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1
1
<>(a) U i = CV 2 = (13.5 1012 F )(12.5V ) 2 = 1.055 109 J = 1055 pJ 1100 pJ
2
2
U i 1055 pJ
q2
=
=
= 162 pJ 160 pJ
(b) U f =
6.5
2 C
W = U i U f = (1055 162) pJ = 893 pJ
25-11
<> q0 = C1V0 = (3.55 F )(6.3V ) = 22.365 C
25-25
q
70 pC
<>(a) The capacitance of the system is C =
=
= 35
. pF.
V
20 V
V1 = V2
q1 q2
=
C1 C2
q1 + q2 = q0
q1 q0 q1
=
C1
C2
Cq
(3.55)(22.365)
q1 = 1 0 =
= 6.35 C
3.55 + 8.95
C1 + C2
q2 = q0 q1 = 22.365 6.35 = 16 C
A parallel-plate capacitor has circular plates of 8.20 cm radius and 1.30 mm separation. (a)
Calculate the capacitance. (b) What charge will appear on the plates if a potential difference of 120
V is applied?
8.2cm 1.3mm
ab 120V
0 A
d
each plate and d is the plate separation. Since the plates are circular, the plate area is
2 27
3 27 !
0 R 2
d
(8.85 10
12
F m ) ( 8.2 102 m )
1.3 103 m
C2 = 5 F , and C3 = 4 F .
25-29 C1 = 10 F C2 = 5 F C3 = 4 F
(b) The charge on the positive plate is given by q = CV , where V is the potential difference
across the plates. Thus, q = (1.44 1010 F )(120V ) = 1.73 108 C = 17.3nC
8th EdProblem 25-79th EdProblem 25-5
What is the capacitance of a drop that results when two mercury spheres, each of radius R = 2mm ,
merge?
R = 2mm
25-29
<>Assuming conservation of volume, we find the radius of the combined spheres, then use
C = 4 0 R to find the capacitance. When the drops combine, the volume is doubled. It is
then V = 2(
4 3
) R . The new radius R' is given by
3
4
4
3
( R ) = 2 R 3
3
3
Ceq =
R = 21/ 3 R
of V = 4200V is established when the switch is closed. How many coulombs of charge then pass
With R = 2mm , we obtain C = 5.04 ( 8.85 1012 F m )( 2.00 103 m ) = 2.80 1013 F .
b a = R C = 4 0
a
1
a
b
<> C = 4 0
<> C1+ 2 = C1 + C2
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
Ceq C1+ 2 C3 C1 + C2 C3
through meter A?
25-30M 25 F V = 4200V
ab
ba
4 0 R
4
4
3
( R ) = 2 R3 R = 21/ 3 R
3
3
C = 4p 0 R = 4p 0 21 3 R = 5.04p 0 R.
25-30
<> Ceq = 3C
gb
5 27 !
breakdown so that it becomes equivalent to conducting wire, what is the increase in (a) the charge
disconnected. The capacitor is then connected in parallel with a second (initially uncharged)
capacitor. If the potential difference across the first capacitor drops to 35 V, what is the capacitance
25-29 C1 = 10 F C2 = 5 F C3 = 4 F V = 100V 3
a 1 b 1
1 100pF 50V
35
<> q = C1V0
q1 = C1V
q2 = q q1 = C1 (V0 V )
C2 =
q2 V0 V
50 V 35 V
C1 =
=
(100 pF ) = 43pF.
V
V
35 V
25-29
C1 + C2 ) C3 (10.0 F + 5.00 F )( 4.00 F ) 60
(
=
F = 3.16 F
=
<> Ceq =
19
C1 + C2 + C3
10.0 F + 5.00 F + 4.00 F
(a) and (b) The original potential difference V1 across C1 is
C V
( 3.16 F )(100.0 V ) = 21.1V.
V1 = eq
=
C1 + C2
10.0 F + 5.00 F
Thus V1 = 100V 21.1V = 78.9V and
until capacitor 1 reaches equilibrium. Then the switch is thrown to the right. When equilibrium is
again reached, how much charge is on capacitor 1?
60
=
F = 3.16 F
19
C1 + C2 + C3
10.0 F + 5.00 F + 4.00 F
C V
( 3.16 F )(100.0 V ) = 21.1V.
V1 = eq
=
C1 + C2
10.0 F + 5.00 F
<> Ceq =
25-36
<>We do not employ energy conservation since, in reaching equilibrium, some energy is
3 V1 = 100V
q1 = (10 F )(100V ) = 10 10 C
4
Since the parallel pair C2 and C3 are identical, it is clear that q2 = q3 . They are in
q1 q3
=
C1 C3
7 27 !
which leads to q1 =
which yields q3 =
q3
.
2
Therefore, Q = (
q3
5q
) + q3 + q3 = 3
2
2
q1 = q3 =
q
2Q 2(100 C)
=
= 40 C and consequently q1 = 3 = 20 C
5
5
2
the charge on (e) capacitor 1, (f) capacitor 2, (g) capacitor 3, and (h) capacitor 4?
25-43 12 4 C1 = 1 F C2 = 2 F C3 = 3 F
VC1 +
C4 = 4 F S1 a 1b 2c 3d
q1 = C1VC1
4 S1 S2 e 1f 2g
3h 4
C3 + C4
C1 + C2
VC1 = 12V VC1 =
(12V )
C3 + C4
C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
(e) With switch 2 also closed, the potential difference V1 across C1 must equal the potential
difference across C2 and is
( 3.00 F + 4.00 F)(12.0V )
C3 + C4
= 8.40V.
V1 =
V=
C1 + C2 + C3 + C4
1.00 F + 2.00 F + 3.00 F + 4.00 F
Thus, q1 = C1V1 = (1 F )(8.4V ) = 8.4 C
(f) Similarly, q2 = C2V1 = (2 F )(8.4V ) = 16.8 C
(g) q3 = C3 (V V1 ) = (3 F )(12V 8.4V ) = 10.8 C
(h) q4 = C4 (V V1 ) = (4 F )(12V 8.4V ) = 14.4 C
8th EdProblem 25-319th EdProblem 25-29
What capacitance is required to store an energy of 10kW h at a potential difference of 1000 V?
25-43
<>
(a)~(d) VC1 + VC 3 = VC 2 + VC 4 = 12V
10kW h 1000
q1 = q3 ; q2 = q4
1
1
q1 q3 q2 q4
+
=
+
= 12V q1 ( + ) = 12V
C1 C3
C1 C3 C2 C4
q1 =
C1C3
(12V )
C1 + C3
multiply by (103
CC
q2 = 2 4 (12V )
C2 + C4
W
s
)(3600 )
kW
h
(a) In this situation, capacitors 1 and 3 are in series, which means their charges are
necessarily the same:
8 27
C=
c
b
7
2U 2 3.6 10 J
=
= 72 F.
2
V2
1000 V
9 27 !
Assume that a stationary electron is a point of charge. What is the energy density u of its electric
field at radial distances (a) r = 1mm , (b) r = 1 m , (c) r = 1nm , and (d) r = 1 pm ? (e) What is u in
the limit as r 0 ?
a r = 1mm
b r = 1 m
c r = 1nm
d r = 1 pm ue r 0 u
Vf =
df
0 A
q=
0 AV f
df
and
d f 0 A
d
V = f V.
0 A di i di i
df
di
Vi =
8 103
(6) = 16V
3 103
FG
H
1
1
e
u = 0E 2 = 0
2
2
4 0 r 2
IJ
K
e2
=
.
32 2 0r 4
(a) At r = 1.00 103 m , with e = 1.60 1019 C and 0 = 8.85 1012 C2 /N m 2 , we have
u = 9.16 1018 J/m3 .
(b) Similarly, at r = 1.00 106 m , u = 9.16 106 J/m3 .
(c) At r = 1.00 109 m , u = 9.16 106 J/m3 .
Uf =
With
1 0 A 2 1 0 A d f d f 0 AVi 2 d f
Vf =
Vi =
= Ui .
2 df
2 d f di
di d i di
df
di
d
8
8
= , we have U f = f U i = (4.511011 J ) = 1.20 1010 J.
3
3
di
(d) The work done to pull the plates apart is the difference in the energy:
W = U f U i = 7.52 1011 J.
(without discharge) to a separation of 8.00 mm. Neglecting fringing, find (a) the potential difference
difference of more than 100 V without failure, what are (a) the magnitude of the maximum potential
between the plates, (b) the initial stored energy, (c) the final stored energy, and (d) the work required
difference that can exist between points A and B and (b) the maximum energy that can be stored in
8.5cm 2 3mm 6
8mm
a
bcd
25-45 C1 = 10 F C2 = 20 F C3 = 25 F
100 a AB b 3
<>(a) Let q be the charge on the positive plate. Since the capacitance of a parallel-plate
A
AV
capacitor is given by 0 , the charge is q = CV = 0 i . After the plates are pulled
di
di
25-45
: 27
21 27 !
<>(a)
10 F 100V
10 F 100V
= 50V
20 F
20 F
25 F
10 F 100V
= 40V
25 F
2U
2(7.4 106 J)
=
= 4.7.
C0V 2 (7.4 1012 F)(652V) 2
1
1
U total = CV 2 = (10 1002 + 20 502 + 25 402 ) 106 = 0.095 J .
2
2
8th EdProblem 25-419th EdProblem 25-39
Given a 7.4 pF air-filled capacitor, you are asked to convert it to a capacitor that can store up to
7.4 J with a maximum potential difference of 652 V. Which dielectric in Table 25-1 should you
0.10mm 0.60mm
use to fill the gap in the capacitor if you do not allow for a margin of error?
<>The capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor is given by
7.4 pF 652
7.4 J 25-1
C = C0 =
2 0 L
,
ln(b / a )
where C0 is the capacitance without the dielectric, is the dielectric constant, L is the
length, a is the inner radius, and b is the outer radius. The capacitance per unit length of
the cable is
2 0
C
2(2.6)(8.851012 F/m)
=
=
= 8.11011 F/m = 81 pF/m.
L ln(b / a ) ln[(0.60 mm)/(0.10 mm)]
8th EdProblem 25-459th EdProblem 25-47
A certain substance has a dielectric constant of 2.8 and a dielectric strength of 18 MV/m. If it is
used as the dielectric material in a parallel-plate capacitor, what minimum area should the plates of
the capacitor have to obtain a capacitance of 7 102 F and to ensure that the capacitor will be
able to withstand a potential difference of 4.0 kV?
2.8 18 MV/m
7 102 F 4
0 A
d
dielectric, is the dielectric constant, A is the plate area, and d is the plate separation.
23 27 !
V
, where V is the potential difference
d
AE
CV
V
and C = 0
. Thus, A =
between the plates. Thus, d =
.
0 E
E
V
The electric field between the plates is given by E =
For the area to be a minimum, the electric field must be the greatest it can be without
breakdown occurring. That is, A =
This expression is exactly the same as that for Ceq of two capacitors in series, one with
dielectric constant 1 and the other with dielectric constant 2 . Each has plate area A and
plate separation
A
d
. Also we note that if 1 = 2 , the expression reduces to C = 1 0 , the
2
d
correct result for a parallel-plate capacitor with plate area A, plate separation d, and
dielectric constant 1 .
With A = 7.89 104 m 2 , d = 4.62 103 m , 1 = 11.0 and 2 = 12.0 , the capacitance is
C=
A parallel-plate capacitor has a capacitance of 100 pF, a plate area of 100cm 2 , and a mica dielectric
( = 5.4 ) completely filling the space between the plates. At 50 V potential difference, calculate (a)
2 = 12
the electric field magnitude E in the mica, (b) the magnitude of the free charge on the plates, and (c)
the magnitude of the induced surface charge on the mica.
<>(a) The electric field in the region between the plates is given by E =
25-49
<>We assume there is charge q on one plate and charge q on the other. The electric field in the
q
lower half of the region between the plates is E1 =
,
1 0 A
where A is the plate area. The electric field in the upper half is E2 =
2 0 A
Let d/2 be the thickness of each dielectric. Since the field is uniform in each region, the
potential difference between the plates is
V=
LM
N
OP
Q
V
, where V is the
d
potential difference between the plates and d is the plate separation. The capacitance is
given by C =
d=
0 A
C
E=
0 A
d
and
gc
50 V 100 1012 F
VC
= 10
. 104 V m .
=
0 A 5.4 8.85 1012 F m 100 104 m2
hc
(b) The free charge on the plates is q f = CV = (100 1012 F )(50V ) = 5 109 C .
1
1
E1d E2 d
qd
qd 1 + 2
+
=
+
=
,
2
2
2 0 A 1 2
2 0 A 1 2
(c) The electric field is produced by both the free and induced charge. Since the field of a
q
large uniform layer of charge is
, the field between the plates is
2 0 A
q 2 A 1 2
So C = = 0
.
V
d 1 + 2
24 27
25 27 !
E=
qf
2 0 A
qf
2 0 A
the plates to a potential difference of 120 V and is then disconnected. A dielectric slab of thickness
qi
q
i ,
2 0 A 2 0 A
4.0 mm and dielectric constant 4.8 is then placed symmetrically between the plates. (a) What is the
where the first term is due to the positive free charge on one plate, the second is due to
capacitance before the slab is inserted? (b) What is the capacitance with the slab in place? What is
the negative free charge on the other plate, the third is due to the positive induced charge
the free charge q (c) before and (d) after the slab is inserted? What is the magnitude of the electric
on one dielectric surface, and the fourth is due to the negative induced charge on the
field (e) in the space between the plates and dielectric and (f) in the dielectric itself? (g) With the
other dielectric surface. Note that the field due to the induced charge is opposite the field
slab in place, what is the potential difference across the plates? (h) How much external work is
due to the free charge, so they tend to cancel. The induced charge is therefore
qi = q f 0 AE = 5.0 10 C ( 8.85 10
9
12
F m )(100 10 m
4
)(1.0 10
V m)
= 4.110 C = 4.1nC.
q ef
The space between two concentric conducting spherical shells of radii b = 1.7cm and a = 1.2cm
gh
(8.85 10
12
C2 /N m 2 ) (0.12 m 2 )
1.2 102 m
= 89 pF.
<>(a) According to Eq. 25-17 the capacitance of an air-filled spherical capacitor is given by
0 A
0 A
( d b) + b
(8.85 10
12
C2 /N m 2 ) (0.12m 2 )(4.8)
ab
C0 = 4p 0
.
ba
(d) Since the battery is disconnected, q will remain the same after the insertion of the slab,
with q = 11nC .
When the dielectric is inserted between the plates the capacitance is greater by a factor
(e) E =
= 0.107 nF.
=
9
2
2
b a 8.99 10 N m C 0.0170 m 0.0120 m
(b) The charge on the positive plate is q = CV = (0.107 nF)(73.0 V) = 7.79 nC.
(c) Let the charge on the inner conductor be q. Immediately adjacent to it is the induced
charge q'. Since the electric field is less by a factor 1/ than the field when no dielectric
(f) E =
q
11109 C
=
= 10kV / m
12 2
0 A (8.85 10 C / N m 2 )(0.12m 2 )
E
10kV / m
= 2.1kV / m
4.8
1
ab
23.5 1.00
q = 4 ( 1) 0
V =
(7.79 nC) = 7.45 nC.
ba
23.5
Wext = U =
q 2 1 1 (11109 C) 2
1
1
7
= 1.7 10 J.
12
12
2 C C0
2
89 10 F 120 10 F
27 27 !