Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Contents
Foreword ............................................................................................................................................. 2
1. Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Normative references ....................................................................................................................... 3
3 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................ 4
4. General regulations .......................................................................................................................... 5
5 Measurement of soil resistivity.......................................................................................................... 5
6 Measurement of earthing resistance of independent earthing electrodes ............................................. 7
7 Test of electrical integrity of integrated earthing system................................................................... 10
8 Measurement of ground impedance of railway integrated earthing system ....................................... 12
9 Measurement of surface-potential gradient, step voltage and touch voltage ...................................... 17
10 Measurement of rail potential and equipment potential of railway integrated earthing system ......... 20
Annex A Items and cycle of measurement .......................................................................................... 22
Annex B Measurement of surface potential gradient of earthing connections ...................................... 23
Annex C Description of railway integrated earthing system in concept ............................................... 24
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................... 27
1 / 28
Foreword
The Situation of the measurement for railway earthing and bonding system right now, is that,
- Standards or regulations or norms of measurement methods for very large building structure as
earthing system are used in most countries, but no for railways especially which earthing and bounding
applications are quite different from other industry purposes.
- Different measurement methods have been used in railways for different equipment and subsystems
in some national railways.
- Chinese Ministry of Railway (MOR) have developed the standards used in recent large scale high
speed railways and upgraded railways.
- Series of the IEC 62128 standards will be used in accordance.
Based on the work of AHG2 from Dec., 2009 to May, 2011 dominated by IEC/TC9, the proposed
working draft has been drawn up in to meet the requirements from large scale constructions of
high-speed railway system or powerful EMU locomotives upgraded in existing railway application
with more accurate test in a much lower value of equivalent earthing resistivity and impendence by
practical methods.
Annex of this WD are informative for discussions.
2 / 28
Measurement methods
for railway integrated earthing system
1. Scope
This Technical Specification describes possible methods for measurements of integrated earthing
system in a.c. railways as,
- soil resistivity,
- continuity of electrical interconnection,
- resistance to earth of independent earthing electrodes,
- impendence to earth of railway integrated
- surface-potential gradient, step voltage and touch voltage and
- rail potential and equipment potential of the interconnected return circuit and earthing system.
This Technical Specification does not specify as,
- which measuring methods are compulsory,
- limits to be fulfilled,
- requirements for design, approval and maintenance.
2. Normative references
Those clauses cited from the following referenced documents are the clauses of the specification. For
dated references, all their subsequent modifications (excluding corrected contents) or revised editions
shall not apply to this specification, however, those parties who have entered into an agreement based
on this specification are encouraged to study whether the latest edition of those referenced documents
can be applied. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced documents applies.
IEC 61936-1 First edition 2002 Power Installations Exceeding 1 kV a.c. -Part 1: Common
rules
IEEE Std 998-1996, IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations.
IEEE Std 1410-2004, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric
Power Overhead Distribution Lines.
IEEE Std 1243-1997, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of
Transmission Lines.
3 / 28
TB/T 3074 Technical conditions for protection of railway signaling installations against
lightning electromagnetic impulses
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60050-811 , IEC 62128-1
and the following apply.
3.1 earthing connection
A connection used in establishing a ground and consisting of a earthing conductor, a earthing electrode
and the earth (soil) that surrounds the electrode.
3.2 earthing grid
A system of earthing electrodes consisting of interconnected bare conductors buried in the earth to
provide a common ground for electrical devices and metallic structures.
3.3 run-through earth conductors
Earth conductors connected with all installations and equipment installed along a railway.
3.4 electric integrity of earthing connection
Electrical continuality among all kinds of electrical installations and between each part of earthing
device and each part of equipment, measured as the d.c current value.
3.5 step potential difference
The potential difference between a distance of 1 meter horizontally on the earth surface, when earthing
short-circuit current flows through the earthing connection.
3.6 touch potential difference
The potential difference between two points of one being 1.0 meter horizontally away from the
equipment, and the other 1.8 meter vertically above the earth surface along the covering of the
equipment, structure or wall, when short-circuit current flows through the earthing connection.
3.12 current electrode
An electrode placed into earth remotely to form a earthing resistance, surface potential distribution for
the measurement of earthing connection.
3.13 potential electrode
An electrode placed into earth for the selected reference zero potential in the measurement of
characteristic parameters of earthing connection .
4 / 28
8 / 28
C: potential electrode;
(3)
where is the include angle between the potential wire and current wire; Z the value of earthing
resistance measured, Z=UPG/I; UPG the potential between potential electrode and earthing electrode
under test G; I the measuring current injected into the earthing electrode.
In the area of uniform earth resistivity, an isosceles triangle arrangement may be used with dCG being
equal to dGP. In this case, is taken as approximately 30, and dPG=dCG=2D, then the earthing resistance
Z can still be calculated by formula 3.
C: potential electrode;
The current in the important independent earthing electrodes and equipotential bonds
The rail potential, and the step and touch voltages, at places where it is important to limit these
quantities to the safe levels.
In the construction of the railway, the important equipotential bonding conductors and
similar connections should be arranged so that it will be convenient to measure the current which flows
in them, using split-core transducers.
100
resistivity
100
300
500
700
1000
300
500
700
1000
2000
24
45
56
67
79
2000
m
Spacing
12
910
(km)
8.6 Reversed-current-long-distance method for ground impedance measurement
Figure 8.1 illustrates the arrangement of electrodes in the ground impedance measurement of railway
integrated earthing system with reversed-current-long-distance method, by which the current electrode
and potential electrode are placed on each side of the railway integrated earthing system, the distance
between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductors is dCG, and the distance between
potential electrode P and the run-through earthing cables is dPG .Neither dCG nor dPG includes the width
of the run-through earth conductors on both sides of railway integrated earthing system. When ground
impedance of railway integrated earthing system is measured with reversed-current--long-distance
method, dCG 400m, and dPG = 0.5dCG.
After arrangement of the measuring leads of current electrode and potential electrode, the test current is
applied, and subsequently the measured potential value U and current value I can be read on the
voltmeter and ammeter. Then the ground impedance of railway integrated earthing system can be
calculated with the formula Z=k(U/I), where k is the correction coefficient k of ground impedance at
different earth resistivity of reversed-current-long-distance method, k values are listed on Table 8.2.
And the appropriated k value is determined in accordance with earth resistivity measured and
regulations in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2 Correction coefficient k of ground impedance at different earth resistivity of
reversed-current-long-distance method
Earth
100
resistivity
100
300
700
1000
300
700
1000
2000
k=1.41
k=1.40
k=1.34
2000
m
dCG=400m
k=1.29
k=1.38
dCG=700m
k=1.20
k=1.28
k=1.35
14 / 28
k=1.25
Railway Integrated
Earthing System
P---potential electrode
dPG---- the linear distance between potential electrode P and the run-through earth conductor; dCG--the linear distance between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductor
Figure 8.1 Arrangement of electrodes of reversed-current-long-distance method in measurement
of ground impedance of railway integrated earthing system
8.7 Compensation method for ground impedance measurement
Figure 8.2 shows the arrangement of electrodes in the ground impedance measurement of railway
integrated earthing system with compensation method, where the current and potential electrodes are
placed on the same side of the run-through earth conductor of railway integrated earthing system, the
linear distance between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductor is dCG, and the linear
distance between potential electrode P and the run-through earth conductor is dPG.
When ground impedance of railway integrated earthing system is measured with compensation method,
dCG should be equal to or larger than 700m, and the arrangement of potential electrode should be
determined according to earth resistivity and meet the requirements set in Table 8.2.
After arrangement of measuring lengths of current electrode and potential electrode based on the
corresponding earth resistivity measured, the test current is applied, and subsequently the measured
potential value U and current value I can be read on the voltmeter and ammeter. Then the ground
impedance of railway integrated earthing system can be calculated with the formula Z=U/I.
Table 8.3 Potential electrode locations at different Earth resistivity
Earth
resistivity
m
100
300
500
700
1000
2000
300
500
700
1000
2000
3000
dPG=
dPG=
dPG=
dPG=
dPG=
dPG=
380326
326293
293267
267239
239179
179145
When
dCG=700m
potential
electrode
location (m)
Note: If earth resistivity varies, dPG can be estimated linearly according to location of the section where
earth resistivity is measured.
15 / 28
Railway Integrated
Earthing System
P---potential electrode
dPG---- the linear distance between potential electrode P and the run-through earth conductor; dCG--the linear distance between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductor
Figure 8.2 Arrangement of electrodes of compensation method in measurement of ground
impedance of railway integrated earthing system
8.8 Potential drop method for earthing impedance measurement
Figure 8.3 shows the arrangement of electrodes in the ground impedance measurement of railway
integrated earthing system with potential drop method, where electrode C and electrode P are placed on
the same side of the run-through earthing conductor of railway integrated earthing system, the linear
distance between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductor is dCG, and the linear distance
between potential electrode P and the run-through earth conductor is dPG.
Test Power
Railway Integrated
Earthing System
P---potential electrode;
D: measurement interval;
dPG---- the linear distance between potential electrode P and the run-through earth conductor; dCG--- the
linear distance between current electrode C and the run-through earth conductor
Figure 8.3 Arrangement of electrodes of potential drop method in measurement of ground
impedance of railway integrated earthing system
Test current is injected between the railway integrated earthing system G and the current electrode C,
causing the change of earth potential. Then potential electrode P is moved from the border of G in the
direction of return current, potential drop between P and G is measured at each interval d (10m or 20m)
and draw up the variation curve of U and X. The point where the curve levels off is the point of zero
potential. The potential drop between the point of zero potential and the starting point of the curve is
the uplift of potential of the railway integrated earthing system under test current I, and the earthing
impedance of railway integrated earthing system can be obtained by the formula: Z= Um/I
16 / 28
In order to avoid the noise influence, the measuring meter shall have a
Direction
Direction
End
Edge
Earthing Wire
P---potential electrode;
D: measurement interval
Figure 9.1 Diagram of measurement of surface potential gradient
9.1.7 When d is 1m, the surface potential gradient UT when the system is in fault can be calculated with
the following formula
UT= UT Is/Im
where UT is the potential difference between two neighboring points on the surface potential
curve; Is is the single phase earthing fault resistance of the earthing connections of the device under test;
Im the measuring current injected into the earthing grid.
9.1.8 Judgment of the measurement results of surface potential gradient
The distribution curves of surface potential gradients in the earthing grid of excellent performance look
flat, normally with two ends rising slightly. Rapid fluctuation or rapid change of the curves indicates
the poor performance of the earthing grid. For reference see the Figure B.2 in Annex B. When the
maximal single phase earthing short-circuit current of the effective earthing system does not exceed 35
kA in the earthing grid, the surface potential gradient per unit is less than 20V and may not be larger
than 60. If the surface potential gradient per unit approaches or exceeds 80V, then the cause shall be
found out and due measures taken.
9.2 Measurement of step potential difference, touch potential difference, step voltage and touch
voltage.
9.2.1 Step potential difference, touch potential difference, step voltage and touch voltage shall be
measured of installations and traction substation along the railway, devices and equipment the staff of
power distribution substation may contact, such as framework, earthing lead-in wire, and covering of
equipment.
9.2.2 Figure 9.2 shows the diagram of measurement of step potential difference, touch potential
difference, step voltage and touch voltage. The current electrode for the measurement of surface
potential shall be placed possibly far away, the linear distance from the current electrode C to the
run-through earth conductor dCG shall be larger than or equal to 400m. In Figure 9, the equivalent
18 / 28
In order to avoid
the noise influence, the measuring meter shall have a sensitive frequency-selection when
different-frequency power source is applied.
9.2.5 The measured values of step potential difference, touch potential difference, step voltage and
touch voltage can be calculated in accordance with Formula5
Us=Us Is/Im
Where,
UT is the measured values of step potential difference, step potential, step voltage and touch voltage;
Is is the single phase earthing fault resistance of the earthing connections of the device under test;
Im the measuring current injected into the earthing grid.
9.2.6 The judgment of measurement results of step potential difference, touch potential difference, step
voltage and touch voltage: For the permissible values of step potential difference, step potential, step
voltage and touch voltage, refer to the limits in relevant standards and Annex C.
Test Power
Equi.
Earthing Wire
P---potential electrode;
D: measurement interval
Figure 9.2 Diagram of measurement of step potential difference, step potential difference, step
voltage and touch voltage
19 / 28
rpzp
recorder
mp
Earthing Wire
recorder
Equi.
21 / 28
(Informative)
In the design phase of railway integrated earthing system, earth resistivity measurement would be
carried out in traction substations and distribution substation of capacity of 10 kV and above. More
measuring points would be added in the area of high earth resistivity, sections of complicated
geotechnical conditions, and sections of bridges and tunnels of importance.
Measurement of earthing resistance and electrical integrity of independent earthing electrode would be
administered after the completion of construction of one item in the construction phase. Acceptance
measurement would be conducted when the project meets the requirements for acceptance.
In the phase of operation and maintenance, electrical integrity measurement of the system would be
performed once every 1 to 2 years, and all measurements of the system would be competed every 4 to 5
years. In the case of severe earth erosion (such as alkaline and acid soils) earthing resistance of
independent earthing electrode would be carried out once every 1 to 2 years. If the railway integrated
earthing system is renovated or if it is necessary for other reasons, specific measurements would be
carried out.
Engineering
phase
Constructio
n phase
Commission
ing phase
Operation
phase
Project Start
22 / 28
By client
or railway
E&M supplier
By Civil Works
By Railway
E&M Supplier
By Operator
(Informative)
Curve 1
Curve 2
C
u
r.
Curve 3
C
u
r.
C
u
r.
Curve 4
Curve 1
Curve 2
Curve 3
Curve 4
Distance (m)
Railway
integrated
earthing
system,
is
grid
earthing
system
consisting
of
traction
Signal
Running
Rails
Fence
shielded cables
Platform
Return Circuit
Substation
Station
Structure
Earth
Earthing
Systems
Railway installations
Non-railway installations
24 / 28
T (contact wire)
Impedance bond
R (rail)
Neutral wire
CPW
F (feeder)
PW (protective wire)
GP (S type
discharger)
RPCD
Feeding transformer
Teaser
Surge arrester
AT
Main
phase
GP (S type
discharger)
Station
(steel
structure)
GP (ground fault
protective discharger)
Distribution cubicle
RTU (remote
terminal unit)
Insulation hat
Communication cable
50m or more
Building
Substation
25 / 28
Figure C.3 Earthing circuit of railway integrated earthing system in CN for high speed railway
26 / 28
Bibliography
ANSI/IEEE td 81 -1983 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance,
and Earth Surface Potential of a Earthing system.
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 IEEE Guide for Measurement of Impedance and Safety
Characteristics of Large, Extended or Interconnected Earthing systems. United States National
Electrical Code
GB/T 17949.1-2000 Guide for measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance and earth
surface potentials of a ground system--Part 1: Normal measurements, Chinese National
Electrical Code
Canadian Electrical CodePart 1, Safety Standard for Electrical Installations CSA Standard
C22.1-06, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, Ontario 2006, ISBN 1-55436-923-4
27 / 28
2011-5-30
9(AHG2)-CONV503
2010
1
2011
8
9 10 11 12
2012
8
9 10 11 12
2013
8
9 10 11 12
A1
Preparation of TR text
TC9 Plenary Meeting (CN,10/2010)
PL
A2
NWIPD
CAG
NWIP
Preparation of CD text
2nd PT-CD meeting (JP,09/2011)
Preparation of CD text
TC9 Plenary Meeting (JP,11/2011)
Submission of CD to TC9
PL
CD
Circulation of CD
Preparation of FDIS text
3rd PT-FDIS meeting (CN,05/2012)
FDIS
Translation of FDIS
Circulation of FDIS
TC9 Plenary Meeting (11/2012)
PL
Preparation of TS text
Submission of TS to TC9
Translation of TS
Publishing of TS
TS
9 10 11 12
For IEC
use only
9(AHG2)-CONV-504
2011-04-06
NWIP_ANNEX4_
Final Report of the Survey of Measuring Methods for Railway Integrated
Earthing System
1. Background
In recent years, earthing measurement for the railway application is important technical method to get the
correct and accurate data for design of the safety for equipment and human, construction quality
inspection, commission, safety evaluation and maintenance in future operation, because of the
application of powerful traction projects and long distance railway systems.
As National Electrical Code & National Electrical Safety Code, there are many items concerned the
general regulations for ground measurement and most of them are focused on the earth resistivity in
control area instead of the grounding system. The most notable and represent code is ANSI/IEEE td 81
series.
As an international standard in the field of grounding system of railway application is only the IEC
62128-1:2003 transfered according to EN50122-1, which is practical in measurement of grounding very
simply in annex , but is lack of detailed earthing measurement methods for different railway integrated
grounding system and different structures and parts in railway application.
Another international standard IEC 61936-1 provides, in a onvenient form, common rules for the design
and the erection of electrical power installations in systems with nominal voltages above 1 kV a.c. and
nominal frequency up to and including 60 Hz, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use
intended.This standard does not apply for electrical railways except the substations, neither for overhead
and underground lines between separate installations.
IEC 61936-1 is transferred from HD637, and in HD 637 there is ANNEX N give some guides and
suggestions for the common meausrement methods for earthing system, also not applies for electrical
railways whit no detail required arrangement. But in IEC61936-1, the relative annex is deleted.
2. Contents of survey
The ANSI/IEEE td 81 series ,the IEC 61936-1,IEC62128-1/EN50122-1, HD 637 S1, and the GB/T
Chinese code are studied in the field of specific differences Results of the survey are shown as tables on
the following pages.
2.1 Survey items
General regulations for ground measurement of railway integrated grounding system
Measurement of earth resistivity in Control area
Measurement arrangement
Testing scope
Testing methods
Measurement arrangement
Measurement spacing
measurement
2.2.1 Over the years grounding design procedures have been developed as well as appropriate
standards, most notable are,
rules
IEEE Std 487-2007, Recommended Practice for the Protection of Wire-Line Communication
Facilities Serving Electric Supply Locations.
IEEE Std 998-1996, IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations.
IEEE Std 1410-2004, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power
Overhead Distribution Lines.
IEEE Std 1243-1997, IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines.
2.2.2 For the purpose of verifying designs, testing procedures have Been also developed. Most
notable are,
ASTM B 539-2002 Standard Test Methods for Measuring Resistance of Electrical Connections
(Static Contacts)
ANSI/IEEE td 81 -1983 IEEE Guide for Measuring Earth Resistivity, Ground Impedance, and
Earth Surface Potential of a Grounding System.
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 IEEE Guide for Measurement of Impedance and Safety
Characteristics of Large, Extended or Interconnected Grounding Systems. United States National Electrical
Code
BS 7430
BS 6651
GB/T 17949.1-2000 Guide for measuring earth resistivity, ground impedance and earth surface
potentials of a ground system--Part 1: Normal measurements, Chinese National Electrical Code
Canadian Electrical CodePart 1, Safety Standard for Electrical Installations CSA Standard
C22.1-06, Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, Ontario 2006, ISBN 1-55436-923-4
IEEE Std 1474.1:2004, Communications-based Train Control (cbtc) Performance and Functional
Requirements
Technical requirements of the Canadian Electrical Code are very similar to those of the US
National Electrical Code. Specific differences still exist and installations acceptable under one Code may
not entirely comply with the other. Correlation of technical requirements between the two Codes is
ongoing.
3. Survey in AHG2
According to the 1st meeting of AHG2 in Geneva, Convener of AHG2 has finished the survey between the
working draft prepared for the new proposal with the specifications as mentioned above, and made out the
survey results through the examination of the Chinese WG's survey and most of the AHG2 members as in
the appendix, and incorporate additions and corrections should be modified by experts of new proposal
team in future phases.
4. Conclusion
There is no specified standard or report or specification in detail for the measuring methods of large
earthing system especially of railway application either in IEC level.
IEC 62128 specified the eveluation of the safety requirements of the earthing system in railway evaluated
by the rail potentail without detail and accurate measuring methods for different situations, in the annex.
IEC 61936-1 specified the general requirement and the necessary of measuring the touch and step
voltages and trasfer potentail after the construction of an structure containing power installations exceeding
1 kV a.c, and metioned 2 choices of the measuring, using a high impedance voltmeter to measure the
prospective touch and step voltages, or to measure the effective touch and step voltages appearing across
an appropriate resistance which represents the human body, in one paragraph with 3 rows.
For national standards or codes, US has the specifications of measuring methods for earthing system of
power substation, new revision is now planned to include those for large earthing system of large
substation; China has the code in the earthing measuring methods of railway application, according to the
investigation in several railways with long distances and large comprehensive intergrated earthing system
which is conformed by the structures and earthing parts inside the railway applications, based on
requirements of the safety specified in IEC62128, and also refering to the ANSI of US.
Convener of AHG2 strongly recommends to starting the new proposal of IEC standard or as technical
specification (TS) which will be needed to call for more experts to join in.
page 2 of 23
Appendix
Survey of Measuring Methods for Railway Integrated Grounding System
-Empty Column: The contents of the sub-classification are not included in the specification.
Suvey in
Point of view of new
Clause
IEC62128-1:2003 &
proposal
of the working draft
EN50122-1
Scope
4 General regulations
for ground
measurement of railway
integrated grounding
system
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Specifies requirements
for the protective
provisions relating to
electrical safety in fixed
installations associated
with a.c.- and
d.c.-traction systems
and to any installations
that may be
endangered by the
traction power supply
system. Also applies to
all fixed installations
that are necessary to
ensure electrical safety
during maintenance
work within electric
traction systems.
No specified.
No specified.
page 3 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
No specified.
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
out-of-service transmission
lines during a period when
lightning is prevalent.
When test procedures are
not in progress, externally
routed test leads should be
disconnected and isolated
from the grid and treated as
being energized.
In the event lightning
appears in the zone defined
above when test procedures
are underway, stop all
testing, open the test
connection to the
out-of-service transmission
line, and isolate from the
grid any temporarily
installed test conductors
routed externally to the grid.
Using high-voltage rated
insulated gloves and boots,
eye protection, and hard
hats.
Working on clean, dry
crushed rock or an
insulating blanket.
Avoiding bare hand-to-hand
contact between equipment
and extended test leads.
Sufficiently insulating the
voltage or current probe
test conductor within the
station and its close
neighborhood.
Ensuring that the cable reel
is well insulated or mounted
on an insulated platform.
Connecting safety grounds
(sized for fault levels) to all
equipment frames.
Making connections to
instrumentation only after
cable-pulling personnel are
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
conditions, compensation
method might be applied for
the measurement. A
reasonable arrangement of
measuring electrodes will
improve the validity of the
measurement of ground
impedance of railway
integrated grounding
system. The arrangement of
measuring electrodes
should conform to the
regulations of Clause 7.1,7.4
and 7.5. When
compensation method is
applied, the distance
between the leading wire of
the measuring current
electrode and that of
potential electrode should
be kept as far away as
possible, in order to reduce
the effect of mutual
induction coupling on the
measurement results.
If obvious discrepancy is
found between the results
measured and those in the
previous measurements,
examination should be made
of the electrical connections
of measurement circuit, and
adequacy of selection of
measurement points, and
comparative verification can
be made between various
methods if necessary.
The measurement of
electrical integrity of railway
integrated grounding
system should be
conducted 2 or 3 times
annually. The measurement
of ground impedance of
page 5 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
in the clear (radio
communication
recommended).
Removing working grounds
on the test circuit last.
It is recommended that test
procedures, hazardous
conditions, and the
responsibilities of each
person be discussed and
understood by everyone
taking part in the test.
Moreover, the circuit should
not be touched after
removal of the temporary
grounding.
From the standpoint of
safety rules, a test that
applies the 10 to 100 A
current injection method
should be considered as
corresponding to a
prolonged earth fault; and
an earth-fault test should be
considered as
corresponding to a
fast-tripped earth fault.
Thus, the test currents
should be such that the
rules with regard to the
touch-voltage,
transferred-potential, and
induced-potential limits for
earth faults are respected.
Electromagnetic
interference resulting from
mutual coupling
Mutual coupling between
the current test conductor
and the potential test
conductor will introduce an
error in the measured
impedance
Mutual coupling between
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
5
Measurement of earth
Measurement of earth
resistivity can be performed
No specified.
No specified.
page 6 of 23
Annex N (informative)
Measurements for and on
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
extended ground
conductors that conduct the
test current to earth and the
potential test conductor will
give a lower measured
impedance
Locating the current or
potential remote test
electrode near grounded
metal structures, buried
neutrals, aerial neutral
grounds, or buried ground
conductors that connect to
the grounding system under
test will result in a lower
measured impedance. In
urban areas, these
components effectively
enlarge the power-system
grounding and make it
difficult to reach remote
earth.
Because changing weather,
power system load
variations, and system
switching modify many of
the above factors, the test
environment can change
hour-to-hour
The current and potential
test conductor routings and
the location of current and
potential remote electrodes
should be determined; and
test conductor lengths
should be estimated from
the station plot plan and
area maps that show
transmission lines, neutrals,
buried conductors,
communication cables, and
piping locations.
6.7 Partially or completely
buried objects such as rails,
Clause
of the working draft
resistivity Control area
5.1
Measurement
arrangement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
earthing systems
N.l Measurement
resistivities
of
soil
page 7 of 23
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
water, or other industrial
metallic pipes will
considerably influence the
measurement results [B9],
[B36].
In earth-resistivity tests a
sharp drop in the measured
value is often caused by the
presence of a metallic
object buried close to the
test location. The
magnitude and extent of the
drop gives an idea of the
importance and depth of the
buried material. The
measured resistance of a
ground electrode located
close to a buried metallic
object can be significantly
lower than its value if the
additional buried metal
objects were not present.
Wherever the presence of
buried metallic structures is
suspected in the area where
soil resistivity
measurements are to
be taken and the location of
these structures is known,
the influence of these
structures on the soil
resistivity measurement
results can be minimized by
aligning the test probes in a
direction perpendicular to
the routing of these
structures. Also the location
of the test probes should be
as far as possible from the
buried structures.
Clause
of the working draft
5.2
4-point Equally Spaced
Arrangement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Annex N (informative)
Measurements for and on
earthing systems
N.l Measurement of soil
resistivities
Commn rules, for example
Wenner-method is
suggested, but no detail
required arrangement are
discribed.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
1) Equally Spaced or
Wenner Arrangement. With
this arrangement the
electrodes are equally
spaced as shown in Fig
3(a). Let a be the distance
between two adjacent
electrodes. Then, the
resistivity
r in the terms of the length
units in which a and b are
measured is:
4aR
=
1 +
2a
a
+ 4b
a
a
+ b
(2)
It should be noted that this
does not apply to ground
rods driven to depth b; it
applies only to small
electrodes
buried at depth b, with
insulated connecting wires.
However, in practice, four
rods are usually placed in a
straight line at intervals a,
driven to a depth not
exceeding 0.1 a. Then we
assume b = 0 and the
formula
becomes: =2R (3)
and gives approximately the
average resistivity of the
page 8 of 23
Clause
of the working draft
5.3
Unequally Spaced
Arrangement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 9 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
soil to the depth a.
2) Unequally-spaced or
Schlumberger-Palmer
Arrangement. One
shortcoming of the Wenner
method is the rapid
decrease in magnitude of
potential between the two
inner electrodes when their
spacing is increased to
relatively large values.
Often the commercial
instruments are inadequate
for measuring such low
potential values. In order to
be able to measure
resistivities with large
spacings between the
current electrodes the
arrangement shown in Fig
3(b) can be used
successfully. The potential
probes are brought nearer
the corresponding current
electrodes. This increases
the potential value
measured.
The formula to be used in
this case can be easily
determined [B35]. If the
depth of burial of the
electrodes b is small
compared to their
separation d and c, then the
measured resistivity can be
calculated as follows:
=c(c+d)R/d
4
Clause
of the working draft
6
Test of electrical
integrity of railway
integrated grounding
system
6.1
Testing scope
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 10 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
In this test the object is to
determine whether the
various parts of the ground
grid are interconnected with
low-resistance copper. This
copper is shunted by the
surrounding earth, which
usually has a very low
impedance.
Clause
of the working draft
6.2
Testing methods
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 11 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 12 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
which are any distance
apart, each of which has an
impedance in the order of
0.1 W at 60 Hz. The addition
of copper connectors,
however large, will not
lower the reactance
between the two ground
grids. The resistive
component can be lowered
by additional connectors,
and this component is used
to determine the integrity of
the ground grid.
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
potentiometer and the
effective resistance is
calculated from the current
and voltage readings. From
these readings and the
calculated resistance of
copper it can be determined
whether there is an
adequate connection. For
those ground systems that
have
a direct voltage between
points, the change of
voltage caused by the test
current is used to calculate
the resistance.
Clause
of the working draft
7
Measurement of ground
impedance of railway
integrated grounding
system
7.1
Measurement
arrangement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
10.5 Measurements
Measurements shall be
carried out after
construction, where
necessary, to verify the
adequacy of the design.
Measurements may
include the earthing
system impedance,
prospective touch and
step voltages at relevant
locations and transfer
potential, if appropriate.
When measuring touch
and step voltages under
test conditions, two
choices are possible.
Either measure the
prospective touch and
step voltages using a high
impedance voltmeter or
measure the effective
touch and step voltages
appearing across an
appropriate resistance
which represents the
human body.
page 14 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Annex N (informative)
Measurements for and on
earthing systems
N.2 Measurement of
resistances to earth and
impedances to earth
Examples for suitable
methods of measurements
and types of instniments are
given such as
z
Fall-of-potential
method with the earth
tester
z
High frequency earth
tester
z
Heavy-current injection
method
No detail required
arrangement are discribed
specially for railway
integrated earthing system.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
7.2
Test current and
measurement
instrumentations
No specified.
No specified.
page 15 of 23
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
parallel. The addition of salt
to the water poured around
the test electrodes is of very
little value; the moisture is
the main requirement.
The most practical
electrodes are ground rods.
Steel ground rods are
preferred to lightweight
aluminum rods since
aluminum rods may be
damaged if a hammer is
used to drive them in hard
soil. Screw type rods
should not be used. The
screw type rod fluffs up the
soil and creates air in the
area of the rod above the
screw which results in high
contact resistances. The
driven rod compacts the
soil giving minimum contact
resistance.
The current electrode
resistance is in series with
the power source and is,
therefore, one of the factors
governing the testing
current. If this current is
low, it may be necessary to
obtain a lower current
electrode resistance by
driving additional ground
rods. In rocky soil it is a
good practice to drive rods
at an angle with respect to
the vertical. Inclined rods
will slide over the top of a
rock.
If direct current is used, the
effects of inductance and
mutual impedance are
eliminated, but electrolysis
can be very troublesome.
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
This problem can be solved
by reversing the direct
current periodically. The
effects of inductance and
mutual impedance are then
evident only as transients
which will be negligible, if
the time constants of the
various circuits are
sufficiently low. Periodically
reversed direct current, with
a complete break in the
circuit between reversals is
the best power source for
resistance or resistivity
measurements. However, it
is not adequate for
impedance measurements.
For measuring the 60 Hz
grounding-system
impedance, the test-current
frequency should be
between 50-70 Hz.
One of the following
instruments can be used
(see Section 12).
1) Power supply with
ammeter and high
impedance voltmeter
2) Ratio ohmmeter
3) Double-balance bridge
4) Single-balance
transformer
5) Induced-polarization
receiver and transmitter.
Clause
of the working draft
7.3
Measurement spacing
7.4
Reversed-current-&-lon
g-distance method for
ground impedance
measurement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
No specified.
No specified.
No specified.
No specified.
No specified.
page 17 of 23
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
should be so considered
although the terminology
often used is resistance.
The method involves
passing a current into the
electrode to be measured
and noting the influence of
this current in terms of
voltage between the ground
under test and a test
potential electrode.
A test current electrode is
used to permit passing a
current into the electrode to
be tested (see Fig 6).
The potential profile along
the C, P, E, direction will
look as in Fig 7. Potentials
are measured with respect
to the ground under test, E,
which is assumed for
convenience at zero
potential.
Preferably, this potential
probe wire should be
extended at an angle of 90
with respect to the current
injection line to minimize
mutual coupling between
them. When the angle
between the potential and
the current test conductors
is not 90, the
mutual-impedance
correction methods of
Section 7. require
measurement of the phase
angle between Vs and Is of
Fig 8-1.
As discussed in 6.1,
locating the current and the
potential probes
approximately 6.5 times the
extent of the grounding
Clause
of the working draft
7.5
Compensation method
for ground impedance
measurement
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
No specified.
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 19 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
system will measure 95% of
the grounding impedance
The fall-of-potential method
consists of plotting the ratio
of V/I = R as a function of
probe spacing x. The
potential electrode is moved
away from the ground under
test in steps. A value of
impedance is obtained at
each step. This impedance
is plotted as a function of
distance, and the value in
ohms at which this plotted
curve appears to level out is
taken as the impedance
value of the ground under
test (see Fig 8).
The fall-of-potential method
is the fundamental method
for measuring the ground
impedance of large
grounding systems (see
8.2.1.5 of IEEE Std 81-1983
[2]). As illustrated in Fig 8-1,
this method of measuring
ground impedance requires
circulating a test current, Is,
between the ground system
under study and a remote
current electrode, C, while
at the same time measuring
the voltage, Vs, of the
ground system relative to a
reference potential
electrode, P. In addition to
the impedance, it is
possible to measure the
current distribution in the
grounding system, the
mutual impedance to the
paralleling utility facilities,
and step, touch, and profile
voltages. Note that, to
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
9 Measurement of
surface-potential
gradient, step voltage
and touch voltage
9.1 Method for
measurement of
surface-potential
gradient
No specified.
No specified.
Annex N (informative)
Measurements for and on
earthing systems
N.3 Determination of the
earth potential rise
N4 Elimination of
interference and disturbance
voltages for earthing
rneasurements
The earth potential rise is
calculted according to the
measurements by formulars.
No detail required methods
are discribed specially for
railway integrated earthing
system.
page 20 of 23
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
eliminate the measurement
error due to the voltage
drop in the test lead, as
shown in Fig 8-1 and all
following measurement
schematics, a separate test
lead is used for connecting
the current loop and the
potential circuit to the grid
(see 6.11). Refer to 13.20 for
a description of transient
voltages that may be
present during test
measurements in energized
substations.
No specified.
Clause
of the working draft
9.2 Measurement of
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Annex C
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
No specified.
page 21 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
No specified.
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
No specified.
Clause
of the working draft
step potential
difference, touch
potential difference,
step voltage and touch
voltage
Suvey in
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Guiding values for rail
potential gradient.
The value at which the
rail potential for a.c.
traction systems, given
in 9.2 can act as a
touch voltage should
be investigated.
Guiding values for the
rail potential gradient
measured at right angle
away from the track of
a.c. traction systems,
where the running rails
are directly earthed, are
given in Figure C.1 and
Table C.1 for
homogenous soil
resistivity.
page 22 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000
Clause
of the working draft
Suvey in
IEC62128-1:2003 &
EN50122-1
Suvey in
IEC61936-1:2002
iron L25mm*25mm*4mm,
and shall not be less than
40c min length. The
measuring electrode shall
be inserted more than 20 cm
into the earth closely. If the
site is of cement concrete
pavement, then the
measuring electrode maybe
a round metal plate of 20cm
in diameter wrapped with
wet cloth, pressed by 40 kg
or more weight. And other
requirements are the same
with those specified in
6.2.36.2.6 of sub-clause
6.2.
9.2.4 For the measurement
of step potential difference,
touch potential difference,
step voltage and touch
voltage, the precision class
of the meter shall not be
less than Class1.0, its
internal impedance not less
than 1M, and the
resolution of the volt meters
hall not be less than 1 mV. In
order to avoid the noise
influence, the measuring
meter shall have a sensitive
frequency-selection when
different-frequency power
source is applied.
9.2.5 The measured values
of step potential difference,
touch potential difference,
step voltage and touch
voltage can be calculated in
accordance with Formula5
Us=Us Is/Im
page 23 of 23
Suvey in
HD 637 S1 :1999
Suvey in
ANSI/IEEE Std 81-1983 &
ANSI/IEEE Std 81.2-1991 &
GB/T 17949.1-2000