Carlos Kleiber

theatre in 1954. From 1958 to 1964 he was Kapellmeister at the Deutsche Oper am Rhein in Dsseldorf and
Duisburg, and then at the Opera in Zurich from 1964 to
1966. Between 1966 and 1973 he was rst Kapellmeister
in Stuttgart, his last permanent post. During the following years, he often conducted at the Bavarian State Opera
in Munich.

2 Mature career
During his freelance career, Kleiber restricted his conducting appearances to a select number of occasions. He
made his British debut in 1966 with a performance at
the Edinburgh Festival of Alban Berg's opera Wozzeck, a
work whose premiere his father had conducted in 1925.
Kleibers repertoire at the Royal Opera House included
Der Rosenkavalier, Elektra, La bohme and Otello.[5] He
made his Bayreuth debut in 1974 conducting Richard
Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.
His American debut came in 1978 with the Chicago
Symphony Orchestra,[6] where he again conducted in
1983, his only US orchestra appearances.[7][8] His New
York Metropolitan Opera debut was in 1988, conducting Giacomo Puccini's La bohme with Luciano Pavarotti
[9]
Carlos Kleiber (3 July 1930 13 July 2004) was a and Mirella Freni. In 1989, following Herbert von
German-born Austrian conductor who is widely regarded Karajan's resignation from the Berlin Philharmonic Oras being among the greatest conductors of the 20th chestra, Kleiber was oered, and declined, the opportunity to succeed him as music director.[10] Kleiber recentury.[1]
turned to the Met in 1989 to conduct La traviata, and in
1990 for Otello[11] and Der Rosenkavalier.[12]

Early career

Kleiber kept out of the public eye, and apparently gave

an interview only once in his lifetime,[13][14][15] contrary to reports that he never gave one at all.[8][16][17]
After he resigned from the Bavarian State Opera, his
appearances became less frequent and he made only a
few recordings. Most of these are highly regarded; his
versions of Ludwig van Beethoven's fth and seventh
symphonies with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra
and of Beethovens Symphonies Nos. 4, 6 and 7
with the Bavarian State Orchestra are particularly distinguished. Other notable recordings include Johannes
Brahms' Symphony No. 4 and Franz Schubert's third
and eighth (Unnished) symphonies, also with the Vienna Philharmonic, recordings of Dvok's Concerto for
piano and orchestra with Sviatoslav Richter, Carl Maria
von Weber's Der Freischtz, Johann Strauss' Die Fledermaus and Giuseppe Verdi's La Traviata. His last studio
recording was Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde with

Kleiber was born as Karl Ludwig Bonifacius Kleiber

in Berlin, the son of the eminent Austrian conductor
Erich Kleiber and American Ruth Goodrich, from Waterloo, Iowa.[2][3] In 1940, the Kleiber family emigrated
to Buenos Aires and Karl was renamed Carlos. As a
youth, he had an English governess and grew up in English
boarding schools. He also composed, sang, and played
piano and timpani. While his father noticed his sons musical talents, he nevertheless dissuaded Carlos from pursuing a musical career: What a pity the boy is musically
talented, wrote Erich to a friend.[4]
Carlos rst studied chemistry in Zurich, but soon decided
to dedicate himself to music. He was repetiteur at the
Grtnerplatz Theatre in Munich in 1952, and made his
conducting debut with the operetta Gasparone at Potsdam
1

4 INFLUENCE

the Staatskapelle Dresden. Recording sessions began in

1980 but Kleiber left before they were completed. However as a musically complete performance had been set
down, Deutsche Grammophon went ahead and released
it, much to Kleibers anger.

Preserved performances

Kleibers unique conducting style is preserved on video

in a number of performances: Beethovens Symphony
No. 4 and Symphony No. 7 from the Concertgebouw
in Amsterdam,[18] Johann Strauss Die Fledermaus from
Munich, Richard Strauss' Der Rosenkavalier from both
Munich and Vienna, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's 36th
symphony and Brahms second symphony from the
Musikverein in Vienna ; Beethovens Coriolan Overture, Mozarts 33rd and Brahms fourth symphonies from
Munich and Bizets Carmen again from Vienna. He led
the New Years Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic in
1989 and 1992, and these are both preserved on video.

Inuence

Kleiber retired from concert life in the early 1990s, occasionally reappearing for private or benet concerts.
For one such event in Ingolstadt, instead of the usual
fee, he received a new Audi made to his specications.
His performances were meticulously rehearsed, but often seemed spontaneous and inspired. In the opinion
of many of his colleagues and audiences, he was an
eccentric genius whom some placed among the greatest conductors of all time despite the paucity of his
appearances.[4][19][20][21][22]

with four who knew Kleiber well: tenor and conductor Plcido Domingo, music administrator and intendant Sir Peter Jonas, music journalist and critic Christine Lemke-Matvey and conductorpianist Charles Barber. A transcription of the program is available at http:
//www.carlos-kleiber.com/resources.
On 21 June 2010, Ljubljana celebrated Carlos Kleibers
80th birthday with a concert by the Vienna Philharmonic
Orchestra directed by Kleibers friend Riccardo Muti.
Beginning in July 2014, upon the tenth anniversary of
his passing, a syndicate of public broadcasters in Canada,
Great Britain and the United States aired a two-hour documentary -- Carlos Kleiber: A Conductor Unlike Any
Otherabout Kleiber as remembered by his colleagues.
Producer Jon Tolansky, who himself played for Kleiber
at the Royal Opera House Covent Garden, interviewed
singers Ileana Cotrubas, Thomas Hampson, Dame Felicity Lott, the late Dame Margaret Price and Jonathan Summers, members of the Chicago Symphony, Royal Opera
House, London Symphony and Vienna Philharmonic Orchestras, conductor and Kleiber friend Charles Barber,
administrators Sir Peter Jonas and Sir John Tooley, and
recording executive Costa Pilavachi. This audio essay incorporated numerous excerpts from Kleibers most important recordings, including Beethovens fth and seventh symphonies, Verdis 'La Traviata', Richard Strauss
'Der Rosenkavalier', and Webers 'Der Freischtz'. It may
be heard online via the WFMT Radio Network and RTE
Lyric FM. Two-hour radio special on Carlos Kleiber
now available online and free

BBC Music Magazine announced on 17 March 2011 that

Kleiber had been selected as the greatest conductor of all
time. Some 100 current conductors, including Sir Colin
Davis, Gustavo Dudamel, Valery Gergiev and Mariss Jansons, participated in the BBC poll. Kleiber, who conducted just 96 concerts and around 400 operatic perforHe was buried in the Slovenian village of Konjica near
mances in his 74 years, was voted ahead of Leonard BernLitija in 2004 together with his wife Stanislava Brezovar,
stein and Claudio Abbado, who took second and third
a ballet dancer, who had died seven months earlier.[23]
places respectively.
They had two children, a son Marko and a daughter LilSusanna Mlkki, Music director, Ensemble Intercontemlian.
porain, and one of the conductors polled, commented:
In 2008 Rai Radio 3 (Italian National Radio channel 3),
Carlos Kleiber brought an incredible energy to music
inside its evening program Radio3Suite, broadcast a 10Yes, he did have about ve times as much time to rehearse
episode program dedicated to Kleibers legacy: Il Sorthan conductors do today, but he deserved it because his
riso della Musica: un Ritratto di Carlos Kleiber (The
vision was remarkable, he knew what he wanted, and his
Smile Of Music: A Portrait Of Carlos Kleiber), orgaattention to detail was truly inspiring.
nized and hosted by Andrea Ottonello, with participation
by Claudio Abbado, Mirella Freni, Maurizio Pollini, and Jeremy Pound, Deputy Editor of BBC Music Magazine,
above all Carlos Kleibers sister, Veronica. In his inter- added: Asking 100 of todays conducting greats to name
view, Abbado termed Kleiber one of the greatest, if not their idols and inspirations was a fascinating experience.
the greatest, conductors of the 20th century (Carlos Not least when so many named Carlos Kleiber, who in
stato uno dei pi grandi, se non il pi grande, direttore del the course of his whole lifetime conducted fewer concerts than most of them direct in just a couple of years.
Novecento.)[24]
Kleibers incredible attention to detail, sheer enthusiasm
On 26 September 2009, BBC Radio 3 transmitted a
for music, and astonishingly accomplished level of perdocumentary, Who Was Carlos Kleiber?. Produced by
formance could never be doubted perhaps 'less is more'
Paul Frankl and presented by Ivan Hewett with research
is the real path to true greatness?"
by Ruth Thomson, this feature was based on interviews

3
According to Dr Charles Barber, biographer, friend and
pen-pal of Kleiber, another factor contributed to his legendary and unusual career. Uniquely, Carlos Kleiber
combined the rigors of German analysis, form and discipline with the expressive vitality of Latin dance, pulse
and joy. For nearly twenty years at the formative outset, a conductor baptized Karl gradually became Carlos.
He never turned his back on that fascinating cultural biochemistry. It would shape everything he did.[2]
Kleiber was voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame in
2012. Clemens Hellsberg (Gramophone magazine, May
2012) said: What was it that propelled Carlos Kleiber
to near mystical heights? It was the unforgettable experience of surpassing ones own boundaries, yet also the utter
helplessness when he stormed o in the last minutes of a
nal rehearsal. This was not pretension but rather the expression of deepest despair, even though the orchestra had
performed at the highest level - or perhaps for that very
reason. Extreme contradictions characterised his personality: one constantly feared catastrophe, yet he was always
available to musicians for private conversations. He had a
vast repertoire, yet restricted himself to a very few works.
His outbursts of rage could be directed at anyone, yet his
interaction with children was characterised by a precious
and fragile tenderness. In art there are no upward limits.
Yet each generation needs at least one artist who exemplies this. Kleiber reached to the stars for us; even when he
broke down in his eorts, he still proved that they exist.
In early December 2013 the Escuela de Direccin de
Orquesta y Banda Maestro Navarro Lara, of the city of
Huelva - Spain, established the International Day of the
conductor honoring Carlos Kleiber, and setting the date
of July 13 on the international calendar.[25] An approval
process that began in early June, and concluded with more
than 30,000 signatures of support expressed in less than
a month, nally succeeded in establishing July 13, 2014
- the 10th anniversary of Kleibers death - as the rst
day to be commemorated by the international orchestra
in homage to the great master of the podium.

Honours and awards

Cultural Honour of the City of Munich (1978)
Pour le Mrite for Science and Art (Prussia, 1990)
Austrian Medal for Science and Art (1992)
Golden Baton of La Scala (Milan, 1995)
German Record Prize
Bavarian Order of Merit
Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
Grand Merit Cross with Star of the Order of Merit
of the Federal Republic of Germany

6 Discography
1960: Georg Philipp Telemann: Suite in B at major (Tafelmusik), Hamburger Rundfunkorchester,
Prol
1960: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach: Cello Concerto in B at major, Hamburger Rundfunkorchester, Prol
1972: Alexander Borodin: Symphony No. 2, Radio
Symphony Orchestra,
1973: Carl Maria von Weber: Der Freischtz,
Staatskapelle Dresden, DG. Soloists: Gundula
Janowitz, Edith Mathis, Peter Schreier, Theo Adam,
Bernd Weikl, Siegfried Vogel, Franz Crass.
1973: Richard Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier - complete, Soloists: Claire Watson; Brigitte Fassbaender;
Lucia Popp; Orchestra Bayerische Staatsoper, Orfeo
D'or
1974: Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 5,
Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, Deutsche Grammophon.
1975: Johann Strauss II: Die Fledermaus, Orchestra
of the Bavarian State Opera, Munich, Deutsche
Grammophon. Soloists: Hermann Prey, Julia
Varady, Lucia Popp, Ren Kollo, Ivan Rebro,
Bernd Weikl.
1975-1976: Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No.
7, Vienna Philharmonic, Deutsche Grammophon.
1976: Antonn Dvok: Concerto for piano and
orchestra, Orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera,
EMI. Piano: Sviatoslav Richter.
1976-1977: Giuseppe Verdi: La traviata, Orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera, Deutsche
Grammophon. Soloists: Ileana Cotruba, Plcido
Domingo, Sherrill Milnes.
1977: Richard Strauss: Elektra, live recording with
the Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Connoisseur Label. Soloists: Birgit Nilsson, Marta Szirmay
and Gwyneth Jones.[26]
1978: Franz Schubert: Symphony No. 3, Vienna
Philharmonic, Deutsche Grammophon.
1978: Franz Schubert: Symphony No. 8 Unnished, Vienna Philharmonic, Deutsche Grammophon.
1979: Giacomo Puccini: La Boheme, Orchestra of Teatro alla Scala, Golden Melodram/Myto.
Soloists: Ileana Cotrubas, Luciano Pavarotti
1979: Giacomo Puccini: La Boheme, Orchestra of the Royal Opera House, Golden Melodram.
Soloists: Ileana Cotrubas, Sona Ghazarian

8
1980: Johannes Brahms: Symphony No. 4, Vienna
Philharmonic, Deutsche Grammophon.[27]

1992: Vienna New Years Concert, Vienna Philharmonic, Philips.

1980-1982: Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde,

Staatskapelle Dresden, Deutsche Grammophon.
Soloists: Ren Kollo, Margaret Price, Brigitte Fassbaender, Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, Kurt Moll.

1994: Richard Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier,

Orchestra of the Vienna State Opera, Deutsche
Grammophon. Soloists: Felicity Lott, Kurt Moll,
Anne Soe von Otter, Gottfried Hornik, Barbara
Bonney, Heinz Zednik.

1982-1983: Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No.

4, Symphony No. 6, Symphony No. 7, Orchestra of
the Bavarian State Opera, Orfeo.
1989: Vienna New Years Concert, Vienna Philharmonic, Sony.

1996: Ludwig van Beethoven: Coriolan Overture,

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No. 33, Johannes Brahms: Symphony No. 4, Bavarian State
Orchestra, Deutsche Grammophon.

1992: Vienna New Years Concert, Vienna Philharmonic, Sony.

2010: Complete Opera and Concert DVDs on

Deutsche Grammophon - 10 DVDs.

2010: Complete Recordings on Deutsche Grammophon - 12 CDs.

2010: Carlos Kleiber - I Am Lost to the World, documentary, Director: Georg Wbbolt, Production:
BFMI / ZDF / 3sat, Distributor: C Major Entertainment.

2014: Complete orchestral Recordings on Deutsche

Grammophon - 3 CDs & 1 Blu-ray with Bonus Audio Documentary.

REFERENCES

DVD releases
1970: The Great conductors, TDK and Arthaus.
Overtures: Der Freischtz & Die Fledermaus
Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra (rehearsals)
1976: Verdi : Otello, La Scala Milan Orchestra
& Chorus, Plcido Domingo, Mirella Freni, Piero
Cappuccilli, Opera Legacies
1978: Georges Bizet: Carmen, Vienna State Opera,
TDK and Bel Canto. Soloists: Elena Obraztsova,
Plcido Domingo, Yuri Mazurok, Isobel Buchanan.
1979: Puccini : La Bohme, La Scala Milan
Orchestra & Chorus, Ileana Cotruba, Luciano
Pavarotti, Bel Canto Society
1979: Richard Strauss: Der Rosenkavalier, Orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera, Deutsche Grammophon. Soloists: Gwyneth Jones, Brigitte Fassbaender, Lucia Popp, Francisco Araiza.

2011: Carlos Kleiber - Traces to Nowhere, documentary, Director: Eric Schulz, Production: Servus TV,
Distributor: EuroArts Music International.

8 References
[1] Carlos Kleiber voted greatest conductor of all time.
BBC Worldwide Press Releases. BBC Music. 17 March
2011. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
[2] Barber, Charles (2011). Corresponding with Carlos: A Biography of Carlos Kleiber. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780-8108-8143-3. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
[3] Harvey Sachs (2004-07-25). The Conductor Who Could
Not Tolerate Error. New York Times. Retrieved 200710-14.
[4] Schudel, Matt (20 July 2004) Obituaries: Gifted, Eccentric Conductor Carlos Kleiber Dies at 74 Washington
Post, Washington D.C. p. B06;
[5] Performance Database Search Results. Royal Opera
House Collections Online. Retrieved 2014-08-04.

1983: Ludwig van Beethoven: Symphony No. 4,

Symphony No. 7, Concertgebouw Orchestra Amsterdam, Philips.

[6] John Rockwell (2004-07-20). Carlos Kleiber Is Dead at

74; Musics Perfectionist Recluse. New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-14.

1986: Johann Strauss II: Die Fledermaus, Orchestra of the Bavarian State Opera, Deutsche Grammophon. Soloists: Pamela Coburn, Brigitte Fassbaender, Janet Perry, Eberhard Wchter.

[7] Michael Walsh (1983-07-13).

Unvarnished Symphonies. Time. Retrieved 2007-10-14.

1989: Vienna New Years Concert, Vienna Philharmonic, Deutsche Grammophon.

1991: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No.
36, Johannes Brahms: Symphony No. 2, Vienna
Philharmonic, Philips.

[8] Nicholas Kenyon (1989-10-15). Carlos Kleiber: Genius

Wrapped In an Enigma. New York Times. Retrieved
2007-10-14.
[9] Donal Henehan (1988-01-24). Pavarotti and Freni in La
Boheme". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
[10] Jacobs, Arthur (1990) Kleiber, Carlos The Penguin Dictionary of Musical Performers Viking, London

[11] Donal Henehan (1990-03-07). Carlos Kleiber Leads

Plcido Domingo In Verdis Otello". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
[12] Donal Henehan (1990-09-27). Sweeping Rosenkavalier
at the Met. New York Times. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
[13] Youtube Rare Carlos Kleiber Interview in 1960
[14] Interview of Carlos Kleiber on German Radio
[15] Frhe Ausnahme von der Regel - Das bislang einzige
berlieferte Interview von Carlos Kleiber
[16] Tolansky, John. Carlos Kleiber - Obituary (Gramophone, October 2004) by John Tolansky. Gramophone.
Gramophone. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
[17] Martin Kettle, A rare touch of musical magic. The
Guardian, 1 January 1990.
[18] Bernard Holland (1987-06-19). Conducting for Cultists:
Beethoven From Kleiber. New York Times. Retrieved
2007-10-14.
[19] Kleiber, Carlos Current Biography Yearbook 1991 edition, H.W. Wilson Co., New York, p.338
[20] Bernheimer, Martin (October 2004) Obituaries: Carlos
Kleiber Opera News 69(4): p.85;
[21] Kakaviatos, Panos (20 July, 2004) Carlos Kleiber, 74,
widely admired conductor Chicago Sun-Times

Vichev, Tomislav: Kleibers Era, 2003 (in Bulgarian).

Drexel, Christina: Carlos Kleiber - ... einfach was
dasteht!, 2010, Verlag Dohr Kln, ISBN 978-3936655-89-6 (in German).
Zignani, Alessandro: Il tramonto dell'Occidente,
2010, ISBN 978-88-87203-95-0, Zecchini Editore
(in Italian).
Barber, Charles. Corresponding with Carlos: A
Biography of Carlos Kleiber, 2011. Scarecrow
Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-8143-3. (in English).
isbn=9788993818611 (in Korean)

10 Filmography
September 2009 BBC Radio program: Who Was
Carlos Kleiber?
Documentary Spuren ins Nichts - Der Dirigent Carlos
Kleiber, Deutschland, Slowenien, sterreich, 2010,
52 Min., director Eric Schulz, Centauri, EuroArts
Music International.Servus TV, 2010
TV documentary I am lost to the World, directed by
Georg Wbbolt, BFMI, ZDF, 3sat, C major Ent.
March 2011

[22] Alan Blyth, obituary for Carlos Kleiber, The Guardian, 21

July 2004.
[23] Obituary section: Kleiber, Carlos Current Biography
Yearbook 2004 edition (New York: Wilson, 650).
[24] http://www.radio.rai.it/radio3/radio3_suite/view.cfm?
Q_EV_ID=240713&Q_PROG_ID=68
[25] Se institucionaliz el da del Director de Orquesta.
Tiempo de San Juan. 2014-01-12.
[26] http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2000/
june00/elektra.htm
[27] Andrew Clements, Brahms: Symphony No. 4. The
Guardian, 17 March 2000.

11 External links
Biographer Werner`s site
http://www.carlos-kleiber.com (a memorial site
with testimonials and video clips)
Carlos Kleiber 2.0 (the Carlos Kleiber`s community)
Erich and Carlos Kleiber site
http://correspondingwithcarlos.com/ (a site about
the eponymous book)
Kleibers era

Sources
Balestrazzi, Mauro: Carlos Kleiber - Angelo o demone?, 2006, ISBN 88-8302-325-0 (in Italian).
Fischer, Jens Malte: Carlos Kleiber - Der skrupulse
Exzentriker, 2006, ISBN 3-8353-0138-1 (in German).
Werner, Alexander: Carlos Kleiber - Eine Biograe,
2007, 2nd, revised Edition, 2009, ISBN 978-37957-0598-5, 3rd Edition, paperback, July 2010 (in
German)

Biography of Carlos Kleiber

12

12
12.1

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Booklet of CD 'Beethoven - Symphonies 5 & 7' conducted by Carlos Kleiber, Deutsche Grammophon DG 447 400-2
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