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72
ft.
10
10.5
ft.
ft.
46
ksi
End Posts:
Section: 6 x 3 x 5/16" structural tubing
A=
4.98
in2
w=
16.96
plf
Vertical Posts:
Section: 5 x 3 x 5/16" structural tubing
A=
4.36
in2
w=
14.83
plf
Ix = I c =
in4
13.2
Diagonals:
Section: 4 x 3 x 1/4" structural tubing
A=
3.09
in2
w=
10.51
plf
FLOORBEAMS:
Section:
Ix = I b =
Sx =
Spacing =
W8x10
30.8
in4
7.81
in3
DEAD LOAD:
Weight of each truss =
60
25
psf
Use
200
plf
VEHICLE LOAD:
- Vehicular access is not prevented by fixed physical methods, therefore, the pedestrian bridge should
be designed for an occassional single maintenance vehicle load.
- Use Table 3.2-1 for Minimum Axle Loads and Spacings.
- The vehicular load shall not be placed in combination with the pedestrian load. Consideration of
impact is not included with this vehicular loading.
Use the following vehicle for a clear deck width between 7 ft. and 10 ft.
Front axle =
Rear axle =
2
8
k
k
Axle spacing =
Wheel spacing =
14
6
ft.
ft.
Note: For this example, the pedestrian load controls for the truss design; however, the
vehicle load will control for the floor system design.
WIND LOAD:
- Assume 100 mph design wind.
- Use wind load as specified in the AASHTO Signs, Articles 3.8 and 3.9.
- Neglect wind load on the live load vehicle.
- The design life shall be taken as 50 years for the purpose of calculating the wind loading.
58.4
psf
10" / 12
0.50
0.20
0.33
1.03
SF/ft.
SF/ft.
SF/ft.
SF/ft.
0.83
SF/ft.
200
450
148
plf
plf
plf
PL
WS
1.25
1.25
1.00
1.75
0
1.00
0
1.40
0.30
1,038
plf
457
plf
694
plf
- Assume the truss verticals are adequate to resist the lateral force per Specification, Article 7.1.1 (Must
verify assumption; see section titled "LATERAL FORCE TO BE RESISTED BY VERTICALS")
- Lateral support is provided by a transverse U-frame consisting of the floorbeam and truss verticals.
Determine the design effective length factor, K, for the individual top chord members supported between
the truss verticals using Specification, Table 7.1.2-1.
Compute CL/Pc for use in the Table.
where:
C=
=
P/
2.917
k/in.
1.17
n = number of panels
=
12
Therefore,
1/K =
K=
0.688
1.45
KL/r 120
KL/r 140
1.45
L=
72
in.
120
OK
120
OK
where:
c = resistance factor for compressive per AASHTO LRFD, Article 6.5.4.2
=
0.9
Pn = nominal compressive resistance per AASHTO LRFD, Article 6.9.4, k
Determine the nominal compressive resistance, P n
If 2.25, then:
Pn = 0.66FyAs
0.88Fy A s
Fy
= KL
r
E
s
=
0.60
where:
As = gross cross-sectional area, in2
in2
=
4.98
Fy = specified minimum yield strength, ksi
=
46
ksi
E = modulus of elasticity, ksi
=
29,000
ksi
KL/rs = Maximum of KL/rx,KL/ry
=
61
160 k
Pchord = 134.57 k
>
OK
1.45
0.007
>
0.003
OK
Therefore,
Hf = 0.01 / 1.45 x 134.57 k
= 0.93 k
Apply Hf as the lateral force at the top of the Truss Verticals. Apply Hf concurrently with other primary
forces in the Verticals (combined compression plus bending analysis). Include lateral wind forces for
AASHTO LRFD Load Combination Strength III.
Length of vertical =
54.0
in.
END POSTS:
(Specification, Article 7.1.1)
- Apply the lateral force, C, at the top end of post and design as a cantilever combined with axial load.
The lateral force, C, is taken as 1.0% of the end post axial load.
Lateral Force: C = 0.01 x 34.27 k =
0.34 k
Note: All other truss members are analyzed using conventional methods per AASHTO LRFD.
DEFLECTION:
(Specification, Article 5)
VIBRATIONS:
1.73 in
OK
(Specification, Article 6)
Vertical Direction
- Estimate the fundamental frequency in the vertical direction, f, by approximating the truss as a simply
supported uniform beam:
- The fundamental frequency in a vertical mode without consideration of live load should be greater than
3.0 Hz to avoid the first harmonic.
f = 0.18*SQRT(g / DL)
where:
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/s2
=
32.2
ft/s2
DL = maximum vertical deflection of the truss due to the dead load, ft.
0.0444
ft.
(from a separate analysis with w = 0.20 klf per truss)
f = 0.18*SQRT(32.2 / 0.0444) =
4.85 Hz
For illustration purposes, assume higher harmonics (second, third, etc.) are a concern. The bridge
should be proportioned such that the following criteria is satisfied:
f 2.86 ln (180 / W)
where:
full weight of the supported structure including dead load and an allowance for
W = actual pedestrian live load, k
= 2 trusses x 0.20 klf x 72.00 ft.
=
28.8
k
(Dead Load Only)
2.86 ln (180 / 28.80) =
5.24 Hz
f = 4.85 Hz is not greater than 5.24 Hz, include a portion of the pedestrian live load.
Assume some pedestrian live load contribution and re-evaluate the expression:
W = DL + 10%LL = 28.8 + 0.10 x 2 x (0.450 klf x 72.00 ft.) =
2.86 ln (180 / 35.28) =
4.66 Hz
<
f=
35.28 k
4.85 Hz
OK
Lateral Direction
- Estimate the fundamental frequency in the lateral direction, f lat, by approximating the truss as a simply
supported uniform beam rotated 90 degrees:
- The fundamental frequency in a lateral mode without consideration of live load should be greater than
1.3 Hz to avoid the first harmonic.
Assume the lateral wind bracing is 3 x 3 x 1/4" structural tubing.
f = 0.18*SQRT(g / DL_Lat)
where:
g = acceleration due to gravity, ft/s2
ft/s2
=
32.2
DL_Lat = maximum lateral deflection of the truss due to the dead load, ft.
0.0844
ft.
(from a separate analysis)
f = 0.18*SQRT(32.2 / 0.0844) =
3.52 Hz
FATIGUE:
(Specification, Article 3.5)
Use AASHTO Signs, Article 11.7.3
AASHTO Signs, Article 11.7.4 - Not used as it is assumed that the Pedestrian Bridge
is not over a highway
PNW = 5.2 Cd IF
Cd = wind drag coefficient per AASHTO Signs, Table 3-6
=
2.00
I = wind importance factor per AASHTO Signs, Table 3-2
=
1.00
F
PNW =
10.4
psf
FATIGUE Cont'd:
Maximum Member Force:
Bottom Chord, Member L05-L06 =
5.6
kips
(from a separate
Analysis)
f = Stress Range
= (5.6 kips / 4.98 in2)
in2
=
1.12
(f )
(F)n
where:
=
1.0
f =
1.12
ksi
(F)n = (F)TH
where
(F)n =
16
ksi
(1.0)(1.12)
16
1.12
<
16
OK
Welded Member connections and Fracture Toughness Requirements are outside the limits
of this Pedestrian Bridge design example. They will be the responsibility of the designer.