Conventions in footnoting for essays, papers and books.

Werner Hammerstingl, 1998, 2010

Footnotes and Endnotes. While both,footnotes and endnotes, can be used interchangeably to
some extent, the ultimate guide for choosing one over the other should be the readers experience.
Footnotes/endnotes are frequently the optimal solution for a free-flowing text which might be
supported by more detail available in an endnote or footnote. This is especially the case where
insertion of a direct quotation in the body of the text is not appropriate. In cases where a report or
article contains an excecutive report I'd suggest the writer follow the logic that an executive
report might be seperated from the main report and the former should therefore use footnotes and
the latter endnotes. To avoid any confusion between the two, one might use Roman and the other
Arabic numerals.
USE OF IBID.: When references to the same work follow each other without any intervening
references even though they are separated by several pages, the abbreviation ibid. (for the Latin
ibidem, "in the same place") is used to repeat the preceding reference. Any changes in volume
and/or page numbers must be indicated following ibid. However, if the reference is to the same
volume and page number(s) as the preceding references then nothing follows ibid. Ibid. may not
be used to repeat part of a preceding reference.
USE OF OP. CIT.: Reference to a work which has already been cited in full form but not in the
reference immediately preceding should include the author,s last name (but not his/her first name
or initials unless two authors by the same last name have already been mentioned in the paper),
and the abbreviation op.cit. from the Latin opere citato ("in the work cited"). In most entries' op.
cit. is followed by the page designation
USE OF LOC. CIT.: Loc. cit. (for the Latin loco citato' "in the place cited',) is used in lieu of
ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding but also refers to the
same page. Loc. cit. is also used in lieu of op. cit. when reference is made to a work previously
cited and to the same page in that work. Hence, loc. cit. is never followed by volume and/or page
numbers. When it takes the place of ibid., loc. cit. is capitalized.
Bibliography
The typical convention for bibliographies is as follows: Surname, Initial/s. Title (underlined)
Publisher, Publishing location, Year of publication.
In practice this would look like:
Jrgens, M.C. The Digital Print Identification and Preservation The Getty Conservation Institute,
Los Angeles, 2009
Many writers are now quoting online resources in addition to printed references, therefore the
bibliographic reference style should be expanded to use URL's.
Many online resouces provide no reference to authorship, place of publication (in itself a
problematic concept in an oline context) but perhaps a specific date of publication. It would look

like this when included in a bibliography:

[Author(s) not cited] Kiama Council with Innovative New Waste Minimisation System Paper to
Paper International Pty Ltd 13.9.2007 http://www.papertopaper.com.au/site/news.php?
pID=94&articleID=23such
Ordering a Bibliography:
In the absence of any other styleguide provided by the publisher, the following order is
suggested. All entries are alphabtically ordered by Surname of Author.