PHY130

Chapter 2
Kinematics in One Dimension
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmad Taufek Abdul Rahman
PhD (Medical Physics), University of Surrey, UK
M.Sc. (Radiation Health Physics), UTM
B.Sc. Hons. (Physics & Math), UTM
ahmadtaufek@ns.uitm.edu.my
ahmadtaufek.ns@gmail.com
https://www.facebook.com/DR.ATAR.UiTM
(HP) 012476764
(O) 064832154/2115
(O) 066632427
ROOM-022 / level 4 (K.Pilah)

Chapter 2
2.0 KINEMATICS IN ONE DIMENSION
2.1
Scalars and vectors
2.2
Linear motion parameters
2.2.1 Definition of linear motion
parameters
2.2.2 Average and instantaneous
velocity
2.2.3 Average and instantaneous
acceleration
2.3
Graph of linear motion
2.3.1 Displacement time graph
2.3.2 Velocity time graph
2.4
Linear motion with constant
acceleration
2.5
Free fall motion

Chapter 2
Scalars and Vectors
Scalar quantity is defined as a quantity with magnitude only.
e.g. mass, time, temperature, pressure, electric current, work,
energy and etc.
Mathematics operational : ordinary algebra
Vector quantity is defined as a quantity with both magnitude &
direction.
e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum,
electric field, magnetic field and etc.
Mathematics operational : vector algebra

Chapter 2
Vectors
Vector A

Length of an arrow magnitude of vector A

Direction of arrow direction of vector A

displacement

s
s (bold)

velocity

v
v

v (bold)

acceleration

a
a

v v

a a

a (bold)

Chapter 2
Vectors
Two vectors equal if both magnitude and direction are the
same, as shown below.

PQ

Chapter 2
Vectors
If vector A is multiplied by a scalar quantity k
Then, vector A is

kA

kA

A
if k = +ve, the vector is in the same direction as vector A.
if k = - ve, the vector is in the opposite direction of vector A.

Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
Can be represented by using:
a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east,
north-west, south-east and south-west
b) Angle with a reference line
e.g. A man throws a stone with a velocity of 10 m s-1, 30 above
horizontal.

v
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Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
Can be represented by using:
a) Direction of compass, i.e east, west, north, south, north-east,
north-west, south-east and south-west
b) Angle with a reference line
e.g. A man throws a stone with a velocity of 10 m s-1, 30 above
horizontal.

v
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Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
c) Cartesian coordinates
2-Dimension (2-D)

s ( x, y) (2 m, 4 m)

Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
c) Cartesian coordinates
3-Dimension (3-D)

s ( x, y, z ) (4, 3, 2) m

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Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
d) Polar coordinates

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Chapter 2
Direction of Vectors
e) Denotes with + or signs.

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Chapter 2
POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Coordinate system defines position
Distance length of actual path between two points
(SI unit = meter, m)
Scalar quantity
Displacement distance between initial point and
final point in a straight line (change in position)
Change in position = (final position initial position)
x = xf xi
(SI unit = meter, m)
Vector quantity
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Chapter 2
POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Example 1:
The purple doted line is a distance, and the green doted line shows a
displacement.

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Chapter 2
POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Before describing motion, you
must set up a coordinate system
define an origin and a positive
direction.
The distance is the total
length of travel; if you
drive from your house to
the grocery store and
back, what is the total
distance you traveled?

Displacement is the change in position. If you drive from your house to

the grocery store and then to your friends house, what is your total
distance? What is your displacement?

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Chapter 2
POSITION, DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Example 2:
An object P moves 20 m to the east after that 10 m to the south and
finally moves 30 m to west. Determine the displacement of P relative
to the original position.

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Chapter 2
AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY
Average speed distance traveled divided by the total elapsed
time (the rate of change of distance)

distance
Average speed
elapsed time
SI units, meters per second (ms1)
Scalar quantity
Always positive

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Chapter 2
AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY

What is the average speed of the red car?

a)
b)
c)

40 mi/h
More than 40 mi/h
Less than 40 mi/h

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Chapter 2
AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY
Average velocity displacement divided by the total elapsed time
(the rate of change of displacement)

displacement
Average velocity
elapsed time
x x f xi
vav

t
t f ti
SI units, meters per second (ms1)
Vector quantity
Can be positive or negative

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Chapter 2
AVERAGE SPEED AND VELOCITY
Whats your average velocity if you
return to your starting point?
What if the runner sprints 50 m in 8 s?
What if he walks back to the starting
line in 40 s?

Can you calculate:

a) What is his average sprint velocity?
b) His average walking velocity?
c) His average velocity for the entire trip?

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Chapter 2
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Instantaneous velocity

This means that we evaluate the average velocity over a shorter

and shorter period of time; as that time becomes infinitesimally
small, we have the instantaneous velocity.
Magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is known as the
instantaneous speed

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Chapter 2
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY

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Chapter 2
ACCELERATION
Average acceleration the change in velocity divided by the time
it took to change the velocity

SI units meters/(second second), m/s2

Vector quantity
Can be positive or negative
Accelerations give rise to force

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Chapter 2
INSTANTANEOUS ACCELERATION
Instantaneous acceleration - This means that we evaluate the
average acceleration over a shorter and shorter period of time; as
that time becomes infinitesimally small, we have the instantaneous
acceleration.

When acceleration is constant, the instantaneous and average

accelerations are equal

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Chapter 2
ACCELERATION
Acceleration (increasing speed) and deceleration (decreasing
speed) should not be confused with the directions of velocity and
acceleration:
In 1-D velocities & accelerations can be + or - depending on
whether they point in the + or - direction of the coordinate
system
Leads to two conclusion
When the velocity & acceleration have the same sign the speed
of the object increases (in this case the velocity & acceleration
point in the same direction)
When the velocity & acceleration have opposite signs, the
speed of the object decreases (in this case the velocity &
acceleration point in opposite directions

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Chapter 2
ACCELERATION
Under which scenarios does the cars speed increase? Decrease?

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Chapter 2
GRAPHICAL METHODS
Displacement against time graph (s-t)

Gradient = constant

0
(a) Uniform velocity

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Chapter 2
GRAPHICAL METHODS
Displacement against time graph (s-t)

Gradient increases
with time

(b) The velocity increases with time

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Chapter 2
GRAPHICAL METHODS
Displacement against time graph (s-t)

s
Q
P

Gradient at point R is negative.

Gradient at point Q is zero.

The direction of
velocity is changing.

The velocity is zero.

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Chapter 2
GRAPHICAL METHODS
Velocity versus time graph (v-t)

Area under the v-t graph = Displacement

t1

t2

t1

t2

(a)

(b)

Uniform
velocity

Uniform
acceleration

t1

t2
(c)

Explain at A, B and C

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Chapter 2
Example 3:
A toy train moves slowly along a straight track according to the
displacement, s against time, t graph in figure.

a. Explain qualitatively the motion of the toy train.

b. Sketch a velocity (cm s-1) against time (s) graph.
c. Determine the average velocity for the whole journey.
d. Calculate the instantaneous velocity at t = 12 s.

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Chapter 2
Example 4:
A velocity-time (v-t) graph in figure 3.2 shows the motion of a lift.

a) Describe qualitatively the motion of the lift.

b) Sketch a graph of acceleration (m s-1) against time (s).
c) Determine the total distance travelled by the lift and its
displacement.
d) Calculate the average acceleration between 20 s to 40 s.

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Chapter 2
Example 5:
An ETS train from Ipoh to Kuala Lumpur running at 30.0 ms1 slows
down uniformly to a stop within 44.0 s. Calculate:

i.
ii.

the acceleration of the train,

the stopping distance.

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
From the definition of average acceleration, uniform (constant)
acceleration is given by

v u
a
t

v u at

(1)

where v : final velocity

u : initial velocity
a : uniform (constant) acceleration
t : time

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION

From equation (1), the velocity-time graph is shown in figure:

From the graph,

The displacement after time, s = shaded area under the graph
= the area of trapezium
Hence,

1
s u v t
2

(2)

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION

By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2) thus:-

1
s u u at t
2

1 2
s ut at
2

v u at

From eq. (1),

2s
From eq. (2), v u
t

2s
v u v u at
t

v u 2as
2

(3)

(4)

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Notes:
equations (1) (4) can be used if the motion in a straight line
with constant acceleration.
For a body moving at constant velocity, ( a = 0) the equations
(1) and (4) become v u
Therefore the equations (2) and (3) can be written as

s vt
v u at

constant velocity

u 2as
2

s ut

1
at 2
2

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Example 6:
A plane on a runway takes 16.2 s over a distance of 1200 m to take
off from rest. Assuming constant acceleration during take off, calculate
a. the speed on leaving the ground,
b. the acceleration during take off.

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Example 7:
A bus travelling steadily at 30 m s1 along a straight road passes a
stationary car which, 5 s later, begins to move with a uniform
acceleration of 2 m s2 in the same direction as the bus. Determine
a. the time taken for the car to acquire the same velocity as the
bus,
b. the distance travelled by the car when it is level with the bus

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Chapter 2
MOTION AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Example 8:
A particle moves along horizontal line according to the equation

s 3t 3 4t 2 2t
Where s is displacement in meters and t is time in seconds.
At time, t =2.00 s, determine
a. the displacement of the particle,
b. Its velocity, and
c. Its acceleration.

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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
Free fall is the motion of an object subject only to the influence of
gravity. The acceleration due to gravity is a constant, g.

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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
is defined as the vertical motion of a body at constant
acceleration, g under gravitational field without air resistance.
In the earths gravitational field, the constant acceleration
known as acceleration due to gravity or free-fall
acceleration or gravitational acceleration.
the value is g = 9.81 m s2
the direction is towards the centre of the earth (downward).
Note:
In solving any problem involves freely falling bodies or free fall
motion, the assumption made is ignore the air resistance.

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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
Equations of linear motion and freely falling bodies:
Linear motion

Freely falling bodies

v u at

v u gt

v u 2as

v 2 u 2 2 gs

1 2
s ut at
2

1 2
s ut gt
2
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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
Assuming air resistance is negligible,
the acceleration of the ball, a = g when
the ball moves upward and its velocity
decreases to zero when the ball
reaches the maximum height, H.

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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
Example 9:
A ball is thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of
10.0 m s1 straight upward. The building is 30.0 m high and the ball
just misses the edge of the roof on its way down, as shown in figure
3.7. Calculate
a. the maximum height of the stone from point A.
b. the time taken from point A to C.
c. the time taken from point A to D.
d. the velocity of the stone when it reaches point D.
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)

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Chapter 2
FALLING OBJECTS
Example 10:
A book is dropped 150 m from the ground. Determine
a. the time taken for the book reaches the ground.
b. the velocity of the book when it reaches the ground.
(given g = 9.81 m s-2)

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Thank You
Peace cannot be kept
by force; it can only be
achieved by
understanding.
(Albert Einstein)

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