1.

Paul Feyerabend (How to Defend Society against Science)

The role of science in the society has been discovered for many years. In
some cases, science was seen as part of ideologies that might disturb the
society because of its possibility to be interpreted in various perspectives.
It is important to bring this issue to the classroom to give an overview to
the students so they are expected be more aware of ideologies come to
them. According to Eastern culture, Science and religion are different
where science can be part of the religion but science cannot be religion in
anyway and students have to be able to distinguish. In the globalization
era, people tend to discover something new and they are free to invent
their notions to the inhabitant. Students have to get adequate information
to differentiate any idea initiated, so the society will not be suffered from
science.
2. Kuhn (The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolution)
It is interesting to talk about how the nature supports the science and how
it then leads to the scientific revolution. Moreover if it is related to the
paradigm shifts, as the philosophers said, a new theory was emerged
because of a crisis. When a theory cannot explain the phenomena in the
world, another theory might be proposed to answer the question. The
teachers can bring some example of theories that can be discussed such
as Newtonian, Einsteinian, and Aristotelian. Those examples may give an
overview of how theories were proposed. Although it is a bit confusing,

bringing this notion to be part of the discussion in the class will encourage
students to think analytically.
3. Kuhn (Progress Through Revolutions)
It cannot be denied that science has progressed during the time and
contributed to the education even though the definition of science is still
debatable in which something can be science and not science. Some
people believe that science and progress have close relation but it has
brought into a redundant explanation. The scientific education has
become part of the progress and changed the classical education that was
just focused on the textbooks, narrow, and rigid. Reading textbooks or the
other references is still important but developing its application such as
directing students to think deeply or analyze what they have read is great
idea. As a consequence, students will not only memorize information but
they are also learning and studying.

4. Knorr Cetina
It seems that all science is similar in which they are doing scientific
methods and its steps. However, the philosophers have their own point of
view that is interesting to be taught to the students in order to enrich
their knowledge. Looking at the more specific example of science such as
physics and biology, the philosophers thought that although basically
these sciences follow the same methodology for research, different
interpretation of the result might be different because of their differences
in objects, equipment, and the way of interpreting. The students must

know how science works which is based on its field. This might help
students to think critically when they are doing their own research and if
they are asked to give opinion from several science perspectives.