Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
EXPERIENCING THE ELSEWHERE:
Reading the Transgressions in the Poetry of Conchitina Cruz
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3
Thesis Statement ................................................................................................................... 4
Chiaroscuro: An Intertwining of Traditions ..................................................................... 6
The Proxy Eros: Sfumato and Rock Music ....................................................................... 9
Readership for Contemporary Local Poets ...................................................................... 13
................... 16
Sequential and Serial Poetry: On The Levels of Book and Page .................................. 19
Synecdoche: The Unsaid ...................................................................................................... 28
White Space: Room for Response ...................................................................................... 33
The Paraphernalia of a Page: Crossing Out a Line or Two ............................................ 37
Relevant Last Lines .............................................................................................................. 38
Works Cited .......................................................................................................................... 39
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In re/citations of Ezra Pound’s injunction to “make it new,” emphasis has invariably
fallen on the word “new”... even as it has worn itself through with our recyclings, a kind of
déjà new, which has exhausted our attention and made us all victims of fashion...We have
ignored the other two words, “make” and “it” as if they were of no significance. But it is
precisely in the ordeal of the making, and in the powerful ambiguity of the “it,” that we need
What, then, to make of Conchitina Cruz’s third book of poems, elsewhere held and lingered?
Among its pages are poems composed entirely of footnotes to blank pages, scattered lines, words
that have been struck out or pushed to the margins of the page. Appropriated as well are the forms
of the multiple choice questionnaire and numbered sequences. Titles are repeated for different
poems in different sections, and forms extend from simple quatrains to three-page poems that
sprawl across the page. The book ends with an index of last lines, that when used as a reference, do
not correspond to any of the poems found in the book. How to respond? The symbiotic
relationship of poetry and criticism aligns one to the other, and conventional poetry can beget
conventional criticism. When a text displays few of the conventions found in Philippine poetry, the
criticism the text merits should equal the text’s intention to trangress.
heightened concern for form and an eye for the transgressive act, this study will propose a reading
that hopes to equal the level of craft in the “rigorously imagined” (David) book that Cruz has
1
Not because it is a given but because it is always asked, and the answer can always be Yes.
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OF POETICS MORE THAN ORIGINS: SYNCHRONY OVER DIACHRONY
Instead of reiterating Pound’s call for newness as criterion for evaluation, consider instead
the faculties of invention and discovery as that which makes a poem: invention on the part of the
poet, and discovery on the part of the reader. This “heuristic gift,” which enables readers to deduce
meaning for themselves, can be recognized as the trademark of great and authentic poetry (Bloom
1). This “hands-on” approach points to a possible honing of aesthetics; when the questions of How
was this made and How do I read this are introduced into criticism, the method of creation is celebrated
and the resulting readings are acknowledged. The inclination to wrestle with tropes is present, of
course, but other than this, inventiveness is what allows a poem to assert its value.
This evaluation of inventiveness within elsewhere held and lingered will presuppose a survey of
the contemporary scene in local poetry and not a recap of the tradition of poetry in English in the
Philippines.
Whittling the focus of this paper to examine products and not sources is an emphasis on
synchrony – “language as a system existing at a given moment” – rather than diachrony, which is the
concept of “language as an entity constantly changing over time” (Attridge, Bennington and Young
183). Because synchronic context emphasizes the process of creation and the rigor of craft, the
innovation brought to the page is better discovered in form rather than grammar. In the case of
elsewhere held and lingered, this proposed formalist reading is appropriate to the text’s own scrutiny of
form. This privileging of synchrony is an appropriate limit to this study that aims to propose a
method of readership as rigorous as the text produced, so that the gaze is focused on the formal
This critical orientation toward formal qualities does not fully disqualify the value of tradition.
Tradition must be acknowledged if its products are to be named at all. Roman Jakobson declares
that synchronic poetics “[are] not to be confused with statics,” and should also encompass “that part
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of the literary tradition which for [the stage in poetic development] has remained vital or has been
revived” (64). A synchronic evaluation of elsewhere held and lingered, despite its centeredness, cannot
float in a void. Naming and examining the devices employed to bring about the faculty of discovery
requires an awareness of the traditions these devices stem from or are morphs of. Historical context
therefore is not to be denied, but instead examined with the goal to return always to the main text
If current poetics more than origins are to be considered, it would do well to examine Cruz’s
peers in mainstream publishing before establishing her own achievements and possibilities. At a
racetrack, prime example of momentum with telos, one keeps an eye on the horses abreast of each
other, and not on the starting line. Local poets, while not to be pitted against each other and then
bet upon, are to be considered nodes in the progress of traditions, and their poetics as systems
Context for Cruz’s work will be illustrated by examining the work of two local poets in
mainstream publishing, specifically those who released books of poetry in the same year Cruz
published elsewhere held and lingered: 2008. These poets are Joel Toledo and Mookie Katigbak, with
Joel Toledo holds a Masters degree in Creative Writing (Poetry) and undergraduate degrees
in English and Journalism from the University of the Philippines in Diliman, and he currently
teaches Literature at Miriam College in Quezon City. He is recognized and celebrated by the local
writing scene, having received two Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards in recent years. The
award-winning poems are published in Chiaroscuro, with the second section “What Little I know of
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Luminosity” having been awarded first place in 2005, and the third section “Literature and Other
The entire collection Chiaroscuro interweaves Romantic and New Critical traditions – both of
these identified by Gemino Abad in his critical essay “This scene so fair” as two of the three
dominant strains in Philippine poetry over the last century (Abad 290) which is possibly why
Toledo’s poetry is held in high esteem by the previous generation of writers, with praise from the
likes of Marne Kilates and Alfred Yuson adorning the published book.
and shadow” (xiii) by pointing to Toledo’s skillful side-by-side depictions of natural and emotional
landscapes. Consistent is the creation of these internal landscapes mirroring the natural world, as
well as the rich pool of literary images and vocabulary that Toledo draws from, employing sorrow
and seawater, fragile objects, the tangle of night, the weight of beauty. These poetic images are
punctuated by declarative statements that either illumine the link between the real and the poetic
truth, telling the addressee that “You are everything about the sea/that pulls things down” (Toledo
22) or else confidently declaring their own reality, that “[a]ll this/happened before the dark ages”
(10).
In terms of concerns, i.e. what the persona chooses to talk about and how he does so, the
persona’s assumed voice as that of the “magus... proffering advice... perhaps [unsolicited] by the
uninitiated imagination” (Evasco ix) approximates the notion of the poet as an oracle or a visionary,
the poems being true to the Romantic ideal of being “formally meaningful or persuasive in [their]
Toledo’s work embodies the “consistent projection of a personal voice whose treatment of
experience and insight is couched in either hard-edged or tender understatement” that is identified
2
taken from the bionotes of Joel Toledo, Chiaroscuro (Manila: UST Publishing House, 2008).
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as favored contemporary devices in lyric poetry today (Yuson 31). This is accomplished by the skills
of mystic observation and the agility of movement from dramatic situation to insight in the service
of organic unity, exemplified by the graceful use of abstractions embedded in what one could call
“thesis statements.” For example, “Pointillism” begins self-reflexively: “We begin with an empty
something,” and continues with an elaboration of graffiti, ending with “making perfect sense, the
perfect finishing touch.” Toledo’s poetry – elaborately articulated packages of wisdom and insight –
shines as a fulfillment of the New Critical tradition of “nuances of language, a sharpness of imagery
and verve of metaphor, and a poignant tension and irony of thought and feeling” (Abad 294) as he
artfully sets together the light and the dark of the human condition, true to chiaroscuro.
To consider form and the appearance on the page, here are three pages scanned at random
from Chiaroscuro:
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THE PROXY EROS: SFUMATO AND ROCK MUSIC
In terms of painting techniques as metaphors for poetics, Mookie Katigbak’s sterling debut
The Proxy Eros has been compared not to chiaroscuro but to sfumato (Evasco, The Real Is
Marvelous vii-xv), the Italian technique of shading tones and colors into each other to produce
softened forms. The judges’ citations for the 2009 Madrigal-Gonzalez Awards – in which her book
was a finalist – confirm this by noting that in Katigbak’s utterances, the poetic is synonymous with
all that is “tangential, [ambivalent, and imprecise.]” Katigbak’s own poem entitled “Sfumato”
counsels the master Leonardo as he “[sets] out deeper / into the fog of not knowing” (23) and in the
end reminds him that no one knows as he does what it takes to make. Katigbak herself dares to make
what she will out of the collection’s theme: the human hungers for love and loss,3 already blurred
and softened forms by themselves. Always the addressee is “actual” somewhere else, somewhere
unnamed – from “As Far as Cho-Fu-Sa” to “Brace Me Somewhere,” calling to mind the blurring
What then, holds a reader, if the premise of this book is loss itself? There is the triumphant
holding onto the addressee, who always seems to elude the reader’s grasp. A closer look at The Proxy
Eros uncovers an arresting persona with a consistent voice, a masterful articulation of a personal
reality, and what is arguably the sharpest ear for sound in contemporary poetry today. Katigbak is
3
acknowledging quite gracefully that love and loss are intertwined, and in seeking one, the other is
eventually discovered.
4
as opposed to, say, a lead singer – whose voice can possibly be drowned out by the band. Singer‐
songwriters are masters of their own sound, and must therefore work to keep their voice and utterances
as distinct as possible. This in turn requires a careful attention to sound, a direct and visceral connection
with an audience, and “insisistently percussive lyric”* ‐‐ all characteristics of Katigbak’s work.
*The Madrigal‐Gonzalez Awards, Judges' Citations for the 2009 Madrigal‐Gonzalez Awards, December
2009, 15 December 2009 <http://panitikan.com.ph/newsarchive/monthly/citationsmadrigal2009.html>.
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[No] way to tell
birdsong from my heart, except
one never sings the same song twice.
- The Inciendiary Perceptible (Katigbak 26)
The persona’s voice is stable and unmistakable, adhering to the first-person monologue and
consistently using devices such as inner rhyme and an astute vocabulary. As consistent as the I is the
you, as the persona assimilates the lover into the reality that she fashions as commentary on love.
This is most obvious in “Ghost Pain” (56), where the you runs a spectrum of objective correlatives: a
“frisky pan burned on the underside,” an “angel on the lam,” a “phantom limb.” This you, however,
remains consistent in the nature of address with the rest of the poems in the collection, hinting that
the I of Katigbak speaks to only one other you, as she recalls the image of the pan in another poem
“Sonnet:” “I cook emotion in the deep fry, / Sizzling out the fat. Ain’t no one sees me cry.”
Katigbak’s diction is remarkable for its confidence in its accessibility, wielding epigraphs
from Shakespeare to Clapton, running the gamut from Anglo-Saxon to Latinate to endearment:
“You swale from the low, darling. You do” (34). The images employed are drawn from nature and
mythology, recalling Toledo’s fondness for the resonant literary image, and Katigbak appropriates it
The poems’ subject and object remains slippery, but Katigbak offers the persona –
recognizable by her tone – as what remains constant and unerringly precise, further giving her voice
power when she wields the first-person point of view. For example, an excerpt from “Brace Me
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Somewhere” displays both the predilection for images drawn from mythology and the strength of
Similarly, she takes the voice of the persona giving chase to the nymph darting through the
woods in “Quiver,” asserting in the end that “wherever you go, I am to follow.” When Jean Cocteau
sketches Orpheus and Eurydice – in the poem of that name – the poet-as-persona announces
herself at the end of the poem, making the reader aware of the poeisis, that it is Katigbak who
ultimately guides Cocteau’s hands in the writing of the poem, her “ink [final] on the page.”
Katigbak as the contemporary babaylan takes the torch from the likes of Marjorie Evasco,
one of the long-standing icons of the woman’s place within Philippine poetry as the strong, unique
voice. This Romantic sensibility of the empowered individual consciousness or traditional lyric
speaker is echoed in the solo role of any singer-songwriter,6 and Katigbak fully actualizes this
Romantic effect through her use of tropes favored by New Criticism. The proxy eros therefore are
the carefully created images of love and the beloved, which had to be appropriated through tropes in
order to be grasped in the absence of the actual. In less words, Evasco herself says this in her
introduction to The Proxy Eros, affirming that in Katigbak’s work, “the poem divines the real”
5
The move to draw the link between the flight of the nymph in the image to the flight of the persona’s
own thoughts serves as a sort of poetic amplifier, in which the persona’s voice is backed up by the
devices of image and metaphor within the poem.
6
Think Billie Holiday, think Esperanza Spalding. Think Cynthia Alexander – distinctive voices with full
names taking center stage.
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Again to demonstrate form and the appearance of Katigbak’s poetry on the page, here are
contemporary scene are those with the Romantic sensibility articulated through New Critical
devices. Abad in his evaluation of the development of Philippine poetry waffles slightly on the third
strain: naming it an open field, “marked by a heightened consciousness of language” (289) but also
acknowledging the desire to be free from New Criticism’s obsession with rhetoric but ultimately
adhering to the level of craft that New Criticism demands. The implications for contemporary
readership, however, involve enforcing the rules of the two aforementioned traditions, focusing on
whether the work conforms to New Critical ideals such as organic unity and solid diction – hence
the presence of thesis statements and the reliable persona. Another example of this intertwining of
traditions is the Romantic notion of the image as objective correlative, so the reader when faced
with a poem is pressed to find descriptions of the human condition in New Critical devices of
– and is then alienated from other possibilities of the image, is then closed to the notion of
the page as a playground, or of the word itself as image. By lumping aforementioned devices (e.g.
description, sense impressions) under the general term of imagery, “Romantic writers [assimilate]
mental, verbal, and even pictorial imagery into the mysterious process of imagination, which is
typically defined in contrast to the ‘mere’ recall of mental pictures, the ‘mere’ description of external
scenes” (Mitchell 24) and poetic meaning is thought to be found solely in these devices, therefore
Mitchell’s definition of poetic imagery encompasses both the aforementioned Romantic and
New Critical notions of imagery – i.e. the inner harmony of tropes working to propose a thesis
statement – and the proposed possibility of imagery as something grammatical, where the patterns
and tensions remain within the poet’s language. The conventions of Philippine poetry produce
criticism that approaches the poem as something to be read and dissected according to what it says,
and that diction is fully ascribed to the traditional lyric speaker, who is “firmly established and is
thought to preside over the business of the poem” (Conte 44), usually throughout entire collections.
longest time running, the page has had “no optical significance... prose structures tend to be
temporal rather than visual” (159). McCaffery contrasts this continuity of information with poetry,
where “the left-hand margin is always a starting point, the right-hand margin a terminal, neither of
which is determined by the randomness of page size but rather by the inner necessity of the
compositional process.” This is seen in the consistency of Toledo and Katigbak’s poetry in terms of
the lyric form, each poet appropriating the form for their own concerns – Toledo by literary trope,
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Katigbak by rhythm and sound. To be noted is how these techniques are still well within New
Critical design, being of the Modern tradition, and how their individual concerns – Toledo’s of
wisdom, Katigbak’s of feeling – are rooted in the Romantic by their alignment to the natural world
Perloff in another essay points to the age of free verse as the reason for lineation – “the
creation of discourse that does not run all the way to the right margin” – being that which allows us
However, in the face of the postmodern, poetics are marked by a collapsing of boundaries,
and the left-hand and right-hand margins become restrictions themselves. Lineation is not
destroyed, but extended. By designing pages to be looked at as well as to be read, the “inner necessity”
of composition remains intact, and is in fact, heightened by an awareness of form breaking out of
the usual.
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elsewhere held and lingered crosses boundaries set by both page and propriety by speaking (or
not speaking) of a love affair, dealing with the experience of what must be marginalized for the sake
of propriety. elsewhere... plays brave host to fields of white space and is studded with the oft-ignored
paraphernalia of the page, focusing on that which is usually pushed to the periphery. This
transgression of page politics will be further discussed later on in light of specific techniques used:
________________________
1
where it is not supposed to be?
2
In this case, with a mirror.
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elsewhere held and lingered has the Modern sensibility of renovation of structure, but the
and that “Modernism does not suddenly cease so that Postmodernism may begin: they now
coexist” (390) – the tradition present in elsewhere held and lingered can be first evaluated as the revision
of Modernism – i.e. Postmodernism – and then the return to Modernism, as it settles for the
renovation of structure rather than embracing randomness and chaos as the anarchy of
Postmodernism is wont to do. Can it be that the postmodern transgression of structure that is
mostly found in the “affair poems”7 echoes the complicity of the persona with her lover in the illicit
affair they undertake? Does the return to more conventional form near the end of the book imply
On the following page are four pages scanned at random from elsewhere held and lingered:
7
The “affair poems” being the ones concerned with the events of the actual affair, e.g. “Inventory of a
year,” “This hand,” (which both utilize footnotes) and “Marginalia” (which uses, well, marginalia.)
Noteworthy is the fact that these poems are found in the fourth section of the book, sequentially the
center of the book, the book being composed of six sections all in all.
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SEQUENTIAL AND SERIAL POETRY: ON THE LEVELS OF BOOK AND PAGE
There exists an implied narrative8 threading through the book as the affair begins,
progresses, culminates and ends. The narrative is never explicitly stated, but it remains that elsewhere
held and lingered is a sequence collection – where the poems are capable of telling a story by virtue of
their arrangement within the book. The poems do stand on their own – and this is a formalist virtue
– but the very narrative is lost on a reader if all they receive is one poem excised from the collection,
contiguity in this case being a presupposition of the narrative.9 The full effect of the narrative – and
consequently, the full gravity of the affair – is made known to the reader only if he begins at the
The sequential nature of the collection can be traced to the book’s creation as a unit unto
itself. In her essay expounding Steve McCaffery’s book experiments and the extent to which they
materialize the structures of language, Marjorie Perloff cites McCaffery’s own”fanciful Cratylian
from the Latin pagina, whose stem pag- is also that of pangere
making the point that a book as a beech tree is an organic object, a whole unit by itself, and
the page as a “kind of trellis,” where words and letters are fastened.
8
A “narrative thread” being proposed with evidence: the first poem being entitled “The Marriage,” and
the last line of the last poem being “You crawl your way back to the center of the page,” evoking the
poet‐persona’s return to the territory to which she conventionally belongs.
9
An affair being the phenomenon that encompasses the entire collection, containing poems for its
beginning, middle, and end. No poem describes the entirety of the affair, and the nature of affairs –
when discovered or broadcasted – requires that the “whole story” be told in the service of either truth
or intrigue.
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This notion of the poem as no longer just a single unit is present in Ihab Hassan’s rubric of
In coexistence with its sequential structure, elsewhere held and lingered has managed to
encompass the aleatory or open notion of structure as well: on the level of the single poem. This
form is notable for the way in which its elements are linked, and there are infinite relations; hence
the term, “open” form. The open form is equated to the serial form, and several of the poems in
elsewhere... are serial forms, i.e. “a paratactic structure (meaning ‘arranged side by side’) whose
elements, although related by the fact of their contiguity, are nevertheless autonomous” (Conte 22).
end anywhere, favoring the possibilities of multiple combinations over organic sequence. Conte
praises this complexity of meanings as “a level of artistic maturity comparable to particle physics”
(22). The final poem in elsewhere... is written in the form of an index of last lines,10 which brings in an
awareness of lines in poetry being taken out of context, and the possible shifts in meaning, especially
when none of the lines correspond to the rest of the poems in the book. Unlike the sequential
nature of the collection, the elements in the serial poems are not hierarchical,11 and “there is no
10
As opposed to first lines, the poem’s nature having to deal – of course – with endings.
11
Much like the contiguity of husband to lover: the married woman cannot privilege the one over the
other, or else the other will cease being husband or cease being lover. In this sense, neither is better;
they are only different.
12
Cover art of elsewhere held and lingered, based on Stefanie Posavec’s “Rhythm Textures”
experiment,* which explores methods of visually representing sentences, sometimes even extending to
visual depictions of entire chapters of novels. elsewhere’s cover art is a modified rhythm texture: a
diagram of word construction. Again the aim to unname.
*See her work at http://www.itsbeenreal.co.uk/ or
http://www.notcot.com/archives/2008/04/stefanie_posave.php
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elsewhere held and lingered displays the coexistence of postmodern techniques striving to fulfill a
modern aim, and when held up as an example, McCaffery’s aforementioned book-as-a-unit, page-as-
a-trellis possibilities synchronize with Conte’s theory of sequential and serial forms. elsewhere...
articulates these theories in a two-fold manner, which in turn unfolds into actual devices within the
1.) Sequential structure occurs at the level of the book-as-a-unit, creating an organic whole
and employing semiotic techniques that allow the poems within the collection to respond to one
another. 1a.) For example, four poems share the title “A sensible life,” and they are alike in form –
short and succint, left-aligned on the page – and alike in content, as they all center around the figure
of a cat being observed by a persona as the cat goes about its daily activities. 1b.) Also worth
mentioning here are the two poems “A red dress” and “There are worse things,” both quatrains with
similar dramatic situations – the persona speaking in first-person to another her in the mirror, who
responds. In the first poem, the color of a dress is discussed, and the dress by virtue of the search
for the right word, turns into “the word” by the close of the poem. In the second, infidelity is the
topic of discourse, the persona revealing her true bitterness to the self in the mirror – the words
“fucking slut” jarring the reader’s consciousness – before the persona finally “puts her gloss on.”
In the book’s blurb, Mabi David asks: “What happens to the self when it permits the
trangressive act?” The two poems correspond with each other in terms of discourse between
fragments of the persona,13 who – despite the shifts in point-of-view throughout the collection –
coalesces into the one persona who is having the affair, especially in “A red dress” and “There are
13
Worth noting – or footnoting – here is that the device of the fragmented persona is a Modern device.
Interestingly enough, the difference between this Modern persona and the highly reliable, easily
recognizable persona that is present in poetry such as Katigbak’s is a difference that lies in geography as
much as it does in theory, the fragmented persona being as Western as it is Modern.
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2. The serial structure, on the other hand, occurs at the level of individual poems,
simultaneously realizing the page function McCaffery described: Cruz experiments with form by
peripheral vision” (Cruz 81), elsewhere held and lingered is a discourse of what then remains within that
woman’s grasp: all that which she claims for herself outside of the marriage. In the creation of
poetry that seeks to articulate this transgression, Cruz lays her own claim on the paraphernalia14 of
the page, that property rarely used, often considered irrelevant.15 elsewhere held and lingered is about this
14
Origin: mid 17th cent. (denoting property owned by a married woman): from medieval Latin, based on
Greek parapherna ‘property apart from a dowry,’ from para ‘distinct from’ + pherna (from phernē
‘dowry’)
15
What follows appropriately: the etymology of paraphernalia as a married woman’s property aside
from her dowry.
Magno 27
16
16
“Marginalia” made a page.
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Close readings reveal postmodern techniques existing within the modernist goal – and these
postmodern qualities are extensions of certain modern rubrics that Ihab Hassan identifies: 2a.) a
privileging of synecdoche as an extension of the unsaid, 2b.) evidence of white space as the choice to
remain silent in a space where one is expected to speak, and 2c.) an overarching transgression of
page politics with the use of the aforementioned paraphernalia of the page – footnotes, marginalia,
Jonathan Safran Foer, contemporary author and precious literary figure, said this about his
growing collection of blank pieces of paper: “I wanted to see if the accumulation of emptiness
would be greater than the sum of its parts.” Though the idea of such a collection seems pretentious
at first, it is given gravitas by the fact that these blank pages were contributed by Foer’s favorite
writers – the pages being the pages from the top of their personal stacks of writing paper, i.e. the
next piece of paper they would have written on. For Foer, that invisible literature exists first by its
proximity to what was actually written, and second by virtue of its absence on the page (Foer).
This fascination with the dual existence of potential and emptiness is the fascination of
synecdoche – which when pushed beyond the realist method of simply giving a part for a whole
becomes an extension of the poetic notion of the unsaid. More on this potentiality later, but one
postmodern – in her fear of the unbridgeable gaps between fragments and the corresponding
On the topic of gaps between theory and text, Harold Bloom mentions two literary
absences and metonymy concerned with presences, specifically those of names. elsewhere held and
lingered, for example, functions without proper nouns, recalling a footnote in “Inventory of a year”
wielding a certain irony in its declaration: “It goes without saying a secret thrives in the absence of a
record” (48) when the book itself remains the truest record of the secret affair, even as in places it
chooses instead not to speak, e.g. in the main body of the page, the conventional territory of a poet.
In contrast, metonymy, like metaphor, extends the signified by making it more present in the
reader’s consciousness. This is done by equating signifiers to what surrounds it or what is contiguous
to it, therefore creating a context in which the signified can fulfill a specific function attributed to it.
Metaphors and similes work in a similar manner by extending the signified to what else exists like it.
This is the goal of lyric or organic poetry: to equate “disparate materials, to draw them toward a
central axis that expresses some unity of the whole” (Conte 23). Proximity therefore is key to the
Metonymy, metaphor, and simile therefore intensify the signifier by connoting the presence
of more signifieds; the tropes differ only in their method of doing so, whether by implying
contiguity or similarity. These presences become more powerful in a reader’s consciousness the
more popular a particular trope becomes. The image of a red, red rose, for example, will always
Metaphor and simile are rare in the collection; Cruz adheres to plain and concrete language,
rarely straying into abstractions. Metonymy in elsewhere... is more present, but subtle. For example,
17
“A rose is a rose is a rose, she sings.” (Cruz 48) As metaphor as metaphor can get.
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the series18 of poems entitled “A sensible life,” in which the cat is always present, culminate with the
final poem where the cat is asserting an absence by implying the uncertainty of its presence:
The cat as extension of the female persona works as metonym rather than symbol19 because
the cat makes appearances throughout the collection in poems other than “A sensible life:” in
“Errand,” the persona imagines the cat looking out the window of the apartment she is surveying; in
“Where were you all this time?” near the end of the collection, the cat is “still asleep where it wants
to” – much like the cat in the first poem “The Marriage” sunning itself in the room where the
persona confronts her husband. The cat, therefore, in accordance to metonymy’s use of contiguity,
is obviously a pet, present in the persona’s life, and while it is not an exact reflection of her
In terms of etymology, metonymy, via Latin from Greek, comes from metōnumia, literally
“change of name.” See the poem “A red dress,” reproduced here in full:
18
The word “series” here being employed not as the Comte device* but simply to denote paratactic
structure.
19
Easy to equate the bored and straying cat to the straying female persona, but by the end of the book,
in the poem “Where were you all this time?” the cat is “still asleep where it wants to,” while the persona
has slipped herself into place beside her husband, having ended the affair.
20
The question “Where were you all this time?**” presupposing the notion that what matters is not
what you do, but whether you were there or not.
*i.e. with a contrasting example of sequential structure.
**possibly the question that the husband poses to the persona of the wife, whether silently or out loud.
Magno 31
Note the metonymy – the paradigmatic play – where the discourse of color culminates in the
dress itself being replaced by the word, the “word.” The word “red” is mentioned but once, and in
the process of the poem becomes redder than the actual word “red” can evoke in the mind’s eye.
The poem achieves this intensification by grasping for specificity – the proffered words being
contiguous to the actual word but not exactly like the real word; the thesaurus, therefore, is the book
of metonymic play.
However and remarkably, the poem can also be read with an eye for synecdoche, by virtue
of the omission of the word “scarlet.” “Scarlet” as a synonym for “red” is also present in the
consciousness of the reader, though it is unmentioned, because “scarlet” is closer to the notion of
red than say “fulvous” or “carmine,” and ultimately, because of the subject matter of the entire book.
Synecdoche spurs the awareness of absence by giving the reader only part of a whole,
emphasizing that something somehow had to be left out, i.e. the word “scarlet” and its implications
of infidelity and promiscuity, hinting that this is not how the persona sees herself – literally, in the
poem – in the mirror. Here, poetic intention crosses over into persona’s discretion.
The unsaid is usually attributed to the associative properties of words in a poem, to the
potential tension between signifier and signified. Cruz utilizes this grammatical method knowingly,
even self-reflexively. A few lines from “Swivel” exemplify her use of parts for a whole
Say, your body like no other. Say, your body removed from simile.
...
...
Each moment, the compulsive incisions: the wished-for hand, the wishing it away (28).
Magno 32
– as if the body were to be made more present somehow by removing it from simile, from
that which is like it to that which is only part of it, intensifying absence by making present only the
For an example in terms of form beyond grammar, two strophes from Cruz’s Multiple choice:
11.
a. with a breakdown of bone: scapula, clavicle, sternum
b. with the mechanism that lets me dream you alive
c. with my aversion to hints of faith in horoscopes
12.
a. she walked naked across the room without asking
b. she walked naked and without the slightest clue
c. she walked naked into the other woman’s closet (21)
By presenting answers, and solely answers, laid out in the form of multiple choice, what is
made present in the reader’s consciousness is the absence of questions. Bloom calls this quality of
authentic poetry the “dearth of meaning achieved by strategies of exclusion, or what can be called
litanies of evasion” (15), going on to quote Roger Poole’s amendment of the question “What does
this poem mean?” to “What has got left out of this poem to make of it the particularly expensive
torso that it is?” When faced with synecdoche, one is therefore pressed to look at what’s missing.21
21
The irony of this statement is not to be lost on the reader, or in the discourse of this paper.
22
The irony of this statement is not to be lost on the reader, or in the discourse of this paper.
Magno 33
Magno 34
The question of why text stops at a certain point points to the same function that allows the
question of why “scarlet” is omitted from the thesauric discourse of “red” in “A red dress,” i.e. 1.)
the function of white space as potential because something is unsaid. 2.) Furthermore, white space
understood at the level of intention allows the reader to problematize this particular choice of the
writer to literally blank out in at a particular point in the text, pointing to the authorial decision to
keep silent. 3.) Finally, the turnover of possible discourse from the author to the reader points to the
function of white space as an openness to the reader’s response, much like Hassan’s enigmatic
blanks positioned after his postulated rubrics (Hassan 392) or his quote borrowed from Erich Heller
concerning postmodernism’s device of wilful incompletion: “the employment of the material in the
These three functions are not separate from each other but are linked in a general
transgression of language – the choice to remain silent in a space where one is expected to speak.
(Of course there cannot be a full boycott of language, because then the book would cease to exist.
Spaces and language exist by virtue of each other, and white space is merely the privileging of the
former over the latter, especially in an area of the book where the latter should prevail, e.g. the body
By virtue of its visuality, white space is more than an extension of the notion of
synecdoche’s unsaid. Synecdoche’s unsaid presumes the existence of a specific something that was,
much like a phantom limb is specific to the part of the body from which it is missing. White space,
on the other hand, boycotts language itself, therefore moving beyond un-naming to not-naming, a
23
Highly appropriate to the nature of an affair, where silence becomes room for response, and response
becomes gossip. Such is the discourse between reader and text, when the text so deftly wields the
aforementioned “heuristic gift” – not just by virtue of what it says, but by virtue of where it decides to
remain silent.
Magno 35
What then does this imply for a reader, pressed to respond? This response must be evaluated
in terms of what has been given. One such example of white space as the boycotting of language can
be examined beside another example of transgression – this time not of language but of page
politics: Cruz’s “Inventory of a year,” a poem entirely composed of footnotes to blank pages: the
white space allowing the reader to speculate on what must exist in the void,
What follows is an excerpted footnote from “Inventory of a year,” specifically the sixteenth
that in the hierarchy25 of a page, the margins are in the periphery.26 It goes without
saying that a digression is a glitch on the sheet, easily reparable with one stroke of
correction fluid.27 It goes without saying that a secret thrives in the absence of
24
Taking this clause as a device of synecdoche* illuminates the footnote as the area of
possibility,** where the subjunctive reigns over the indicative, hence the wishful thinking.***
25
A hierarchy denotes ranking denotes politics denotes power distributed unequally.
26
The bulk of the power, therefore, would be in the body of the text. If the affair is detailed in
the footnotes, one then assumes***** the body of the text is the territory of the husband, the
rightful partner.
27
Digressions better being relegated to footnotes rather than to the main body of the sheet,
where “one stroke of correction fluid” will still leave a telltale absence between innocent texts.
Footnotes, on the other hand, belong to the space of the page where a reader does not expect
text to exist in the first place. The irony here lies in the use of footnotes to blank pages, which
forces the reader to focus on the footnote itself. Something had to be read, and therefore,
nothing is concealed.
* ...composed entirely of footnotes to blank pages, the footnotes containing the intimate details
of an affair.
**as opposed to platitudes both moral and mundane.
*** the affair in the poem being the narrator’s desires**** actualized
****the most fun they’d each had in years” Conchitina Cruz, elsewhere held and lingered
(Quezon City: High Chair, 2008). 48
*****here, one only assumes, i.e. steps into the subjunctive, because the body of the text is left
blank, the white space telling us (by not telling us) that the husband is – quite literally – out of
the picture.******
******”It goes without saying that a secret thrives in the absence of record.”
Magno 38
RELEVANT LAST LINES:
a supermimesis achieved by an art that will not abandon the self to language (Bloom 37)
And then there is this. I am talking about / something really heartbreaking. (Toledo 60)
constantly rediscover their language and constantly see anew their world (Abad 292)
Holding our breaths for the next big arrival (Katigbak 72)
One can see better from the periphery than from the center (Lauterbach 3)
You crawl your way back to the center of the page. 180 (Cruz 81)
Magno 39
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Cruz, Conchitina. elsewhere held and lingered. Quezon City: High Chair, 2008.
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Davidson, Ian. “Aesthetics of Space: Cubism to Language Poetry.” Ideas of Space in Contemporary
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