1.

Describe what happens when you vary the trigger and when you press

the +/-trigger control. What is the use of the trigger on the

oscilloscope?
The trigger synchronizes the signal with the repeated one. So the sweep
begins at the same point as the repeated signal, making the curve more
stable and clear. The +/- trigger changes the upward slope in the in position,
and the downward slope in the out position.
2. Explain each of these two I-V curves and deduce why do such curves depend
on frequency for a light bulb? (Ohms law experiment).
For the f=0.1 Hz: The resistance changes as the filament is being heated up
or cooled down. The small frequency (large period) of the current will make
the process long and will give more time for the filament to vary appreciably.
For the f=50 Hz: The long frequency (short period) doesnt allow the
filament to heat up and cool down well enough. Thus, the temperature
doesnt change much, which results in almost constant resistance.
3. Upon connecting the two coaxial cables with the BNC connectors, can you tell
whether the cables in parallel or in series? Explain (Capacitance and dielectric
constant measurement)
Since the connection of the 2 cables gives a capacitance almost equal to the
sum of the individual capacitances, then the cables are in parallel.
4. What is the effect of the steel rod on the inductance of the coil? Explain

(RL-RC experiment)
TL without rod < TL with. Thus, the inductance has increased when the
metal rod was inserted. The metal rod will generate extra magnetic
field inside the coil, which will result in a higher inductance, since the
magnetic flux is = L*I
5. In your determination of e/m, the errors on d, I1 and D were not taken

into consideration. How would these errors contribute to your final

results?

I1
adds as a random error which is already being taken care of by averaging

over all values of I1 whereas

and
will add to the systematic errors and
it will contribute as a factor that is carried as a factor with all the results.

6. Looking down at the coils, their magnetic field is (out of) o r ( into) the

coils. Check one

F qv B
[out of the coils by applying the rt. Hand rule with
-1.6E-19 C

and q being

7. Why is it imperative to keep the tilt angle and the direction of the coils

fixed during the experiment? (e/m ratio)

Because
1st: Bearth should be in a direction opposite to Bhelm. Inorder to get Bfinal
perpendicular to ve so that the path obtained is circular otherwise we will
have another component of Bhelm and we will get a helical path instead and
this is experimentally bad.
2nd: we want to cancel the effect of the earth magnetic field completely so
Bhelm has to be along the same line as Bearth
8. Compare the two Vout versus frequency graphs and comment. (RLC

experiment)
The two graphs have the same peak (resonance f) since the latter
doesnt depend on R. However, the 1st graph has a wider peak than the
2nd, since the wisth of the curve depends on the inverse of the
resistance R.
Alternatively: When R decreases, the curve of Vout vs. f becomes
sharper and the quality factor increases. Also, the values of Vout
decreases since the latter is across the DRB.
9. Comment on the effect of a) distance b) adding an iron core to the

transformers (Da!)
a) As distance increases, the voltage across the secondary coil
decreases, since less field line will be entering the 2nd coil when the
distance increases
b) Iron is a ferromagnetic material, thus, when placed in a magnetic
field, it induces a magnetic field, which results in an increase in the
magnetic field lines, and thus an increase in the voltage across the
secondary coil.
10. Among the different configurations of the coils, which one the most
efficient and why? (Transformers experiment, part II)

F) has the most efficient configurations. This is due to the fact that the
iron core gets the field lines from the primary to the secondary coil. In
this conf., the iron field lines are along the direction of those of the
secondary coil. Thus, B is enhanced in the most efficient way.
11. Why is it that the reading of the volt-meter is 0 when we run a DC

current through the coils (Kamen transf.)

The voltage should change with time to induce a flux, F=-Np(d/dt). If
is independent of time, theres no flux and thus no voltage in the
secondary coil.
12. In the Measurement of Force between 2 parallel, current-carrying

conductors, what would happen if the current passing through the two
bars were in the same direction?
The 2 bars will attract
13. Why couldnt the effect of earths magnetic field be neglected? (Hint:

Compare the magnitude of the earth magnetic field to the magnitude

of the magnetic field B1 produced by the lowest current flowing through
the fixed rod)
it will be found after calculation that the magnitude of the earth magnetic
field is larger than the magnitude of the magnetic field B 1 produced by the
lowest current flowing through the fixed rod.