Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GB
GB 50009-2001
(2006 Edition)
Foreword
This Code has been overall revised in accordance with Notice of Printing and
Distributing of the Establishment and Amendment of Building Construction of 1997
(JIANBIAO [1997] No.108) issued by the Ministry of Construction and the Load Code for
the Design of Building Structures (GBJ 9-87) jointly approved by China Architecture
Scientific Research Institute and related departments.
During the process of revising, the team has carried out monographic study, summarized
design experience in recent years, referred to related contents of foreign norms and
international standards, widely asked for opinions from related departments all over the
country and finalized after repeated amendment.
This Code can be divided into seven chapters and seven appendices. Primary contents
revised are as follows:
1. In accordance with the rule of combination stated in Unified Standard for Reliability
Design of Building Structures and getting rid of Wind Combination, the combination
controlled by permanent load effect was added to the load fundamental combination. In the
limit design of regular service, for the short-term effect combination, characteristic and
frequent combinations are listed and at the same time, the frequent value coefficient was
added to the variable load. For all combination values of variable loads, respective
combination value coefficient is listed.
2. Partial adjustment and amendment of floor live load.
3. Adjustment has been made to roofing rectangular distribution live load that permits no
person on the roof and provisions on roof gardens and helicopter pad load have been added.
4. Character of service for crane has been changed into work classes of cranes.
5. According to new observation data, statistics of wind pressure and snow pressure from
national weather stations has been collected. At the same time, the basic value of wind and
snow load recurrence interval has been changed from 30 years to 50 years. In the appendix,
the 10-year, 50-year and 100-year wind pressure and snow pressure in main stations all over
the country have been listed.
6. One Type has been added to the terrain roughness.
7. For the wind pressure altitude variation coefficient of buildings in a mountainous area,
compensation factors have been given for the consideration of terrain conditions.
8. Specific provisions have been made to wind load of envelop enclosure members.
9. The interactive influences between buildings in architectural complex have been put
forward.
10. For flexible structures, the test requirements for crosswind vibration have been added.
This Code may be revised as required. Information and contents revised will be published on
the journal of Standardization of Engineering Constructions.
The compulsory articles in this Code shall be executed strictly. In order to improve the quality
of this Code, units shall sum up experience and collect background information. For feedback
of related opinions and suggestions, please contact: China Architecture Scientific Research
Institute (No.30 East Road, North Third Ring).
Chief Development Organization: China Architecture Technical Research Institute
Participating Development Organizations: Construction Department of Tongji University,
Building Design Institute, Beijing International Design Institute of China Light Industry,
Beijing: China Institute of Architecture Standard Design Press, Beijing Institute of
Architectural Design and China Weather Scientific Research Institute
Chief Drafting Staffs: Chen Jifa, Hu Dexin, Jin Xinyang, Zhang Xiangting, Gu Zicong,
Wei Caiang, Cai Yiyang, Guan Guixue, Xue Hang
Contents
1. General Principles ................................................................................................................. 1
2. Terms and symbols ................................................................................................................ 1
2.1 Terms ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Main symbols............................................................................................................... 3
3. Classification of loads and combination of load effect ......................................................... 4
3.1 Classification of loads and representative values of a load ......................................... 4
3.2 Load combination ........................................................................................................ 5
4. Live load of floors and roofs ................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Rectangular distribution live load on floors of civilian buildings ............................... 7
4.2 Floor live load of industrial buildings........................................................................ 10
4.3 Roof live load............................................................................................................. 10
4.4 Roofing dust load........................................................................................................11
4.5 Construction and repair load as well as handrail horizontal load .............................. 13
4.6 Dynamic coefficient................................................................................................... 14
5. Crane load............................................................................................................................ 14
5.1 Vertical and horizontal load of cranes........................................................................ 14
5.2 The combination of several cranes ............................................................................ 15
5.3 Dynamic coefficient of crane loads ........................................................................... 15
5.4 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value of crane loads .. 15
6. Snow load ............................................................................................................................ 16
6.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference snow pressure of snow loads 16
6.2 Coefficient of snow distribution over the roof........................................................... 17
7. Wind load ............................................................................................................................ 20
7.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference wind pressure of wind loads . 20
7.2 Variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude .......................................................... 21
7.3 Wind load coefficient................................................................................................. 22
7.4 Downwind vibration and wind vibration coefficient ................................................. 36
7.5 Gustiness factor.......................................................................................................... 38
7.6 Crosswind vibration................................................................................................... 39
Appendix A Deadweight of Commonly-used Materials and Members................................... 41
Appendix B Method for Deciding the Floor Isoeffect Rectangular Distribution Live Load... 55
Appendix C Floor live load of industrial buildings................................................................. 60
Appendix D Measurement Method of Fundamental Snow Pressure and Wind Pressure........ 66
Appendix E Empirical Formula for the Structure Which is Natural Vibration Period .......... 108
Appendix F Approximation of the Structural Mode Factor....................................................111
Appendix G Wording Explanation .........................................................................................113
1. General Principles
1.0.1 This Code is designed to meet demands in building structure design and requirements of
secure application and economic feasibility.
1.0.2 This Code is applicable to the building structure design.
1.0.3 This Code has been made in accordance with principles stated in Unified Standard for
Reliability Design of Building Structures (GB 50068-2001).
1.0.4 Effects involved with the building structure design include direct effect (combination of
loads) and indirect effect (including subbase deformation, concrete shrinkage, welding
deformations, temperature fluctuation or effects caused by earthquakes). In this Code, only
provisions on combination of loads are stated.
1.0.5 The design reference period adopted in this Code is 50 years.
1.0.6 Effects or combination of loads involved with the building structure design shall be in
accordance with this Code as well as other current national provisions.
The value of combination of loads that makes the load effect exceed probability during
the design reference period and make the solitude appearance of the combination of loads has
a unified value of combination of loads or make the structure has unified value of
combination of loads with reliability index stated in the provision.
2.1.8 Frequent value
For variable load, during the design reference period, the exceeded total time is the
minimum ratio or the exceeded frequency is the value of the combination of loads of the
assigned frequency.
2.1.9 Quasi- permanent value
For variable load, during the design reference period, the exceeded total time is about
half of the value of combination of loads in the design reference period.
2.1.10 Design value of a load
The arithmetic product of the representative values of a load and the partial load factor.
2.1.11 Load effect
Reaction of structures or structural elements caused by the combination of loads, such as
internal force, distortion and crack
2.1.12 Load combination
In the limit design, to guarantee the built-in reliability, provisions for all kinds of design
values of a load have been made.
2.1.13 Fundamental combination
In the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of permanent effect and variable
effect
2.1.14 Accidental combination
In the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of permanent effect, variable effect
and an accidental combination
2.1.15 Characteristic/nominal combination
In the regular service limiting state, the characteristic value/nominal value or
combination value adopted is the combination of representative values of a load.
2.1.16 Frequent combinations
In the regular service limiting state, the frequent value or permanent value is adopted in
the variable load is the combination of representative values of a load.
2.1.17 Quasi- permanent combinations
In the regular service limiting state, the quasi- permanent value adopted by the variable
load is the combination of the representative values of a load.
2.1.18 Equivalent uniform live load
During the structure design, the actual load of continuous distribution above or under the
floor is always by substituted by the evenly distributed load. The equivalent uniform live load
refers to the load effect received by the structure can keep in line with the evenly distributed
load of the actual load effect.
2.1.19 Tributary area
The tributary area is adopted during the calculation of the beam column members. It
refers to the floor space of the calculated member load. It shall be divided by the zero line of
the floor slab. In the practical situation, it can be simplified.
2.1.20 Dynamic coefficient
2
Structures and members that receives dynamic load, when designed according to the
static force, shall adopt the value that is the ratio of the maximum power effect of structures
or members and relevant static force effect.
2.1.21 Reference snow pressure
The reference pressure of snow load shall be decided by the maximum value of the
50-year period calculated from the probability statistics according to the observation data
from the deadweight of snow on the local open and equitable terrain.
2.1.22 Reference wind pressure
The reference pressure of wind load shall be decided by the maximum wind speed for a
50-year period calculated from the probability statistics according to the observation data of
average speed in 10min at 10m on the local open and equitable terrain. Also, relevant air
density shall be considered and the wind pressure shall be calculated according to the formula
(D.2.2-4).
2.1.23 Terrain roughness
When the wind passes 2km range before reaching the structure, the class used to describe
the distribution pattern of irregular barriers on the ground.
2.2 Main symbols
Gkcharacteristic value/nominal value of permanent load;
Qkcharacteristic value/nominal value of variable load;
GGkcharacteristic value/nominal value of permanent load effect;
SQkcharacteristic value/nominal value of the variable load effect;
Sload effect combination design value;
RThe design value of resisting power of structural members;
SADownwind load effect;
SCCrosswind load effect;
TNatural vibration period of structures;
HTop height of structures;
BWindward width of structures;
ReReynolds number;
StStrouhai number;
skCharacteristic value/nominal value of snow load;
s0reference snow pressure;
wkcharacteristic value/nominal value of wind load;
w0reference wind pressure;
crCritical wind velocity of crosswind sympathetic vibration;
Angle of gradient;
zGust coefficient at height Z;
gzGust coefficient at height Z;
0Structure significance coefficient;
GSubentry coefficient of permanent load;
QSubentry coefficient of variable load;
ccombination value coefficient of the variable load;
3
3.1.2 During the design of building structures, different combinations of loads shall
adopt different representative values. For permanent loads, the representative value
shall be the characteristic value/nominal value. While for variable loads, the
representative value shall be the characteristic value/nominal value, combination value,
frequent value or quasi- permanent value according to different design requirements.
For accidental loads, the representative value shall be decided according to the
utilization characteristics of building structures.
3.1.3 Permanent load characteristic value/nominal value: for structural deadweight, it shall be
decided according to the design size of structural members and the deadweight of unit volume
of materials; for commonly-used materials and members, it shall be decided according to
appendix 1 of this Code; for materials and members (including field fabricated heat insulators,
concrete thin-wall members) with major changes in deadweight, it shall be the upper value or
the lower range value according to the advantage or disadvantage state to members.
Note: For commonly-used materials and members, refer to Appendix A.
3.1.4 The characteristic value/nominal value of variable loads shall be adopted according to
provisions in this Code.
3.1.5 The design of limit of bearing capacity state or the regular service limiting state shall
adopt the combination value as the representative value of the variable loads. The
combination value of variable loads refers to the variable load characteristic value/nominal
value multiplied by the combination value coefficient of combination of loads.
3.1.6 If the regular service limiting state is designed according to the frequent combinations,
4
the frequent value, quasi-permanent value shall be adopted as the representative value. If it is
designed according to the quasi-permanent combinations, the quasi-permanent value shall be
adopted as the representative value of variable loads. The frequent value of variable loads
shall adopt the variable load characteristic value/nominal value multiplied by the frequent
value coefficient of combination of loads. The variable load quasi- permanent value shall
adopt the characteristic value/nominal value of variable loads multiplied by the
quasi-permanent value coefficient of combination of loads.
3.2 Load combination
3.2.1 The design of building structures shall be in accordance with the combination of loads
arising in the construction during the utilization process, according to the limit of bearing
capacity state and the regular service limiting state. The design shall take the most
disadvantaged combination for the combination of loads (effect).
3.2.2 For the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of loads (effect) shall adopt the
fundamental combination or accidental combination of load effect. The following design
expression shall be adopted:
0S R
(3.2.2)
Where,
0Structure significance coefficient;
SThe design of load effect combination;
RThe design value of resisting power of structural members shall be decided by
related design specifications of building structures.
3.2.3 For the design value (S) of the fundamental combination of loads and load effect, it
shall be decided by the most disadvantaged value from the following combination
values:
1) Combination controlled by the variable load effect;
(3.2.3-1)
Where,
GSubentry coefficient of permanent load shall be adopted according to Article
3.2.5.
QiThe ith subentry coefficient of variable load. Qi is the subentry coefficient of
variable load Q1, to be adopted according to Article 3.2.5.
SGkThe load effect value calculated according to the permanent load
characteristic value/nominal value Gk;
SQikThe load effect value calculated according to variable load characteristic
value/nominal value Qik. SQ1k is the controller of all variable load effects.
ciThe combination value coefficient of the variable load Qi shall be adopted
according to provisions in chapters.
nThe number of variable loads forming the combination.
2) Combination controlled by the permanent load effect:
(3.2.3-2)
Note: 1 The design value of fundamental combination is applicable to the linear load effect.
2. If the SQ1k can't be decided distinctively, each variable load effect shall be taken as SQ1k and the most
disadvantaged load effect combination shall be selected.
3.2.4 For common bents and frame structures, the reduction rule may be adopted in the
fundamental combination and the most disadvantaged value shall be selected according to the
following combination values:
1) Combination controlled by variable load effect;
(3.2.4)
2) The combination controlled by the permanent load effect shall be adopted according to
formula (3.2.3-2).
3.2.5 The subentry coefficient of combination of loads in the fundamental combination
shall be adopted according to the following provisions:
1. Subentry coefficient of permanent load;
1) If the effect causes disadvantages to the structure,
for the combination controlled by the variable load effect, select 1.2;
for the combination controlled by the permanent load effect, select 1.35.
2) If the effect causes advantages to the structure, select 1.0.
2. Subentry coefficient of variable load:
Generally, select 1.4;
For the characteristic value/nominal value of the live load of industrial housing
floor greater than 4kN/m2, select 1.3.
3. For the overturn, slippage or floating calculation, the load subentry coefficient
shall be adopted according to provisions in related design codes for structures.
3.2.6 For the design value of accidental combination and load effect combination, it shall be
in accordance with the following provisions: the representative value of the accidental loads
doesn't multiply subentry coefficient; if it appears together with the accidental loads and other
combinations of loads, the representative value shall be adopted according to the
observational data and project experience. Under different circumstances, the formula of
design value of the load effect shall be decided by contrary provisions.
3.2.7 In the regular service limiting state, according to different design requirement, the
characteristic/nominal combination, frequent combinations or quasi-permanent combinations
may be adopted and the design shall be carried out according to the following design
expression:
SC
(3.2.7)
Where,
CThe limitation of structures or structural members when they are in regular service,
such as the limitation of distortion, crack, amplitude, acceleration and stress, shall be adopted
6
(3.2.8)
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.
3.2.9 The design value (S) of frequent combinations and load effect combinations shall be
adopted according to the following formula:
(3.2.9)
Where,
f1The frequent coefficient of variable load Q1 shall be adopted according to
provisions in chapters.
qiThe quasi value coefficient of the variable load Qi shall be adopted according to
provisions in chapters.
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.
3.2.10 The design value (S) of quasi-permanent combinations and load effect combinations
shall be adopted according to the following formula:
(3.2.10)
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.
Table 4.1.1 the characteristic value/nominal value, combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent
value coefficient of rectangular distribution live load on floors of civilian buildings
Item
Type
Characteristic
Combination
Frequent
Quasi-permanent
value/nominal
value
value
value coefficient
value (kN/m2)
coefficient c
coefficient f
0.5
0.4
2.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
kindergarten;
(2) Schoolrooms, testing labs, reading rooms,
boardrooms, policlinic rooms of hospitals.
Dining
restaurant,
archives
for
playhouse,
cinema
and
2.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
3.0
0.7
0.5
0.3
3.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
3.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
3.5
0.7
0.5
0.3
4.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
(2) Ballrooms.
4.0
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.9
0.9
0.8
7.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
(1)
3
rooms,
general materials;
Auditoria,
store rooms;
(2) Stack rooms with dense tanks.
5.0
12.0
4.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
35.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
2.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
20.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
2.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
(2) Restaurant.
4.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
2.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
2.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
2.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
2.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
3.5
0.7
0.5
0.3
2.5
0.7
0.6
0.5
3.5
6m)
Carriages;
Fire-fighting vehicles.
9
kindergarten
and
residential
buildings;
(2)
Office
buildings,
schoolrooms,
Note:
1.
All live loads in this Table are applicable for natural service conditions. If the working load is extremely large,
4.1.2 For the design of girders, walls, columns and foundations of floors, under the
following circumstances, the characteristic value/nominal value of live loads on the
floors in Table 4.1.1 shall be multiplied by the discount coefficient:
1. The discount coefficient during the design of floor girders;
1) In item 1(1), if the tributary area of girders exceeds 25m2, select 0.9;
2) In items 1(2)-7, if the tributary area of girders exceeds 50m2, select 0.9;
3) In item 8, junior beam of one-way slabs and vittae of trough plates, select
0.9;
For girder of one-way slabs, select 0.6;
For girders of two-way slabs, select 0.8.
4) For items 9-12, the discount coefficient shall be the same as that of the
buildings.
2. The discount coefficient of designing walls, columns and foundations:
1) Item 1(1) shall be adopted according to Table 4.1.2.
2) Items 1(2)-7 shall adopt the discount coefficient the same as that of the
girders of floors.
3) In item 8, for one-way slabs, select 0.5;
For two-way slabs and flat slab floors, select 0.8.
4) In items 9-12, the discount coefficient shall be adopted the same as that of
the building.
Note: The tributary area of floor girders is decided by the real area within the range extending 1/2 case bay
to both sides of the girder.
2-3
4-5
6-8
9-20 20
The discount coefficient of live loads total on each floor above the calculation section
1.00 (0.90)
Note: If the tributary area of floor girders exceeds 25m2, the coefficient shall adopt the one in the parentheses.
4.1.3 The partial loads on floor structures shall be converted into isoeffect rectangular
distribution live loads according to Appendix B.
4.2.2 The operation combination of loads, including operating personnel, general purpose
tools, small amount of raw materials and the deadweight of finished products on areas without
equipment of floors ( including working platforms) of industrial buildings shall be considered
as the rectangular distribution live load and adopt 2.0kN/m2. The staircase live load in
production workshops shall be adopted according to the practical situation and shall be no
less than 3.5kN/m2.
4.2.3 The combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi- permanent
value coefficient of floor live loads of industrial buildings shall be adopted according to the
practical situation besides values given in Appendix C. However, under no circumstance shall
the combination value and the frequent value coefficient be less than 0.7 and the
quasi-permanent value coefficient no less than 0.6.
4.3 Roof live load
4.3.1 The roof rectangular distribution live load on the horizontal projection surface
shall be adopted according to Table 4.3.1. The roof rectangular distribution live load
can't be considered together with the snow load.
Table 4.3.1 Roof rectangular distribution live load
Characteristic
Item
Type
Combination value
Frequent value
Quasi-permanent value
coefficient c
coefficient f
coefficient q
0.5
0.7
0.5
2.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
3.0
0.7
0.6
0.5
value/nominal value
(kN/m2)
2
3
Roof without
holding persons
Roof holding
persons
Roof garden
Note: 1. For roofs without holding persons, if the construction load is comparatively large, it shall be adopted
according to the practical situation. For different structures, according to related design specifications, the
characteristic value/nominal value shall be increased or decreased by 0.2kN/m2.
2. For roofs holding persons, if they are used for other purposes, relevant floor live loads shall be adopted.
3. For seeper combination of loads caused by the disturbance of roof drainage or blockage, construction
measures shall be adopted. If necessary, the roof live loads shall be decided according the possible depth of
10
seepers.
4. The live load on roof gardens does not include the material deadweight of earth materials.
4.3.2 The combination of loads of parking apron for helicopters shall be considered as the
partial load according to the gross weight of the helicopter. At the same time, its isoeffect
shall be no lower than 5.0kN/m2. The partial load shall be decided according to the practical
maximum lifting loads of helicopters. If there is no technical information of aircraft types,
commonly, the partial load characteristic value/nominal value and active area shall be selected
according to various requirements of light, medium and heavy types:
Light-type: the maximum take-off weight is 2t, partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 20kN and the active area is 0.20m * 0.20m.
Medium-type: the maximum take-off weight is 4t, partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 40kN and the active area is 0.25m * 0.25m.
Heavy-type: the maximum take-off weight is 6t, the partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 60kN and the active area is 0.30m * 0.30m. The combination value
coefficient of loads shall be 0.7, the frequent value coefficient 0.6 and the quasi-permanent
value coefficient shall be 0.
4.4 Roofing dust load
4.4.1 During the design of workshops that release mass dust and their neighboring buildings,
for roofs of machinery, cement and metallurgy workshops with certain dedusting facilities, the
roof dust load on the horizontal projection surface shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.1-1
and 4.4.1-2.
11
(kN/m2)
Item
Type
Roofs
without
breastplate
1
2
3
Out of
Frequent Quasi-permanent
value
value
value
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient
0.9
0.9
0.8
breastplates breastplates
0.5
0.75
0.30
0.75
0.30
0.75
1.00
0.30
0.30
0.50
0.30
0.50
1.00
0.20
0.30
1.00
0.50
Note: 1. In the Table, the evenly distributed load of soot formation shall be only applicable to the roof slope 25. If
45, the dust load may be neglected. If 25<<45, the value can be selected using the interpolation method.
2. The combination of loads of ash removal facilities shall be considered additionally.
3. For items 1-4, the dust load shall apply only to roofs within the rad of 20m centered by the stack. If neighboring
buildings are within this range, the dust load for items 1, 3 and 4 shall be adopted according to the roofs without
breastplate in workshops. For item 2, the dust load shall be adopted according to roofs out of breastplates in
workshops.
12
value/nominal
value(kN/m )
Blast
Combination
furnace
volume ( m3)
100
200
<255
0.50
255-620
0.75
0.30
>620
1.00
0.50
0.30
value Frequent
value Quasi-permanent
coefficient c
coefficient f
coefficient q
1.0
1.0
1.0
value
4.4.2 For places vulnerable for dust deposition on roofs, during the design of roof boards and
summers, the characteristic value/nominal value of dust load shall be multiplied by the
aggrandizement coefficient as stated:
Within the dispersion of distribution that is twice the roof height difference but no greater
than 6.0m in the high-low span, select 2.0; within the dispersion of distribution no greater
than 3.0m of cullis, select 1.4.
4.4.3 The dust load shall be considered with the snow load or roof live load but the one with a
comparatively large value.
4.5 Construction and repair load as well as handrail horizontal load
4.5.1 During the design of roofing boards, summers, reinforced concrete projecting
eaves, rain hoods and prefabricated joists, the concentrated load (the deadweight of
people and small tools) for construction and repair shall select 1.0kN and shall be
calculated in the most disadvantaged place.
Note: 1. For light members or wide members, if the construction load exceeds the aforesaid combination of loads, it
shall be calculated according to the practical situation, or temporary facilities like adding backing boards
and supports shall be adopted.
2. During the calculation of intensity of the projecting eaves and rain hoods, one concentrated load shall be
taken into consideration in every 1.0m of the width of boards. During the calculation of overturning of
projecting eaves and rain hoods, a concentrated load shall be taken into consideration in every 2.5-3.0m of
the width of boards.
4.5.2 The handrail top horizontal combination of loads on the staircases, bleachers,
balcony and roofs holding persons shall be adopted according to the following:
1. For residential buildings, dormitories, office buildings, hotels, hospitals, nursery,
kindergartens, select 0.5KN/m.
2. For schools, dining rooms, playhouses, cinema, stations, auditoria, museums or
palaestra, select 1.0kN/m.
4.5.3 If the quasi- permanent combinations of loads is adopted, the construction and repair
load as well as the handrail horizontal load can be neglected.
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5. Crane load
5.1 Vertical and horizontal load of cranes
5.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of vertical loads of cranes shall adopt the
maximum wheel pressure or the minimum wheel pressure of cranes according to relevant
regulations.
5.1.2 The longitudinal and transverse horizontal combination of loads of cranes shall be
adopted according to the following provisions:
1. The characteristic value/nominal value of vertical combination of loads of cranes shall
be adopted according to 10% the total of maximum wheel pressures of all skid wheels that
work on the same orbit. The point of application of this load shall lie on the point of contact
between the skid wheel and the orbit, with the direction same as that of the orbit.
2. The characteristic value/nominal value of transverse horizontal combination of loads
shall adopt the percentage in the following of the sum of the weight of crane carriages and the
load-lifting capacity and then the result shall be multiplied by the acceleration of gravity:
1) Flexible-hook cranes:
If the load-lifting capacity is no larger than 10t, select 12%
If the load-lifting capacity is between 16-50t, select 10%
If the load-lifting capacity is no less than 75t, select 8%
2) For hard-hook crane: select 20%. The transverse horizontal combination of loads
shall be allocated evenly on both ends and transferred to the rail head by means of
wheels on the orbit, with the direction vertical with the orbit. The skid with two opposite
directions shall be taken into consideration.
Note: 1. The horizontal load of suspending cranes can be neglected and received by related supports.
2. The horizontal load of hand cranes and electric blocks can be taken no account of.
14
5.2.2 During the calculation of bent frames, the characteristic value/nominal value of the
vertical load and horizontal load of several cranes shall be multiplied by the discount
coefficient stated in Table 5.2.2.
Table 5.2.2 the discount coefficient of combination of loads of several cranes
The number of cranes for the combination
2
3
4
A6-A8
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.95
0.90
0.85
Note: For the single-span or multi-span workshops of multi-layer cranes, during the calculation of bent frames, the number
of cranes for the combination and the discount coefficient of loads shall be considered according to the practical situation.
15
Table 5.4.1 the combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value of crane loads
Work class of the crane
Combination
value Frequent
value Quasi-permanent
coefficient c
coefficient f
coefficient q
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.95
0.95
0.95
value
Flexible-hook crane
Work class A1-A3
Work class A4- A5
Work class A6-A7
Hard-hook cranes and flexible-hook cranes with
the work class of A8
5.4.2 During the design of bent frames in workshops, in the quasi- permanent combinations of
combinations of loads, the load of cranes shall be taken no account of. However, in the
regular service limit design of crane beams, the quasi- permanent value of crane loads shall be
adopted.
6. Snow load
6.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference snow pressure of snow loads
6.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of snow load on the horizontal projection
surface of the roof shall be calculated according to the following formula:
(6.1.1)
Sk = rS0
Where,
Skcharacteristic value/nominal value of the snow load (kN/m2);
rCoefficient of snow distribution over the roof
S0reference snow pressure (kN/m2).
6.1.2 The reference snow pressure shall be adopted according to the 50-year value listed
in Appendix D.4. For structures sensitive to snow loads, the reference snow pressure
shall be elevated and decided by related codes for structural design.
6.1.3 If the reference snow pressure value of cities or construction sites is not listed in
Appendix D, the reference snow pressure value can be decided according to the maximum
snow pressure or snow depth materials, based on the definition of the reference snow pressure
and making analysis over statistics. During the analysis, the influence of sample quantity shall
be taken into consideration (please refer to Appendix D). If there is also no snow pressure or
snow depth material, the value can be decided according to the reference snow pressure in the
neighboring places or long-term materials and by means of contrastive analysis over
meteorological and terrain conditions. Also, it can be approximately decided by the natioanl
reference snow pressure distribution graph (appendix D.5.1).
6.1.4 The snow load of mountains shall be decided after the practical survey. If there is no
survey material, it can be adopted as the snow load multiplied by the coefficient 1.2 in the
local neighboring and open level surfaces.
6.1.5 The combination value coefficient of snow loads shall select 0.7, the frequent value
coefficient 0.6 and the quasi-permanent value coefficient shall be 0.5, 0.2 and 0 respectively
16
according to snow load zoning I, II and III. The snow load zonings shall be decided according
to Appendix D.4 or Attached figure D.5.2.
6.2 Coefficient of snow distribution over the roof
6.2.1 The coefficient of snow distribution over the roof shall be adopted according to Table
6.2.1 for different roofs.
17
Type
Even distribution
Uneven distribution
0.75r
r is adopted by Item 1
Arched roof
Even distribution
Uneven distribution
18
Type
Even distribution
Uneven distribution
Even distribution
Uneven distribution
Even distribution
Uneven distribution
19
Note: 1. In item 2, only when 2030 of the single-span gable roofs, the even distribution shall be adopted.
2. Item 4 and item 5 shall be applicable to the general industrial workshop roofs with the gradient 25.
3. For the double-span or gable or arched roof, if 25 or f/l0.1, the rectangular distribution shall be adopted.
4. For snow distribution coefficient of multi-span roof, please refer to provisions in item 7.
6.2.2 During the design of supporting members of buildings structures and roofs, the snow
distribution conditions shall be adopted according to the following provisions:
1. For roofing boards and purline, it shall adopt the most disadvantaged condition of the
snow inhomogeneous distribution.
2. For roof trusses and arch shells, it shall be adopted according to the snow full-span
rectangular distribution instances, inhomogeneous distribution instances and half-span
evenly-distributed instances.
3. For frames and columns, it shall be adopted as the snow full-span rectangular
distribution instance.
7. Wind load
7.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference wind pressure of wind loads
7.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of wind loads vertical to the surface of
buildings shall be calculated according to the following formula:
1. During the calculation of main bearing structures,
(7.1.1-1)
wk=zszw0
Where,
wkthe characteristic value/nominal value (kN/m2) of the wind load;
zWind vibration coefficient at height Z;
sWind load coefficient;
zVariation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
w0Reference wind pressure (kN/m2).
2. During the calculation of envelop enclosures,
(7.1.1-2)
wk=gzs1zw0
Where,
gzGust coefficient at height Z;
s1Partial wind pressure coefficient.
7.1.2 The reference wind pressure shall be adopted according to the 50-year value listed
in Appendix D.4 but shall be no less than 0.3kN/m2. For high-rise buildings, towering
structures and other structures sensitive to wind loads, the reference wind pressure shall
be elevated and decided according to related codes for structural design.
7.1.3 If the reference wind pressure value of cities and construction sites is not listed in
Appendix D, the reference wind pressure value can be decided according to the maximum
wind speed materials, based on the definition of the reference wind pressure and making
analysis over statistics. During the analysis, the influence of sample quantity shall be taken
into consideration (please refer to Appendix D). If there is also no wind speed material, the
20
value can be decided according to the reference wind pressure in the neighboring places or
long-term materials and by means of contrastive analysis over meteorological phenomena and
terrain conditions. Also, it can be approximately decided by the national reference wind
pressure distribution graph (appendix D.5.3).
7.1.4 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value coefficient of wind
loads shall be 0.6, 0.4 and 0 respectively.
7.2 Variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
7.2.1 For level or small-undulant terrain, the variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
shall be decided according to Table 7.2.1 based on different terrain roughness.
The terrain roughness can be divided into A, B, C and D classes:
A-Class: offing sea surfaces, islands, coasts, lakeshores and deserts;
B-Class: open countries, countries, jungles, hills, and villages and suburbia with
sparse buildings;
C-Class: cities with dense buildings;
D-Class: cities with dense high-rise buildings.
Table 7.2.1 Variation Coefficient z of the Wind Pressure Height
Height away from the ground or sea surface
(m)
1.17
1.00
0.74
0.62
10
1.38
1.00
0.74
0.62
15
1.52
1.14
0.74
0.62
20
1.63
1.25
0.84
0.62
30
1.80
1.42
1.00
0.62
40
1.92
1.56
1.13
0.73
50
2.03
1.67
1.25
0.84
60
2.12
1.77
1.35
0.93
70
2.20
1.86
1.45
1.02
80
2.27
1.95
1.54
1.11
90
2.34
2.02
1.62
1.19
100
2.40
2.09
1.70
1.27
150
2.64
2.38
2.03
1.61
200
2.83
2.61
2.30
1.92
250
2.99
2.80
2.54
2.19
300
3.12
2.97
2.75
2.45
350
3.12
3.12
2.94
2.68
400
3.12
3.12
3.12
2.91
450
3.12
3.12
3.12
3.12
7.2.2 For mountainous buildings, the variation coefficient of the wind pressure height may not
be determined by roughness types of the equitable terrain on the basis of Table 7.2.1, but also
shall be adopted by considering the orographic conditions compensation and compensation
factor 11 respectively on the basis of the following requirements:
21
1 For the mountain peak and hillside, the compensation factors on the top may be
adopted according to the following formula:
B = [1 + ktga(1
z
)]2
2.5 H
(7.2.2)
Where
tgThe slope of mountain peak or hillside on the windward side; when tg>0.3, tg
takes 0.3;
kCoefficient, it takes 3.2 for mountain peak, and takes 1.4 for hillside;
HOverall height of the peak or hillside (m);
zHeight from the calculated position of the building to the building ground, m;
when z>2.5H, z takes 2.5H;
For other positions of the mountain peak and sidehill, they may comply with figure 7.2.2,
compensation factor at Part A, Part C (A and C) is 1, while the compensation factors
between A and B or between B and C are determined by linear interpolation of .
2 For the blocking terrains like intermontaine basin and valley, =0.75~0.85;
For the valley mouth and mountain pass concurrent with the wind direction,
=1.20~1.50.
7.2.3 For high seas offing and insular buildings or structures, the variation coefficient of the
wind pressure height may not only be determined by roughness type of A-type on the basis of
Table 7.2.1, but shall also consider the compensation factor shown in Table 7.2.3.
Table 7.2.3 Compensation Factor of High Seas Offing and Island
Distance away from the coast (km)
<40
1.0
40~60
1.0~1.1
60~100
1.1~1.2
22
3 When the building and structures have shapes different to those specified in Table 7.3.1
and no reference available, it should be determined by tunnel test;
4 For important building and structures with complicated shapes, they shall be
determined by tunnel test.
Table 7.3.1 the Shape Coefficient of Wind Loads
Items
Type
Close-type grounding
gable roof
The median is calculated by interpolation method
23
Type
24
Type
Close type
unequal height
9
and unequal
double spans
gable roof
Close-type
unequal height
10
and unequal
three spans gable
roof
Close-type gable
11
12
Close-type
unequal height
13
and unequal
three midspans
gable roof with
scuttle
25
Type
Close-type double
14
s for the second scuttle surface of the windward is adopted by the following requirements:
When a4h, s=0.2
When a>4h, s=0.6
15
16
Two opposite
17
Close-type pitched
18
26
Type
20
Close-type double
21
22
Close-type
23
complicated
multi-span roof
s of the scuttle surface is adopted by the following requirements:
When a4h, s=0.2
When a>4h, s=0.6
27
Type
This Fig. is applicable to conditions that shape coefficient s in Hm/H2 and s/H = 0.2~0.4
Backing
24
close-type gable
roof
Shape coefficient s
28
Type
Backing
25
close-type
gable roof
This Fig. is applicable to conditions that shape coefficient s in Hm/H2and s/H =0.2~0.4;
with scuttle
Single-sided
26
open type
gable roof
29
Type
gable
Open
on
in
Shape coefficient s
Double-side open
27
Semi-open gable
28
29
Type
canopy
30
both
30
Close-type building
and structures
L-shape
+-shape
plane
plane
II-shape plane
31
32
Type
Members of
sections
Truss
31
stw = st
1 n
1
st is the shape coefficient of the single truss, and is adopted by the following Table.
32
33
Type
(a) The profile coefficient s when the angle tower pier is calculated integrally
coefficient
34
Tower pier
Triangle wind
Rectangle
Breakwind
Wind direction
Wind direction
Single angle
Angle
direction
combination
0.1
2.6
2.9
3.1
2.4
0.2
2.4
2.7
2.9
2.2
0.3
2.2
2.4
2.7
2.0
0.4
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.8
0.5
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.6
(b) The shape coefficient s when the pipe and round steel tower pier is calculated integrally
When sw0d20.002, s is adopted by the s of angle tower pier by multiplied by 0.8;
When sw0d20.015, s is adopted by the s of angle tower pier by multiplied by 0.6.
The median is calculated by interpolation method
33
35
Type
Rotating
umbo
Structures
of circular
36
section
(including
chimney
and tower)
Values in the table are applicable to surface smooth conditions in sw0d20.015, therein, w0 is in unit
of kN/m2, and d is in unit of m.
(b) The shape coefficient s when it is calculated integrally
The median is calculated by interpolation method; is the prominent height of the surface
34
Type
37
Rotating
umbo
s listed in the table is the same of back and forth dual-pipes, therein, the forth pipe is 0.6
(c) close packing multi-pipe
38
Dragline
7.3.2 If the space between multi-buildings, especially dense high-rise buildings is small, the
interactive group effect of wind shall be considered. Commonly, the single building
coefficient s shall be multiplied by the mutual interference aggrandizement coefficient which
can be decided according to test data of similar cases. If necessary, it can be got from the
tunnel test.
7.3.3 During the calculation of the enclosure members and their connections, the partial wind
pressure coefficient s1 shall be decided according to the following provisions:
I. External surface
1. For zones with positive pressure, it shall be adopted according to Table 7.3.1.
35
7.4.2 For general cantilever-type structure, if such high-rise structures as truss, tower and
chimney, or torsion-neglectable high-rise buildings with height of greater than 30m and
depth-width ratio of greater than 1.5, they may only consider the impact of the first vibration
mode, while the wind loads of the structure may be calculated by wind vibration coefficient
on the basis of formula (7.1.1-1), and the wind vibration coefficientz of the structure at
height z may be worked out according to the following formula:
z=1+
v z
z
(7.4.2)
Where
Augmenting factor of the ripple;
vInfluence coefficient of the ripple;
zMode factor;
zVariation coefficient of the wind pressure height
7.4.3 The augmenting factor of the ripple; may be determined by Table 7.4.3.
36
0T 1(kNs /m )
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.60
Steel structure
1.47
1.57
1.69
1.77
1.83
1.88
2.04
2.24
2.36
1.26
1.32
1.39
1.44
1.47
1.50
1.61
1.73
1.81
1.11
1.14
1.17
1.19
1.21
1.23
1.28
1.34
1.38
0T 1(kNs /m )
0.80
1.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
Steel structure
2.46
2.53
2.80
3.09
3.28
3.42
3.54
3.91
4.14
1.88
1.93
2.10
2.30
2.43
2.52
2.60
2.85
3.01
1.42
1.44
1.54
1.65
1.72
1.7
1.82
1.96
2.06
Note: when calculating 0T 1, basic wind pressure may be replaced directly for regions with ground roughness of B-type,
while for regions of A-type, C-type and D-type, it shall be replaced by local basic wind pressure being multiplied by 1.38, 0.62
and 0.32 respectively.
7.4.4 Influence coefficient of the ripple may be determined by the following conditions
respectively.
1 The condition when the windward width of the structure is far less than its height such
as high-rise structure;
1) If the contour and mass are even along the aspect ratio, ripple ratio may be
determined according to Table 7.4.4-1.
Table 7.4.4-1 Influence Coefficient of the Ripple
Total height
10
H(m)
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100
150
A 0.78 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
Types of ground roughness
B 0.72 0.9 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83
C 0.64 0.73 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.91
D 0.53 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.92 097 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00
2) When the width of the windward and crosswind side of the structure varies along
the height in beeline or approach beeline, while the mass varies along the height
continuous and regularly, influence coefficient of the ripple shown in Table 7.4.4-1 shall
be multiplied by compensation factor B and v again. B shall be the ratio between the
width Bz at height z and the bottom width Bo of the structures windward; may be
determined by Table 7.4.4-2.
Table 7.4.4-2 Compensation Factor
BH/Bo
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1.00
L 10
1.20
1.32
1.50
1.5
2.08
2.53
3.30
5.60
Note: BH and B0 are widths of the structures windward on the top and at the bottom.
2 When the width of the structure windward is larger, condition for spatial correlation of
wind pressure along the width direction shall be considered (such as high-rise building); if the
contour and mass are even along the aspect ratio, the influence coefficient of the ripple may
be the ratio between the total height H and its windward width B, it may be determined by
Table 7.4.4-3.
37
Types of
H/B
ground
30
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.44
0.42
0.33
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.42
0.41
0.33
0.28
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.40
0.40
0.34
0.29
0.27
0.23
0.22
0.20
0.36
0.37
0.34
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.22
0.48
0.47
0.41
0.35
0.31
0.27
0.26
0.24
0.46
0.46
0.42
0.36
0.36
0.29
0.27
0.26
0.43
0.44
0.42
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.29
0.28
0.39
0.42
0.42
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.32
031
0.50
0.51
0.46
0.42
0.38
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.48
0.50
0.47
0.42
0.40
0.36
0.35
0.33
0.45
0.49
0.48
0.44
0.42
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.41
0.46
0.48
0.46
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.39
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.42
0.41
0.38
0.38
0.36
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.46
0.43
0.40
0.40
0.38
0.48
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.46
0.43
0.43
0.41
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
0.52
0.53
0.51
0.49
0.46
0.44
0.42
0.39
0.50
0.53
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.45
0.44
0.42
roughness
0.5
1.0
2.0
3.0
5.0
8.0
0.47
0.50
0.52
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.47
0.45
0.43
0.48
0.52
0.53
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.53
0.54
0.53
0.51
0.48
0.46
0.43
0.42
0.51
0.53
0.54
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.6
0.44
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.53
0.52
0.52
0.50
0.48
0.43
0.48
0.54
0.53
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.53
7.4.5 The mode factor shall be determined by power calculation of the structure. For
cantilever-type high-rise structure with contour, mass and rigidity vary continuously and
regularly along the height, or the high-rise building even in aspect ratio, the mode factor may
also be determined by relative height z/H on the basis of Appendix F.
7.5 Gustiness factor
7.5.1 When calculating wind loads of curtain wall component (including door window) of the
blind bearing the wind pressure, gustiness factor shall be determined by Table 7.5.1.
For other roof and wall face components, gustiness factor takes 1.0.
38
1.69
1.88
2.30
3.21
10
1.63
1.78
2.10
2.76
15
1.60
1.72
1.99
2.54
20
1.58
1.69
1.92
2.39
30
1.54
1.64
1.83
2.21
40
1.52
1.60
1.77
2.09
50
1.51
1.58
1.3
2.01
60
1.49
1.56
1.69
1.94
70
1.48
1.54
1.66
1.89
80
1.47
1.53
1.64
1.85
90
1.47
1.52
1.62
1.81
100
1.46
1.51
1.60
1.8
150
1.43
1.47
1.54
1.67
200
1.42
1.44
1.50
1.60
250
1.40
1.42
1.46
1.55
300
1.39
1.41
1.44
1.51
39
vH=
2000 H w0
(7.6.1-3)
Where
TiNatural vibration period of the structural vibration mode i; when checking
the subcritical breeze sympathetic vibration, it takes basic natural vibration period T1;
StStrouhal number, it takes 0.2 for circular sectional structure;
HVariation coefficient of the wind pressure height on top of the structure;
w0Basic wind pressure (kN/m2);
Air density (kg/m3)
6 When the structure is reduced along the height section (inclination pitch is no greater
than 0.02), diameter at 2/3 structural height may be approximately adopted.
7.6.2 The equivalent wind loads of vibration mode j caused by over-critical fresh gale
sympathetic vibration at the height z may be determined by the following formula:
(7.6.2-1)
Wczj=|j|vcr2zj/12800jKN/m2
Initial point height H1 of the critical wind velocity shown in Table 7.6.2 may be
determined by the following formula:
H1=H (
vcr 1 / a
)
1.2vH
(7.6.2-2)
Where:
Ground roughness index, they are 0.12, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.30 for A-type, B-type,
C-type and D-type respectively;
HWind speed on top of the structure (m/s)
Note: when checking the crosswind vibration, high vibration mode No. considered is no greater than 4, and it may take the
first or second vibration mode for general cantilever-type structure.
Vibration
type
mode No.
H1/H
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.56
1.55
1.54
1.49
1.42
1.31
1.15
0.94
0.68
0.37
High-rise
0.83
0.82
0.76
0.60
0.37
0.09
-0.16
-0.33
-0.38
-0.27
structure
0.52
0.48
0.32
0.06
-0.19
-0.30
-0.21
0.00
0.20
0.23
0.30
0.33
0.02
-0.20
-0.23
0.03
0.16
0.15
-0.05
-0.18
High-rise
1.56
1.56
1.54
1.49
1.41
1.28
1.12
0.91
0.65
0.35
building
0.73
0.72
0.63
0.45
0.19
-0.11
-0.36
-0.52
-0.53
-0.36
7.6.3 When checking crosswind vibration, the gross effect of wind loads may determine the
crosswind load effect Sc and downwind load effect SA by the following formula:
S= SC2 + S A2
(7.6.3)
7.6.4 For the structure of non-circular section, equivalent wind loads of the crosswind
vibration should be determined by the tunnel test of the air elastic model; or it may be
determined by reference to the relevant information.
40
Deadweight
Remarks
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
Sawdust
2-2.5
Fiber board
4-5
Cork board
2.5
Chipboard
1. Timber (kN/m3)
Cedar wood
Fir, spruce, Korean pine, China Armand pine, hemlock, Mongolian
Scotch Pine, alder, toon, poplar, Chinese ash
Chinese red pine, Burma pine, Chinese pine, red pine, Guangdong
pine, alder, sweetgum, wear the willow, common sassafras, Qinling
Mountain larch and Xinjiang larch
Northeast larch, Dacrydium cupressinum, elm, birch, Manchurian
ash, chinaberry,
ailanthus
2. Peeler ( kN/m2)
Veneer three-ply ( poplar)
0.019
0.028
0.028
0.03
0.034
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.12
41
Cast iron
72.5
Wrought iron
77.5
27.6
Hematite
25-30
Steel
78.5
89
Brass, gunmetal
89
42
Aluminium
27
Aluminium alloy
28
Zinc
70.5
Sub-zinc mine
40.5
Lead
114
Galena
74.5
Gold
193
Platinum
213
Silver
105
Tin
73.5
Nickel
89
Mercury
136
Tungsten
189
Magnesium
18.5
Antimony
66.6
Crystal
29.5
Borax
17.5
Sulphur ore
20.5
Asbestos mine
24.6
Asbestos
10
Asbestos
Kaolin
22
Gypsum mine
25.5
Gypsum
13-14.5
Compaction
Incoherence, dampness no bigger
than 15%
42
9
4. Earth, Sand, Grit, Rock ( kN/m3)
Humus soil
15-16
Clay
13.5
Clay
16
Clay
18
Clay
20
Grit
12.2
Dry, soft
Sandy soil
16
Sandy soil
18
Sandy soil
20
Sandy soil
14
Sandy soil
17
Pebble
16-18
Dry
17-18
Dry, soft
15-17
Dry, soft
16-19.2
Dry, compaction
18.9-19.2
Wet
Pumice
6-8
Dry
4-6
Sandstone
23.6
Shale
28
Shale
14.8
Slabstone stow
Marlstone
14
=40
Granite, marble
28
Granite
15.4
Limestone
26.4
Limestone
15.2
Mussel bed
14
Dolomite
16
Talcum
27.1
Flint
35.2
Slabstone stow
Slabstone stow
43
Toniciidae
27.6
Basalt
29.5
Feldspar
25.5
Hornblende, verdantique
30
Hornblende, verdantique
17.1
Slabstone stow
Blinding
14-15
Stow
Rock meal
16
Bubbly clay
5-8
4-6
Diabase board
29.5
5. Brick and Brickbat (kN/m3)
Common brick
18
240mm115mm53mm(684 pieces/m3)
Common brick
19
Made by machine
Clinker
21-21.5
Red clinker
20.4
Firebrick
19-22
230mm110mm65mm(609 pieces/m3)
23-25
230mm113mm65mm(590 pieces/m3)
Sand-lime brick
18
Cinder block
17-18.5
Slag brick
18.5
Breeze brick
12-14
Soot brick
14-15
Clay butt
12-15
Sawdust brick
10
290mm290mm140mm(85 pieces/m3)
9.8
290mm290mm140mm(85 pieces/m3)
10.3
300mm250mm110mm(121 pieces/m3)
9.6
300mm250mm160mm(83 pieces/m3)
14.0-16.0
5.0
6.0
7.0-8.0
44
5.5
11.8
390mm190mm190mm
Rubble
12
Stow
Cement tile
19.8
200mm200mm24mm(1042 pieces/m3)
19.8
150mm150mm8mm(5556 pieces/m3)
Ceramic mosaic
0.12kN/m2
Thickness 5mm
11
Stow, =30
Quicklime powder
12
Stow, =35
13.5
17
14
Calcareous slag
10-12
Cement slag
12-14
13
Lime soil
17.5
16
16
Lime sawdust
3.4
Lime: sawdust=1:3
Lime concrete
17.5
Cement
12.5
Cement
14.5
Bulkload, =30
Cement
16
Slag cement
14.5
Cement mortar
20
Cement, grout
5-8
19
7-15
Gypsum mortar
12
Rubble concrete
18.5
Plain concrete
22-24
Cinder concrete
20
Breeze concrete
16-17
For bearing
45
Breeze concrete
10-14
Iron-aggregate concrete
28-65
Pumice concrete
9-14
Bituminous concrete
20
16-19
Foamed concret
4-6
Aerocrete
5.5-7.5
Reinforcement concrete
24-25
20
Steel-web cement
25
20-23.5
For filling
Monolith
19.5
7. pitch, coal ash, butter grain (kN/m3)
Petroleum asphalt
10-11
Tar
12
Coal pitch
13.4
Coal tar
10
Anthracite
15.5
Whole
Anthracite
9.5
Anthracite
Tobacco smalls
Stockpile, =15
Coal briquette
10
Stockpile
Lignite
12.5
Lignite
7-8
Turf
7.5
Turf
3.2-3.4
Xylanthrax
3-5
Coal coke
12
Coal coke
Cinder
10
Coal ash
6.5
Coal ash
Stockpile
Stockpile
Stockpile, =45
Compaction
46
Plumbago
20.8
Coal wax
Oil wax
9.6
Crude oil
8.8
Kerosene
Kerosene
7.2
Lubricating oil
7.4
Gasoline
6.7
Gasoline
6.4
9.3
Bean oil
8. Misc ( kN/m3)
Simple glass
25.6
Steel glass
26
Cellular glass
3-5
Glass wool
0.5-1
Rock wool
0.5-2.5
0.8-1
1-1.5
14-22
Slag wool
1.2-1.5
3.5-4
1.2-1.6
1.2-1.6
0.8-2.5
3.5-4
Expanded vermiculite
0.8-2
3.5-4.5
4-6
47
13.6-16
Polystyrene foam
0.5
Asbestos board
13
Emulsified asphalt
9.8-10.5
Flexible rubber
9.3
White phosphorus
18.3
Rosin
10.7
Magnetism
24
Alcohol
7.85
100% (net)
Alcohol
6.6
Hydrochloric acid
12
Concentration 40%
Nitric acid
15.1
Concentration 91%
Vitriol
17.9
Concentration 87%
Alkali
17
Concentration 60%
Ammonium chloride
7.5
Stockpile in bags
Urea
7.5
Stockpile in bags
Ammonium bicarbonate
Stockpile in bags
Water
10
Ice
8.96
Books
10
Newspaper
Rice paper
Straw
1.2
15
9. Foodstuff (kN/m3)
Rough rice
=35
Rice
8.5
Loose keeping
Grain legumes
7.5-8
=20
Grain legumes
6.8
In bags
48
Wheat
=25
Flour
Corn
7.8
=28
Millet, sorghum
Bulkload
Millet, sorghum
In bags
Sesame
4.5
In bags
Fresh fruit
3.5
Bulkload
Fresh fruit
Encasement
Peanut
Tin can
4.5
Encasement
Bean cake
Rock salt
10
In bulk
Salt
8.6
Salt
8.1
In bags
Granulated sugar
7.5
Bulkload
Granulated sugar
In bags
26.4
Grout ashlar
25.6
Limestone
Grout ashlar
22.4
Sandstone
24.8
24
Limestone
20.8
Sandstone
20.8
20
Limestone
17.6
Sandstone
18
Grouting brick
19
Building of clinkers
21
Grouting firebrick
22
21
12.5-14
49
16
17
13
Full
12.5
No load
15
8-8.5
17
0.9
0.5
0.27
0.32
0.38
0.5
0.36
0.55
0.5
0.34
Thickness 20mm
0.50.5
0.7
0.07+0.007span
50
0.12+0.011span
0.2-0.3
Steel-frame glazing
0.4-0.5
Wood door
0.1-0.2
Steel-iron door
0.4-0.5
0.55
0.5-0.55
0.9-1.1
Tile roofing
0.5
Slate roofing
0.46
Thickness 6.3 mm
Slate roofing
0.71
Thickness 9.5mm
Slate roofing
0.71
Thickness 12.1mm
0.16
0.18
0.2
1820mm725mm8mm
0.05
No.24
Corrugated iron
0.05
No.26
0.12-0.13
0.3
Lucite roofing
0.06
Thickness 1.0mm
Glass roof
0.3
0.65
0.05
0.25-0.3
Linoleum waterproof layer (modified
asphalt waterproof coiled material
included)
0.3-0.35
0.35-0.4
Waterproof layer
0.1
Thickness 8mm
Dormer window
0.35-0.4
51
0.45
0.45
0.55
0.48
Dealt hover
0.25
Three-ply hover
0.18
0.15
0.26
0.29
0.17
0.18
0.2
0.12
0.17
0.20
0.25
0.1-0.12
0.2
0.2
Hardwood flooring
0.2
Deal flooring
0.18
0.55
52
0.6
Terrazzo floor
0.65
Oilcloth
0.02-0.03
0.7
Magnesite flooring
0.28
Thickness 20mm
4-5
Clinker floor
1.7-2.1
Clinker floor
3.3
1.5
included
0.13
Double-wave W-550
0.11
Tricrotism V-200
0.135
Multimode V-125
0.065
Multimode V-115
0.079
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.16
50-250mm
0.24
1.13
0.3
600mm, thickness:
60mm
53
0.35
0.17
0.14
0.7-0.9
0.4
Thickness: 100mm
0.45
Thickness: 120mm
0.5
GRC wallboard
0.11
1.1
Thickness: 10mm
Thickness of rock wool core material: 50mm, thickness of
bifacial ferro-cement mortar: 25mm respectively
0.08
0.10
0.12
Cypress board
0.95
0.14
Thickness: 75mm
0.45
0.17
3000mm600mm60mm
1.0-1.5
54
qe =
8M max
bl 2
(B.0.4-1)
Where,
lis the lamellar span;
bis the effective distribution width of the plate load, to be determined according to
B.o.5 of this appendix;
Mmaxis the absolute maximum moment of the simple-support one-way slab, to be
determined by the most disadvantaged arrangement of equipments.
When calculating Mmax, the equipment load shall be multiplied by the power coefficient and
deducted the bending moment caused by applying load on the span area of this plate.
B.0.5 The effective distribution width (b) of the partial load on the one-way slab may be
calculated according to the following provisions:
1 When the long edge of the working face of the partial load is in parallel with the plate
span, the effective distribution width b of the load on the simply supported plate is: (Figure
B.0.5-1)
55
Non-supported edge
Support
Figure B.0.5-1 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Simply Supported Plate (the long
edge of the load's working face is in parallel with the plate span)
(B.0.5-1)
b=0.6bcy+0.94l
(B.0.5-2)
Support
Figure B.0.5-2 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Simply Supported Plate (the long
edge of the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate span)
2
bcy+0.73l
3
56
bcyis the calculated width when the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate
span;
btx =btx+2s+h
bty =bty+2s+h
Where,
btxis the width when the load's working face is in parallel with the plate span;
btyis the width when the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate span;
sis the underlayer thickness;
his the lamellar thickness.
3 When the partial load acts on the non-supported edge of the plate, namely: d<b/2
(Figure B.0.5-1), the effective distribution width of the load shall be deducted, and it can be
calculated according to the following formula:
b=1/2b+d
(B.0.5-5)
Where,
bis the effective distribution width after deduction;
dis the distance between the center of load's working face and the non-supported
edge.
4 When the two partial load is adjacent but e<b, the effective distribution width of load
shall be deducted and it can be calculated according to the following formula (Figure
B.0.5-3):
Support
Figure B.0.5-3 Effective Distribution Width of the Two Adjacent Partial Loads
b=b/2+e/2
(B.0.5-6)
Where,
eis the spacing between the center of two partial loads.
5 The effective distribution width of the partial load on the cantilever plate is (Figure
B.0.5-4):
57
Figure B.0.5-4 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Plate for Cantilever
b=bcy+2x
(B.0.5-7)
Where,
xis the spacing from the center of partial load's working face to the support.
B.0.6 The equivalent uniform load of two-way slab may be determined according to the
absolute maximum moment of the plate simply supported on four sides.
B.0.7 The partial load on the junior beam (including the longitudinal rib of the trough plate)
shall be the bigger value of the bending moment's and shearing force's isoeffect rectangular
distribution live load:
q eM =
qeV =
8M max
sl 2
2Vmax
sl
(B.0.71)
(B.0.72)
Where,
Sis the junior beam spacing;
lis the junior beam span;
Mmax and Vmaxis the absolute maximum moment and maximum shear of the
simple-support junior beam, to be determined by the most disadvantaged arrangement of
equipments.
When calculating Mmax and Vmax according to the simply-supported beam, except for the
partial load directly handed down to the junior beam, the live load (dynamic influence shall
be considered for the equipment load and the operating load on the equipment area shall be
deducted) brought over from the neighboring plate as well as the unloading effect from the
junior beam adjacent on both sides shall also be considered.
58
B.0.8 When the load is distributed uniformly, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load
on the main beam may be acquired through dividing the total load by the total load-bearing
area.
B.0.9 In a typical case, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load on the post and the
foundation may be the same as the main beam.
59
Item
First-class metalwork
Second-class
metalwork
Third-class
metalwork
Fourth-class
metalwork
Junior beam
Combination value
Frequent value
Quasi-permanent value
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient
Board
Board
Beam
Beam
span
span
spacing
spacing
1.2m
2.0m
1.2m
2.0m
22.0
14.0
14.0
10.0
9.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
18.0
12.0
12.0
9.0
8.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
16.0
10.0
10.0
8.0
7.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
12.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
Girder
Representative
machine type
Note:
1. The combination of loads listed in the form is applicable for one-way bearing field-cast girders and prefabricated trough plates. For trough plates, the board span listed in the form refers to the vittae spacing of trough
plates.
2. The combination of loads listed in the form doesn't include the deadweight of partitions and suspended ceilings.
3. The combination of loads listed in the form has taken the equipment (including dynamic influence) and operation combination of loads in the installation, repair and regular service conditions.
4. During the design of walls, columns and foundations, the floor live load listed in the form shall adopt the same combination of loads as that of the designed girders.
60
Table C.0.2 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Instrumentation Production Department
Characteristic value/nominal
value(kN/m2)
Number
Workshop name
Optical manufacture
Optical
Large-type optical
workshop
instrument assembly
Common optical
3
4
5
instrument assembly
Large-type instrument assembly
Common
assembly
Micron gear processing and crystal
element (gem) processing
Common optical
7
Workshop
storehouses
8
instrument storehouse
Large-type instrument
storehouses
Combination value
Frequent value
Quasi-permanent value
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient
Girder
board
Junior
Remarks
Board
Board
span
span
1.2m
2.0m
7.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
7.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
7.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
0.7
0.7
0.6
7.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
0.8
0.8
0.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
7.0
7.0
7.0
6.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
beam)
61
Table C.0.3 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Semiconductor Device Workshop
Characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
Number
board
Workshop name
1
2
3
Semiconductor device
workshop
junior beam
combination value
frequent value
quasi-permanent value
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient
board
board
beam
beam
span
span
spacing
spacing
1.2m
2.0m
1.2m
2.0m
10.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
14.0-18.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
9.0-12.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
4.0-8.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
3.0
Girder
equipment ( KN)
62
Table C.0.4 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Cotton Spinning and Weaving Workshop
characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
board
Number
Workshop name
junior beam
board
board
board
board
span
span
span
span
1.2m
2.0m
1.2m
2.0m
12.0
8.0
10.0
7.0
Card room
Girder
Combination value
Frequent value
Quasi-permanent value
coefficient
coefficient
coefficient
FA201,203
5.0
Roving room
15.0
10.0
12.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
(15.0)
(10.0)
(8.0)
6.0
Coning room
(10.0)
8.0
5.0
FA221A
FA401,415A,421
4.0
TJFA458A
FA705,506,507A
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
GA013,015
ESPERO
0.8
Thread-twisting room
Beaming room
Shuttle loom
5
Representative equipment
8.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
loom
0.7
FA705,721,762
ZC-L-180
D3-1000-180
12.5
6.5
6.5
5.5
4.4
Weaving room
Gripper
0.8
GA615-150
GA615-180
GA731-190,733-190
18.0
9.0
10.0
6.0
4.5
TP600-200
SOMET-190
Note: Values in the parentheses are applicable in the partial floor of reducer chain-drive section.
63
Table C.0.5 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Preparing Shops in Tyre Plants
Characteristic value/nominal
value(kN/m2)
Number
Workshop
name
board
board
board
span
span
junior
beam
Combination
Frequent
value
value
coefficient
coefficient
Girder
Quasi-permanent
value coefficient
q
Representative
equipment
1.2m 2.0m
Lowering of charge
1
14.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
1.0
0.95
0.85
Preparing
Industrial chemicals
shop
2
10.0
8.0
8.0
6.0
1.0
0.95
processing support,
0.85
refining adhesion by
Banbury mixer
Note:
1. The combination of loads of motor hoists used for repair of Banbury mixers is neglected. During the design, it shall be taken
into consideration respectively.
2. The live load of lowering of charge for black pigment processing has taken the utilization of black pigment storehouse into
consideration. If it is not used for storehouse, the combination of loads shall be decreased. Note: See the note of Table C.0.1.
Table C.0.6 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Grain Processing Workshop
Characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
Board
Number
Workshop name
junior beam
span
beam
Drawing plant
Grounding
room
beam
2.5m
3.0m
frequent
value
value
beam
combination
14.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
12.0
10.0
9.0
10.0
9.0
8.0
9.0
quasi-permanent
value
Representative
coefficient
equipment
1.0
0.95
0.85
JMN10
drawbench
MF011 flour
mill
SX011
oscillating
Barley room
3
Flour
and milling
plant
room
screen
5.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
GF031 roller
brush machine
GF011
scourer
Roof
4
suspending jog
2.0
2.0
2.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
9.0
strainers
5
Barley-washing
workshops
SL011 jog
strainer
wheat wasther
64
Hulling
separator and
milling
Rice
LG09
7.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
rubber
roller hulling
separator
workshop
plant
combination
7
Dressing shops
4.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
clearing
screen
Note:
1. If the drawing plants can't be full of grinding rollers, the girder live load shall be adopted as 10kN/m2.
2. The combination of loads of roof suspending jog strainers has been considered under the condition that the equipment is
suspended under the girder.
3. If the dressing shops in rice plants adopt SX011 oscillating screens, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load can be
adopted according to the provisions of barley rooms in the flour mill.
4. See the note of Table C.0.1.
65
S = hg (kNm2)
(D.1.2)
Where,
h is the snow depth which is the vertical depth of the snow form the snow surface
to the ground (m);
is the snow density (t/m3);
g is the acceleration of gravity; 9.8m/s2
The snow density changes with the snow depth, snow time and the local geography and
climatic conditions; and the variation is to be large. As for the station where there is no snow
record, the snow pressure may be calculated according to the average snow density of the
local.
Snow pressure shall be calculated according the methods specified in D.3. The
maximum data of the snow pressure every year shall be the maximum snow pressure during
the annual July to June of the ensuing year.
D.2 Fundamental Wind Pressure
D.2.1 If the wind pressure is determined, the observation area shall be representative.
Representativeness of the area shall meet the following contents:
the torography around the observation area shall be open and flat;
the meteorological characteristics in a large area of the local shall be reflected; and
the influence of the local torography and environment shall be avoided.
D.2.2 Observation data of the wind speed shall meet the following requirements:
1 All record data shall be taken from the self-recording anemoscope. As for the data
which are gotten from the non self-recording anemoscope, all shall be adopted after being
modified properly.
66
2 If the difference between the height of the anemoscope and the standard height (10m)
is too large, it may be converted to the wind speed of the standard height according to the
following formula:
Z
v = vz
10
(D.2.2)
Where,
0.001276 0.378e
3
t/m
1 + 0.00366t 100000
(D.2.2-2)
Where,
t is the air temperature ();
p is the air pressure (Pa);
= 0.00125e 0.0001z (t / m 3 )
(D.2.2-3)
When the maximum annual data of the wind speed are selected, the information usually
shall be over 25 years. When it is unable to meet, the data of the wind speed shall not be less
than 10 years. After the calculation of the 50-year fundamental wind speed (vo) and based on
the requirements of D.3, fundamental wind pressure shall be according to the following
formula:
w0 =
1 2
v0
2
(D.2.2-4)
(D.3.1-1)
Where,
u is the distributive location parameter, namely the distributive modus;
is the distributive scale parameter.
The relation of the parameter () and average values () of the distribution and the
standard deviation shall be calculated according to the following formula:
a=
1.28255
(D.3.1-2)
67
u=
0.57722
a
(D.3.1-3)
a=
C1
s
u=
(D.3.2-1)
C2
a
(D.3.2-2)
And the factors (C1 and C2) in the formula shall refer to Table D.3.2.
Table D.3.2 C1 and C2 Factors
n
C1
C2
C1
C2
10
0.9497
0.4952
60
1.17465
0.55208
15
1.02057
0.5182
70
1.18536
0.55477
20
1.06283
0.52355
80
1.19385
0.55688
25
1.09145
0.53086
90
1.20649
0.55860
30
1.11238
0.53622
100
1.20649
0.56002
35
1.12847
0.54034
250
1.24292
0.56878
40
1.14132
0.54362
500
1.25880
0.57240
45
1.15185
0.54630
1000
1.26851
0.57450
50
1.16066
0.54853
1.28255
0.57722
D.3.3 The maximum snow pressure and the maximum wind speed XR average return period,
whose average return period is R may be determined according to the following formula:
xR = u
1 R
ln ln
a R 1
(D.3.3)
D.3.4 The snow pressure and wind pressure whose return period is 10 years, 50 years and
100 years for all stations through the country may refer to Appendix D.4. The corresponding
values of R at other return period shall be determined according to the following formula:
(D.3.4)
68
City name
Snow pressure(kN/m2)
Elevation (m)
n=10
n=50
n=100
n=10
n=50
n=100
54.0
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Tianjin City
3.3
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Tanggu
3.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Shanghai
2.8
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.10
0.20
0.25
III
Chongqing
259.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
shijiazhuang
80.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Wei County
909.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xingtai City
76.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Fengning
659.7
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Weichang
842.8
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Zhangjiakou
724.2
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Huailai
536.8
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Chengde
377.2
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Zunhua
54.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.50
II
Qinglong
227.2
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Qinhuangdao
2.1
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Beijing
Tianjin
Hebei
69
Shanxi
Ba County
9.0
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Tangshan City
27.8
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Yueting
10.5
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Baoding
17.2
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Raoyang
18.9
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Cangzhou
9.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Huanghua
6.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Nangong
27.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Taiyuan
778.3
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Youyu
1345.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Datong
1067.2
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Hequ
861.5
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Wuzhai
1401.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Xing County
1012.6
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Yuanping
828.2
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Lishi
950.8
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Yangquan
741.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Yushe
1041.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xi County
1052.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
70
Inner Mongolia
Jiexiu
743.9
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Linfen
449.5
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Changye County
991.8
0.30
0.50
0.60
Yuncheng City
376.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Yangcheng
659.5
0.30
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
0.35
II
Hohhot
1063.0
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
581.4
0.35
0.50
0.60
0.35
0.45
0.50
732.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.60
0.70
Manchuria City
661.7
0.50
0.65
0.70
0.20
0.30
0.35
Hailaer City
610.2
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.35
0.45
0.50
Elunchun Xiaoergou
286.1
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.50
0.55
554.2
0.45
0.60
0.65
0.25
0.40
0.45
642.0
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.25
0.35
0.40
739.7
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.35
0.55
0.65
Zhalantun City
306.5
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.55
0.65
1027.4
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.70
501.8
0.45
0.55
0.60
0.25
0.35
0.40
Wulanhaote City
274.7
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
838.7
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
71
Ejina Banner
940.50
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
960.0
0.45
0.55
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
1328.1
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
1510.1
0.45
0.55
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Erlianhaote City
964.7
0.55
0.65
0.70
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Narenbaolige
1181.6
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
1225.2
0.50
0.75
0.85
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Abaga Banner
1126.1
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.35
0.40
1111.4
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.35
0.40
1509.6
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
1288.0
0.45
0.60
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Bailing Temple
1376.6
0.50
0.75
0.85
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Siziwang Banner
1490.1
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.30
0.45
0.55
II
Huade
1482.7
0.45
0.75
0.85
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
1056.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Baotou City
1067.2
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Jining City
1419.3
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
1031.8
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.5
0.10
0.15
II
Linhe City
1039.3
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
72
Liaoning
Etuoke Banner
1380.3
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
Dongsheng City
1460.4
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
atengxilian
1329.3
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Bayanhaote
1561.4
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
995.9
0.45
0.55
0.60
0.30
0.40
0.45
North Zhalutelu
265.0
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
484.4
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xilinhaote City
989.5
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.25
0.40
0.45
Linxi
799.0
0.45
0.60
0.70
0.25
0.40
0.45
Kailu
241.0
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Tongliao City
178.5
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Duolun
1245.4
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
631.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Chifeng City
571.1
0.30
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
400.5
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Shenyang City
42.8
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.30
0.50
0.55
Zhangwu
79.4
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Fuxin City
144.0
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Kaiyuan
98.2
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.40
0.45
73
Qingyuan
234.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.50
0.60
Chaoyang City
169.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.30
0.45
0.55
II
421.7
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Heishan
37.5
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Jinzhou City
65.9
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Anshan City
77.3
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Benxi City
185.2
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.40
0.55
0.60
118.5
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.35
0.45
0.50
Huanren
240.3
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.55
Suizhong
15.3
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Xingcheng City
8.8
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Yingkou City
3.3
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
20.4
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
233.4
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.35
0.55
0.60
Xiuyan
79.3
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.35
0.50
0.55
II
Kuandian
260.1
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.70
Dandong City
15.1
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Wafangdian City
29.3
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
43.2
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.30
0.35
II
74
Jilin
Zhuanghe
34.8
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Dalian City
91.5
0.40
0.65
0.75
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Changchun City
236.8
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.25
0.35
0.40
Baicheng City
155.4
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Qianan
146.3
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Front Guoerluosi
134.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Tongyu
149.5
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Changling
189.3
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
196.6
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
Shuangliao
114.9
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.20
0.30
0.35
Siping City
164.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.35
0.40
271.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
Jilin City
183.4
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.30
0.45
0.50
Jiaohe
295.0
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.40
0.65
0.75
Dunhua City
523.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.50
0.60
Meihekou City
339.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.30
0.45
0.50
Huadian
263.8
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.65
0.75
Jingyu
549.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.65
0.70
774.2
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.60
0.90
1.05
75
Heilongjiang
Yanji City
176.8
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.35
0.55
0.65
Tonghua City
402.9
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.50
0.80
0.90
332.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.45
0.70
0.80
Jian City
177.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.45
0.70
0.80
Changbai
1016.7
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.40
0.60
0.70
Harbin City
142.3
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.30
0.45
0.50
Mohe
296.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.65
0.70
Tahe
296.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.65
0.70
Xinlin
494.6
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.55
Huma
177.4
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.35
0.45
0.50
Jiagedaqi
371.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.55
0.60
Heihe City
166.4
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.45
0.60
0.65
Nenjiang River
242.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.40
0.55
0.60
Sunwu
234.5
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.40
0.55
0.60
Beian City
269.7
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.40
0.55
0.60
Keshan Mountain
234.6
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.50
0.55
Fuyu
162.4
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
Qiqihar
145.9
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
Hailun
239.2
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.30
0.40
0.45
76
Shandong
Mingshui
249.2
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
Yichun City
240.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.60
0.65
Hegang City
227.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.45
0.65
0.70
Fujin
64.2
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.35
0.45
0.50
Tailai
149.5
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
Suihua City
179.6
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.35
0.50
0.60
Anda City
149.3
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
Tieli
210.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.50
0.75
0.85
Jiamusi City
81.2
0.40
0.65
0.75
0.45
0.65
0.70
Yilan
100.1
0.45
0.65
0.75
Baoqing
83.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.50
0.55
Tonghe
108.6
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.75
0.85
Shangzhi
189.7
0.35
0.55
0.60
0.40
0.55
0.60
Jixi City
233.6
0.40
0.55
0.65
0.45
0.65
0.75
Hulin
100.2
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.50
0.70
0.80
Mudanjiang City
241.4
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.40
0.60
0.65
Suifenhe City
496.7
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.40
0.55
0.60
Jinan
51.6
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Dezhou City
21.2
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
77
Huimin
11.3
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
4.4
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Longkou City
4.8
0.45
0.60
0.65
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Yantai City
46.7
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Weihai City
46.6
0.45
0.65
0.75
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Chengshantou,Rongcheng City
47.7
0.60
0.70
0.75
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Zhaocheng, Zi County
42.7
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
1533.7
0.65
0.85
0.95
0.40
0.55
0.60
II
Taian City
128.8
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
34.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Qiyuan
304.5
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Weifang City
44.1
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Laiyang City
30.5
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Qingdao City
76.0
0.45
0.60
0.70
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Haiyang
65.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
33.7
0.40
0.55
0.65
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Heze City
49.7
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Yanzhou City
51.7
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.45
II
Linyi
87.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
78
Jiangsu
Rizhao City
16.1
0.30
0.40
0.45
Ju County
107.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Nanjing City
8.9
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.40
0.65
0.75
II
Xuzhou City
41.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Ganyu
2.1
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Xuyi
34.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Huaiyang City
17.5
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Sheyang
2.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Zhenjiang
26.5
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Wuxi
6.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.40
0.45
III
Taizhou
6.6
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Lianyungang
3.7
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Yancheng
3.6
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Gaoyou
5.4
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.40
III
Dongtai City
4.3
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Nantong City
5.3
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
5.5
0.35
0.50
0.55
0.10
0.20
0.25
III
Changzhou City
5.3
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Liyang
7.2
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.30
0.50
0.55
III
79
Zhejiang
Dongshan, WuCounty
17.5
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
Hangzhou City
41.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
1505.9
0.55
0.70
0.80
0.100
0.160
0.185
II
5.4
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Cixi City
7.1
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
shengsi
79.6
0.85
1.30
1.55
124.6
0.95
1.50
1.75
Zhoushan City
35.7
0.50
0.85
1.00
0.30
0.50
0.60
III
Jinhua City
62.6
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
Shengxian
104.3
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
Ningbo City
4.2
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
128.4
0.75
1.20
1.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Quzhou City
66.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.60
III
Lishui City
60.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Longquan
198.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
1383.1
0.60
0.90
1.05
0.40
0.60
0.70
III
Wenzhou City
6.0
0.35
0.60
0.70
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
1.3
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
86.2
0.90
1.40
1.65
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
80
Anhui
jiangxi
95.9
0.70
1.20
1.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
42.3
0.95
1.60
1.90
Hefei City
27.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.70
II
Dangshan
43.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Haozhou City
37.7
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Xiu County
25.9
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Shou County
22.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.55
II
Bangbu City
18.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.45
0.55
II
Chu County
25.3
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Liuan City
60.5
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.55
0.60
II
Huo Mountain
68.1
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.65
II
Chao County
22.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.50
II
Anqing City
19.8
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Ningguo
89.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.55
III
Huang Mountain
1840.4
0.50
0.70
0.80
0.35
0.45
0.50
III
Huangshan City
142.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Fuyang City
30.6
0.35
0.55
0.60
II
Nanchang City
46.7
0.30
0.45
0.55
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Xiushui
146.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.50
III
81
Fujian
Yichun City
131.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.45
III
Jian
76.4
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.45
III
Ninggang
263.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Suichuan
126.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.55
III
Ganzhou City
123.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Jiujiang
36.1
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.45
III
Lushan Mountain
1164.5
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.55
0.75
0.85
III
Boyang
40.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.60
0.70
III
Jingdezhen City
61.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Zhangshu City
30.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
Guixi
51.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.50
0.60
III
Yushan Moutnain
116.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Nancheng
80.8
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Guangchang
143.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Xunwu
303.9
0.25
0.30
0.35
Fuzhou City
83.8
0.40
0.70
0.85
Shaowu City
191.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
1401.9
0.55
0.70
0.80
0.40
0.60
0.70
III
Pucheng
276.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.35
0.55
0.70
III
82
shanxi
Jianyang
196.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.55
III
Jianou
154.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Fuding
36.2
0.35
0.70
0.90
Taining
342.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.50
0.60
III
Nanping City
125.6
0.20
0.35
0.45
106.6
0.75
1.00
1.10
Changting
310.0
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Shanghang
197.9
0.25
0.30
0.35
Yongan City
206.0
0.25
0.40
0.45
Longyan City
342.3
0.20
0.35
0.45
1653.5
0.60
0.80
0.90
0.25
0.40
0.50
III
Pingnan
896.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.45
0.50
III
Pingtan
32.4
0.75
1.30
1.60
Chongwu
21.8
0.55
0.80
0.90
Xiamen City
139.4
0.50
0.80
0.90
Dongshan Mountain
53.3
0.80
1.25
1.45
Xian City
397.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Yulin City
1057.5
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Wuqi
1272.6
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
83
gansu
Hengshan
1111.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Suide
929.7
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
II
Yanan City
957.8
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Changwu
1206.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Luochuan
1158.3
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Tongchuan City
978.9
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Baoji City
612.4
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Wugong
447.8
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
2064.9
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.50
0.70
0.75
II
Lueyang
794.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.15
III
Hanzhong City
508.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Foping
1087.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Shangzhou City
742.2
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Zhenan
693.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Shiquan
484.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Ankang City
290.8
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.20
III
Lanzhou City
1517.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Jihede
966.5
0.45
0.55
0.60
Anxi
1170.8
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.10
0.20
0.25
II
84
Jiuquan City
1477.2
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Zhangwei City
1482.7
0.30
0.50
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
Wuwei City
1530.9
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Minqin
1367.0
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Wuqiaoling
3045.1
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.55
0.60
II
Jingtai
1630.5
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.55
0.60
II
Jingyuan
1398.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Linxia City
1917.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Lintao
1886.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.50
0.55
II
Huajialing
2450.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Huan County
1255.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Pingliang City
1346.6
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Xifeng Town
1421.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Maqu
3471.4
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
2910.0
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Wudu
1079.1
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.05
0.10
0.15
III
Tianshui City
1141.7
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Mazong Mountain
1962.7
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Dunhuang
1139.0
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
85
Yumen City
1526.0
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
1177.4
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
Gaotai
1332.2
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
Shandan
1764.6
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Yongchang
1976.1
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Yuzhong
1874.1
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Huining
2012.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Min County
2315.0
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Yinchuan City
1111.4
0.40
0.65
0.75
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Huinong
1091.0
0.45
0.65
0.70
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Taole
1101.6
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Zhongwei
1225.7
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
Zhongning
1183.3
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Yanchi
1347.8
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Haiyuan
1854.2
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Tongxin
1343.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.10
0.15
II
Guyuan
1753.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Xiji
1916.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
Xining City
2261.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
ningxia
qinghai
86
Mangya
3138.5
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Lenghu
2733.0
0.40
0.55
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
3180.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
Qilian
2787.4
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
2767.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Dachaidan
3173.2
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Delingha City
2918.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Gangcha
3301.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Menyuan
2850.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Geermu City
2807.6
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.10
0.20
0.25
II
2790.4
0.35
0.50
0.60
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Dulan
3191.1
0.30
0.45
0.55
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Chaka, WulanCounty
3087.6
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Gonghexianqia
2835.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Guide
2237.1
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Minhe
1813.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.10
0.15
II
4612.2
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Xinghai
3323.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
Tongde
3289.4
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
87
xinjiang
Zeku
3662.8
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
4533.1
0.40
0.50
0.55
0.25
0.35
0.40
Zhiduo
4179.0
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Zaduo
4066.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
Qumacai
4231.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
Yushu
3681.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Maduo
4273.3
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
4415.4
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.25
0.30
3967.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.25
0.30
Henna
3500.0
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
Jiuzhi
3628.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.30
II
Banma
3750.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Angqian
3643.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.25
II
3367.0
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.30
II
4211.1
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
Urumchi
917.9
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.60
0.80
0.90
Aletai City
735.3
0.40
0.70
0.85
0.85
1.25
1.40
284.8
0.95
1.35
1.55
0.20
0.25
0.25
Kelamayi City
427.3
0.65
0.90
1.00
0.20
0.30
0.35
88
Yining City
662.5
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.70
1.00
1.15
Zhaosu
1851.0
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.55
0.75
0.85
1103.5
0.55
0.80
0.90
0.15
0.20
0.20
2458.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.65
0.75
Tulufan City
34.5
0.50
0.85
1.00
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Akesu City
1103.8
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Kuche
1099.0
0.35
0.50
0.60
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Kuerle City
931.5
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Wuqia
2175.7
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.60
II
Kashi City
1288.7
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Ahe City
1984.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Pishan
1375.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Hetian
1374.6
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.10
0.20
0.25
II
Minfeng
1409.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
1262.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.05
0.05
0.05
II
Yutian
1422.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Hami
737.2
0.40
0.60
0.70
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Haba River
532.6
0.55
0.75
0.85
Jimunai
984.1
0.70
1.00
0.15
89
Fuhai
500.9
0.30
0.45
0.50
Fuyun
807.5
0.65
0.95
1.05
Tacheng
534.9
0.95
1.35
1.55
Hebukesaier
1291.6
0.25
0.40
0.45
Qinghe
1218.2
0.55
0.80
0.90
Tuoli
1077.8
0.55
0.75
0.85
Beita Mountain
1653.7
0.55
0.65
0.70
Wenquan
1354.6
0.35
0.45
0.50
Jinghe River
320.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
Wusu
478.7
0.40
0.55
0.60
Shijiazi
442.9
0.50
0.70
0.80
Caijia Lake
440.5
0.40
0.50
0.55
Qitai
793.5
0.55
0.75
0.85
Baluntai
1752.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Qijiaojing
Kumishi
922.4
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Yanqi
1055.8
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Baicheng
1229.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Luntai
976.1
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
90
Henan
Tuergete
3504.4
0.35
0.50
0.55
II
Bachu
1116.5
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Keeping
1161.8
0.05
0.10
0.15
II
Alaer
1012.2
0.05
0.10
0.10
II
Tieganlike
846.0
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Ruoqiang
888.3
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Tajike
3090.9
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Shache
1231.2
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Qiemo
1247.5
0.10
0.15
0.20
II
Hongliu River
1700.0
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Zhengzhou City
110.4
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Anyang City
75.5
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Xinxiang City
72.7
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Sanmenxia City
410.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Lushi
568.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Mengjin
323.3
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.40
0.50
II
Luoyang City
137.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Luanchuan
750.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Xuchang City
66.8
0.30
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
91
hubei
Kaifeng City
72.5
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xixia
250.3
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Nanyang City
129.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Baofeng
136.4
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xihua
52.6
0.25
0.45
0.55
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Zhumadian City
82.7
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Xiyang City
114.5
0.25
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.55
0.65
II
Shangqiu City
50.1
0.20
0.35
0.45
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Gushi
57.1
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.60
II
Wuhan City
23.3
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.60
II
Yun County
201.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Fang County
434.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Laohekou City
90.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Zaoyang City
125.5
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Badong
294.5
0.15
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Zhongxiang
65.8
0.20
0.35
0.25
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Macheng City
59.3
0.20
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.35
0.55
II
Enshi City
457.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
1819.3
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.55
0.75
0.85
III
92
hunan
Wufeng County
908.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Yichang City
133.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
32.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Tianmen City
34.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.45
II
Laifeng
459.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Jiayu
36.0
0.20
0.35
0.45
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Yingshan
123.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
Huangshi City
19.6
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Changsha City
44.9
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Sangzhi
322.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Shimen
116.9
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Nan County
36.0
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.30
0.45
0.50
III
Yueyang City
53.0
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
Jishou City
206.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.55
0.30
0.35
III
Yuanling
151.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Changed City
35.0
0.25
0.40
0.50
0.30
0.50
0.60
II
Anhua
128.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Yuanjiang City
36.0
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
Pingjiang
106.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
93
Guangdong
Zhijiang
272.2
0.20
0.30
Xuefeng Mountain
1404.9
Shaoyang City
248.6
0.20
0.30
Shuangfeng
100.0
0.20
Nanyue
1265.9
Tongdao
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.45
III
0.50
0.75
0.85
II
0.20
0.30
0.30
0.35
III
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
0.60
0.75
0.85
0.45
0.65
0.75
III
341.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Wugang
341.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.30
0.35
III
Lingling
172.6
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Hengyang City
103.2
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Dao County
192.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
III
Binzhou City
184.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Guangzhou City
6.6
0.30
0.50
0.60
Nanxiong
133.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Lian County
97.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Shaoguan
69.3
0.20
0.35
0.45
Fogang
67.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Lianping
214.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
Mei County
87.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Guangning
56.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
94
guangxi
Gaoyao
7.1
0.30
0.50
0.60
Heyuan
40.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Huiyang
22.4
0.35
0.55
0.60
Wuhua
120.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
Shantou City
1.1
0.50
0.80
0.95
Huilai
12.9
0.45
0.75
0.90
Nanao
7.2
0.50
0.80
0.95
Xinyi
84.6
0.35
0.60
0.70
Luoding
53.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
Taishan
32.7
0.35
0.55
0.65
Shenzhen City
18.2
0.45
0.75
0.90
Shanwei
4.6
0.50
0.85
1.00
Zhanjiang City
25.3
0.50
0.85
0.95
Yangjiang
23.3
0.45
0.70
0.80
Dianbai
11.8
0.45
0.70
0.80
21.5
0.75
1.05
1.20
Xuwen
67.9
0.45
0.75
0.90
Nanning City
73.1
0.25
0.35
0.40
Guilin City
164.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
95
Hainan
Liuzhou City
96.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Mengshan Mountain
145.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
Heshan Mountain
108.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Baise City
173.5
0.25
0.45
0.55
Jingxi
739.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
Guiping
42.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
Wuzhou City
114.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Longzhou
128.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Lingshan Mountain
66.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
Yulin
81.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Dongxin
18.2
0.45
0.75
0.90
Beihai City
15.3
0.45
0.75
0.90
Weizhou island
55.2
0.70
1.00
1.15
Haikou City
14.1
0.45
0.75
0.90
Dongfang
8.4
0.55
0.85
1.00
Dan County
168.7
0.40
0.70
0.85
Qiongzhong
250.9
0.30
0.45
0.55
Qionghai Sea
24.0
0.50
0.85
1.05
Sanya City
5.5
0.50
0.85
1.05
96
Sichuan
Lingshui
13.9
0.50
0.85
1.05
Xisha island
4.7
1.05
1.80
2.20
Shanhu island
4.0
0.70
1.10
1.30
Chengdu City
506.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.10
0.15
III
Shiqu
4200.0
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.45
0.50
II
Ruoergai
3439.6
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Ganzi
3393.5
0.35
0.45
0.50
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Dujiangyan City
706.7
0.20
0.35
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Mianyang City
470.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Yaan City
627.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.20
III
Ziyang
357.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
Kangding
2615.7
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.30
0.50
0.55
II
Hanyuan
795.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
Jiulong
2987.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.20
III
Yuexi
1659.0
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.20
III
Zhaojue
2132.4
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Leibo
1474.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Yibin City
340.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Yanyuan
2545.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
97
Xichang City
1590.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Huili
1787.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
Wanyuan
674.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.50
0.10
0.15
III
Langzhong
382.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Bazhong
358.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
Daxian City
310.4
0.20
0.35
0.45
Fengjie
607.3
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Suining City
278.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
Nanchong City
309.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
Liangping
454.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Wanxian City
186.7
0.15
0.30
0.35
Neijiang City
347.1
0.25
0.40
0.50
Fuling City
273.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
Luzhou City
334.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Xuyong
377.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
Dege
3201.2
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Seda
3893.9
0.30
0.40
0.45
II
Daofu
2957.2
0.15
0.20
0.25
II
Aba
3275.1
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
98
Guizhou
Maerkang
2664.4
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Hongyuan
3491.6
0.25
0.40
0.45
II
Xiaojin
2369.2
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Songpan
2850.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
II
Xinlong
3000.0
0.10
0.15
0.15
II
Litang
3948.9
0.35
0.50
0.60
II
Daocheng
3727.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Ermei Mountain
3047.4
0.40
0.50
0.55
II
Jinfo Mountain
1905.9
0.35
0.50
0.60
II
Guiyang City
1074.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.25
III
Weining
2237.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Pan County
151.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.45
III
Tongzi
972.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.20
III
Xishui
1180.2
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Bijie
1510.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Zunyi City
843.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.20
III
Meitan
791.8
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Sinan
416.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.20
0.25
III
Tongren
279.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
99
Yunnan
Canxi
1251.8
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Anshun City
1392.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Kaili City
720.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
Sansui
610.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Xingren
1378.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.35
0.40
III
Luodian
440.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
Dushan
1013.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Rongjiang
285.7
0.10
0.15
0.20
III
Kunming City
1891.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Deqin
3485.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.60
0.90
1.05
II
Gongshan
1591.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.50
0.85
1.00
II
Zhongdian
3276.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.50
0.80
0.90
II
Weixi
2325.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.55
0.65
III
Zhaotong City
1949.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.30
III
Lijiang
2393.2
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.20
0.30
0.35
III
Huaping
1244.8
0.25
0.35
0.40
Huize
2109.5
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Tengchong
1654.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Lushui
1804.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
100
Baoshan City
1653.5
0.20
0.30
0.35
Dali City
1990.5
0.45
0.65
0.75
Yuanmou
1120.2
0.25
0.35
0.40
Chuxiong City
1772.0
0.20
0.35
0.40
1898.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
Ruili
776.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Jingdong
1162.3
0.20
0.30
0.35
Yuxi
1636.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
Yiliang
1532.1
0.25
0.40
0.50
Luxi
1704.3
0.25
0.30
0.35
Mengding
511.4
0.25
0.40
0.45
Lincang
1502.4
0.20
0.30
0.35
Lancing
1054.8
0.20
0.30
0.35
Jinghong
552.7
0.20
0.40
0.50
Simao
1302.1
0.25
0.45
0.55
Yuanjiang
400.9
0.25
0.30
0.35
Mengla
631.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
Jiangcheng
1119.5
0.20
0.40
0.50
Mengzi
1300.7
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.25
0.40
0.45
III
101
Tibet
Pingbian
1414.1
0.20
0.30
0.35
wenshan
1271.6
0.20
0.30
0.35
Guangnan
1249.6
0.25
0.35
0.40
Lhasa City
3658.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.15
III
Bange
4700.0
0.35
0.55
0.65
0.20
0.25
0.30
Anduo
4800.0
0.45
0.75
0.90
0.20
0.30
0.35
Naqu
4507.0
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.30
0.40
0.45
Rikaze City
3836.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.15
III
3551.7
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.10
0.15
0.15
III
Longzi
3860.0
0.30
0.45
0.50
0.10
0.15
0.20
III
Suo County
4022.8
0.25
0.40
0.45
0.20
0.25
0.30
Changdu
3306.0
0.20
0.30
0.35
0.15
0.20
0.20
II
Linzhi
3000.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
0.10
0.15
0.15
III
Geer
4278.0
0.10
0.15
0.15
Gaize
4414.9
0.20
0.30
0.35
Pulan
3900.0
0.50
0.70
0.80
Shenzha
4672.0
0.15
0.20
0.20
Dangxiong
4200.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Nimu
3809.4
0.15
0.20
0.25
III
102
Taiwan
Nielamu
3810.0
1.85
2.90
3.35
Dingri
4300.0
0.15
0.25
0.30
II
Jiangzi
4040.0
0.10
0.10
0.15
III
Cuona
4280.0
0.50
0.70
0.80
III
Pali
4300.0
0.50
0.70
0.80
II
Dingqing
3873.1
0.25
0.35
0.40
II
Bomi
2736.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
III
Chayu
2327.6
0.35
0.55
0.65
III
Taipei
8.0
0.40
0.70
0.85
Xinzhu
8.0
0.50
0.80
0.95
Yilan
9.0
1.10
1.85
2.30
Taizhong
78.0
0.50
0.80
0.90
Hualian
14.0
0.40
0.70
0.85
Jiayi
20.0
0.50
0.80
0.95
Magong
22.0
0.85
1.30
1.55
Gangshan
10.0
0.55
0.80
0.95
Taidong
10.0
0.65
0.90
1.05
Hengchun
24.0
0.70
1.05
1.20
Ali Mountain
2406.0
0.25
0.35
0.40
103
Tainan
14.0
0.60
0.85
1.00
Hong Kong
50.0
0.80
0.90
0.95
Henglan island
55.0
0.95
1.25
1.40
57.0
0.75
0.85
0.90
Hong Kong
Macao
104
D5 National Reference Snow Pressure, Wind Pressure Distribution and Snow Load Quasi-permanent Value coefficient Distribution Graph
105
Permanent Value
Subarea
coefficient
D.5.2 Snow Load Quasi-permanent Value coefficient Zoning Map (kN/m2) 1-1-46-1
106
107
T1 = 0.23 + 0.22 10 2
H2
d
(E.1.2-1)
T1 = 0.41 + 0.10 10 2
H2
d
(E.1.2-2)
3) Reinforced concrete chimney whose height is exceeding 150m but not larger that
210m:
T1 = 0.53 + 0.08 10 2
H2
d
Where,
T1 = 0.35 + 0.85 10 3 H 2 / D 0
(E.1.2.1)
T1 = 0.25 + 0.99 10 3 H 2 / D 0
(E.1.2.2)
If it is H 2 / D0 700 ,
Where,
H is the total height from the base slab or the top surface of the stereobate to the
top surface of the tower of the equipment (m);
108
D0 is the outside diameter of the equipment tower (m); as for variable diameter
tower, the height of each section may be taken as weight. The weighted average of the outside
diameter shall be taken.
2) Framework base tower (the wall thickness shall not be larger than 30mm)
T1 = 0.56 + 0.40 10 3 H 2 / D 0
(E.1.2.3)
3) Basic natural vibration period of the various equipment towers whose wall
thickness is larger than 30mm shall be calculated according to the relevant theoretical
equation.
4) When several towers are connected with the platform in a row, the basic natural
vibration period of the main tower (namely the tower whose period is the longest) may
be adopted as the basic natural vibration period T1 of each tower which is vertical with
the direction. As for the basic natural vibration period T1 of each tower which is vertical
with the align direction, it may be gotten through that the basic natural vibration period
multiplies reduction coefficient 0.9.
E.2 High-rise Building
E.2.1 General Condition
1 Steel structure
T1=(0.10-0.15)n
(E.2.1.1)
2 Reinforced concrete structure
T1=(0.05-0.10)n
(E.2.1.2)
Where,
nis building storey.
E.2.2 Specific Structure
1 Framework and frame-shear wall structure of reinforced concrete
T1 = 0.25 + 0.53 10 3
H2
3
(E.2.1.3)
109
T1 = 0.03 + 0.03 3
H
B
(E.2.1.4)
Where,
His the building total height (m);
Bis the building width (m).
110
Modus SN
z/H
0.1
0.02
-0.09
0.23
-0.39
0.2
0.06
-0.30
0.61
-0.75
0.3
0.14
-0.53
0.76
-0.43
0.4
0.23
-0.68
0.53
0.32
0.5
0.34
-0.71
0.02
0.71
0.6
0.46
-0.59
-0.48
0.33
0.7
0.59
-0.32
-0.66
-0.40
0.8
0.79
0.07
-0.40
-0.64
0.9
0.86
0.52
0.23
-0.05
1.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
F.1.2 As for the high-rise building with larger width at the windward, when the shear wall and
framework play the leading role, the modus factor may be adopted according to F.1.2.
111
Modus SN
z/H
0.1
0.02
-0.09
0.22
-0.38
0.2
0.08
-0.30
0.58
-0.73
0.3
0.17
-0.50
0.70
-0.40
0.4
0.27
-0.68
0.46
0.33
0.5
0.38
-0.63
-0.03
0.68
0.6
0.45
-0.48
-0.49
0.29
0.7
0.67
-0.18
-0.63
-0.47
0.8
0.74
0.17
-0.34
-0.62
0.9
0.86
0.58
0.27
-0.02
1.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
F.1.3 As for the high-rise structure whose section changes regularly with the height, the first
modus factor may adopted according to Table F.1.3.
Table F.1.3 The First Modus Factor of the High-rise Structure
Relative
height
High-rise structure
BH/Bo=1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.1
0.02
0.02
0.0l
0.01
0.01
0.2
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.3
0.14
0.12
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.4
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.16
0.13
0.5
0.34
0.32
0.29
0.26
0.21
0.6
0.46
0.44
0.41
0.37
0.31
0.7
0.59
0.57
0.55
0.51
0.45
0.8
0.79
0.71
0.69
0.66
0.61
0.9
0.86
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.80
1.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
z/H
112
113