UDPG 1643

Ancillary Statistics
Assignment
Group Member :
TAY CHIN INN

T2

LAM CONG YINN

T2

KONG JIA EN

T2

THONG LEE TENG

T2

OOI WEI YEE

T2

LIM JIA YING

T2

SAM CHOY PENG

T3

CHEU TZE HANG

T1

CHUNG LI PING

T4

KAVISHA A/P
SUNDRARAJ

T2

Introduction:

Fast foods are commonly consumed by many in these days without the knowledge of
the amount of calories contained in the food taken. There are certain nutrition facts that have
to be taken into account before consuming any meals. Therefore, in our research, we decided
to analyse on a few famous fast food restaurants such as McDonalds, Burger King and
Wendys.
The first research is about the average calories of burger in McDonalds. The z-test
statistics is used to do the data analysis. The mean, is defined as the average calories of
burger in McDonalds. Whereas the null hypothesis, H 0 is mean is equals to 455 (=455) and
the alternative hypothesis, H1 is mean is more than 455 (>455). The sample size, n is 37
with a standard deviation, s of 131.3826907. Thus, it would be a right-tailed test.
The second research is on the amount of carbohydrates in McDonalds and Burger
King. The F-distribution test is used to analyse the data. The variance, s of the data is defined
as s12 is equals to the variance of carbohydrates in McDonald's burgers. While s is equals to
the variance of carbohydrates in Burger King's burgers. The null hypothesis, H 0 is stated as
the variance of carbohydrates in both the restaurants are the same (H 0: s=s). The
alternative hypothesis, H1 is stated as the variance of carbohydrates in both the restaurants are
not the same (H1: ss).
The degrees of freedom are v1 equals to 35 and v2 equals to 11.
Thus, it would be a two-tailed test.
The final research was on the sugar contents in the McDonalds, Burger King and Wendys.
To analyse the data, the ANOVA test is being used. Mean, is defined as the mean sugar
contents in Burger King, McDonald's and Wendy's. As for the null hypothesis, H 0 is stated as
all the means are equal ( = = ) and the alternative hypothesis, H1 is not all the mean
sugar contents are the same.
Methodology:
There are three test had been used in order to complete this math assignment. We had
chosen three fast-food restaurant which were McDonald, Wendy and Burger King for
comparisons purposed in z-test and Anova. First of all, we were collected all the data and
nutrition information from the websites of these three restaurants. The Nutrition Facts
available through the websites of.
McDonald's Nutrition Facts from McDonald's website:
http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/nutritionfacts.pdf
Burger King's Nutrition Facts from Burger King's website:
http://www.bk.com/cms/en/us/cms_out/digital_assets/files/pages/MenuNutritionInformation_
November2012.pdf
Wendys Nutrition Facts from Burger King's website:
https://www.wendys.com/redesign/wendys/pdf/en_US_nutrition.pdf

Firstly, we had used z-test for testing the calories of McDonald's Nutrition Facts from
McDonald's. Z-test is the standard deviations of the populations are known or to test
hypotheses about the proportion of successes in a single sample. So, one-sample of food
calories from McDonald's that can be conducted as z-tests with the conditions of variances
are known and the sample size is larger than 30. We used 37 different foods item and 131.38
sample standard deviation. The value of z calculated for a sample mean is also called the
observed value of z.
Secondly, the other data is all of the carbohydrate of different foods from McDonald's
and Burger King only. F-test is a statistical test comparing the means of more than two groups
simultaneously by comparing two different measures of variance of the observations. The Fvalues are all non-negative and distribution is non-symmetric. The mean is approximately 1.
The samples of these foods from McDonald's and Burger King were 36 and 12 respectively.
Hence, we used f-test to compare the carbohydrate of different foods from McDonald's and
Burger King. There are also different between degree of freedom v1 and v2, which are 35 and
11 respectively.
Lastly, we were compared the sugar of drinks of McDonald, Wendy and Burger King
by using Anova test. The reason we used Anova that is because it is a procedure to test the
null hypothesis that the means of 3 or more populations are equal. We had chosen one way
Anova that only can analyze one factor. The samples drawn from different populations are
random and independent.The sugar of drinks of McDonald, Wendy and Burger King has been
termed as one-way as there is only one category whose effect has been studied and balanced
as the same number of sugar level has been assigned on each fast-food restaurant. Thus the
basic idea is to test whether the samples are all alike or not.
Results and Analysis:
McDonald's Burger
Bacon Clubhouse Burger
Bacon Clubhouse Grilled Chicken Sandwich
Bacon Clubhouse Crispy Chicken Sandwich
McChicken
Buffalo Ranch McChicken
Bacon Buffalo Ranch McChicken
Bacon Cheddar McChicken
Southern Style Crispy Chicken Sandwich
Filet-O-Fish
McRib
Premium McWrap Southwest Chicken (Crispy)
Premium McWrap Southwest Chicken (Grilled)
Premium McWrap Chicken & Bacon (Crispy)
Premium McWrap Chicken & Bacon (Grilled)
Premium McWrap Chicken & Ranch (Crispy)

Calories
720
610
750
370
370
440
490
430
390
500
670
510
630
490
610

Premium McWrap Chicken & Ranch (Grilled)

Premium McWrap Chicken Sweet Chili (Crispy)
Premium McWrap Chicken Sweet Chili (Grilled)
Big Mac
Quarter Pounder with Cheese +
Quarter Pounder Bacon & Cheese +
Quarter Pounder Deluxe +
Double Quarter Pounder with Cheese ++
Hamburger
Cheeseburger
BBQ Ranch Burger
Grilled Onion Cheddar
Double Cheeseburger
McDouble
Bacon McDouble
Daily Double
Ranch Snack Wrap (Crispy)
Ranch Snack Wrap (Grilled)
Mac Snack Wrap
Jalapeo Double
Quarter Pounder Deluxe
Artisan Grilled Chicken Sandwich

Total,

460
540
400
530
520
600
540
740
240
290
340
300
430
380
440
430
360
290
330
430
580
360

17510
473.2432432
37
131.3826907
455
0.844626606

Sample mean, xx
Sample size, n
Sample standard deviation,s

Test statistics,z
let = average calories of burger in McDonald's
H: =455
H: >455( right tailed test)
5% Significance level,= 0.05
Critical value,Z=1.6449
z<Z, at = 0.05 we do not reject H and conclude that the average calories of burger in
McDonald's is 455 cal.

Frequency against Calories

12
10
8
6
Frequency

4
2
0

Calories

Calories

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

McDonald's
Burger
Bacon Clubhouse
Burger
Bacon Clubhouse
Grilled Chicken
Sandwich
Bacon Clubhouse
Crispy Chicken
Sandwich
McChicken
Buffalo Ranch
McChicken
Bacon Buffalo
Ranch
McChicken
Bacon Cheddar
McChicken
Southern Style
Crispy Chicken
Sandwich
Filet-O-Fish
McRib
Premium
McWrap
Southwest
Chicken (Crispy)
Premium
McWrap
Southwest
Chicken (Grilled)
Premium
McWrap Chicken
& Bacon (Crispy)
Premium
McWrap Chicken
& Bacon
(Grilled)
Premium
McWrap Chicken
& Ranch (Crispy)
Premium

Carbohydrates
(g)
52
50

65
40
41
41
43
43
39
44

68

per100
g

Burger King
Burger
Big King

19.4757
17.7936 A.1.
Ultimate
Bacon
Cheeseburger
Hamburger
22.8873
27.7778 Cheeseburger
Double
27.7027 Hamburger
Double
Cheeseburger
25.3086
Extra Long
BBQ
25 Cheeseburger
Bacon
Cheeseburger
26.875
Bacon
Double
27.4648 Cheeseburger
Double
21.1538 Cheeseburger
Bacon
Cheeseburger
Deluxe
20.5438
King Jr.
Cheeseburger

54

27.0347

56

17.7215

41

13.099

56
42

18.0645
13.6364

Carbohydrate
s (g)
38
37

per100
g
19.1919
12.585

26
27
26

26
24.3243
20.3125

27
19.0141
62
23.3645
27
24.1071
27
18.2432
27
19.0141
28
19.0476
26
20.4724

McWrap Chicken
& Ranch
(Grilled)
Premium
McWrap Chicken
Sweet Chili
(Crispy)
Premium
McWrap Chicken
Sweet Chili
(Grilled)
Big Mac
Quarter
Pounder with
Cheese +
Quarter Pounder
Bacon & Cheese
+
Quarter Pounder
Deluxe +
Double Quarter
Pounder with
Cheese ++
Hamburger
Cheeseburger
BBQ Ranch
Burger
Grilled Onion
Cheddar
Double
Cheeseburger
McDouble
Bacon McDouble
Daily Double
Ranch Snack
Wrap (Crispy)
Ranch Snack
Wrap (Grilled)
Mac Snack Wrap

Jalapeo Double
Quarter Pounder
Deluxe

61

20.0658

47
47

15.5629
22.2749

42

21.1055

48

22.1198

45

18.9076

43
32
33

15.5235
32.6531
29.2535

37

32.7434

32

28.3186

35
34
35
34

21.7391
23.1293
17.8947
25

32

19.685

25

20.8

26
35

22.0126
17.7866

45

21.0784

s = variance of carbohydrates in McDonald's burgers

s = variance of carbohydrates in Burger King's burgers
H0: s=s

H1: ss
The carbohydrate of both restaurant are the same
Standard deviation, s =4.915494686
Variance, s= 24.162088
Standard deviation, s =3.59413372
Variance, s=12.9177972
Degree of freedom, v=35
Degree of freedom, v=11
5% significance level, = 0.05
Two-tailed test critical value, /2= 0.025
F-distribution, F 0.02535,11= 3.09
F 0.025;35;11= 1 / F 0.025;11;35= 0.42
F value =1.8705
0.42 < F < 3.09
At = 0.05 we do not reject Ho and conclude that the carbohydrate in mcd and burger king
are the same.
30
25
20
Frequency

15
Burger King Burger
McDonald's Burger

10
5
0

0-10

10-20

20-30

Carbohydrates(per 100g)

30-40

McDonald's Beverages
McCaf Mocha (Small)
Coffee (Small)
Chocolate McCaf Shake (Small)
Vanilla McCaf Shake (Small)
Strawberry McCaf Shake (Small)
Coffee (Large)
Premium Roast Iced Coffee (Small)
McCaf Caramel Mocha (Small)
Frappe Mocha (Small)
Frappe Caramel (Small)
Frappe Chocolate Chip (Small)

Sugars (g)
42
0
77
63
79
0
22
40
57
57
66

SUMMARY
Groups
Column 1
Column 2
Column 3

Count
119
84
22

Sum
903.8062
575.0874
179.758

Average
7.595010084
6.846278571
8.170818182

Variance
36.10047311
29.59151997
38.82615407

T = 903.8062
n = 119
T = 575.0874
n = 84
T = 179.7580
n = 22
k=3
n = 225
Total sum of x,
T+T+T =
1658.6576
Total sum of x = 19938.7031
ANOVA
Source of Variation
Between Groups
Within Groups
Total

SS

df

MS

43.17288025
7531.30122

2
222

7574.4741

224

21.58644012
33.92478027

F
0.63630302

P-value
0.530207
856

Since F <Fcritical, at =0.05, we do not reject H and conclude that the mean sugar contents in
Burger King, McDonalds and Wendy's are the same.

Conclusion:
As for the first test on the average calories of burger in McDonalds, z-test statistics
had been used. The total, x was 17510. Sample size, n was 37 with the sample mean, xx was
473.2432432 and the sample standard deviation, s was 131.3826907. As mentioned, the
mean, was 455. The test statistics value, z obtained was 0.844626606. The H0 for this test
was =455 and the H1 was >455. The significance level, was 0.05 with the critical value,
Z was 1.6449. Since, Z<Z, at = 0.05 we do not reject H and conclude that the average
calories of burger in McDonald's is 455 calorie.
The F-distribution test was used to test the amount of carbohydrates of burgers in
McDonalds and Burger King. The variance, s is the variance of carbohydrates in
McDonald's burgers while s is the variance of carbohydrates in Burger King's burgers. The
H0: s=s and H1: ss2. The standard deviation, s=4.915494686 and variance, s=
24.162088 whereas the standard deviation, s=3.59413372 and the variance, s=12.9177972.

Fc
3.03

With degree of freedom, v=35 and v=11 along with critical value, = 0.05, the Fdistribution, F 0.02535,11= 3.09 and F 0.025;35;11= 1 / F 0.025;11;35= 0.42. The critical value, is
divided by two because it is a two-tailed test, /2= 0.025. Therefore, F value =1.8705. Since,
0.42 < F < 3.09. Thus, at = 0.05 we do not reject Ho and conclude that the carbohydrate in
McDonalds and burger king are the same.
For the research on the sugar contents in Burger King, McDonalds and Wendys, the
ANOVA test had been used. As the defined as the mean sugar contents in Burger King,
McDonalds and Wendys, the hypotheses are H: = = and H: not all the mean
sugar contents are the same. According to the data collected, the T1=903.8062 with n1=119,
T2=575.0874 with n2=84, and T3=179.7580 with n3=22. Therefore the total n is equals to 225
with k value of 3. The total sum of x, T+T+T = 1658.6576 whereas the total sum of x =
19938.7031. With the data collected and obtained, the ANOVA table was formed as below to
analyse it. Since F <Fcritical, at =0.05, we do not reject H and conclude that the mean sugar
contents in Burger King, McDonald's and Wendy's are the same.
ANOVA
Source of
Variation
Between
Groups
Within Groups
Total

SS
43.172880
3
7531.3012
2
7574.4741

df
2
222

MS

P-value

F critical

21.5864401
2
33.9247802
7

0.6363030
2

0.53020
8

3.0365236
9

224

In conclusion, the average calorie content of the food in McDonalds are not very
healthy to be consumed as it is about the average of 455 calories. As for the amount of
carbohydrates between the burgers in McDonalds and Burger King, it has the same amount
of carbohydrates according to the research. Finally the mean sugar content of foods in
McDonalds, Burger King and Wendys are also the same. Thus, no matter what you eat and
where you eat these fast food, they are still unhealthy and consume the same amount of
calories, sugar and carbohydrate. Therefore, it is advisable to reduce taking fast foods often.

Reference :
Lawrence Robinson.2015.Easy Tips for Planning a Healthy Diet and Sticking to it. [Online]
available at: http://www.helpguide.org/articles/healthy-eating/healthy-eating.htm#top.
[Accessed: 9 April 2015]

Merisant Company.2015. McDonald's USA Nutrition Facts.[online] available at :

http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/nutritionfacts.pdf. [Accessed: 9 April 2015]
Wendys International, LLC.2014.nutrition information. [Online] available at:
https://www.wendys.com/redesign/wendys/pdf/en_US_nutrition.pdf.[Accessed: 9 April 2015]
Burger King Corporation.2015.BURGER KING USA nutritionals..[online] available at :
http://www.bk.com/cms/en/us/cms_out/digital_assets/files/pages/MenuNutritionInformation_
November2012.pdf. [Accessed: 9 April 2015]
McDonald's USA Nutrition Facts for Popular Menu Items. [Online] Available at
http://nutrition.mcdonalds.com/getnutrition/nutritionfacts.pdf [Accessed at 3 April 2015]
BURGER KING USA Nutritionals: Core, Regional andLimited Time Offerings MARCH
2015. [Online] Available at http://www.bk.com/pdfs/nutrition.pdf [Accessed at 3 April 2015]
nutrition

information.

[Online]

Available

at

https://www.wendys.com/redesign/wendys/pdf/en_US_nutrition.pdf [Accessed at 3 April

2015]