Application of Pilot Schemes

J. Gosalia
Doble Engineering Company

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Presentation
Topics

What is
Pilot
protection
scheme?

Comparison
of different
schemes

Pilot
Schemes

Basic
Principle

Types of
pilot
schemes

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End Zone Faults

A

B
F1

F2

Zone 1 setting at A & B = 80% of the line length

Fault at F1: seen in Zone 1 at A & B. Cleared instantaneously
Fault at F2:
Cleared inst. at station B but in with Zone 2 time delay at A.
Fault remains on the line for Zone 2 time delay

End Zone fault it is not cleared instantaneously

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EndZone Faults : Pilot Scheme
Fault on the protected line should be cleared
instantaneously :

Continuity of supply
Limit the Damage & shock to electrical system
Stability of the system
Minimize Revenue loss $$$$........

Faults on the protected line including end zone

fault can be cleared by employing pilot scheme
Each end communicates with the other end to clear faults
on the protected line instantaneously

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Direct Transfer Trip Scheme : DTT

G

Signaling
Channel

Signaling
Channel

Z1

Z1
Z2

Z2
Trip

21

Trip

Z3

Z3

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Transfer Trip Scheme : Logic
Direct
Signal Receive
Signal Send

Z1
Z2

21

Trip
Z3

Mal operation of the signaling equipment

may result in an unnecessary tripping
To avoid mal operation, signal receive can be
supervised by the distance element Z2
before issuing trip command

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Permissive Under Reach TT Scheme

Z1

G
Z2

Z1
Signal Send

Signal Receive

Z1

21

&

Z2

Trip
Z2t

Signal is sent to remote terminal if Z1 operates.

If signal is received from remote terminal then tripping
is issued instantaneously if local Zone 2 see the fault

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Permissive
Under Reach TT Scheme
G

G
52b

Signal Receive

Comm

Signal Send

Z1

21

Z2

&

Trip
Z2t

For end Zone fault with the remote breaker open, fault will not be cleared inst.
Use 52b contact to send the cont. permissive signal to remote end for open
breaker.

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PUTT Scheme : Caution

A

Fault near terminal A is not seen by Zone 1 at terminal B

No current flows through terminal B
Fault is seen as Zone 1 Fault at terminal A

Breaker at A trips instantaneously

Now the fault current is fed via line CD and through B.
Protection at B now sees the fault in Zone 2 but has no
permissive signal from terminal A to trip
Fault is cleared after Zone 2 timer times out.

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Scheme : Solution
PUTT
A

As breaker A opens the permissive signal to B resets

Now the fault is fed through breakers C,D and B
Zone 2 at B picks up but has no permission from A to trip
Solution : Add a time delay on drop out on a permissive
signal receive
The drop out delay >= Zone 2 pick up time + safety margin

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PUTT : Logic
52b

Signal Receive

Signal Send

Z1

td

21

Z2

&

Trip
Z2t

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: Limitation
PUTT

ZR

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zs

For Short line followed by a long line:

Fault with the fault resistance may not be seen in Zone 1
PUTT scheme fails to clear the fault on the line
Fault is cleared in Zone 2 time

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POTT Scheme
G

Signaling
Channel

Signaling
Channel
Z1

&

Z1

Z2

Z2

Trip

21

&

Trip

Z3

21
Z3

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: Logic
POTT
Signal Receive
Signal Send

Z1

Z2
&

21

Trip

Z3

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POTT : Fault Resistance Coverage

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zs

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Permissive
Overreach TT Scheme
A

G
C

C sees Zone 2 fault, B sees zone 1 fault

Fault current flows C-D-B
D receives permission to trip from C but D sees reverse fault
Breaker B opens as it sees the fault in Zone 1
Now the fault current reverses and flows through D-C-A
D sees Zone 2 fault, C does not see fault and zone 2 resets and
stop sending permissive signal to D
If D Zone 2 picks up before Zone 2 at C resets, D can trip
If C Zone 2 is slow to reset it can trip for a fault on parallel line

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POTT : Solution
Signal Receive
Signal Send
Z1
tp
Z2
&

21

Trip

Z3

Adding a time delay tp in Signal Send will prevent mal operation

tp > Fast PU local Z2 time slowest reset time of remote Z2 time

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Scheme :Remote Breaker Open
POTT
A

A sees Zone 2 fault, B does not see fault as it is open

A can not trip instantaneously as it does not receive the
permissive signal from B
If the local breaker is open and receives permissive signal from
remote end, the permissive signal can be Echoed back to
remote breaker
Now the breaker A can trip to clear the fault on the line

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POTT : Signal Echo Logic

Signal Send

52b

T1

T2

&

&

Signal Receive

T1 timer avoid sending Echo if breaker is tripped by other

protection
T2 avoids continuous Echo

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: Logic
POTT

Signal Send

Signal Receive

FSK logic
Trip and
Guard Freq.

Z1
Z2

21
Z3

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Trip

When Permissive signal is

received from Remote End
guard frequency is lost and trip
freq is received
Permissive Trip is issued by
signaling equipment to
protection when guard
frequency is lost and trip
frequency is received
PLCC equipment transmit guard
and trip freq. over power line

128

POTT : Caution
Line Trap

Line Trap

Coupling cap

Coupling cap

FSK logic
Trip and
Guard Freq.

FSK logic
Trip and
Guard Freq.

Guard as well as trip frequency can not be transmitted or

attenuated due to fault on the power line

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Un Blocking
Scheme
POTT scheme
Trip frequency must be received & guard
frequency must be lost to issue permissive signal

Un Blocking Scheme
Enhanced POTT scheme
If guard frequency is lost then permissive trip
signal is issued only for 100-150 mSecs.
If Z2 is picked up protection trip during this time
After this time permissive trip signal is only issued
if guard frequency is lost & trip frequency received

Very secure and reliable scheme

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POTT Scheme : Weak In feed

Z1
Z2

Fault near the remote terminal is seen as Zone 2

at local terminal
Needs permissive trip signal from remote end to clear
the fault
Remote end has a week source contributing to the
fault : Z2 at remote end does not pick up and no
permissive signal is sent at local end
Fault on the line is not cleared instantaneously

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: Weak In Feed
POTT
Z1
Z2

Z3

Signal Receive
Z3

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Echo Signal Send

&
Trip local Br.

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Blocking Scheme
Simple scheme
Very popular in N. America
Comm. channel only sends the blocking signal to
remote end to block tripping
Unlike POTT scheme where guard signal is sent
continuous

Z3 is set reverse looking

Z3 Picks up and sends the blocking signal indicating
fault is beyond the protected line section

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Scheme
Blocking

Z1
Z2

Z3

Fault near the remote terminal is seen as

Zone 2 at local terminal
Remote Z3 does not see the fault
No blocking signal is sent
Trip is issued after a time delay tp to clear fault

For fault beyond remote terminal

Z3 reverse looking picks up & send block signal
No trip at local terminal

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Blocking Scheme : Logic

Z1
Z2

Z3

Z2

Trip local Br.

&

Z3

tp

Signal Send
&

Signal Receive

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Vs. Permissive Scheme
Blocking
Signal Receive: Blocks
local inst. Z2 tripping
Signaling channel is
normally OFF. only ON
when Z3 picks up
When Z2 picks up, it
waits for a time delay tp
before issuing trip to
ensure remote terminal
has a time to send block
signal

10th India Doble Power Forum Conference

Signal Receive trips Z2

instantaneously
Signaling channel is ON
all the time sending
Guard frequency and
changes to trip freq. if Z2
picks up
No intentional time delay
for tripping if permissive
signal is received

132

Blocking Vs. POTT : Comparison

Intentional time delay
added to avoid over
tripping
Failure of the
communication channel
may results in over tripping
for an external fault
Blocking scheme is more
dependable
Single On/Off signaling
channel in use operating at
single frequency in both
direction

No intentional time delay

on trip for a fault on the line
Failure of the
communication channel
may results in a failure to
trip for a fault on the line
POTT scheme is more
secure
Separate signaling channel
for each direction of
signaling

Un Blocking scheme combines security of POTT scheme &

Dependability of Blocking scheme

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Selection
of Pilot Scheme?
Deciding factors
Reliability of signaling channels
N. America for 115/230 kV lines, blocking
scheme is used frequently
Reliability is quite good

Operating speed
Fault clearing time requirement

System operating practice

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Special Schemes
Zone 1 extension scheme

No communication channel is used

Economical, Simple
Used along with Auto Reclosing protection
95% of all the faults are transient fault

Phase distance and time over current protection in

blocking scheme

Phase distance works like any other blocking scheme

Ground distance protection has limited fault resistance coverage
Little or not fault coverage for short line and/or strong source
Time over current protection for ground fault provides higher fault
resistance coverage

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1 Ext. Scheme
Zone
A

Z1

Z1x

21/79

Zone 1 is set to over reach by setting Z1x

Z1x reach of AB is set to 20% in to the line section CD
If the fault occurs in line section CD, breaker A and C trips
High speed Auto Reclose protection closes the breakers
A&C
During the same time, the Z1x reach is pulled back to Z1
If the fault is permanent on the next line section only
breaker C will trip and breaker A does not trip
If the fault is transient, interruption in power transfer is
minimal

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Zone 1 Ext. Scheme : Logic

&

Z1
&

Z1 trip.

Z1x

Auto Reclose
In progress

79

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1 Ext. Scheme: Pros & Cons
Zone
Transient faults on the line are cleared
instantaneously without the need for elaborate
communication equipment
Permanent end Zone faults are cleared in Zone 2
time
Transient faults in the next line section will create
unnecessary tripping and reclosing of the circuit
breaker
This is the main disadvantage when interconnected
high voltage power system when several feeders can
terminate at a single bus

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Pilot Scheme: 21P and 50/51G

A

Z1

21P
50/51G

21P
50/51G

Protection A and B:
Block signal is sent to remote end by high speed non dir. ground
time over current element
The block signal is cancelled by the ground directional element
Block signal is received, 50 HS with directional element picked up.
Wait for a time delay tp to see if block signal is cancelled
Once the block signal is cancelled protection A and B trips to clear
the fault on the line

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Fault
Ground

Z1
A

tp

tp
50
&

50
&

67

67

36

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Pilot Scheme: 21P and 50/51G

Blocking scheme : 21P as discussed earlier
Ground over current uses 50/51 and directional protection 67
Local End: (Forward fault)
Block signal is sent to remote end by non directional ground
time over current element (50 HS)
The block signal is cancelled by the ground directional
element sees the forward fault.

Remote End: (Forward Fault)

High set is picked up (50 HS) and directional element picked
up & block signal is received
Wait for a time delay tp for block signal to be removed from
the remote end
Block signal from the local end is cancelled by the directional
element of the local end
Once the block signal is cancelled remote end trips.

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