, constitutional courts also started referring
cases to CBI for enquiry/investigation on the basis of petitions filed by the
aggrieved persons in cases of murders, dowry deaths, rape etc. In view of
these developments, it was decided in 1987 to have two investigation
Divisions in CBI namely Anti Corruption Division and Special Crimes
Division, the latter dealing with cases of conventional crimes as well as
economic offences.
5. Even after the establishment of Special Crimes Division, Special Cells
were created to take up investigations in important & sensational cases of
conventional nature, e.g., Special Investigation Team (SIT) was constituted

in 1991 to investigate cases relating to the assassination of Shri Rajiv

Gandhi, Special Investigation Cell-IV was created in 1992 to investigate
cases relating to the demolition of Babri Majid in Ayodhya and Special Task
Force was created in 1993 to take up investigation relating to bomb blast
in Bombay. Bank Frauds and Securities Cell was created in 1992 to
investigate cases related to Bank Frauds & Securities scams.
6. Over a period of time, some of the work originally allotted to the CBI
was transferred to other organizations. Part of the work relating to Crime
Records and Statistics Division was transferred to NCRB and that relating
to Research Division was transferred to BPR&D.
7. Due to increased work load relating to Securities Scam cases and rise in
economic offences with the liberalization of Indian economy, a separate
Economic Offences Wing was established in 1994 consequent to the
approval of reorganization plan of the CBI. Accordingly, three investigation
Divisions were created in CBI. (a) Anti Corruption Division - To deal with
cases of corruption and fraud committed by public servants of all Central
Government Departments, Central Public Sector Undertakings and Central
Financial Institutions. (b) Economic Crimes Division - To deal with bank
frauds, financial frauds, Import Export & Foreign Exchange Violations,
large-scale smuggling of narcotics, antiques, cultural property and
smuggling of other contraband items etc. (c) Special Crimes Division - To
deal with cases of terrorism, bomb blasts, sensational homicides,
kidnapping for ransom and crimes committed by the mafia/underworld.
8. Pursuant to the direction of Hon'ble Supreme Court in Vineet Narian and
others vs. Union of India, the existing Legal Division was reconstituted as
the Directorate of Prosecution in July 2001. As on date, CBI has the
following Divisions:
i. Anti Corruption Division
ii. Economic Offences Division
iii. Special Crimes Division
iv. Directorate of Prosecution
v. Administration Division
vi. Policy & Coordination Division
vii. Central Forensic Science Laboratory
2. Over the years, the Central Bureau of Investigation has emerged as a
premier investigating agency of the country which enjoys the trust of the
people, Parliament, Judiciary and the Government. In the last 65 years,
the organization has evolved from an anti corruption agency to a multi
faceted, multi disciplinary central police law enforcement agency with
capability, credibility and legal mandate to investigate and prosecute
offences anywhere in India. As on date offences under 69 existing Central
and 18 State Acts, 231 offences under the Indian Penal Codes have been
notified by the Central Government under section 3 of the DSPE Act.

3. Director, CBI as Inspector General of Police, Delhi Special Police

Establishment, is responsible for the administration of the organization.
With enactment of CVC Act, 2003 the Superintendence of Delhi Special
Police Establishment vests with the Central Government save
investigations of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, in
which, the superintendence vests with the Central Vigilance Commission.
Director, CBI has been provided security of two year tenure in CBI by the
CVC Act, 2003. The CVC Act also provides mechanism for selection of
Director, CBI and other officers of the rank of SP and above in CBI.