Alek Jethro C.

Barcia
STATISTICS
BSBA MM 3-1
Torrres

BUSINESS
Dr.

Josefina

HISTORY OF STATISTICS:
Basic forms of statistics have been used since the beginning of
civilization. As early as 3,500 B.C., statistics had been used in Egypt
for recording the number of sheep or cattle owned, the amount of grain
produced, and the number of people living in a particular city. In 3,800
B.C., Babylon used statistics to determine the number of men under a
kings rule and the vast area that he occupied. In 700 B.C., The Roman
Empire used statistics extensively to gather data on the size of the
empire's population, geographical areas and wealth.
The birth of modern statistics is often dated to 1662, when John
Graunt, an English tradesman, along with William Petty, developed
early human statistical and censusmethods that provided a framework
for modern demography. He produced the first life table, giving
probabilities of survival to each age.

CONTRIBUTORS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS:

Pierre Simon-Laplace (1774), made the first attempt to deduce a
rule for the combination of observations from the principles of the
theory of probabilities. He represented the law of probability of errors
by a curve and deduced a formula for the mean of three observations
William Playfair (1759-1823), introduced the idea of graphical
representation
into
statistics,
invented
the line
chart, bar
chart and histogram and
incorporated
them
into
his
works
on economics, the Commercial and Political Atlas, and was followed in
1795 by his invention of the pie chart and circle chart which he used to
display the evolution of England's imports and exports
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855), the German mathematician who
used statistical methods in making predictions about the positions of
the planets in our solar system
Adolph Quetelet (1796-1874), a Belgian astronomer who was
known as the Father of Modern Statistics, developed the idea of the
average man from his studies of the Belgian census

Karl Pearson (1857-1936), an English mathematician who made

important links between probability and statistics and founded
the statistical hypothesis testing theory, Pearson's chi-squared
test and principal component analysis
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher developed the F-tool in inferential statistics
George Gallup (1901-1984), an American who was instrumental in
making statistical polling, a common tool in political campaign.

IMPORTANCE
DISCIPLINES:

OF

STATISTICS

IN

DIFFERENT

Education - Statistics mark measurements. Test scores, strategies,

and initiatives are measured and bench marks are set by studying
statistics in the field of education.
Business and Economics - Much of economics depends on statistics.
Economists use statistics to collect information, analyze data, and test
hypotheses. Relationships between supply and demand and imports
and exports are found using statistical information. The same can be
said for figuring out the inflation rate, the per capita income, and even
the national income account. A good example of statistics and
economics in the real world would be the Census Bureau and the
information they collect and use to decide many other political items.
Psychology - Statistics help psychologists know to what extent certain
psychological problems are common. They are also needed for
psychological research. Statistics are prevalent in psychological
literature, and all psychologists need to know how to interpret the
analyses they read.
Sociology - uses statistics to describe, explain, and predict from data
received. Like many of the sciences, communication uses statistical
methods to communicate data received. Information technology also
uses statistics to predict particular outcomes.
Marketing - Using statistics, you can plan the production according to
what the customer likes and wants, and you can check the quality of
the products far more efficiently with statistical methods. In fact, many
business activities can be completed with statistics including deciding
a new location, marketing the product, and estimating what the profit
will be on a new product.

Research - Statistical methods and analyses are often used to

communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and give
credibility to research methodology and conclusions. It is important for
researchers and also consumers of research to understand statistics so
that they can be informed, evaluate the credibility and usefulness of
information, and make appropriate decisions.
Government - A nations government runs on statistics. They use
statistical data to make their decisions regarding any number of things.
Most federal and provincial budgets are designed upon statistical data
because its the most accurate data available when estimating
expected expenditures and revenue. Another great example of
statistics in the government is figuring out whether or not to raise the
minimum wage due to a rise in the cost of living. Statistical data gives
the government the best idea regarding whether or not the cost of
living will continue to rise.
Acconting - Accounting involves mostly basic arithmetic, but when it
comes to creating accounting reports, statistics plays a key role. When
balancing and checking accounts, exactness is very important, but
when using those reports to decide how well the company is doing and
the trends within the business. You can also use statistics in accounting
to create projections for the next fiscal year.
Astronomy - It is impossible to take out a ruler and measure the
distance of the Earth from the sun. Unless, of course, you somehow
manage to invent a suit that can survive the temperatures of the sun
and design a ruler long enough to measure such a distance. However,
it would likely take you a very long time to measure such a distance
anyway.
Banking - Banks use statistics for a great number of the services they
offer. A bank works on the idea that someone will deposit their money
and not withdraw all of it later on. They earn their profit by lending
money to others with interest, and the money they use is the money
other people deposit.

REFERENCES:
Winston S. Sirug, P. D. (2011). Introduction To Business Statistics: A
Comprehensive Approach. Manila: Mindshapers Co., Inc.
http://www.amstat.org/careers/whatisstatistics.cfm
https://blog.udemy.com/importance-of-statistics/

https://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/researchcourse/statistics_role.html