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NATIONAL STANDARD OF

GB

THE PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA

GB 50009-2001

Load Code for the Design of Building Structures

(2006 Edition)

Issued on January 10, 2002


Jointly Issued by

Implemented on March 01, 2002

the Ministry of Construction (MOC) and the General


Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine
(GAQSIQ) of the Peoples Republic of China

Notice of Issuing Load Code for the Design of Building Structures


JIANBIAO [2002] No.10
In accordance with Notice of Printing and Distributing the Establishment and
Amendment Plan of Project Construction Standard of 1997 (JIANBIAO [1997] No.108)
issued by the Ministry of Construction, the Load Code for the Design of Building Structures
jointly developed by the Ministry of Construction and related departments has been
authorized by related departments as a national standard, with the number of GB 50009- 2001
and will be implemented from March 1, 2002. Among which, articles 1.0.5, 3.1.2, 3.2.3, 3.2.5,
4.1.1, 4.1.2, 4.3.1, 4.5.1, 4.5.2, 6.1.1, 6.1.2, 7.1.1 and 7.1.2 are compulsory ones and shall be
executed strictly. At the same time, the original Load Code for Building Structures (GBJ9-87)
shall be terminated on December 31, 2002. The Code is in the charge of the Ministry of
Construction that is responsible for the interpretation of compulsory articles. The China
Architecture Research Institute will be responsible for the interpretation of technical contents.
In addition, the Code shall be published by China Architecture & Building Press (CABP) with
the organization of Research institute of Standards & Norms.
Ministry of Construction P. R. China
July 20, 2001

Foreword
This Code has been overall revised in accordance with Notice of Printing and
Distributing of the Establishment and Amendment of Building Construction of 1997
(JIANBIAO [1997] No.108) issued by the Ministry of Construction and the Load Code for
the Design of Building Structures (GBJ 9-87) jointly approved by China Architecture
Scientific Research Institute and related departments.
During the process of revising, the team has carried out monographic study, summarized
design experience in recent years, referred to related contents of foreign norms and
international standards, widely asked for opinions from related departments all over the
country and finalized after repeated amendment.
This Code can be divided into seven chapters and seven appendices. Primary contents
revised are as follows:
1. In accordance with the rule of combination stated in Unified Standard for Reliability
Design of Building Structures and getting rid of Wind Combination, the combination
controlled by permanent load effect was added to the load fundamental combination. In the
limit design of regular service, for the short-term effect combination, characteristic and
frequent combinations are listed and at the same time, the frequent value coefficient was
added to the variable load. For all combination values of variable loads, respective
combination value coefficient is listed.
2. Partial adjustment and amendment of floor live load.
3. Adjustment has been made to roofing rectangular distribution live load that permits no
person on the roof and provisions on roof gardens and helicopter pad load have been added.
4. Character of service for crane has been changed into work classes of cranes.
5. According to new observation data, statistics of wind pressure and snow pressure from
national weather stations has been collected. At the same time, the basic value of wind and
snow load recurrence interval has been changed from 30 years to 50 years. In the appendix,
the 10-year, 50-year and 100-year wind pressure and snow pressure in main stations all over
the country have been listed.
6. One Type has been added to the terrain roughness.
7. For the wind pressure altitude variation coefficient of buildings in a mountainous area,
compensation factors have been given for the consideration of terrain conditions.
8. Specific provisions have been made to wind load of envelop enclosure members.
9. The interactive influences between buildings in architectural complex have been put
forward.
10. For flexible structures, the test requirements for crosswind vibration have been added.
This Code may be revised as required. Information and contents revised will be published on
the journal of Standardization of Engineering Constructions.
The compulsory articles in this Code shall be executed strictly. In order to improve the quality
of this Code, units shall sum up experience and collect background information. For feedback
of related opinions and suggestions, please contact: China Architecture Scientific Research
Institute (No.30 East Road, North Third Ring).
Chief Development Organization: China Architecture Technical Research Institute
Participating Development Organizations: Construction Department of Tongji University,

Building Design Institute, Beijing International Design Institute of China Light Industry,
Beijing: China Institute of Architecture Standard Design Press, Beijing Institute of
Architectural Design and China Weather Scientific Research Institute
Chief Drafting Staffs: Chen Jifa, Hu Dexin, Jin Xinyang, Zhang Xiangting, Gu Zicong,
Wei Caiang, Cai Yiyang, Guan Guixue, Xue Hang

Contents
1. General Principles ................................................................................................................. 1
2. Terms and symbols ................................................................................................................ 1
2.1 Terms ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.2 Main symbols............................................................................................................... 3
3. Classification of loads and combination of load effect ......................................................... 4
3.1 Classification of loads and representative values of a load ......................................... 4
3.2 Load combination ........................................................................................................ 5
4. Live load of floors and roofs ................................................................................................. 7
4.1 Rectangular distribution live load on floors of civilian buildings ............................... 7
4.2 Floor live load of industrial buildings........................................................................ 10
4.3 Roof live load............................................................................................................. 10
4.4 Roofing dust load........................................................................................................11
4.5 Construction and repair load as well as handrail horizontal load .............................. 13
4.6 Dynamic coefficient................................................................................................... 14
5. Crane load............................................................................................................................ 14
5.1 Vertical and horizontal load of cranes........................................................................ 14
5.2 The combination of several cranes ............................................................................ 15
5.3 Dynamic coefficient of crane loads ........................................................................... 15
5.4 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value of crane loads .. 15
6. Snow load ............................................................................................................................ 16
6.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference snow pressure of snow loads 16
6.2 Coefficient of snow distribution over the roof........................................................... 17
7. Wind load ............................................................................................................................ 20
7.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference wind pressure of wind loads . 20
7.2 Variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude .......................................................... 21
7.3 Wind load coefficient................................................................................................. 22
7.4 Downwind vibration and wind vibration coefficient ................................................. 36
7.5 Gustiness factor.......................................................................................................... 38
7.6 Crosswind vibration................................................................................................... 39
Appendix A Deadweight of Commonly-used Materials and Members................................... 41
Appendix B Method for Deciding the Floor Isoeffect Rectangular Distribution Live Load... 55
Appendix C Floor live load of industrial buildings................................................................. 60
Appendix D Measurement Method of Fundamental Snow Pressure and Wind Pressure........ 66
Appendix E Empirical Formula for the Structure Which is Natural Vibration Period .......... 108
Appendix F Approximation of the Structural Mode Factor....................................................111
Appendix G Wording Explanation .........................................................................................113

1. General Principles
1.0.1 This Code is designed to meet demands in building structure design and requirements of
secure application and economic feasibility.
1.0.2 This Code is applicable to the building structure design.
1.0.3 This Code has been made in accordance with principles stated in Unified Standard for
Reliability Design of Building Structures (GB 50068-2001).
1.0.4 Effects involved with the building structure design include direct effect (combination of
loads) and indirect effect (including subbase deformation, concrete shrinkage, welding
deformations, temperature fluctuation or effects caused by earthquakes). In this Code, only
provisions on combination of loads are stated.
1.0.5 The design reference period adopted in this Code is 50 years.
1.0.6 Effects or combination of loads involved with the building structure design shall be in
accordance with this Code as well as other current national provisions.

2. Terms and symbols


2.1 Terms
2.1.1 Permanent load
During the utilization period of structures, the value of the combination of loads shall
have no change with the passage of time or the variation is negligible compared with the
average, or the variation is monotonous and tends to the limitation.
2.1.2 Variable load
During the utilization period of structures, the value of combination of loads shall be
changed with the passage of time and the variation is negligible compared with the average.
2.1.3 Accidental load
During the utilization period of the structure, the combination of loads does not
necessarily appear, but one it appears, the value is great but the duration is short.
2.1.4 Representative values of a load
The value of combination of loads adopted during the design for the checking of limiting
state, such as characteristic value/nominal value, combination value, frequent value and
quasi- permanent value.
2.1.5 Design reference period
The time parameter selected for deciding the representative value of the variable load.
2.1.6 Characteristic value/nominal value
The basic representative value of loads refers to the maximum characteristic value (such
as typical value, mode, median or some place value) of statistical distribution of loads in the
design reference period.
2.1.7 Combination value
1

The value of combination of loads that makes the load effect exceed probability during
the design reference period and make the solitude appearance of the combination of loads has
a unified value of combination of loads or make the structure has unified value of
combination of loads with reliability index stated in the provision.
2.1.8 Frequent value
For variable load, during the design reference period, the exceeded total time is the
minimum ratio or the exceeded frequency is the value of the combination of loads of the
assigned frequency.
2.1.9 Quasi- permanent value
For variable load, during the design reference period, the exceeded total time is about
half of the value of combination of loads in the design reference period.
2.1.10 Design value of a load
The arithmetic product of the representative values of a load and the partial load factor.
2.1.11 Load effect
Reaction of structures or structural elements caused by the combination of loads, such as
internal force, distortion and crack
2.1.12 Load combination
In the limit design, to guarantee the built-in reliability, provisions for all kinds of design
values of a load have been made.
2.1.13 Fundamental combination
In the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of permanent effect and variable
effect
2.1.14 Accidental combination
In the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of permanent effect, variable effect
and an accidental combination
2.1.15 Characteristic/nominal combination
In the regular service limiting state, the characteristic value/nominal value or
combination value adopted is the combination of representative values of a load.
2.1.16 Frequent combinations
In the regular service limiting state, the frequent value or permanent value is adopted in
the variable load is the combination of representative values of a load.
2.1.17 Quasi- permanent combinations
In the regular service limiting state, the quasi- permanent value adopted by the variable
load is the combination of the representative values of a load.
2.1.18 Equivalent uniform live load
During the structure design, the actual load of continuous distribution above or under the
floor is always by substituted by the evenly distributed load. The equivalent uniform live load
refers to the load effect received by the structure can keep in line with the evenly distributed
load of the actual load effect.
2.1.19 Tributary area
The tributary area is adopted during the calculation of the beam column members. It
refers to the floor space of the calculated member load. It shall be divided by the zero line of
the floor slab. In the practical situation, it can be simplified.
2.1.20 Dynamic coefficient
2

Structures and members that receives dynamic load, when designed according to the
static force, shall adopt the value that is the ratio of the maximum power effect of structures
or members and relevant static force effect.
2.1.21 Reference snow pressure
The reference pressure of snow load shall be decided by the maximum value of the
50-year period calculated from the probability statistics according to the observation data
from the deadweight of snow on the local open and equitable terrain.
2.1.22 Reference wind pressure
The reference pressure of wind load shall be decided by the maximum wind speed for a
50-year period calculated from the probability statistics according to the observation data of
average speed in 10min at 10m on the local open and equitable terrain. Also, relevant air
density shall be considered and the wind pressure shall be calculated according to the formula
(D.2.2-4).
2.1.23 Terrain roughness
When the wind passes 2km range before reaching the structure, the class used to describe
the distribution pattern of irregular barriers on the ground.
2.2 Main symbols
Gkcharacteristic value/nominal value of permanent load;
Qkcharacteristic value/nominal value of variable load;
GGkcharacteristic value/nominal value of permanent load effect;
SQkcharacteristic value/nominal value of the variable load effect;
Sload effect combination design value;
RThe design value of resisting power of structural members;
SADownwind load effect;
SCCrosswind load effect;
TNatural vibration period of structures;
HTop height of structures;
BWindward width of structures;
ReReynolds number;
StStrouhai number;
skCharacteristic value/nominal value of snow load;
s0reference snow pressure;
wkcharacteristic value/nominal value of wind load;
w0reference wind pressure;
crCritical wind velocity of crosswind sympathetic vibration;
Angle of gradient;
zGust coefficient at height Z;
gzGust coefficient at height Z;
0Structure significance coefficient;
GSubentry coefficient of permanent load;
QSubentry coefficient of variable load;
ccombination value coefficient of the variable load;
3

ffrequent value coefficient of variable load;


qquasi-permanent value coefficient of variable load;
rCoefficient of snow distribution over the roof
zVariation coefficient of wind pressure altitude;
sWind load coefficient;
Coefficient of wind load terrain and physiognomy amendment;
Aggrandizement coefficient of wind load pulsation;
Impact coefficient of wind load pulsation;
zStructural vibration mode coefficient;
Structural damping ratio.

3. Classification of loads and combination of load effect


3.1 Classification of loads and representative values of a load
3.1.1 The structural combination of loads can be divided into three kinds:
1. Permanent load, such as dead load, earth pressure and prestress.
2. Variable load, such as floor live load, roof live load and dust load, crane load, wind
load and snow load.
3. Accidental load, such as blasting power and force of percussion.
Note: Deadweight refers to the combination of loads (gravitation) caused by the weight of materials.

3.1.2 During the design of building structures, different combinations of loads shall
adopt different representative values. For permanent loads, the representative value
shall be the characteristic value/nominal value. While for variable loads, the
representative value shall be the characteristic value/nominal value, combination value,
frequent value or quasi- permanent value according to different design requirements.
For accidental loads, the representative value shall be decided according to the
utilization characteristics of building structures.
3.1.3 Permanent load characteristic value/nominal value: for structural deadweight, it shall be
decided according to the design size of structural members and the deadweight of unit volume
of materials; for commonly-used materials and members, it shall be decided according to
appendix 1 of this Code; for materials and members (including field fabricated heat insulators,
concrete thin-wall members) with major changes in deadweight, it shall be the upper value or
the lower range value according to the advantage or disadvantage state to members.
Note: For commonly-used materials and members, refer to Appendix A.

3.1.4 The characteristic value/nominal value of variable loads shall be adopted according to
provisions in this Code.
3.1.5 The design of limit of bearing capacity state or the regular service limiting state shall
adopt the combination value as the representative value of the variable loads. The
combination value of variable loads refers to the variable load characteristic value/nominal
value multiplied by the combination value coefficient of combination of loads.
3.1.6 If the regular service limiting state is designed according to the frequent combinations,
4

the frequent value, quasi-permanent value shall be adopted as the representative value. If it is
designed according to the quasi-permanent combinations, the quasi-permanent value shall be
adopted as the representative value of variable loads. The frequent value of variable loads
shall adopt the variable load characteristic value/nominal value multiplied by the frequent
value coefficient of combination of loads. The variable load quasi- permanent value shall
adopt the characteristic value/nominal value of variable loads multiplied by the
quasi-permanent value coefficient of combination of loads.
3.2 Load combination
3.2.1 The design of building structures shall be in accordance with the combination of loads
arising in the construction during the utilization process, according to the limit of bearing
capacity state and the regular service limiting state. The design shall take the most
disadvantaged combination for the combination of loads (effect).
3.2.2 For the limit of bearing capacity state, the combination of loads (effect) shall adopt the
fundamental combination or accidental combination of load effect. The following design
expression shall be adopted:
0S R
(3.2.2)
Where,
0Structure significance coefficient;
SThe design of load effect combination;
RThe design value of resisting power of structural members shall be decided by
related design specifications of building structures.
3.2.3 For the design value (S) of the fundamental combination of loads and load effect, it
shall be decided by the most disadvantaged value from the following combination
values:
1) Combination controlled by the variable load effect;

(3.2.3-1)
Where,
GSubentry coefficient of permanent load shall be adopted according to Article
3.2.5.
QiThe ith subentry coefficient of variable load. Qi is the subentry coefficient of
variable load Q1, to be adopted according to Article 3.2.5.
SGkThe load effect value calculated according to the permanent load
characteristic value/nominal value Gk;
SQikThe load effect value calculated according to variable load characteristic
value/nominal value Qik. SQ1k is the controller of all variable load effects.
ciThe combination value coefficient of the variable load Qi shall be adopted
according to provisions in chapters.
nThe number of variable loads forming the combination.
2) Combination controlled by the permanent load effect:

(3.2.3-2)
Note: 1 The design value of fundamental combination is applicable to the linear load effect.
2. If the SQ1k can't be decided distinctively, each variable load effect shall be taken as SQ1k and the most
disadvantaged load effect combination shall be selected.

3.2.4 For common bents and frame structures, the reduction rule may be adopted in the
fundamental combination and the most disadvantaged value shall be selected according to the
following combination values:
1) Combination controlled by variable load effect;

(3.2.4)
2) The combination controlled by the permanent load effect shall be adopted according to
formula (3.2.3-2).
3.2.5 The subentry coefficient of combination of loads in the fundamental combination
shall be adopted according to the following provisions:
1. Subentry coefficient of permanent load;
1) If the effect causes disadvantages to the structure,
for the combination controlled by the variable load effect, select 1.2;
for the combination controlled by the permanent load effect, select 1.35.
2) If the effect causes advantages to the structure, select 1.0.
2. Subentry coefficient of variable load:
Generally, select 1.4;
For the characteristic value/nominal value of the live load of industrial housing
floor greater than 4kN/m2, select 1.3.
3. For the overturn, slippage or floating calculation, the load subentry coefficient
shall be adopted according to provisions in related design codes for structures.
3.2.6 For the design value of accidental combination and load effect combination, it shall be
in accordance with the following provisions: the representative value of the accidental loads
doesn't multiply subentry coefficient; if it appears together with the accidental loads and other
combinations of loads, the representative value shall be adopted according to the
observational data and project experience. Under different circumstances, the formula of
design value of the load effect shall be decided by contrary provisions.
3.2.7 In the regular service limiting state, according to different design requirement, the
characteristic/nominal combination, frequent combinations or quasi-permanent combinations
may be adopted and the design shall be carried out according to the following design
expression:
SC
(3.2.7)
Where,
CThe limitation of structures or structural members when they are in regular service,
such as the limitation of distortion, crack, amplitude, acceleration and stress, shall be adopted
6

according to related design codes for building structures.


3.2.8 The design value (S) characteristic/nominal combination and load effect combinations
shall be adopted according to the following formula:

(3.2.8)
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.

3.2.9 The design value (S) of frequent combinations and load effect combinations shall be
adopted according to the following formula:

(3.2.9)
Where,
f1The frequent coefficient of variable load Q1 shall be adopted according to
provisions in chapters.
qiThe quasi value coefficient of the variable load Qi shall be adopted according to
provisions in chapters.
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.

3.2.10 The design value (S) of quasi-permanent combinations and load effect combinations
shall be adopted according to the following formula:

(3.2.10)
Note: The design value of the combination is applicable to the linear combination of loads and load effect.

4. Live load of floors and roofs


4.1 Rectangular distribution live load on floors of civilian buildings
4.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value, combination value, frequent value and
quasi-permanent value coefficient of the rectangular distribution live load on floors of
civilian buildings shall be adopted according to Table 4.1.1.

Table 4.1.1 the characteristic value/nominal value, combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent
value coefficient of rectangular distribution live load on floors of civilian buildings
Item

Type

Characteristic

Combination

Frequent

Quasi-permanent

value/nominal

value

value

value coefficient

value (kN/m2)

coefficient c

coefficient f

0.5

0.4

2.0

0.7
0.6

0.5

(1) Residential buildings, dormitories, hotels,


office buildings, hospital wards, nursery and
1

kindergarten;
(2) Schoolrooms, testing labs, reading rooms,
boardrooms, policlinic rooms of hospitals.

Dining

restaurant,

archives

for

playhouse,

cinema

and

2.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

3.0

0.7

0.5

0.3

3.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

3.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

(2) Bleachers without fixed seats.

3.5

0.7

0.5

0.3

(1) Gymnasia and stages for performance;

4.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

(2) Ballrooms.

4.0

0.7

0.6

0.3

0.9

0.9

0.8

7.0

0.9

0.9

0.8

(1)
3

rooms,

general materials;
Auditoria,

bleachers with fixed seats;


(2) Public laundries.
(1) Stores, exhibition halls, stations, ports,

airport halls and waiting rooms;

(1) Stack rooms, archival repository and


6

store rooms;
(2) Stack rooms with dense tanks.

5.0
12.0

Fan houses and elevator towers


Automobile passages and parking rooms:
(1) one-way slab building covers (the span no
less than 2m)
Carriages;
Fire-fighting vehicles;

(2) Two-way slab building covers (the span

4.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

35.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

no less than 6m*6m) and flat slab floor (the


dimension of column grids no less than 6m *

2.5

0.7

0.7

0.6

20.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

Kitchen (1) Ordinary;

2.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

(2) Restaurant.

4.0

0.7

0.7

0.7

(1) Civilian building in item 1;

2.0

0.7

0.5

0.4

(2) Other civilian buildings.

2.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

2.0

0.7

0.5

0.4

2.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

3.5

0.7

0.5

0.3

(1) In common situation;

2.5

0.7

0.6

0.5

(2) People may be gathering.

3.5

6m)
Carriages;
Fire-fighting vehicles.
9

Bathrooms, toilets and wash rooms:


10

Corridors, hallways, staircases:


(1) Dormitories, hotels, hospital wards,
nursery,
11

kindergarten

and

residential

buildings;
(2)

Office

buildings,

schoolrooms,

restaurants, policlinic of hospitals;


(3) Fire-control fire escapes and other
civilian buildings.
Balcony:
12

Note:
1.

All live loads in this Table are applicable for natural service conditions. If the working load is extremely large,

the live loads shall be adopted according to practical situations.


2. for the live load of stack rooms in item 6, if the height of bookshelves is greater than 2 m, the live load for
stack rooms shall be decided according to a height no less than 2.5kN/m2.
3. The live load for carriages in item 8 is applicable to carriages holding fewer than 9 persons. The live load of
fire-fighting vehicles is applicable to oversize vehicles with the full load of 300kN. If requirements in this Table are
not met, according to the equivalence principle of structural effect, the partial load of wheels shall be converted to
the equivalent uniform live load.
4. The live load for staircases in item 11, for the precast stair footfall slabs, shall be calculated according to a
concentrated load of 1.5kN.
5. All combinations of loads do not contain the deadweight of partitions and the combination of loads for the second
fixture and fitting. The fixed partition and deadweight shall be taken as permanent combination of loads. If the
position of partitions can be moved freely, the weight of non-fixed partitions shall take 1/3 the weight of the wall as
the additive value (kN/m2) which shall be no less than 1.0 kN/m2 of the live loads on floors.

4.1.2 For the design of girders, walls, columns and foundations of floors, under the
following circumstances, the characteristic value/nominal value of live loads on the
floors in Table 4.1.1 shall be multiplied by the discount coefficient:
1. The discount coefficient during the design of floor girders;
1) In item 1(1), if the tributary area of girders exceeds 25m2, select 0.9;
2) In items 1(2)-7, if the tributary area of girders exceeds 50m2, select 0.9;
3) In item 8, junior beam of one-way slabs and vittae of trough plates, select
0.9;
For girder of one-way slabs, select 0.6;
For girders of two-way slabs, select 0.8.
4) For items 9-12, the discount coefficient shall be the same as that of the
buildings.
2. The discount coefficient of designing walls, columns and foundations:
1) Item 1(1) shall be adopted according to Table 4.1.2.
2) Items 1(2)-7 shall adopt the discount coefficient the same as that of the
girders of floors.
3) In item 8, for one-way slabs, select 0.5;
For two-way slabs and flat slab floors, select 0.8.
4) In items 9-12, the discount coefficient shall be adopted the same as that of
the building.
Note: The tributary area of floor girders is decided by the real area within the range extending 1/2 case bay
to both sides of the girder.

Table 4.1.2 Discount coefficient of live loads according to different floors


Number of floors above the calculation section of walls, volumes and foundations

2-3

4-5

6-8

9-20 20

The discount coefficient of live loads total on each floor above the calculation section

1.00 (0.90)

0.85 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55

Note: If the tributary area of floor girders exceeds 25m2, the coefficient shall adopt the one in the parentheses.

4.1.3 The partial loads on floor structures shall be converted into isoeffect rectangular
distribution live loads according to Appendix B.

4.2 Floor live load of industrial buildings


4.2.1 During the production utilization or the installation repair of floors of industrial
buildings, the partial load produced by the equipment, pipelines, transportation tools or
possibly-removed partitions shall be considered according to the practical situation and can be
substituted by the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load.
Note: 1. The floor isoeffect rectangular distribution live load shall be decided by the method stated in Appendix B.
2. For common smith shops, instrumentation production workshops, semiconductor device workshops, cotton
spinning and knitting workshops, preparing shops in tire plants and grain processing workshops, if there are not
enough materials; it shall be adopted according to Appendix C.

4.2.2 The operation combination of loads, including operating personnel, general purpose
tools, small amount of raw materials and the deadweight of finished products on areas without
equipment of floors ( including working platforms) of industrial buildings shall be considered
as the rectangular distribution live load and adopt 2.0kN/m2. The staircase live load in
production workshops shall be adopted according to the practical situation and shall be no
less than 3.5kN/m2.
4.2.3 The combination value coefficient, frequent value coefficient and quasi- permanent
value coefficient of floor live loads of industrial buildings shall be adopted according to the
practical situation besides values given in Appendix C. However, under no circumstance shall
the combination value and the frequent value coefficient be less than 0.7 and the
quasi-permanent value coefficient no less than 0.6.
4.3 Roof live load
4.3.1 The roof rectangular distribution live load on the horizontal projection surface
shall be adopted according to Table 4.3.1. The roof rectangular distribution live load
can't be considered together with the snow load.
Table 4.3.1 Roof rectangular distribution live load
Characteristic
Item

Type

Combination value

Frequent value

Quasi-permanent value

coefficient c

coefficient f

coefficient q

0.5

0.7

0.5

2.0

0.7

0.5

0.4

3.0

0.7

0.6

0.5

value/nominal value
(kN/m2)

2
3

Roof without
holding persons
Roof holding
persons
Roof garden

Note: 1. For roofs without holding persons, if the construction load is comparatively large, it shall be adopted
according to the practical situation. For different structures, according to related design specifications, the
characteristic value/nominal value shall be increased or decreased by 0.2kN/m2.
2. For roofs holding persons, if they are used for other purposes, relevant floor live loads shall be adopted.
3. For seeper combination of loads caused by the disturbance of roof drainage or blockage, construction
measures shall be adopted. If necessary, the roof live loads shall be decided according the possible depth of

10

seepers.
4. The live load on roof gardens does not include the material deadweight of earth materials.

4.3.2 The combination of loads of parking apron for helicopters shall be considered as the
partial load according to the gross weight of the helicopter. At the same time, its isoeffect
shall be no lower than 5.0kN/m2. The partial load shall be decided according to the practical
maximum lifting loads of helicopters. If there is no technical information of aircraft types,
commonly, the partial load characteristic value/nominal value and active area shall be selected
according to various requirements of light, medium and heavy types:
Light-type: the maximum take-off weight is 2t, partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 20kN and the active area is 0.20m * 0.20m.
Medium-type: the maximum take-off weight is 4t, partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 40kN and the active area is 0.25m * 0.25m.
Heavy-type: the maximum take-off weight is 6t, the partial load characteristic
value/nominal value is 60kN and the active area is 0.30m * 0.30m. The combination value
coefficient of loads shall be 0.7, the frequent value coefficient 0.6 and the quasi-permanent
value coefficient shall be 0.
4.4 Roofing dust load
4.4.1 During the design of workshops that release mass dust and their neighboring buildings,
for roofs of machinery, cement and metallurgy workshops with certain dedusting facilities, the
roof dust load on the horizontal projection surface shall be adopted according to Table 4.4.1-1
and 4.4.1-2.

11

Table 4.4.1-1 Roof dust load


Characteristic value/nominal value
Combination

(kN/m2)
Item

Type

Roofs
without
breastplate

1
2
3

Foundry in machinery plants


( cupola)
Melting house ( oxygen converter)
Manganese and ferrochrome
workshops
Silicon and ferrotungsten
workshops
Sintering chambers of sintering
plants and primary mixing rooms
Propylaea and other workshops in
sintering plants

Roofs with breastplate


Within

Out of

Frequent Quasi-permanent

value

value

value

coefficient

coefficient

coefficient

0.9

0.9

0.8

breastplates breastplates

0.5

0.75

0.30

0.75

0.30

0.75

1.00

0.30

0.30

0.50

0.30

0.50

1.00

0.20

0.30

1.00

0.50

Workshops with dust sources in


cement mills ( kiln rooms, mill
7

rooms, combined storehouses,


drying rooms and fragmentation
rooms)
Workshops without dust sources in

cement mills ( compressor plants,


workshops, material sheds and
distribution substations)

Note: 1. In the Table, the evenly distributed load of soot formation shall be only applicable to the roof slope 25. If
45, the dust load may be neglected. If 25<<45, the value can be selected using the interpolation method.
2. The combination of loads of ash removal facilities shall be considered additionally.
3. For items 1-4, the dust load shall apply only to roofs within the rad of 20m centered by the stack. If neighboring
buildings are within this range, the dust load for items 1, 3 and 4 shall be adopted according to the roofs without
breastplate in workshops. For item 2, the dust load shall be adopted according to roofs out of breastplates in
workshops.

12

Table 4.4.1-1 Roof dust load


Characteristic

value/nominal

value(kN/m )
Blast

Combination

furnace

volume ( m3)

The distance between the roof and


the blast furnace (m)
50

100

200

<255

0.50

255-620

0.75

0.30

>620

1.00

0.50

0.30

value Frequent

value Quasi-permanent

coefficient c

coefficient f

coefficient q

1.0

1.0

1.0

value

Note: 1. Note 2 of Table 4.4.1-1 can be applicable to this Table as well.


2. If the distance between the roofs of neighboring buildings and the blast furnace is the intermediate value in the
Table, the value can be selected according to the interpolation method.

4.4.2 For places vulnerable for dust deposition on roofs, during the design of roof boards and
summers, the characteristic value/nominal value of dust load shall be multiplied by the
aggrandizement coefficient as stated:
Within the dispersion of distribution that is twice the roof height difference but no greater
than 6.0m in the high-low span, select 2.0; within the dispersion of distribution no greater
than 3.0m of cullis, select 1.4.
4.4.3 The dust load shall be considered with the snow load or roof live load but the one with a
comparatively large value.
4.5 Construction and repair load as well as handrail horizontal load
4.5.1 During the design of roofing boards, summers, reinforced concrete projecting
eaves, rain hoods and prefabricated joists, the concentrated load (the deadweight of
people and small tools) for construction and repair shall select 1.0kN and shall be
calculated in the most disadvantaged place.
Note: 1. For light members or wide members, if the construction load exceeds the aforesaid combination of loads, it
shall be calculated according to the practical situation, or temporary facilities like adding backing boards
and supports shall be adopted.
2. During the calculation of intensity of the projecting eaves and rain hoods, one concentrated load shall be
taken into consideration in every 1.0m of the width of boards. During the calculation of overturning of
projecting eaves and rain hoods, a concentrated load shall be taken into consideration in every 2.5-3.0m of
the width of boards.

4.5.2 The handrail top horizontal combination of loads on the staircases, bleachers,
balcony and roofs holding persons shall be adopted according to the following:
1. For residential buildings, dormitories, office buildings, hotels, hospitals, nursery,
kindergartens, select 0.5KN/m.
2. For schools, dining rooms, playhouses, cinema, stations, auditoria, museums or
palaestra, select 1.0kN/m.
4.5.3 If the quasi- permanent combinations of loads is adopted, the construction and repair
load as well as the handrail horizontal load can be neglected.

13

4.6 Dynamic coefficient


4.6.1 The power calculation of building structure design, if there are enough bases, shall be
calculated according to the static force after the deadweight of heavy objects or equipment is
multiplied by the dynamic coefficient.
4.6.2 The dynamic coefficient for starting and stopping vehicles, porting and handling heavy
objects shall adopt 1.3. Its dynamic loads can only be transferred to the floor slabs and
girders.
4.6.3 The combination of loads on roofs by helicopters shall be multiplied by the dynamic
coefficient. For helicopters with hydraulic pressure tires, the coefficient shall adopt 1.4. The
dynamic load can only be transferred to the floor slabs and girders.

5. Crane load
5.1 Vertical and horizontal load of cranes
5.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of vertical loads of cranes shall adopt the
maximum wheel pressure or the minimum wheel pressure of cranes according to relevant
regulations.
5.1.2 The longitudinal and transverse horizontal combination of loads of cranes shall be
adopted according to the following provisions:
1. The characteristic value/nominal value of vertical combination of loads of cranes shall
be adopted according to 10% the total of maximum wheel pressures of all skid wheels that
work on the same orbit. The point of application of this load shall lie on the point of contact
between the skid wheel and the orbit, with the direction same as that of the orbit.
2. The characteristic value/nominal value of transverse horizontal combination of loads
shall adopt the percentage in the following of the sum of the weight of crane carriages and the
load-lifting capacity and then the result shall be multiplied by the acceleration of gravity:
1) Flexible-hook cranes:
If the load-lifting capacity is no larger than 10t, select 12%
If the load-lifting capacity is between 16-50t, select 10%
If the load-lifting capacity is no less than 75t, select 8%
2) For hard-hook crane: select 20%. The transverse horizontal combination of loads
shall be allocated evenly on both ends and transferred to the rail head by means of
wheels on the orbit, with the direction vertical with the orbit. The skid with two opposite
directions shall be taken into consideration.
Note: 1. The horizontal load of suspending cranes can be neglected and received by related supports.
2. The horizontal load of hand cranes and electric blocks can be taken no account of.

14

5.2 The combination of several cranes


5.2.1 When the vertical load of several cranes are considered during the counting of bent
frames, the number of cranes for the single-span workshops shall be no more than 2, while for
multi-span ones, the number shall be no more than 4. For the horizontal load of several cranes,
for the bent frames for single-span or multi-span workshops, the number of the cranes shall be
no more than 2.
Note: Particular instances shall be considered according to the practical situation.

5.2.2 During the calculation of bent frames, the characteristic value/nominal value of the
vertical load and horizontal load of several cranes shall be multiplied by the discount
coefficient stated in Table 5.2.2.
Table 5.2.2 the discount coefficient of combination of loads of several cranes
The number of cranes for the combination
2
3
4

Work class of the crane


A1-A5

A6-A8

0.9
0.85
0.8

0.95
0.90
0.85

Note: For the single-span or multi-span workshops of multi-layer cranes, during the calculation of bent frames, the number
of cranes for the combination and the discount coefficient of loads shall be considered according to the practical situation.

5.3 Dynamic coefficient of crane loads


5.3.1 During the calculation of intensity of crane beams and their connections, the vertical
load of cranes shall be multiplied by the dynamic coefficient. Concerning the suspending
cranes (including electric hoists), for the work class A1-A5 flexible-hook cranes, the dynamic
coefficient shall be 1.05; for the work class A6- A8 flexible-hook cranes, hard-hook cranes
and other special-type cranes, the dynamic coefficient shall be 1.1.
5.4 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value of crane loads
5.4.1 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value coefficient of crane
loads shall be adopted according to Table 5.4.1.

15

Table 5.4.1 the combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value of crane loads
Work class of the crane

Combination

value Frequent

value Quasi-permanent

coefficient c

coefficient f

coefficient q

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.95

0.95

0.95

value

Flexible-hook crane
Work class A1-A3
Work class A4- A5
Work class A6-A7
Hard-hook cranes and flexible-hook cranes with
the work class of A8

5.4.2 During the design of bent frames in workshops, in the quasi- permanent combinations of
combinations of loads, the load of cranes shall be taken no account of. However, in the
regular service limit design of crane beams, the quasi- permanent value of crane loads shall be
adopted.

6. Snow load
6.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference snow pressure of snow loads
6.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of snow load on the horizontal projection
surface of the roof shall be calculated according to the following formula:
(6.1.1)
Sk = rS0
Where,
Skcharacteristic value/nominal value of the snow load (kN/m2);
rCoefficient of snow distribution over the roof
S0reference snow pressure (kN/m2).
6.1.2 The reference snow pressure shall be adopted according to the 50-year value listed
in Appendix D.4. For structures sensitive to snow loads, the reference snow pressure
shall be elevated and decided by related codes for structural design.
6.1.3 If the reference snow pressure value of cities or construction sites is not listed in
Appendix D, the reference snow pressure value can be decided according to the maximum
snow pressure or snow depth materials, based on the definition of the reference snow pressure
and making analysis over statistics. During the analysis, the influence of sample quantity shall
be taken into consideration (please refer to Appendix D). If there is also no snow pressure or
snow depth material, the value can be decided according to the reference snow pressure in the
neighboring places or long-term materials and by means of contrastive analysis over
meteorological and terrain conditions. Also, it can be approximately decided by the natioanl
reference snow pressure distribution graph (appendix D.5.1).
6.1.4 The snow load of mountains shall be decided after the practical survey. If there is no
survey material, it can be adopted as the snow load multiplied by the coefficient 1.2 in the
local neighboring and open level surfaces.
6.1.5 The combination value coefficient of snow loads shall select 0.7, the frequent value
coefficient 0.6 and the quasi-permanent value coefficient shall be 0.5, 0.2 and 0 respectively
16

according to snow load zoning I, II and III. The snow load zonings shall be decided according
to Appendix D.4 or Attached figure D.5.2.
6.2 Coefficient of snow distribution over the roof
6.2.1 The coefficient of snow distribution over the roof shall be adopted according to Table
6.2.1 for different roofs.

17

Table 6.2.1 Distribution Coefficient of Snow Pressure


Item

Type

Single-span, shed roof

Roof Table and distribution coefficient r of snow pressure

Even distribution
Uneven distribution

Single-span, gable roof

0.75r

r is adopted by Item 1

Arched roof

Even distribution

The roof with skylight

Uneven distribution

18

Table 6.2.1 (Continued)


Item

Type

Roof Table and distribution coefficient r of snow pressure

Even distribution
Uneven distribution

The roof with skylight and breastplate

Even distribution
Uneven distribution

Multi-span, single slope roof (serrated


roof)

Even distribution
Uneven distribution

Double-span, gable or arched roof

r is adopted by the requirements of Item 1 and Item 3

High and low roof

a=2h and 8ma4m

19

Note: 1. In item 2, only when 2030 of the single-span gable roofs, the even distribution shall be adopted.
2. Item 4 and item 5 shall be applicable to the general industrial workshop roofs with the gradient 25.
3. For the double-span or gable or arched roof, if 25 or f/l0.1, the rectangular distribution shall be adopted.
4. For snow distribution coefficient of multi-span roof, please refer to provisions in item 7.

6.2.2 During the design of supporting members of buildings structures and roofs, the snow
distribution conditions shall be adopted according to the following provisions:
1. For roofing boards and purline, it shall adopt the most disadvantaged condition of the
snow inhomogeneous distribution.
2. For roof trusses and arch shells, it shall be adopted according to the snow full-span
rectangular distribution instances, inhomogeneous distribution instances and half-span
evenly-distributed instances.
3. For frames and columns, it shall be adopted as the snow full-span rectangular
distribution instance.

7. Wind load
7.1 The characteristic value/nominal value and reference wind pressure of wind loads
7.1.1 The characteristic value/nominal value of wind loads vertical to the surface of
buildings shall be calculated according to the following formula:
1. During the calculation of main bearing structures,
(7.1.1-1)
wk=zszw0
Where,
wkthe characteristic value/nominal value (kN/m2) of the wind load;
zWind vibration coefficient at height Z;
sWind load coefficient;
zVariation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
w0Reference wind pressure (kN/m2).
2. During the calculation of envelop enclosures,
(7.1.1-2)
wk=gzs1zw0
Where,
gzGust coefficient at height Z;
s1Partial wind pressure coefficient.
7.1.2 The reference wind pressure shall be adopted according to the 50-year value listed
in Appendix D.4 but shall be no less than 0.3kN/m2. For high-rise buildings, towering
structures and other structures sensitive to wind loads, the reference wind pressure shall
be elevated and decided according to related codes for structural design.
7.1.3 If the reference wind pressure value of cities and construction sites is not listed in
Appendix D, the reference wind pressure value can be decided according to the maximum
wind speed materials, based on the definition of the reference wind pressure and making
analysis over statistics. During the analysis, the influence of sample quantity shall be taken
into consideration (please refer to Appendix D). If there is also no wind speed material, the
20

value can be decided according to the reference wind pressure in the neighboring places or
long-term materials and by means of contrastive analysis over meteorological phenomena and
terrain conditions. Also, it can be approximately decided by the national reference wind
pressure distribution graph (appendix D.5.3).
7.1.4 The combination value, frequent value and quasi-permanent value coefficient of wind
loads shall be 0.6, 0.4 and 0 respectively.
7.2 Variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
7.2.1 For level or small-undulant terrain, the variation coefficient of wind pressure altitude
shall be decided according to Table 7.2.1 based on different terrain roughness.
The terrain roughness can be divided into A, B, C and D classes:
A-Class: offing sea surfaces, islands, coasts, lakeshores and deserts;
B-Class: open countries, countries, jungles, hills, and villages and suburbia with
sparse buildings;
C-Class: cities with dense buildings;
D-Class: cities with dense high-rise buildings.
Table 7.2.1 Variation Coefficient z of the Wind Pressure Height
Height away from the ground or sea surface

Types of ground roughness

(m)

1.17

1.00

0.74

0.62

10

1.38

1.00

0.74

0.62

15

1.52

1.14

0.74

0.62

20

1.63

1.25

0.84

0.62

30

1.80

1.42

1.00

0.62

40

1.92

1.56

1.13

0.73

50

2.03

1.67

1.25

0.84

60

2.12

1.77

1.35

0.93

70

2.20

1.86

1.45

1.02

80

2.27

1.95

1.54

1.11

90

2.34

2.02

1.62

1.19

100

2.40

2.09

1.70

1.27

150

2.64

2.38

2.03

1.61

200

2.83

2.61

2.30

1.92

250

2.99

2.80

2.54

2.19

300

3.12

2.97

2.75

2.45

350

3.12

3.12

2.94

2.68

400

3.12

3.12

3.12

2.91

450

3.12

3.12

3.12

3.12

7.2.2 For mountainous buildings, the variation coefficient of the wind pressure height may not
be determined by roughness types of the equitable terrain on the basis of Table 7.2.1, but also
shall be adopted by considering the orographic conditions compensation and compensation
factor 11 respectively on the basis of the following requirements:

21

1 For the mountain peak and hillside, the compensation factors on the top may be
adopted according to the following formula:

B = [1 + ktga(1

z
)]2
2.5 H

(7.2.2)

Where
tgThe slope of mountain peak or hillside on the windward side; when tg>0.3, tg
takes 0.3;
kCoefficient, it takes 3.2 for mountain peak, and takes 1.4 for hillside;
HOverall height of the peak or hillside (m);
zHeight from the calculated position of the building to the building ground, m;
when z>2.5H, z takes 2.5H;

Figure 7.2.2 Mountain Peak and Sidehill Schematic

For other positions of the mountain peak and sidehill, they may comply with figure 7.2.2,
compensation factor at Part A, Part C (A and C) is 1, while the compensation factors
between A and B or between B and C are determined by linear interpolation of .
2 For the blocking terrains like intermontaine basin and valley, =0.75~0.85;
For the valley mouth and mountain pass concurrent with the wind direction,
=1.20~1.50.
7.2.3 For high seas offing and insular buildings or structures, the variation coefficient of the
wind pressure height may not only be determined by roughness type of A-type on the basis of
Table 7.2.1, but shall also consider the compensation factor shown in Table 7.2.3.
Table 7.2.3 Compensation Factor of High Seas Offing and Island
Distance away from the coast (km)

<40

1.0

40~60

1.0~1.1

60~100

1.1~1.2

7.3 Wind load coefficient


7.3.1 Shape coefficient of the wind load of the building and structures may be adopted
according to the following requirements:
1 When the building and structures are similar to the shapes shown in Table 7.3.1, it may
be adopted by the requirements of this table;
2 When the building and structures have shapes different to those specified in Table 7.3.1,
it may be adopted by referring to relevant data;

22

3 When the building and structures have shapes different to those specified in Table 7.3.1
and no reference available, it should be determined by tunnel test;
4 For important building and structures with complicated shapes, they shall be
determined by tunnel test.
Table 7.3.1 the Shape Coefficient of Wind Loads
Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Close-type grounding
gable roof
The median is calculated by interpolation method

Close-type gable roof

The median is calculated by interpolation method

23

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Close-type grounding arched roof

Shapes and shape coefficient s

The median is calculated by interpolation method

Close-type arched roof

The median is calculated by interpolation method

Close-type shed roof


s of the windward slope, it is adopted by Item 2.

Close-type high and low gable roof

s of the windward slope, it is adopted by Item 2.

Close-type gable roof with scuttle

Arched roof with scuttle may be adopted by this Figure.

Close-type double-span gable roof

s of the windward slope, it is adopted by Item 2.

24

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficients

Close type
unequal height
9

and unequal
double spans
gable roof

Windward slope s is adopted by Item 2.

Close-type
unequal height
10

and unequal
three spans gable
roof

Windward slopes is adopted by Item 2


s1 for the windward wall surface on the upper part of the midspan is adopted by the following
provisions:
s1=0.6(1-2h1/h)
when h1=h, s1=-0.6

Close-type gable
11

roof with scuttle


and cover
Close-type gable

12

roof with scuttle


and double cover

Close-type
unequal height
13

and unequal
three midspans
gable roof with
scuttle

Windward slope s is adopted bt Item 2


s1=0.6(1-2h1/h)
when h1=h, s1=-0.6

25

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Close-type double
14

span gable roof with


scuttle

s for the second scuttle surface of the windward is adopted by the following requirements:
When a4h, s=0.2
When a>4h, s=0.6

15

Close-type gable roof


with parapet
When the parapet height is limited, the shape coefficient of the roof may be adopted as roof
without parapet

16

Close-type gable roof


with canopy

s of the windward slope is adopted by Item 2.

Two opposite
17

close-type gable roof


with canopy
This Fig. is applicable to that with s of 8~20mm, and s of windward slope is adopted by Item
2.

Close-type pitched
18

roof or arched roof


with subsiding
scuttle

26

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Close-type gable roof


19

or arched roof with


subsiding scuttle
s of the second scuttle surface of the windward is adopted by the following requirements:
When a4h, s=0.2
When a>4h, s=0.6

20

Close-type roof with


scuttle wind shield

Close-type double
21

span roof with scuttle


wind shield

22

Close type saw-tooth


roof
s of windward slope is adopted by Item 2.
When the tooth surface increases or reduces, it may be regulated evenly in (1), (2) and (3)
three sections.

Close-type
23

complicated
multi-span roof
s of the scuttle surface is adopted by the following requirements:
When a4h, s=0.2
When a>4h, s=0.6

27

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

This Fig. is applicable to conditions that shape coefficient s in Hm/H2 and s/H = 0.2~0.4

Backing
24

close-type gable
roof

Shape coefficient s

28

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Backing
25

close-type
gable roof

This Fig. is applicable to conditions that shape coefficient s in Hm/H2and s/H =0.2~0.4;

with scuttle

Single-sided
26

open type
gable roof

s of the windward slope is adopted by Item 2.

29

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s


With

gable

Open

on

in

Shape coefficient s

Double-side open
27

type and four-side


open type gable roof
The median is calculated by interpolation method
Note: 1 Roof of this Fig. is allergic to wind, so to shall consider the sign reversal condition of s
when designing;
2 Overall horizontal force to the roof caused by longitudinal wind loads;
When a30, a is 0.05Ah
When a<30, a is 0.10Ah
A is the horizontally-projected area of the roof, while h is the wind pressure at roof height h;
3 When the interior stockpiled articles or the building is on the hillside, the roof suction shall be
increased, and it may be adopted by Item 26 (s).

Semi-open gable
28

roof of back and


forth longitudinal
wall

s of the windward slope is adopted by Item 2.


This Fig. Is applicable to building with upper part concentrically open area10% and50%.
When the open area is as high as 50%, coefficient of the leeward wall surface is instead by -1.1.

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

29

Type

Shed and gable

Shapes and shape coefficient s

The median is calculated by interpolation method

canopy

The shape coefficient is adopted by Item 27

30

both

The median is calculated by interpolation method


Note: (b) and (c) shall consider Note 1 and Note 2 of Item 27.
3 When the interior stockpiled articles or the building is on the hillside, the roof suction shall be
increased, and it may be adopted by Item 26 (a).
(a) Regular polygon (including rectangular) plane

(b) Y-shape plane

30

Close-type building
and structures
L-shape

+-shape

plane

plane

II-shape plane

Sectional triangle plane

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

31

32

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Members of
sections

Truss

The shape coefficient of single truss is st=s


s is the shape coefficient of the truss components; it is taken by Item 31 for shape steel and it is taken
by Items 36 (b) for round pipeline members.
=An/A is the breakwind coefficient of truss
An is the net projected area of the truss member and node point breakwind

31

A=hl is the bounded area of the truss.

n is the integral shape coefficient parallel to the truss

stw = st

1 n
1

st is the shape coefficient of the single truss, and is adopted by the following Table.

32

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

33

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Independent wall and


fence

(a) The profile coefficient s when the angle tower pier is calculated integrally

coefficient
34

Tower pier

Triangle wind

Rectangle

Breakwind
Wind direction

Wind direction
Single angle

Angle

direction

combination
0.1

2.6

2.9

3.1

2.4

0.2

2.4

2.7

2.9

2.2

0.3

2.2

2.4

2.7

2.0

0.4

2.0

2.2

2.4

1.8

0.5

1.9

1.9

2.0

1.6

(b) The shape coefficient s when the pipe and round steel tower pier is calculated integrally
When sw0d20.002, s is adopted by the s of angle tower pier by multiplied by 0.8;
When sw0d20.015, s is adopted by the s of angle tower pier by multiplied by 0.6.
The median is calculated by interpolation method

33

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

35

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s

Rotating
umbo

(a) The shape coefficient s of surface distribution when it is calculated locally

Structures
of circular
36

section
(including
chimney
and tower)

Values in the table are applicable to surface smooth conditions in sw0d20.015, therein, w0 is in unit
of kN/m2, and d is in unit of m.
(b) The shape coefficient s when it is calculated integrally

The median is calculated by interpolation method; is the prominent height of the surface

34

Table 7.3.1 (Continued)


Items

Type

Shapes and shape coefficient s


This Fig. is applicable to condition in sw0d20.015
(a) up and down dual-pipe

(b) back and forth dual-pipe

37

Rotating
umbo

s listed in the table is the same of back and forth dual-pipes, therein, the forth pipe is 0.6
(c) close packing multi-pipe

s is the sum of all pipes


The shape coefficient sx of the horizontal component wx and the shape coefficient sy of the vertical
component wy of the wind loads:

38

Dragline

7.3.2 If the space between multi-buildings, especially dense high-rise buildings is small, the
interactive group effect of wind shall be considered. Commonly, the single building
coefficient s shall be multiplied by the mutual interference aggrandizement coefficient which
can be decided according to test data of similar cases. If necessary, it can be got from the
tunnel test.
7.3.3 During the calculation of the enclosure members and their connections, the partial wind
pressure coefficient s1 shall be decided according to the following provisions:
I. External surface
1. For zones with positive pressure, it shall be adopted according to Table 7.3.1.
35

2. Zone of negative pressure


For wall face, select -1.0;
For wall corners, select -1.8;
For roofing partial place (fastigium with periphery and roof slope greater than 10),
select -2.2;
For overhung members, such as cornice, canopy and sun shield, select -2.0.
Note: If the action width of wall corners and roof partial regions is 0.1 of the building width or 0.4 of the mean altitude of
buildings, select the smaller one but no less than 1.5m.

II. Internal surface


For enclosed buildings, the external surface wind pressure shall be -0.2 or 0.2.
Note: The aforesaid partial wind pressure coefficient s (1) is applicable for enclosed members with the tributary area (A)
less than or equal to 1m2. If the tributary area of the enclosed member is greater than or equal to 10m2, the partial wind pressure
system coefficient s (10) shall be multiplied by the discount coefficient 0.8. If the tributary area of members is less than 10m2
but greater than 1m2, the partial wind pressure system coefficient s (A) shall be decided according to the logarithm linear
interpolation of the area.
s(A)=s(1)+[s(10)-s(1)]logA

7.4 Downwind vibration and wind vibration coefficient


7.4.1 For building with height of more than 30m, high-rise structures with basic natural
vibration period T1 of more than 0.25s and wide span roofing structures, they shall consider
the impact of downwind vibration to the to the structure caused by the wind pressure pulse.
The wind vibration calculation shall be made according to random vibration theory, and the
structural natural vibration period shall be calculated by structural dynamics.
Note: The basic approximate natural vibration period T1 may be calculated by Appendix E.

7.4.2 For general cantilever-type structure, if such high-rise structures as truss, tower and
chimney, or torsion-neglectable high-rise buildings with height of greater than 30m and
depth-width ratio of greater than 1.5, they may only consider the impact of the first vibration
mode, while the wind loads of the structure may be calculated by wind vibration coefficient
on the basis of formula (7.1.1-1), and the wind vibration coefficientz of the structure at
height z may be worked out according to the following formula:
z=1+

v z
z

(7.4.2)

Where
Augmenting factor of the ripple;
vInfluence coefficient of the ripple;
zMode factor;
zVariation coefficient of the wind pressure height
7.4.3 The augmenting factor of the ripple; may be determined by Table 7.4.3.

36

Table 7.4.3 Augmenting Factor of the Ripple


2

0T 1(kNs /m )

0.01

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

0.20

0.40

0.60

Steel structure

1.47

1.57

1.69

1.77

1.83

1.88

2.04

2.24

2.36

Steel structure of building with filler wall

1.26

1.32

1.39

1.44

1.47

1.50

1.61

1.73

1.81

Concrete and masonry structure

1.11

1.14

1.17

1.19

1.21

1.23

1.28

1.34

1.38

0T 1(kNs /m )

0.80

1.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

Steel structure

2.46

2.53

2.80

3.09

3.28

3.42

3.54

3.91

4.14

Steel structure of building with filler wall

1.88

1.93

2.10

2.30

2.43

2.52

2.60

2.85

3.01

Concrete and masonry structure

1.42

1.44

1.54

1.65

1.72

1.7

1.82

1.96

2.06

Note: when calculating 0T 1, basic wind pressure may be replaced directly for regions with ground roughness of B-type,
while for regions of A-type, C-type and D-type, it shall be replaced by local basic wind pressure being multiplied by 1.38, 0.62
and 0.32 respectively.

7.4.4 Influence coefficient of the ripple may be determined by the following conditions
respectively.
1 The condition when the windward width of the structure is far less than its height such
as high-rise structure;
1) If the contour and mass are even along the aspect ratio, ripple ratio may be
determined according to Table 7.4.4-1.
Table 7.4.4-1 Influence Coefficient of the Ripple
Total height

10

H(m)

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90 100

150

200 250 300 350 400 450

A 0.78 0.83 0.86 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.82 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.79
Types of ground roughness

B 0.72 0.9 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.89 0.89 0.90 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.83
C 0.64 0.73 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.91
D 0.53 0.65 0.72 0.77 0.81 0.84 0.87 0.89 0.91 0.92 097 1.00 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.00 1.00

2) When the width of the windward and crosswind side of the structure varies along
the height in beeline or approach beeline, while the mass varies along the height
continuous and regularly, influence coefficient of the ripple shown in Table 7.4.4-1 shall
be multiplied by compensation factor B and v again. B shall be the ratio between the
width Bz at height z and the bottom width Bo of the structures windward; may be
determined by Table 7.4.4-2.
Table 7.4.4-2 Compensation Factor
BH/Bo

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

1.00

L 10

1.20

1.32

1.50

1.5

2.08

2.53

3.30

5.60

Note: BH and B0 are widths of the structures windward on the top and at the bottom.

2 When the width of the structure windward is larger, condition for spatial correlation of
wind pressure along the width direction shall be considered (such as high-rise building); if the
contour and mass are even along the aspect ratio, the influence coefficient of the ripple may
be the ratio between the total height H and its windward width B, it may be determined by
Table 7.4.4-3.

37

Table 7.4.4-3 Influence Coefficient of the Ripple


Total height H(m)

Types of
H/B

ground

30

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0.44

0.42

0.33

0.27

0.24

0.21

0.19

0.17

0.42

0.41

0.33

0.28

0.25

0.22

0.20

0.18

0.40

0.40

0.34

0.29

0.27

0.23

0.22

0.20

0.36

0.37

0.34

0.30

0.27

0.25

0.24

0.22

0.48

0.47

0.41

0.35

0.31

0.27

0.26

0.24

0.46

0.46

0.42

0.36

0.36

0.29

0.27

0.26

0.43

0.44

0.42

0.37

0.34

0.31

0.29

0.28

0.39

0.42

0.42

0.38

0.36

0.33

0.32

031

0.50

0.51

0.46

0.42

0.38

0.35

0.33

0.31

0.48

0.50

0.47

0.42

0.40

0.36

0.35

0.33

0.45

0.49

0.48

0.44

0.42

0.38

0.38

0.36

0.41

0.46

0.48

0.46

0.46

0.44

0.42

0.39

0.53

0.51

0.49

0.42

0.41

0.38

0.38

0.36

0.51

0.50

0.49

0.46

0.43

0.40

0.40

0.38

0.48

0.49

0.49

0.48

0.46

0.43

0.43

0.41

0.43

0.46

0.49

0.49

0.48

0.47

0.46

0.45

0.52

0.53

0.51

0.49

0.46

0.44

0.42

0.39

0.50

0.53

0.52

0.50

0.48

0.45

0.44

0.42

roughness

0.5

1.0

2.0

3.0

5.0

8.0

0.47

0.50

0.52

0.52

0.50

0.48

0.47

0.45

0.43

0.48

0.52

0.53

0.53

0.52

0.51

0.50

0.53

0.54

0.53

0.51

0.48

0.46

0.43

0.42

0.51

0.53

0.54

0.52

0.50

0.49

0.6

0.44

0.48

0.51

0.54

0.53

0.52

0.52

0.50

0.48

0.43

0.48

0.54

0.53

0.55

0.55

0.54

0.53

7.4.5 The mode factor shall be determined by power calculation of the structure. For
cantilever-type high-rise structure with contour, mass and rigidity vary continuously and
regularly along the height, or the high-rise building even in aspect ratio, the mode factor may
also be determined by relative height z/H on the basis of Appendix F.
7.5 Gustiness factor
7.5.1 When calculating wind loads of curtain wall component (including door window) of the
blind bearing the wind pressure, gustiness factor shall be determined by Table 7.5.1.
For other roof and wall face components, gustiness factor takes 1.0.

38

Table 7.5.1 Gustiness Factor gz


Ground level (m)

Types of ground roughness


A

1.69

1.88

2.30

3.21

10

1.63

1.78

2.10

2.76

15

1.60

1.72

1.99

2.54

20

1.58

1.69

1.92

2.39

30

1.54

1.64

1.83

2.21

40

1.52

1.60

1.77

2.09

50

1.51

1.58

1.3

2.01

60

1.49

1.56

1.69

1.94

70

1.48

1.54

1.66

1.89

80

1.47

1.53

1.64

1.85

90

1.47

1.52

1.62

1.81

100

1.46

1.51

1.60

1.8

150

1.43

1.47

1.54

1.67

200

1.42

1.44

1.50

1.60

250

1.40

1.42

1.46

1.55

300

1.39

1.41

1.44

1.51

7.6 Crosswind vibration


7.6.1 For round section structure, crosswind vibration (swirl desquamation) for different
Reynolds number Re shall be checked according to the following provisions.
1 When Re<3105 and the top wind speed H of the structure is greater than cr,
subcritical breeze sympathetic vibration may occur. By then, anti-vibration measures may be
adopted on the structure or the critical wind velocity cr of the structure may be controlled to
be no less than 15m/s.
2 When Re3.5106 and 1.2 times of the top wind speed H of the structure is greater
than cr, over- critical fresh gale sympathetic vibration may occur; by then, resonance effect
caused by crosswind load shall be considered by Article 7.6.2.
3 When the Reynolds number is 3105Re<106, supercritical wind vibration may occur,
and it may not be treated.
4 Reynolds number Re may be determined by the following formula:
Re=69000D
(7.6.1-1)
Where
Wind speed for calculation, it may take cr value;
DDiameter of the structural section (m)
5 The critical wind velocity cr and structural top wind speed H may be determined by
the following formula:
(7.6.1-2)
vcr=D/TiSt

39

vH=

2000 H w0

(7.6.1-3)

Where
TiNatural vibration period of the structural vibration mode i; when checking
the subcritical breeze sympathetic vibration, it takes basic natural vibration period T1;
StStrouhal number, it takes 0.2 for circular sectional structure;
HVariation coefficient of the wind pressure height on top of the structure;
w0Basic wind pressure (kN/m2);
Air density (kg/m3)
6 When the structure is reduced along the height section (inclination pitch is no greater
than 0.02), diameter at 2/3 structural height may be approximately adopted.
7.6.2 The equivalent wind loads of vibration mode j caused by over-critical fresh gale
sympathetic vibration at the height z may be determined by the following formula:
(7.6.2-1)
Wczj=|j|vcr2zj/12800jKN/m2
Initial point height H1 of the critical wind velocity shown in Table 7.6.2 may be
determined by the following formula:
H1=H (

vcr 1 / a
)
1.2vH

(7.6.2-2)

Where:
Ground roughness index, they are 0.12, 0.16, 0.22 and 0.30 for A-type, B-type,
C-type and D-type respectively;
HWind speed on top of the structure (m/s)
Note: when checking the crosswind vibration, high vibration mode No. considered is no greater than 4, and it may take the
first or second vibration mode for general cantilever-type structure.

Table 7.6.2 Table for j Calculation


Structure

Vibration

type

mode No.

H1/H
0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.56

1.55

1.54

1.49

1.42

1.31

1.15

0.94

0.68

0.37

High-rise

0.83

0.82

0.76

0.60

0.37

0.09

-0.16

-0.33

-0.38

-0.27

structure

0.52

0.48

0.32

0.06

-0.19

-0.30

-0.21

0.00

0.20

0.23

0.30

0.33

0.02

-0.20

-0.23

0.03

0.16

0.15

-0.05

-0.18

High-rise

1.56

1.56

1.54

1.49

1.41

1.28

1.12

0.91

0.65

0.35

building

0.73

0.72

0.63

0.45

0.19

-0.11

-0.36

-0.52

-0.53

-0.36

7.6.3 When checking crosswind vibration, the gross effect of wind loads may determine the
crosswind load effect Sc and downwind load effect SA by the following formula:
S= SC2 + S A2

(7.6.3)

7.6.4 For the structure of non-circular section, equivalent wind loads of the crosswind
vibration should be determined by the tunnel test of the air elastic model; or it may be
determined by reference to the relevant information.

40

Appendix A Deadweight of Commonly-used Materials and Members


Table A.1 Deadweight of Commonly-used Materials and Members
Item

Deadweight

Remarks

Varying according to water ratios

4-5

Varying according to water ratios

5-6

Varying according to water ratios

6-7

Varying according to water ratios

Holm oak, Chinese locust

7-8

Varying according to water ratios

Oak, eucalyptus, beefwood

8-9

Varying according to water ratios

Common wooden batten, sandal wood

Varying according to water ratios

Sawdust

2-2.5

With preservatives, 3kN/m3

Fiber board

4-5

Cork board

2.5

Chipboard

1. Timber (kN/m3)
Cedar wood
Fir, spruce, Korean pine, China Armand pine, hemlock, Mongolian
Scotch Pine, alder, toon, poplar, Chinese ash
Chinese red pine, Burma pine, Chinese pine, red pine, Guangdong
pine, alder, sweetgum, wear the willow, common sassafras, Qinling
Mountain larch and Xinjiang larch
Northeast larch, Dacrydium cupressinum, elm, birch, Manchurian
ash, chinaberry,

ailanthus

2. Peeler ( kN/m2)
Veneer three-ply ( poplar)

0.019

Veneer three-ply ( basswood)

0.028

Veneer three-ply ( Manchurian ash)

0.028

Veneer five-layer plywood ( poplar)

0.03

Veneer five-layer plywood ( basswood)

0.034

Veneer five-layer plywood ( Manchurian ash)

0.04

Cane fiber board (counted based on 10mm)

Commonly-used thicknesses are

0.03

13mm, 15mm, 19mm and 25mm

Sound screen (counted based on 10mm)

0.03

Xylolite slab (counted based on 10mm)

0.12

Commonly-used thicknesses are


13mm and 20mm
Commonly-used thicknesses are
6mm and 20mm

3. metal mineral products (kN/m3)

41

Cast iron

72.5

Wrought iron

77.5

Iron ore scrap

27.6

Hematite

25-30

Steel

78.5

Tough pitch, red copper

89

Brass, gunmetal

89

Sulphide copper ore

42

Aluminium

27

Aluminium alloy

28

Zinc

70.5

Sub-zinc mine

40.5

Lead

114

Galena

74.5

Gold

193

Platinum

213

Silver

105

Tin

73.5

Nickel

89

Mercury

136

Tungsten

189

Magnesium

18.5

Antimony

66.6

Crystal

29.5

Borax

17.5

Sulphur ore

20.5

Asbestos mine

24.6

Asbestos

10

Asbestos

Kaolin

22

Gypsum mine

25.5

Gypsum

13-14.5

Compaction
Incoherence, dampness no bigger
than 15%

Hunch stockpile =30

42

Thin stockpile =40


Gypsum powder

9
4. Earth, Sand, Grit, Rock ( kN/m3)

Humus soil

15-16

Dry, =40; wet, =35, extremely wet, =25

Clay

13.5

Dry, soft, void ratio is 1.0

Clay

16

Dry, =40, compaction

Clay

18

Wet, =35, compaction

Clay

20

Extremely wet, =25, compaction

Grit

12.2

Dry, soft

Sandy soil

16

Dry, =35, compaction

Sandy soil

18

Wet, =35, compaction

Sandy soil

20

Extremely wet, =25, compaction

Sandy soil

14

Dry, fine sand

Sandy soil

17

Dry, fine sand

Pebble

16-18

Dry

Clay with pebble

17-18

Dry, soft

Sand with pebble

15-17

Dry, soft

Sand with pebble

16-19.2

Dry, compaction

Sand with pebble

18.9-19.2

Wet

Pumice

6-8

Dry

Pumice filling materials

4-6

Sandstone

23.6

Shale

28

Shale

14.8

Slabstone stow

Marlstone

14

=40

Granite, marble

28

Granite

15.4

Limestone

26.4

Limestone

15.2

Mussel bed

14

Dolomite

16

Talcum

27.1

Flint

35.2

Slabstone stow

Slabstone stow

Slabstone stow, =48

43

Toniciidae

27.6

Basalt

29.5

Feldspar

25.5

Hornblende, verdantique

30

Hornblende, verdantique

17.1

Slabstone stow

Blinding

14-15

Stow

Rock meal

16

Clay nature or limy

Bubbly clay

5-8

Filling material, =35

Kieselguhr filling material

4-6

Diabase board

29.5
5. Brick and Brickbat (kN/m3)

Common brick

18

240mm115mm53mm(684 pieces/m3)

Common brick

19

Made by machine

Clinker

21-21.5

230mm110mm65mm (609 pieces/m3)

Red clinker

20.4

Firebrick

19-22

230mm110mm65mm(609 pieces/m3)

Acidproof ceramic tile

23-25

230mm113mm65mm(590 pieces/m3)

Sand-lime brick

18

Sand: ash= 92:8

Cinder block

17-18.5

Slag brick

18.5

Breeze brick

12-14

Soot brick

14-15

Clay butt

12-15

Sawdust brick

Cinder hollow block

10

290mm290mm140mm(85 pieces/m3)

Cement hollow tile

9.8

290mm290mm140mm(85 pieces/m3)

Cement hollow block

10.3

300mm250mm110mm(121 pieces/m3)

Cement hollow block

9.6

300mm250mm160mm(83 pieces/m3)

Press-powder coal-dust brick

14.0-16.0

Dry and weight degree

Haydite building block

Pulverized fuel ash light hollow brick

5.0
6.0
7.0-8.0

Hard slag: soot: lime = 75:15:10

Slag: carbide slag: soot=30:40:30

Length 600, 400m, width 150, 250mm, height 250,


200mm
390mm290mm190mm
390mm190mm190mm, 390mm240mm190mm

44

Press-powder coal ash aerocrete block

5.5

Concrete hollow small block

11.8

390mm190mm190mm

Rubble

12

Stow

Cement tile

19.8

200mm200mm24mm(1042 pieces/m3)

Porcelain facing brick

19.8

150mm150mm8mm(5556 pieces/m3)

Ceramic mosaic

0.12kN/m2

Thickness 5mm

6. Lime, Cement, Mortar and Concrete ( kN/m3)


Quicklime block

11

Stow, =30

Quicklime powder

12

Stow, =35

White lime cream

13.5

Lime mortar, cement lime mortar

17

Cement, lime, cinder, mortar

14

Calcareous slag

10-12

Cement slag

12-14

Cement, cinder, mortar

13

Lime soil

17.5

Straw lime slurry

16

Paper lime slurry

16

Lime sawdust

3.4

Lime: sawdust=1:3

Lime concrete

17.5

Lime, grit, pebble

Cement

12.5

Lightweight incoherence, =20

Cement

14.5

Bulkload, =30

Cement

16

In bags, compaction, =40

Slag cement

14.5

Cement mortar

20

Cement, grout

5-8

Asbestos cement mortar

19

Expanded perlite mortar

7-15

Gypsum mortar

12

Rubble concrete

18.5

Plain concrete

22-24

Cinder concrete

20

Breeze concrete

16-17

Lime: earth =3:7, tamping

Bumping down or not bumping down

For bearing

45

Breeze concrete

10-14

Iron-aggregate concrete

28-65

Pumice concrete

9-14

Bituminous concrete

20

Macroporosity concrete without sand

16-19

Foamed concret

4-6

Aerocrete

5.5-7.5

Reinforcement concrete

24-25

Rubble reinforced concrete

20

Steel-web cement

25

Water glass acid proof concrete

20-23.5

Pulverized fuel ash pottery pebble


concrete

For filling

Monolith

For load-carrying members

19.5
7. pitch, coal ash, butter grain (kN/m3)

Petroleum asphalt

10-11

According to relative density

Tar

12

Coal pitch

13.4

Coal tar

10

Anthracite

15.5

Whole

Anthracite

9.5

Massive stockpile, =30

Anthracite

Shiver stockpile, =35

Tobacco smalls

Stockpile, =15

Coal briquette

10

Stockpile

Lignite

12.5

Lignite

7-8

Turf

7.5

Turf

3.2-3.4

Xylanthrax

3-5

Coal coke

12

Coal coke

Cinder

10

Coal ash

6.5

Coal ash

Stockpile

Stockpile

Stockpile, =45

Compaction

46

Plumbago

20.8

Coal wax

Oil wax

9.6

Crude oil

8.8

Kerosene

Kerosene

7.2

Lubricating oil

7.4

Gasoline

6.7

Gasoline

6.4

Animal oil, vegetable oil

9.3

Bean oil

In bulk, relative density 0.82-0.89

In bulk, relative density 0.72-0.76

Large barrel, per barrel 360kg

8. Misc ( kN/m3)
Simple glass

25.6

Steel glass

26

Cellular glass

3-5

Glass wool

0.5-1

Rock wool

0.5-2.5

Pitch glass wool

0.8-1

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.035- 0.047 [ W/( mK)]

Glass wool board ( pipe socket)

1-1.5

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.035- 0.047 [ W/( mK)]

Fiberglass reinforced plastics

14-22

Slag wool

1.2-1.5

Slag wool manufactured product (board,

For insulating layer filling material

Incoherence, coefficient of heat conductivity 0.0310.044 [ W/( mK)]

3.5-4

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.041- 0.052 [ W/( mK)]

Asphalt slag wool

1.2-1.6

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.041- 0.052 [ W/( mK)]

Asphalt slag wool

1.2-1.6

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.041- 0.052 [ W/( mK)]

Expanded perlite powder lot

0.8-2.5

Cement perlite products

3.5-4

Expanded vermiculite

0.8-2

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.052- 0.07 [ W/( mK)]

Pitch vermiculite manufactured product

3.5-4.5

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.81- 0.105 [ W/( mK)]

4-6

coefficient of heat conductivity 0.093- 0.14 [ W/( mK)]

brick and tube)

Cement vermiculite manufactured


product

Dry, soft, coefficient of heat conductivity 0.052- 0.076


[ W/( mK)]
Intensity 1N/mm2, soft, coefficient of heat conductivity
0.058- 0.081 [ W/( mK)]

47

Polyvinyl choride board (tube)

13.6-16

Polystyrene foam

0.5

Asbestos board

13

Emulsified asphalt

9.8-10.5

Flexible rubber

9.3

White phosphorus

18.3

Rosin

10.7

Magnetism

24

Alcohol

7.85

100% (net)

Alcohol

6.6

In bulk, relative density 0.79-0.82

Hydrochloric acid

12

Concentration 40%

Nitric acid

15.1

Concentration 91%

Vitriol

17.9

Concentration 87%

Alkali

17

Concentration 60%

Ammonium chloride

7.5

Stockpile in bags

Urea

7.5

Stockpile in bags

Ammonium bicarbonate

Stockpile in bags

Water

10

The maximum density at 4

Ice

8.96

Books

Glazed printing paper

10

Newspaper

Rice paper

Cotton, cotton yarn

Straw

1.2

Debris from demolition ( builders


rubbish)

coefficient of heat conductivity no greater than 0.035


[ W/( mK)]
Water ratio no greater than 3%

Weight in average when impacted

15
9. Foodstuff (kN/m3)

Rough rice

=35

Rice

8.5

Loose keeping

Grain legumes

7.5-8

=20

Grain legumes

6.8

In bags

48

Wheat

=25

Flour

Corn

7.8

=28

Millet, sorghum

Bulkload

Millet, sorghum

In bags

Sesame

4.5

In bags

Fresh fruit

3.5

Bulkload

Fresh fruit

Encasement

Peanut

With shells, in bags

Tin can

4.5

Encasement

Vino, soy sauce, oil, vinegar

In bottles and encasement

Bean cake

Round-cake placement, each piece 28kg

Rock salt

10

In bulk

Salt

8.6

Granule loose keeping

Salt

8.1

In bags

Granulated sugar

7.5

Bulkload

Granulated sugar

In bags

10. Masonry Envelope ( kN/m3)


Grout ashlar

26.4

Granite, square fossil

Grout ashlar

25.6

Limestone

Grout ashlar

22.4

Sandstone

Grout rubble ashlar

24.8

Granite, level on the upper and lower surface

Grout rubble ashlar

24

Limestone

Grout rubble ashlar

20.8

Sandstone

Dry building of stone

20.8

Granite, level on the upper and lower surface

Dry building of stone

20

Limestone

Dry building of stone

17.6

Sandstone

Building of common bricks

18

Grouting brick

19

Building of clinkers

21

Grouting firebrick

22

Grouting slag brick

21

Grouting tar scrap

12.5-14

49

Adobe block brickwork


Clay brick hollow bucket masonry
envelope
Clay brick hollow bucket masonry
envelope
Clay brick hollow bucket masonry
envelope
Clay brick hollow bucket masonry
envelope
Pulverized fuel ash spume block masonry
envelope
Concrete

16
17

Filling smashed debris in the center

13

Full

12.5

No load

15

Able to bear load

8-8.5

Pulverized fuel ash: carbide slag: debris cream=74:22:4

17

Ash: sand: earth=1:1:9-1:1:4

11. Partition and Wall Face (kN/m2)


Bifacial rendering lath partition

0.9

Thickness of line on each face: 16-24mm, keel included

Pedion rendering lath partition

0.5

Thickness of line: 16-24mm, keel included

0.27

0.32
0.38

Two layers of 12mm paper cream boards, no insulating


layer
Two layers of 12mm thistle board, with 50mm rock heated
boards filled in the center
Three layers of 12mm thistle board, no insulating layer

C-format lightgage steel joist partition


0.43
0.49
0.54

Three layers of 12mm thistle board, with 50mm rock wool


heated boards filled in the center
Four layers of 12mm thistle board, no insulating layer
Four layers of 12mm thistle board, with 50mm rock heated
boards filled in the center

Tiling wall face

0.5

Thickness 25mm, compo foundation included

Cement printed wall face

0.36

Thickness 20mm, cement grit

Terrazzo wall face

0.55

Thickness 25mm, foundation included

Hydroborocalcife wall face

0.5

Thickness 25mm, foundation included

Lime grit whitewash

0.34

Thickness 20mm

Imitation stone wall face

0.50.5

Thickness 25mm, foundation included

External galling wall face

0.7

25mm compo foundation included

12. Roof Truss, Door and Window (kN/m2)


Plank truss

0.07+0.007span

Counted based on the horizontal projected area of roof,


span (L) in m

50

Steel roof truss

0.12+0.011span

Wooden frame glazing

0.2-0.3

Steel-frame glazing

0.4-0.5

Wood door

0.1-0.2

Steel-iron door

0.4-0.5

No scuttle, including supports, counted based on the


horizontal projected area of roof, span (L) in m

13. Roof (kN/m2)


Clay plain tile roofing

0.55

Cement plain tile roofing

0.5-0.55

Small grey tile roofing

0.9-1.1

Tile roofing

0.5

Slate roofing

0.46

Thickness 6.3 mm

Slate roofing

0.71

Thickness 9.5mm

Slate roofing

0.71

Thickness 12.1mm

Wheat straw marl roof

0.16

Counted in thickness of 10mm

Asbestos board tile

0.18

The deadweight of tile

Corrugated asbestos sheet

0.2

1820mm725mm8mm

Galvanized sheet metal

0.05

No.24

Corrugated iron

0.05

No.26

Color steel plate pantile

0.12-0.13

0.6mm color steel plate

Arch-form color steel plate roofing

0.3

Lucite roofing

0.06

Thickness 1.0mm

Glass roof

0.3

9.5mm, deadweight of wire glass and frames included

Glass brick roof

0.65

Deadweight of frames included

0.05

Brushing oil twice for each layer of linoleum

0.25-0.3
Linoleum waterproof layer (modified
asphalt waterproof coiled material
included)

0.3-0.35

0.35-0.4

Counted according to real area, the same in the following

Including incubation and weight of light fixtures,


0.15kN/m2

For four layers, twice brushing of oil on each, with


handstone spreading on
For six layers, three brushing of oil on two, with
handstone spreading on
For eight layers, four brushing of oil on three, with
handstone spreading on

Waterproof layer

0.1

Thickness 8mm

Dormer window

0.35-0.4

9.5mm, deadweight of wire glass and frames included

51

14. Hover (kN/m2)


Steel-web plastering suspended ceiling

0.45

Staff lathed ceiling

0.45

Grit firring hover

0.55

Reed plastered ceiling

0.48

Suspending wood included

Dealt hover

0.25

Suspending wood included

Three-ply hover

0.18

Suspending wood included

Straw board hover

0.15

Suspending wood and weather strips included

Fiber board suspended ceiling

0.26

Fiber board suspended ceiling

0.29

Acoustic celotex board hover

0.17

Acoustic celotex board hover

0.18

Acoustic celotex board hover

0.2

Average thickness of lime: 20mm, suspending wood


included
Average thickness of lime: 25mm, suspending wood
included

Thickness 25mm, suspending wood and weather strips


included
Thickness 30mm, suspending wood and weather strips
included
Thickness 10mm, suspending wood and weather strips
included
Thickness 13mm, suspending wood and weather strips
included
Thickness 20mm, suspending wood and weather strips
included

0.12
0.17

One layer of 9mm thistle board, no insulating layer


One layer of 9mm thistle board, with 50mm rock wool
board insulating layers

V-mode lightgage steel joist suspended


ceiling

0.20
0.25

V-mode lightgage steel joist and


aluminium alloy joist suspended ceiling
Cinder sawdust insulating layer on the
hover

0.1-0.12

Two layers of 9mm thistle boards, no insulating layer


Two layers of 9mm thistle boards, with 50mm rock wool
board insulating layers
One layer of 15mm mineral wool abatvoix, no insulating
layer

0.2

Thickness 50mm, mixture of cinder: sawdust=1:5

15. Floor ( kN/m2)


Floor grid

0.2

Hardwood flooring

0.2

Deal flooring

0.18

Small tile floor

0.55

The deadweight of grid


Thickness 25mm, the deadweight of bridging and nails, no
deadweight of grid

Cement grit foundation included

52

Thickness of brick: 25mm, cement grit foundation

Cement tile floor

0.6

Terrazzo floor

0.65

10mm surface layer and 20mm compo foundation

Oilcloth

0.02-0.03

Oilcloth, for floor surface

Wood block floor

0.7

Antiseptic oil cream paving, 76mm thick

Magnesite flooring

0.28

Thickness 20mm

Cast iron floor

4-5

60mm broken-stone course and 60mm surface layer

Clinker floor

1.7-2.1

Clinker floor

3.3

Black tile floor surface

1.5

included

60mm sand bedding course and 53mm surface layer,


carvel built
60mm sand bedding course, 115mm surface layer, side
built
Sand block house, carvel built

16. Building Profiling Steel Plate (kN/m2)


Solitary wave-type V-300 (S-30)

0.13

Wave height: 173mm, plating thickness: 0.8mm

Double-wave W-550

0.11

Wave height: 130mm, plating thickness: 0.8mm

Tricrotism V-200

0.135

Wave height: 70mm, plating thickness: 1mm

Multimode V-125

0.065

Wave height: 35mm, plating thickness: 0.6mm

Multimode V-115

0.079

Wave height: 35mm, plating thickness: 0.6mm

17. Architectural Panel (kN/m2)


Color steel plate metal curtain wall board

0.11

Two layers, the thickness of color steel plates: 0.6mm and


the thickness of polyphenyl hexylene core material: 25mm

0.14

Plating thickness: 40mm, steel plate thickness: 0.6mm

0.15

Plating thickness: 60mm, steel plate thickness: 0.6mm

0.16

Plating thickness: 80mm, steel plate thickness: 0.6mm

Metal thermal insulating material


(polyurethane) composite plate

Color steel plate with polyphenyl


hexylene heated board

Two layers, the thickness of color steel plates: 0.6mm and


0.12-0.15

50-250mm
0.24

Color steel plate rock wool sandwich


board
0.25
GRC enforced cement polyphenyl
compound heated board
GRC double partition board

the thickness of polyphenyl hexylene core material:

Plating thickness: 100mm, tow layers of color steel plates,


Z-type keel rock wool core material
Plating thickness: 120mm, tow layers of color steel plates,
Z-type keel rock wool core material

1.13

0.3

Length: 2400-2800mm, width:

600mm, thickness:

60mm

53

GRC interior wall board

0.35

Length: 2400-2800mm, width: 600mm, thickness: 60mm

Lightweight GRC double partition board

0.17

3000mm 600mm 60mm

Lightweight GRC heated board

0.14

3000mm 600mm 60mm

Lightweight large wall panel (outer space


board series)
Lightweight large wall panel (outer space
board series), thickness: 80mm

0.7-0.9

0.4

Thickness: 100mm

0.45

Thickness: 120mm

0.5

GRC wallboard

0.11

Steel-net rock wool filler composite plate


(GY board)

Calcium silicate board

1.1

6000mm1500mm120mm, high-strength cement foamed


core
Standard specifications: 3000mm * 1000 (1200, 1500)mm,
high-strength cement foaming
Core materials, different steel skeletons and cold-drawn
wire nets according to various distances and loads

Thickness: 10mm
Thickness of rock wool core material: 50mm, thickness of
bifacial ferro-cement mortar: 25mm respectively

0.08

Plating thickness: 6mm

0.10

Plating thickness: 8mm

0.12

Plating thickness: 10mm


Plating thickness: 100mm, wire mesh with polyphenyl

Cypress board

0.95

olefine insulating layer, the thickness of compo on each


surface: 20mm

Beehive composite plate

0.14

Thickness: 75mm

Gypsum perlite hollow slat

0.45

Length: 2500-3000mm, width: 600mm, thickness: 60mm

0.17

3000mm600mm60mm

Reinforced cement gypsum polyphenyl


heated board
Glass curtain wall

1.0-1.5

20%- 30% greater than the deadweight of glass in unit


area

54

Appendix B Method for Deciding the Floor Isoeffect Rectangular


Distribution Live Load
B.0.1 The isoeffect rectangular distribution live load for floor (plate, junior beam and main
beam) shall be decided according to the internal force (e.g.: bending moment, shearing force
etc.), deformation and crack as required on the designed control position. In a typical case, it
may be decided by the internal force.
B.0.2 The isoeffect rectangular distribution live load of continuous beam and plate may be
calculated by single-span simple support. However when calculating the internal force, it
shall be considered in a stream.
B.0.3 When there is great difference in the floor live load due to the difference of production,
overhauling, mounting process and structural arrangement, the isoeffect rectangular
distribution live load shall be decided on the basis of regions.
B.0.4 The isoeffect rectangular distribution live load (qe) of the partial load (including
concentrated load) on the one-way slab can be calculated according to the following formula:

qe =

8M max
bl 2

(B.0.4-1)

Where,
lis the lamellar span;
bis the effective distribution width of the plate load, to be determined according to
B.o.5 of this appendix;
Mmaxis the absolute maximum moment of the simple-support one-way slab, to be
determined by the most disadvantaged arrangement of equipments.
When calculating Mmax, the equipment load shall be multiplied by the power coefficient and
deducted the bending moment caused by applying load on the span area of this plate.
B.0.5 The effective distribution width (b) of the partial load on the one-way slab may be
calculated according to the following provisions:
1 When the long edge of the working face of the partial load is in parallel with the plate
span, the effective distribution width b of the load on the simply supported plate is: (Figure
B.0.5-1)

55

Non-supported edge

Support
Figure B.0.5-1 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Simply Supported Plate (the long
edge of the load's working face is in parallel with the plate span)

(1) When bcxbcy, bcy0.6l, bcxl:


b=bcy+0.7l

(B.0.5-1)

b=0.6bcy+0.94l

(B.0.5-2)

(2) When bcxbcy,0.6l<bcyl, bcxl:


2 When the long edge of the working face of the partial load is perpendicular to the plate
span, the effective distri6ution width (b) of the load on the simply supported plate is: (Figure
B.0.5-2)

Support
Figure B.0.5-2 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Simply Supported Plate (the long
edge of the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate span)

(1) When bcx<bcy,bcy2.2l,bcxl:


b=

2
bcy+0.73l
3

(2) When bcx<bcy,bcy>2.2l, bcxl:


b=bcy
Where,
lis the lamellar span;
bcxis the calculated width when the load's working face is in parallel with the plate
span;

56

bcyis the calculated width when the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate
span;
btx =btx+2s+h
bty =bty+2s+h
Where,
btxis the width when the load's working face is in parallel with the plate span;
btyis the width when the load's working face is perpendicular to the plate span;
sis the underlayer thickness;
his the lamellar thickness.
3 When the partial load acts on the non-supported edge of the plate, namely: d<b/2
(Figure B.0.5-1), the effective distribution width of the load shall be deducted, and it can be
calculated according to the following formula:
b=1/2b+d

(B.0.5-5)

Where,
bis the effective distribution width after deduction;
dis the distance between the center of load's working face and the non-supported
edge.
4 When the two partial load is adjacent but e<b, the effective distribution width of load
shall be deducted and it can be calculated according to the following formula (Figure
B.0.5-3):

Support
Figure B.0.5-3 Effective Distribution Width of the Two Adjacent Partial Loads

b=b/2+e/2

(B.0.5-6)

Where,
eis the spacing between the center of two partial loads.
5 The effective distribution width of the partial load on the cantilever plate is (Figure
B.0.5-4):

57

Figure B.0.5-4 Effective Distribution Width of the Partial Load on the Plate for Cantilever

b=bcy+2x

(B.0.5-7)

Where,
xis the spacing from the center of partial load's working face to the support.
B.0.6 The equivalent uniform load of two-way slab may be determined according to the
absolute maximum moment of the plate simply supported on four sides.
B.0.7 The partial load on the junior beam (including the longitudinal rib of the trough plate)
shall be the bigger value of the bending moment's and shearing force's isoeffect rectangular
distribution live load:

q eM =

qeV =

8M max
sl 2

2Vmax
sl

(B.0.71)

(B.0.72)

Where,
Sis the junior beam spacing;
lis the junior beam span;
Mmax and Vmaxis the absolute maximum moment and maximum shear of the
simple-support junior beam, to be determined by the most disadvantaged arrangement of
equipments.
When calculating Mmax and Vmax according to the simply-supported beam, except for the
partial load directly handed down to the junior beam, the live load (dynamic influence shall
be considered for the equipment load and the operating load on the equipment area shall be
deducted) brought over from the neighboring plate as well as the unloading effect from the
junior beam adjacent on both sides shall also be considered.

58

B.0.8 When the load is distributed uniformly, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load
on the main beam may be acquired through dividing the total load by the total load-bearing
area.
B.0.9 In a typical case, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load on the post and the
foundation may be the same as the main beam.

59

Appendix C Floor live load of industrial buildings


C.0.1 The floor isoeffect rectangular distribution live load of smith shops, instrumentation production departments, semiconductor device workshops, cotton
spinning and weaving workshops, preparing shops of tyre plants and grain processing workshops shall be decided according to C.0.1-C.0.6.
Table C.0.1 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Smith Shops
Characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
Board
Number

Item

First-class metalwork
Second-class
metalwork
Third-class
metalwork
Fourth-class
metalwork

Junior beam

Combination value

Frequent value

Quasi-permanent value

coefficient

coefficient

coefficient

Board

Board

Beam

Beam

span

span

spacing

spacing

1.2m

2.0m

1.2m

2.0m

22.0

14.0

14.0

10.0

9.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

18.0

12.0

12.0

9.0

8.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

16.0

10.0

10.0

8.0

7.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

12.0

8.0

8.0

6.0

5.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

Girder

Representative

machine type

CW6180, X53K, X63W, B690, M1080,


Z35A
C6163, X52K, X62W, B6090, M1050A,
Z3040
C6140, X51K, X61W, B6050, M1040,
Z3025
C6132, X50A, X60W, B031-1, M1010,
Z32K

Note:
1. The combination of loads listed in the form is applicable for one-way bearing field-cast girders and prefabricated trough plates. For trough plates, the board span listed in the form refers to the vittae spacing of trough
plates.
2. The combination of loads listed in the form doesn't include the deadweight of partitions and suspended ceilings.
3. The combination of loads listed in the form has taken the equipment (including dynamic influence) and operation combination of loads in the installation, repair and regular service conditions.
4. During the design of walls, columns and foundations, the floor live load listed in the form shall adopt the same combination of loads as that of the designed girders.

60

Table C.0.2 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Instrumentation Production Department
Characteristic value/nominal
value(kN/m2)
Number

Workshop name

Optical manufacture
Optical

Large-type optical

workshop

instrument assembly
Common optical

3
4
5

instrument assembly
Large-type instrument assembly
Common

assembly
Micron gear processing and crystal
element (gem) processing
Common optical

7
Workshop
storehouses
8

instruments and meters

instrument storehouse
Large-type instrument
storehouses

Combination value

Frequent value

Quasi-permanent value

coefficient

coefficient

coefficient

Girder

board
Junior

Remarks

Board

Board

span

span

1.2m

2.0m

7.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

7.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

Products are assembled on the assembly table

7.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

Products are assembled on the floor

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.0

0.7

0.7

0.6

Products are assembled on the assembly table

7.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

0.8

0.8

0.7

4.0

4.0

4.0

3.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

7.0

7.0

7.0

6.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

beam)

Representative equipment H015

muller, ZD-450 and GZD300

film plating machine, Q8312 perspective buffing machine


Representative equipment C0520A turning machine, universal
tool maker's microscope

Representative equipment YM3608 hobbing machine, gem plain


surface grinder

Note: See the note of Table C.0.1.

61

Table C.0.3 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Semiconductor Device Workshop
Characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
Number

board
Workshop name

1
2
3

Semiconductor device
workshop

junior beam

combination value

frequent value

quasi-permanent value

coefficient

coefficient

coefficient

The deadweight of representative

board

board

beam

beam

span

span

spacing

spacing

1.2m

2.0m

1.2m

2.0m

10.0

8.0

8.0

6.0

5.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

14.0-18.0

8.0

6.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

9.0-12.0

6.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

4.0-8.0

4.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

3.0

Girder

equipment ( KN)

Note: See the note of Table C.0.1.

62

Table C.0.4 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Cotton Spinning and Weaving Workshop
characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
board
Number

Workshop name

junior beam

board

board

board

board

span

span

span

span

1.2m

2.0m

1.2m

2.0m

12.0

8.0

10.0

7.0

Card room

Girder

Combination value

Frequent value

Quasi-permanent value

coefficient

coefficient

coefficient

FA201,203
5.0

Roving room

15.0

10.0

12.0

8.0

6.0

6.0

(15.0)

(10.0)

(8.0)

Spun yarn room

6.0

Coning room

(10.0)

8.0
5.0

FA221A
FA401,415A,421

4.0

TJFA458A
FA705,506,507A

5.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

GA013,015
ESPERO
0.8

Thread-twisting room
Beaming room

Shuttle loom
5

Representative equipment

8.0

6.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

loom

0.7

FA705,721,762
ZC-L-180
D3-1000-180

12.5

6.5

6.5

5.5

4.4

Weaving room
Gripper

0.8

GA615-150
GA615-180
GA731-190,733-190

18.0

9.0

10.0

6.0

4.5

TP600-200
SOMET-190

Note: Values in the parentheses are applicable in the partial floor of reducer chain-drive section.

63

Table C.0.5 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Preparing Shops in Tyre Plants
Characteristic value/nominal
value(kN/m2)
Number

Workshop
name

board
board

board

span

span

junior
beam

Combination

Frequent

value

value

coefficient

coefficient

Girder

Quasi-permanent
value coefficient
q

Representative
equipment

1.2m 2.0m
Lowering of charge
1

14.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

1.0

0.95

0.85

for black pigment


processing

Preparing
Industrial chemicals

shop
2

10.0

8.0

8.0

6.0

1.0

0.95

processing support,

0.85

refining adhesion by
Banbury mixer

Note:
1. The combination of loads of motor hoists used for repair of Banbury mixers is neglected. During the design, it shall be taken
into consideration respectively.
2. The live load of lowering of charge for black pigment processing has taken the utilization of black pigment storehouse into
consideration. If it is not used for storehouse, the combination of loads shall be decreased. Note: See the note of Table C.0.1.

Table C.0.6 Floor Rectangular Distribution Live Load of Grain Processing Workshop
Characteristic value/nominal value(kN/m2)
Board
Number

Workshop name

junior beam

board board board


span

span

beam

Drawing plant
Grounding

room

beam

2.5m

3.0m

frequent

value

value

girder coefficient coefficient

span spacing spacing spacing

2.0m 2.5m 3.0m 2.0m


1

beam

combination

14.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

12.0

10.0

9.0

10.0

9.0

8.0

9.0

quasi-permanent
value

Representative

coefficient

equipment

1.0

0.95

0.85

JMN10
drawbench
MF011 flour
mill
SX011
oscillating

Barley room
3

Flour

and milling

plant

room

screen
5.0

5.0

4.0

5.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

GF031 roller
brush machine
GF011
scourer

Roof
4

suspending jog

2.0

2.0

2.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

6.0

14.0

12.0

10.0

10.0

9.0

9.0

9.0

strainers
5

Barley-washing
workshops

SL011 jog
strainer

wheat wasther

64

Hulling
separator and

milling
Rice

LG09
7.0

6.0

5.0

5.0

4.0

4.0

4.0

rubber

roller hulling
separator

workshop

plant
combination
7

Dressing shops

4.0

3.0

3.0

4.0

3.0

3.0

3.0

clearing
screen

Note:
1. If the drawing plants can't be full of grinding rollers, the girder live load shall be adopted as 10kN/m2.
2. The combination of loads of roof suspending jog strainers has been considered under the condition that the equipment is
suspended under the girder.
3. If the dressing shops in rice plants adopt SX011 oscillating screens, the isoeffect rectangular distribution live load can be
adopted according to the provisions of barley rooms in the flour mill.
4. See the note of Table C.0.1.

65

Appendix D Measurement Method of Fundamental Snow Pressure


and Wind PressureD.1 Fundamental Snow Pressure
D.1.1 If the snow pressure is determined, the observation area shall be representative.
Representativeness of the area shall meet the following contents:
the torography around the observation area shall be open and flat;
the snow distribution shall be uniform;
design project site shall be in the range of the torography of the observation area
or shall be of the identical torography.
As for the area where the variation of snow is extremely large as well as a mountainous
area with highland topography, it shall be surveyed and specially treated.
D.1.2 Snow pressure is unit snow weight at horizontal area (kN/m2). When there is the
record of the snow pressure at weather station, the snow pressure shall be calculated directly
according to the data of the snow pressure. If there is no record of the snow pressure, the
snow depth may be adopted indirectly for the calculation of the snow pressure. The snow
pressure shall be calculated according to the following formula:

S = hg (kNm2)

(D.1.2)

Where,

h is the snow depth which is the vertical depth of the snow form the snow surface
to the ground (m);
is the snow density (t/m3);
g is the acceleration of gravity; 9.8m/s2
The snow density changes with the snow depth, snow time and the local geography and
climatic conditions; and the variation is to be large. As for the station where there is no snow
record, the snow pressure may be calculated according to the average snow density of the
local.
Snow pressure shall be calculated according the methods specified in D.3. The
maximum data of the snow pressure every year shall be the maximum snow pressure during
the annual July to June of the ensuing year.
D.2 Fundamental Wind Pressure
D.2.1 If the wind pressure is determined, the observation area shall be representative.
Representativeness of the area shall meet the following contents:
the torography around the observation area shall be open and flat;
the meteorological characteristics in a large area of the local shall be reflected; and
the influence of the local torography and environment shall be avoided.
D.2.2 Observation data of the wind speed shall meet the following requirements:
1 All record data shall be taken from the self-recording anemoscope. As for the data
which are gotten from the non self-recording anemoscope, all shall be adopted after being
modified properly.

66

2 If the difference between the height of the anemoscope and the standard height (10m)
is too large, it may be converted to the wind speed of the standard height according to the
following formula:

Z
v = vz
10

(D.2.2)

Where,

Z is the actual height of the anemoscope (m);


v z is the wind speed measured by the anemoscope (m/s);

is the roughness index of the ground at open and flat area.


When the cup anemoscope is used, the modification of the air density which is affected
by the temperature and air pressure must be considered. The air density may be determined
according to the following formula:

0.001276 0.378e
3

t/m
1 + 0.00366t 100000

(D.2.2-2)

Where,
t is the air temperature ();
p is the air pressure (Pa);

e is the aqueous vapor pressure (Pa).


Based on the local absolute height, the air density also may be approximately calculated
according to the following formula:

= 0.00125e 0.0001z (t / m 3 )

(D.2.2-3)

When the maximum annual data of the wind speed are selected, the information usually
shall be over 25 years. When it is unable to meet, the data of the wind speed shall not be less
than 10 years. After the calculation of the 50-year fundamental wind speed (vo) and based on
the requirements of D.3, fundamental wind pressure shall be according to the following
formula:

w0 =

1 2
v0
2

(D.2.2-4)

D.3 Statistic Calculation of the Snow Pressure and Wind Speed


D.3.1 As for the annual maximum value x of the snow pressure and wind speed, probability
distribution of the type-I extrema shall be adopted. Its distribution function is:

F ( x ) = exp{ exp[ (x u )]}

(D.3.1-1)

Where,
u is the distributive location parameter, namely the distributive modus;
is the distributive scale parameter.
The relation of the parameter () and average values () of the distribution and the
standard deviation shall be calculated according to the following formula:

a=

1.28255

(D.3.1-2)

67

u=

0.57722
a

(D.3.1-3)

D.3.2 When the average values

and standard deviation s of the finite sample are taken

as the approximate calculation of and , it shall be:

a=

C1
s

u=

(D.3.2-1)

C2
a

(D.3.2-2)

And the factors (C1 and C2) in the formula shall refer to Table D.3.2.
Table D.3.2 C1 and C2 Factors
n

C1

C2

C1

C2

10

0.9497

0.4952

60

1.17465

0.55208

15

1.02057

0.5182

70

1.18536

0.55477

20

1.06283

0.52355

80

1.19385

0.55688

25

1.09145

0.53086

90

1.20649

0.55860

30

1.11238

0.53622

100

1.20649

0.56002

35

1.12847

0.54034

250

1.24292

0.56878

40

1.14132

0.54362

500

1.25880

0.57240

45

1.15185

0.54630

1000

1.26851

0.57450

50

1.16066

0.54853

1.28255

0.57722

D.3.3 The maximum snow pressure and the maximum wind speed XR average return period,
whose average return period is R may be determined according to the following formula:

xR = u

1 R
ln ln

a R 1

(D.3.3)

D.3.4 The snow pressure and wind pressure whose return period is 10 years, 50 years and
100 years for all stations through the country may refer to Appendix D.4. The corresponding
values of R at other return period shall be determined according to the following formula:

x R = x10 + ( x100 x10 )(ln R / ln 10 1)

(D.3.4)

68

D.4 Snow pressure and wind pressure value in national cities


Appendix D.4 50-year Snow Pressure and Wind Pressure in Cities All over the Country
Wind pressure (kN/m2)
Name of cities/provinces

City name

Snow pressure(kN/m2)

Elevation (m)

Snow load quasi-permanent


value coefficient zoning

n=10

n=50

n=100

n=10

n=50

n=100

54.0

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Tianjin City

3.3

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Tanggu

3.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Shanghai

2.8

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.10

0.20

0.25

III

Chongqing

259.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

shijiazhuang

80.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Wei County

909.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xingtai City

76.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Fengning

659.7

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Weichang

842.8

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Zhangjiakou

724.2

0.35

0.55

0.60

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Huailai

536.8

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Chengde

377.2

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Zunhua

54.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.50

II

Qinglong

227.2

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Qinhuangdao

2.1

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Beijing

Tianjin

Hebei

69

Shanxi

Ba County

9.0

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Tangshan City

27.8

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Yueting

10.5

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Baoding

17.2

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Raoyang

18.9

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Cangzhou

9.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Huanghua

6.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Nangong

27.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Taiyuan

778.3

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Youyu

1345.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Datong

1067.2

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Hequ

861.5

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Wuzhai

1401.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Xing County

1012.6

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Yuanping

828.2

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Lishi

950.8

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Yangquan

741.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Yushe

1041.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xi County

1052.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

70

Inner Mongolia

Jiexiu

743.9

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Linfen

449.5

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Changye County

991.8

0.30

0.50

0.60

Yuncheng City

376.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Yangcheng

659.5

0.30

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

0.35

II

Hohhot

1063.0

0.35

0.55

0.60

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Labadalin, Eyou Banner

581.4

0.35

0.50

0.60

0.35

0.45

0.50

Tuli River, Ykeshi City

732.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.40

0.60

0.70

Manchuria City

661.7

0.50

0.65

0.70

0.20

0.30

0.35

Hailaer City

610.2

0.45

0.65

0.75

0.35

0.45

0.50

Elunchun Xiaoergou

286.1

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.50

0.55

Right Banner, Xinbaerhu

554.2

0.45

0.60

0.65

0.25

0.40

0.45

Amugulang, Left Banner, Xinbaerhu

642.0

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.25

0.35

0.40

Boketu, Yakeshi City

739.7

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.35

0.55

0.65

Zhalantun City

306.5

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.55

0.65

Aershan, Keyouyi Front Banner

1027.4

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.45

0.60

0.70

Suolun, Keyouyi Front Banner

501.8

0.45

0.55

0.60

0.25

0.35

0.40

Wulanhaote City

274.7

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

East Wuzhumuqin Banner

838.7

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

71

Ejina Banner

940.50

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Guaizi River, Ejina Banner

960.0

0.45

0.55

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Bayanmaodao, Azuo Banner

1328.1

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Alashan Right Banner

1510.1

0.45

0.55

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Erlianhaote City

964.7

0.55

0.65

0.70

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Narenbaolige

1181.6

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

Mandula, Damao Banner

1225.2

0.50

0.75

0.85

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Abaga Banner

1126.1

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.35

0.40

Left Banner, Sunite

1111.4

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.35

0.40

Hailisu, Back Banner, Wulate

1509.6

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Hailiutu, Middle Banner, Wulate

1288.0

0.45

0.60

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Bailing Temple

1376.6

0.50

0.75

0.85

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Siziwang Banner

1490.1

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.30

0.45

0.55

II

Huade

1482.7

0.45

0.75

0.85

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Shanba, Back Banner, Hangjin

1056.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Baotou City

1067.2

0.35

0.55

0.60

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Jining City

1419.3

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Jilantai, Left Banner, Alashan

1031.8

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.5

0.10

0.15

II

Linhe City

1039.3

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

72

Liaoning

Etuoke Banner

1380.3

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

Dongsheng City

1460.4

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

atengxilian

1329.3

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Bayanhaote

1561.4

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

West Wuzhumuqin Banner

995.9

0.45

0.55

0.60

0.30

0.40

0.45

North Zhalutelu

265.0

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

East Balin Left Banner

484.4

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xilinhaote City

989.5

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.25

0.40

0.45

Linxi

799.0

0.45

0.60

0.70

0.25

0.40

0.45

Kailu

241.0

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Tongliao City

178.5

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Duolun

1245.4

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

Wudan, Wengniute Banner

631.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Chifeng City

571.1

0.30

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Baoguotu, Aohan Banner

400.5

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Shenyang City

42.8

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.30

0.50

0.55

Zhangwu

79.4

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Fuxin City

144.0

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Kaiyuan

98.2

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.40

0.45

73

Qingyuan

234.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.50

0.60

Chaoyang City

169.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.30

0.45

0.55

II

Yebaishou, Jianping County

421.7

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Heishan

37.5

0.45

0.65

0.75

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Jinzhou City

65.9

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Anshan City

77.3

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Benxi City

185.2

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.40

0.55

0.60

Zhangdang, Fushun City

118.5

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.35

0.45

0.50

Huanren

240.3

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.35

0.50

0.55

Suizhong

15.3

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Xingcheng City

8.8

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Yingkou City

3.3

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Xiongcaohekou, Gai County

20.4

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Caohekou, Benxi County

233.4

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.35

0.55

0.60

Xiuyan

79.3

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.35

0.50

0.55

II

Kuandian

260.1

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.40

0.60

0.70

Dandong City

15.1

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Wafangdian City

29.3

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Pikou, Xinjin County

43.2

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.30

0.35

II

74

Jilin

Zhuanghe

34.8

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Dalian City

91.5

0.40

0.65

0.75

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Changchun City

236.8

0.45

0.65

0.75

0.25

0.35

0.40

Baicheng City

155.4

0.45

0.65

0.75

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Qianan

146.3

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Front Guoerluosi

134.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Tongyu

149.5

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Changling

189.3

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Sanchakou, Fuyu City

196.6

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

Shuangliao

114.9

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.20

0.30

0.35

Siping City

164.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.35

0.40

Yantongshan Mountain, Panshi County

271.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

Jilin City

183.4

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.30

0.45

0.50

Jiaohe

295.0

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.40

0.65

0.75

Dunhua City

523.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.50

0.60

Meihekou City

339.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.30

0.45

0.50

Huadian

263.8

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.40

0.65

0.75

Jingyu

549.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.65

0.70

Donggang, Fusong County

774.2

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.60

0.90

1.05

75

Heilongjiang

Yanji City

176.8

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.35

0.55

0.65

Tonghua City

402.9

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.50

0.80

0.90

Linjiang, Hunjiang City

332.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.45

0.70

0.80

Jian City

177.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.45

0.70

0.80

Changbai

1016.7

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.40

0.60

0.70

Harbin City

142.3

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.30

0.45

0.50

Mohe

296.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.50

0.65

0.70

Tahe

296.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.50

0.65

0.70

Xinlin

494.6

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.50

0.55

Huma

177.4

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.35

0.45

0.50

Jiagedaqi

371.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.55

0.60

Heihe City

166.4

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.45

0.60

0.65

Nenjiang River

242.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.40

0.55

0.60

Sunwu

234.5

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.40

0.55

0.60

Beian City

269.7

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.40

0.55

0.60

Keshan Mountain

234.6

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.50

0.55

Fuyu

162.4

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

Qiqihar

145.9

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

Hailun

239.2

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.30

0.40

0.45

76

Shandong

Mingshui

249.2

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

Yichun City

240.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.60

0.65

Hegang City

227.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.45

0.65

0.70

Fujin

64.2

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.35

0.45

0.50

Tailai

149.5

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

Suihua City

179.6

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.35

0.50

0.60

Anda City

149.3

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

Tieli

210.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.50

0.75

0.85

Jiamusi City

81.2

0.40

0.65

0.75

0.45

0.65

0.70

Yilan

100.1

0.45

0.65

0.75

Baoqing

83.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.50

0.55

Tonghe

108.6

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.50

0.75

0.85

Shangzhi

189.7

0.35

0.55

0.60

0.40

0.55

0.60

Jixi City

233.6

0.40

0.55

0.65

0.45

0.65

0.75

Hulin

100.2

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.50

0.70

0.80

Mudanjiang City

241.4

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.40

0.60

0.65

Suifenhe City

496.7

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.40

0.55

0.60

Jinan

51.6

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Dezhou City

21.2

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

77

Huimin

11.3

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Yangjiaogou, Shouguang County

4.4

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Longkou City

4.8

0.45

0.60

0.65

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Yantai City

46.7

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Weihai City

46.6

0.45

0.65

0.75

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Chengshantou,Rongcheng City

47.7

0.60

0.70

0.75

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Zhaocheng, Zi County

42.7

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Mountain Tai , Taian City

1533.7

0.65

0.85

0.95

0.40

0.55

0.60

II

Taian City

128.8

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Zhandian, Zibo City

34.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Qiyuan

304.5

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Weifang City

44.1

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Laiyang City

30.5

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Qingdao City

76.0

0.45

0.60

0.70

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Haiyang

65.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Shidao, Rongcheng City

33.7

0.40

0.55

0.65

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Heze City

49.7

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Yanzhou City

51.7

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.45

II

Linyi

87.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

78

Jiangsu

Rizhao City

16.1

0.30

0.40

0.45

Ju County

107.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Nanjing City

8.9

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.40

0.65

0.75

II

Xuzhou City

41.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Ganyu

2.1

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Xuyi

34.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Huaiyang City

17.5

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Sheyang

2.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Zhenjiang

26.5

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Wuxi

6.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.40

0.45

III

Taizhou

6.6

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Lianyungang

3.7

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Yancheng

3.6

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Gaoyou

5.4

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.40

III

Dongtai City

4.3

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Nantong City

5.3

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Lusi, Qidong County

5.5

0.35

0.50

0.55

0.10

0.20

0.25

III

Changzhou City

5.3

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Liyang

7.2

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.30

0.50

0.55

III

79

Zhejiang

Dongshan, WuCounty

17.5

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

Hangzhou City

41.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Tianmu Mountain, Linan County

1505.9

0.55

0.70

0.80

0.100

0.160

0.185

II

Zhapu, Pinghu County

5.4

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Cixi City

7.1

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

shengsi

79.6

0.85

1.30

1.55

Shengshan Mountain, Shengsi County

124.6

0.95

1.50

1.75

Zhoushan City

35.7

0.50

0.85

1.00

0.30

0.50

0.60

III

Jinhua City

62.6

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Shengxian

104.3

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Ningbo City

4.2

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Shipu, Xiangshan County

128.4

0.75

1.20

1.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Quzhou City

66.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.50

0.60

III

Lishui City

60.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Longquan

198.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Kuocang Mountain, Linhai City

1383.1

0.60

0.90

1.05

0.40

0.60

0.70

III

Wenzhou City

6.0

0.35

0.60

0.70

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Hongjia, Jiaojiang City

1.3

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Xiadachen, Jiaojiang City

86.2

0.90

1.40

1.65

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

80

Anhui

jiangxi

Kanmen, Yuhuan County

95.9

0.70

1.20

1.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Beiji, Ruian City

42.3

0.95

1.60

1.90

Hefei City

27.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.60

0.70

II

Dangshan

43.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Haozhou City

37.7

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Xiu County

25.9

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Shou County

22.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.50

0.55

II

Bangbu City

18.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.45

0.55

II

Chu County

25.3

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Liuan City

60.5

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.35

0.55

0.60

II

Huo Mountain

68.1

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.60

0.65

II

Chao County

22.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.40

0.60

0.50

II

Anqing City

19.8

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Ningguo

89.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.50

0.55

III

Huang Mountain

1840.4

0.50

0.70

0.80

0.35

0.45

0.50

III

Huangshan City

142.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Fuyang City

30.6

0.35

0.55

0.60

II

Nanchang City

46.7

0.30

0.45

0.55

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Xiushui

146.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.50

III

81

Fujian

Yichun City

131.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.45

III

Jian

76.4

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.45

III

Ninggang

263.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Suichuan

126.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.55

III

Ganzhou City

123.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Jiujiang

36.1

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.40

0.45

III

Lushan Mountain

1164.5

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.55

0.75

0.85

III

Boyang

40.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.60

0.70

III

Jingdezhen City

61.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Zhangshu City

30.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

Guixi

51.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.35

0.50

0.60

III

Yushan Moutnain

116.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Nancheng

80.8

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Guangchang

143.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Xunwu

303.9

0.25

0.30

0.35

Fuzhou City

83.8

0.40

0.70

0.85

Shaowu City

191.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Qixian Mountain, Qianshan County

1401.9

0.55

0.70

0.80

0.40

0.60

0.70

III

Pucheng

276.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.35

0.55

0.70

III

82

shanxi

Jianyang

196.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.35

0.50

0.55

III

Jianou

154.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Fuding

36.2

0.35

0.70

0.90

Taining

342.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.50

0.60

III

Nanping City

125.6

0.20

0.35

0.45

Taishan, Fuding County

106.6

0.75

1.00

1.10

Changting

310.0

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Shanghang

197.9

0.25

0.30

0.35

Yongan City

206.0

0.25

0.40

0.45

Longyan City

342.3

0.20

0.35

0.45

Jiuxian Mountain, Dehua County

1653.5

0.60

0.80

0.90

0.25

0.40

0.50

III

Pingnan

896.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.45

0.50

III

Pingtan

32.4

0.75

1.30

1.60

Chongwu

21.8

0.55

0.80

0.90

Xiamen City

139.4

0.50

0.80

0.90

Dongshan Mountain

53.3

0.80

1.25

1.45

Xian City

397.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Yulin City

1057.5

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Wuqi

1272.6

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

83

gansu

Hengshan

1111.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Suide

929.7

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

II

Yanan City

957.8

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Changwu

1206.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Luochuan

1158.3

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Tongchuan City

978.9

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Baoji City

612.4

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Wugong

447.8

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Hua Mountain, Huayin City

2064.9

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.50

0.70

0.75

II

Lueyang

794.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.15

III

Hanzhong City

508.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Foping

1087.7

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Shangzhou City

742.2

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Zhenan

693.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Shiquan

484.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Ankang City

290.8

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.10

0.15

0.20

III

Lanzhou City

1517.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Jihede

966.5

0.45

0.55

0.60

Anxi

1170.8

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.10

0.20

0.25

II

84

Jiuquan City

1477.2

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Zhangwei City

1482.7

0.30

0.50

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Wuwei City

1530.9

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Minqin

1367.0

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Wuqiaoling

3045.1

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.55

0.60

II

Jingtai

1630.5

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.55

0.60

II

Jingyuan

1398.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Linxia City

1917.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Lintao

1886.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.50

0.55

II

Huajialing

2450.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Huan County

1255.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Pingliang City

1346.6

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Xifeng Town

1421.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Maqu

3471.4

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Hezuo, Xiahe County

2910.0

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Wudu

1079.1

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.05

0.10

0.15

III

Tianshui City

1141.7

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Mazong Mountain

1962.7

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Dunhuang

1139.0

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

85

Yumen City

1526.0

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Dingxin, Jinta County

1177.4

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Gaotai

1332.2

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Shandan

1764.6

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Yongchang

1976.1

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Yuzhong

1874.1

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Huining

2012.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Min County

2315.0

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Yinchuan City

1111.4

0.40

0.65

0.75

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Huinong

1091.0

0.45

0.65

0.70

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Taole

1101.6

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Zhongwei

1225.7

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Zhongning

1183.3

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Yanchi

1347.8

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Haiyuan

1854.2

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Tongxin

1343.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.10

0.15

II

Guyuan

1753.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Xiji

1916.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

Xining City

2261.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

ningxia

qinghai

86

Mangya

3138.5

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Lenghu

2733.0

0.40

0.55

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Yeniugou, Qilian County

3180.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

Qilian

2787.4

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Xiaozaohuo, Geermu City

2767.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Dachaidan

3173.2

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Delingha City

2918.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Gangcha

3301.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Menyuan

2850.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Geermu City

2807.6

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.10

0.20

0.25

II

Nuomuhong, Dulan County

2790.4

0.35

0.50

0.60

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Dulan

3191.1

0.30

0.45

0.55

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Chaka, WulanCounty

3087.6

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Gonghexianqia

2835.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Guide

2237.1

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Minhe

1813.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.10

0.15

II

Wudaoliang, Tangula Mountain

4612.2

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Xinghai

3323.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

Tongde

3289.4

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

87

xinjiang

Zeku

3662.8

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Tuohe, Geermu City

4533.1

0.40

0.50

0.55

0.25

0.35

0.40

Zhiduo

4179.0

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Zaduo

4066.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.25

0.30

Qumacai

4231.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

Yushu

3681.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Maduo

4273.3

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

Qingshuihe River, Chengduo County

4415.4

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.25

0.30

Jimai, Dari County

3967.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.25

0.30

Henna

3500.0

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Jiuzhi

3628.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.30

II

Banma

3750.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Angqian

3643.7

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.25

II

Tuole, Qilian County

3367.0

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

0.30

II

Renxiamu, Maqin County

4211.1

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

Urumchi

917.9

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.60

0.80

0.90

Aletai City

735.3

0.40

0.70

0.85

0.85

1.25

1.40

Alashankou, Bole City

284.8

0.95

1.35

1.55

0.20

0.25

0.25

Kelamayi City

427.3

0.65

0.90

1.00

0.20

0.30

0.35

88

Yining City

662.5

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.70

1.00

1.15

Zhaosu

1851.0

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.55

0.75

0.85

Dabancheng, Urumchi County

1103.5

0.55

0.80

0.90

0.15

0.20

0.20

Bayinbuluke, Hejing County

2458.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.65

0.75

Tulufan City

34.5

0.50

0.85

1.00

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Akesu City

1103.8

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Kuche

1099.0

0.35

0.50

0.60

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Kuerle City

931.5

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Wuqia

2175.7

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.35

0.50

0.60

II

Kashi City

1288.7

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Ahe City

1984.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Pishan

1375.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Hetian

1374.6

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.10

0.20

0.25

II

Minfeng

1409.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Andihe, Minfeng County

1262.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.05

0.05

0.05

II

Yutian

1422.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Hami

737.2

0.40

0.60

0.70

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Haba River

532.6

0.55

0.75

0.85

Jimunai

984.1

0.70

1.00

0.15

89

Fuhai

500.9

0.30

0.45

0.50

Fuyun

807.5

0.65

0.95

1.05

Tacheng

534.9

0.95

1.35

1.55

Hebukesaier

1291.6

0.25

0.40

0.45

Qinghe

1218.2

0.55

0.80

0.90

Tuoli

1077.8

0.55

0.75

0.85

Beita Mountain

1653.7

0.55

0.65

0.70

Wenquan

1354.6

0.35

0.45

0.50

Jinghe River

320.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

Wusu

478.7

0.40

0.55

0.60

Shijiazi

442.9

0.50

0.70

0.80

Caijia Lake

440.5

0.40

0.50

0.55

Qitai

793.5

0.55

0.75

0.85

Baluntai

1752.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Qijiaojing
Kumishi

922.4

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Yanqi

1055.8

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Baicheng

1229.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Luntai

976.1

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

90

Henan

Tuergete

3504.4

0.35

0.50

0.55

II

Bachu

1116.5

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Keeping

1161.8

0.05

0.10

0.15

II

Alaer

1012.2

0.05

0.10

0.10

II

Tieganlike

846.0

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Ruoqiang

888.3

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Tajike

3090.9

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Shache

1231.2

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Qiemo

1247.5

0.10

0.15

0.20

II

Hongliu River

1700.0

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Zhengzhou City

110.4

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Anyang City

75.5

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Xinxiang City

72.7

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Sanmenxia City

410.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Lushi

568.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Mengjin

323.3

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.40

0.50

II

Luoyang City

137.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Luanchuan

750.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Xuchang City

66.8

0.30

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

91

hubei

Kaifeng City

72.5

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xixia

250.3

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Nanyang City

129.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Baofeng

136.4

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xihua

52.6

0.25

0.45

0.55

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Zhumadian City

82.7

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Xiyang City

114.5

0.25

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.55

0.65

II

Shangqiu City

50.1

0.20

0.35

0.45

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Gushi

57.1

0.20

0.35

0.40

0.35

0.50

0.60

II

Wuhan City

23.3

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.50

0.60

II

Yun County

201.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Fang County

434.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Laohekou City

90.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Zaoyang City

125.5

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Badong

294.5

0.15

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Zhongxiang

65.8

0.20

0.35

0.25

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Macheng City

59.3

0.20

0.35

0.35

0.45

0.35

0.55

II

Enshi City

457.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Lucongpo, Badong County

1819.3

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.55

0.75

0.85

III

92

hunan

Wufeng County

908.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Yichang City

133.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Jingzhou, Jiangling City

32.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Tianmen City

34.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.45

II

Laifeng

459.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Jiayu

36.0

0.20

0.35

0.45

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Yingshan

123.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

Huangshi City

19.6

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Changsha City

44.9

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Sangzhi

322.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Shimen

116.9

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Nan County

36.0

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.30

0.45

0.50

III

Yueyang City

53.0

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Jishou City

206.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.55

0.30

0.35

III

Yuanling

151.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Changed City

35.0

0.25

0.40

0.50

0.30

0.50

0.60

II

Anhua

128.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Yuanjiang City

36.0

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Pingjiang

106.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

93

Guangdong

Zhijiang

272.2

0.20

0.30

Xuefeng Mountain

1404.9

Shaoyang City

248.6

0.20

0.30

Shuangfeng

100.0

0.20

Nanyue

1265.9

Tongdao

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.45

III

0.50

0.75

0.85

II

0.20

0.30

0.30

0.35

III

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

0.60

0.75

0.85

0.45

0.65

0.75

III

341.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Wugang

341.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.30

0.35

III

Lingling

172.6

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Hengyang City

103.2

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Dao County

192.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

III

Binzhou City

184.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Guangzhou City

6.6

0.30

0.50

0.60

Nanxiong

133.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Lian County

97.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Shaoguan

69.3

0.20

0.35

0.45

Fogang

67.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Lianping

214.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

Mei County

87.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Guangning

56.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

94

guangxi

Gaoyao

7.1

0.30

0.50

0.60

Heyuan

40.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Huiyang

22.4

0.35

0.55

0.60

Wuhua

120.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

Shantou City

1.1

0.50

0.80

0.95

Huilai

12.9

0.45

0.75

0.90

Nanao

7.2

0.50

0.80

0.95

Xinyi

84.6

0.35

0.60

0.70

Luoding

53.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

Taishan

32.7

0.35

0.55

0.65

Shenzhen City

18.2

0.45

0.75

0.90

Shanwei

4.6

0.50

0.85

1.00

Zhanjiang City

25.3

0.50

0.85

0.95

Yangjiang

23.3

0.45

0.70

0.80

Dianbai

11.8

0.45

0.70

0.80

Shangchuan island, Taishan City

21.5

0.75

1.05

1.20

Xuwen

67.9

0.45

0.75

0.90

Nanning City

73.1

0.25

0.35

0.40

Guilin City

164.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

95

Hainan

Liuzhou City

96.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Mengshan Mountain

145.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

Heshan Mountain

108.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Baise City

173.5

0.25

0.45

0.55

Jingxi

739.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

Guiping

42.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

Wuzhou City

114.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Longzhou

128.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Lingshan Mountain

66.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

Yulin

81.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Dongxin

18.2

0.45

0.75

0.90

Beihai City

15.3

0.45

0.75

0.90

Weizhou island

55.2

0.70

1.00

1.15

Haikou City

14.1

0.45

0.75

0.90

Dongfang

8.4

0.55

0.85

1.00

Dan County

168.7

0.40

0.70

0.85

Qiongzhong

250.9

0.30

0.45

0.55

Qionghai Sea

24.0

0.50

0.85

1.05

Sanya City

5.5

0.50

0.85

1.05

96

Sichuan

Lingshui

13.9

0.50

0.85

1.05

Xisha island

4.7

1.05

1.80

2.20

Shanhu island

4.0

0.70

1.10

1.30

Chengdu City

506.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.10

0.15

III

Shiqu

4200.0

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.45

0.50

II

Ruoergai

3439.6

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Ganzi

3393.5

0.35

0.45

0.50

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Dujiangyan City

706.7

0.20

0.35

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Mianyang City

470.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Yaan City

627.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.20

III

Ziyang

357.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

Kangding

2615.7

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.30

0.50

0.55

II

Hanyuan

795.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

Jiulong

2987.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.20

III

Yuexi

1659.0

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.20

III

Zhaojue

2132.4

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Leibo

1474.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Yibin City

340.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Yanyuan

2545.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

97

Xichang City

1590.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Huili

1787.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

Wanyuan

674.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.50

0.10

0.15

III

Langzhong

382.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Bazhong

358.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

Daxian City

310.4

0.20

0.35

0.45

Fengjie

607.3

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Suining City

278.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

Nanchong City

309.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

Liangping

454.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Wanxian City

186.7

0.15

0.30

0.35

Neijiang City

347.1

0.25

0.40

0.50

Fuling City

273.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

Luzhou City

334.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Xuyong

377.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

Dege

3201.2

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Seda

3893.9

0.30

0.40

0.45

II

Daofu

2957.2

0.15

0.20

0.25

II

Aba

3275.1

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

98

Guizhou

Maerkang

2664.4

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Hongyuan

3491.6

0.25

0.40

0.45

II

Xiaojin

2369.2

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Songpan

2850.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

II

Xinlong

3000.0

0.10

0.15

0.15

II

Litang

3948.9

0.35

0.50

0.60

II

Daocheng

3727.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Ermei Mountain

3047.4

0.40

0.50

0.55

II

Jinfo Mountain

1905.9

0.35

0.50

0.60

II

Guiyang City

1074.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.25

III

Weining

2237.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Pan County

151.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.45

III

Tongzi

972.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.20

III

Xishui

1180.2

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Bijie

1510.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Zunyi City

843.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.20

III

Meitan

791.8

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Sinan

416.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.20

0.25

III

Tongren

279.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

99

Yunnan

Canxi

1251.8

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Anshun City

1392.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Kaili City

720.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

Sansui

610.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Xingren

1378.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.35

0.40

III

Luodian

440.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

Dushan

1013.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Rongjiang

285.7

0.10

0.15

0.20

III

Kunming City

1891.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Deqin

3485.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.60

0.90

1.05

II

Gongshan

1591.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.50

0.85

1.00

II

Zhongdian

3276.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.50

0.80

0.90

II

Weixi

2325.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.55

0.65

III

Zhaotong City

1949.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.15

0.25

0.30

III

Lijiang

2393.2

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.20

0.30

0.35

III

Huaping

1244.8

0.25

0.35

0.40

Huize

2109.5

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Tengchong

1654.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Lushui

1804.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

100

Baoshan City

1653.5

0.20

0.30

0.35

Dali City

1990.5

0.45

0.65

0.75

Yuanmou

1120.2

0.25

0.35

0.40

Chuxiong City

1772.0

0.20

0.35

0.40

Zhanyi, Qujing City

1898.7

0.25

0.30

0.35

Ruili

776.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Jingdong

1162.3

0.20

0.30

0.35

Yuxi

1636.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

Yiliang

1532.1

0.25

0.40

0.50

Luxi

1704.3

0.25

0.30

0.35

Mengding

511.4

0.25

0.40

0.45

Lincang

1502.4

0.20

0.30

0.35

Lancing

1054.8

0.20

0.30

0.35

Jinghong

552.7

0.20

0.40

0.50

Simao

1302.1

0.25

0.45

0.55

Yuanjiang

400.9

0.25

0.30

0.35

Mengla

631.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

Jiangcheng

1119.5

0.20

0.40

0.50

Mengzi

1300.7

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.25

0.40

0.45

III

101

Tibet

Pingbian

1414.1

0.20

0.30

0.35

wenshan

1271.6

0.20

0.30

0.35

Guangnan

1249.6

0.25

0.35

0.40

Lhasa City

3658.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

III

Bange

4700.0

0.35

0.55

0.65

0.20

0.25

0.30

Anduo

4800.0

0.45

0.75

0.90

0.20

0.30

0.35

Naqu

4507.0

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.30

0.40

0.45

Rikaze City

3836.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

III

Zedang, Naidong County

3551.7

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.10

0.15

0.15

III

Longzi

3860.0

0.30

0.45

0.50

0.10

0.15

0.20

III

Suo County

4022.8

0.25

0.40

0.45

0.20

0.25

0.30

Changdu

3306.0

0.20

0.30

0.35

0.15

0.20

0.20

II

Linzhi

3000.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

0.10

0.15

0.15

III

Geer

4278.0

0.10

0.15

0.15

Gaize

4414.9

0.20

0.30

0.35

Pulan

3900.0

0.50

0.70

0.80

Shenzha

4672.0

0.15

0.20

0.20

Dangxiong

4200.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Nimu

3809.4

0.15

0.20

0.25

III

102

Taiwan

Nielamu

3810.0

1.85

2.90

3.35

Dingri

4300.0

0.15

0.25

0.30

II

Jiangzi

4040.0

0.10

0.10

0.15

III

Cuona

4280.0

0.50

0.70

0.80

III

Pali

4300.0

0.50

0.70

0.80

II

Dingqing

3873.1

0.25

0.35

0.40

II

Bomi

2736.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

III

Chayu

2327.6

0.35

0.55

0.65

III

Taipei

8.0

0.40

0.70

0.85

Xinzhu

8.0

0.50

0.80

0.95

Yilan

9.0

1.10

1.85

2.30

Taizhong

78.0

0.50

0.80

0.90

Hualian

14.0

0.40

0.70

0.85

Jiayi

20.0

0.50

0.80

0.95

Magong

22.0

0.85

1.30

1.55

Gangshan

10.0

0.55

0.80

0.95

Taidong

10.0

0.65

0.90

1.05

Hengchun

24.0

0.70

1.05

1.20

Ali Mountain

2406.0

0.25

0.35

0.40

103

Tainan

14.0

0.60

0.85

1.00

Hong Kong

50.0

0.80

0.90

0.95

Henglan island

55.0

0.95

1.25

1.40

57.0

0.75

0.85

0.90

Hong Kong

Macao

104

D5 National Reference Snow Pressure, Wind Pressure Distribution and Snow Load Quasi-permanent Value coefficient Distribution Graph

D.5.1 National Reference Snow Pressure Distribution Graph (kN/m2)

105

Permanent Value
Subarea

coefficient

D.5.2 Snow Load Quasi-permanent Value coefficient Zoning Map (kN/m2) 1-1-46-1

106

D.5.3 National Reference Wind Pressure Distribution Graph (kN/m2) 1-1-46-2

107

Appendix E Empirical Formula for the Structure Which is Natural


Vibration Period
E.1 High-rise Structure
E.1.1 General Information
T1=(0.007-0.013) H
Steel structure may take high value while the reinforced concrete structure may take low
value.
E.1.2 Specific Structure
1 Chimney
1) Brick chimney whose height is not exceeding 60m:

T1 = 0.23 + 0.22 10 2

H2
d

(E.1.2-1)

2) Reinforced concrete chimney whose height is not exceeding 150m:

T1 = 0.41 + 0.10 10 2

H2
d

(E.1.2-2)

3) Reinforced concrete chimney whose height is exceeding 150m but not larger that
210m:

T1 = 0.53 + 0.08 10 2

H2
d

Where,

H is the chimney height (m);


d is the outside diameter at the 1/2 height of the chimney.
2 Petrochemical industry tower (Figure E.1.2)
1) Cylindrical base tower (the wall thickness of the tower shall not be larger than
30mm)
If it is H 2 / D0 < 700 ,

T1 = 0.35 + 0.85 10 3 H 2 / D 0

(E.1.2.1)

T1 = 0.25 + 0.99 10 3 H 2 / D 0

(E.1.2.2)

If it is H 2 / D0 700 ,

Where,

H is the total height from the base slab or the top surface of the stereobate to the
top surface of the tower of the equipment (m);
108

D0 is the outside diameter of the equipment tower (m); as for variable diameter
tower, the height of each section may be taken as weight. The weighted average of the outside
diameter shall be taken.

Figure E1.2 Foundation Type of the Equipment Tower


(a) Cylindrical base tower; (b) Cylinder base tower; (c) Base tower with rectangle (plate-type) framework;
(d) Base tower with ring frame

2) Framework base tower (the wall thickness shall not be larger than 30mm)

T1 = 0.56 + 0.40 10 3 H 2 / D 0

(E.1.2.3)

3) Basic natural vibration period of the various equipment towers whose wall
thickness is larger than 30mm shall be calculated according to the relevant theoretical
equation.
4) When several towers are connected with the platform in a row, the basic natural
vibration period of the main tower (namely the tower whose period is the longest) may
be adopted as the basic natural vibration period T1 of each tower which is vertical with
the direction. As for the basic natural vibration period T1 of each tower which is vertical
with the align direction, it may be gotten through that the basic natural vibration period
multiplies reduction coefficient 0.9.
E.2 High-rise Building
E.2.1 General Condition
1 Steel structure
T1=(0.10-0.15)n
(E.2.1.1)
2 Reinforced concrete structure
T1=(0.05-0.10)n
(E.2.1.2)
Where,
nis building storey.
E.2.2 Specific Structure
1 Framework and frame-shear wall structure of reinforced concrete

T1 = 0.25 + 0.53 10 3

H2
3

(E.2.1.3)

109

2 Reinforced concrete shear wall structure

T1 = 0.03 + 0.03 3

H
B

(E.2.1.4)

Where,
His the building total height (m);
Bis the building width (m).

110

Appendix F Approximation of the Structural Mode Factor


F.1 Based on the actual engineering, the structural modus factor shall be calculated according
to the structural dynamics. Here, as for the two types of high-rise structures whose section
does not change with the height and that whose section does changes with the height regularly,
only the approximation of modus factors of the aforesaid three kinds high-rise structures are
given. The approximation of the modus factors from the first to the fourth of the former are
given; while the first modus factor of the latter is given. In a typical case, only the impact of
the first vibration type may be considered when it is down in wind. As for the resonance
response which is crosswind, the frequency of the vibration mode from 1 to 4 shall be
checked. Therefore, the first four corresponding modus factors are listed.
F.1.1 As for the high-rise structure whose windward width is far less than its height, the
modus factor may be adopted according to Table F.1.1.
Table F.1.1 Modus Factor of the High-rise Structure
Relative height

Modus SN

z/H

0.1

0.02

-0.09

0.23

-0.39

0.2

0.06

-0.30

0.61

-0.75

0.3

0.14

-0.53

0.76

-0.43

0.4

0.23

-0.68

0.53

0.32

0.5

0.34

-0.71

0.02

0.71

0.6

0.46

-0.59

-0.48

0.33

0.7

0.59

-0.32

-0.66

-0.40

0.8

0.79

0.07

-0.40

-0.64

0.9

0.86

0.52

0.23

-0.05

1.0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

F.1.2 As for the high-rise building with larger width at the windward, when the shear wall and
framework play the leading role, the modus factor may be adopted according to F.1.2.

111

Table F.1.2 Modus Factor of High-rise Building


Relative height

Modus SN

z/H

0.1

0.02

-0.09

0.22

-0.38

0.2

0.08

-0.30

0.58

-0.73

0.3

0.17

-0.50

0.70

-0.40

0.4

0.27

-0.68

0.46

0.33

0.5

0.38

-0.63

-0.03

0.68

0.6

0.45

-0.48

-0.49

0.29

0.7

0.67

-0.18

-0.63

-0.47

0.8

0.74

0.17

-0.34

-0.62

0.9

0.86

0.58

0.27

-0.02

1.0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

F.1.3 As for the high-rise structure whose section changes regularly with the height, the first
modus factor may adopted according to Table F.1.3.
Table F.1.3 The First Modus Factor of the High-rise Structure
Relative

height

High-rise structure
BH/Bo=1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.02

0.02

0.0l

0.01

0.01

0.2

0.06

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.3

0.14

0.12

0.11

0.09

0.07

0.4

0.23

0.21

0.19

0.16

0.13

0.5

0.34

0.32

0.29

0.26

0.21

0.6

0.46

0.44

0.41

0.37

0.31

0.7

0.59

0.57

0.55

0.51

0.45

0.8

0.79

0.71

0.69

0.66

0.61

0.9

0.86

0.86

0.85

0.83

0.80

1.0

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

z/H

112

Appendix G Wording Explanation


1. In order to discriminate the provisions of this Code, the following wording conditions
are explained as below:
G.0.1 Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
"Must" is used for affirmation; "must not" for negation.
G.0.2 Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:
"Shall" is used for affirmation; "shall not" for negation.
G.0.3 Words denoting a permission of a slight choice or an indication of the most suitable
choice when conditions permit:
"Should" is used for affirmation; "should not" for negation.
"May" is used to express the option available, sometimes with the conditional permit.

113

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