Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Expedition to Sudanese Nubia conducted by the German Academy of Sciences, Berlin, under the directorship of Professor F. Hintze. The work began in 1961
with a survey season, followed by three epigraphic
campaigns between 1962 and 1963 in the region
around the Second Cataract, between Faras West (PM
VII, 124), south of Ballana and Qustul, and Sabu, north
of the Third Cataract (PM VII, 174). The campaigns
were of great importance since they resulted in the
discovery of many new graffiti, as well as provided
numerous corrections to previously published ones, notably the RIS and RIK texts.
Preliminary reports were published in Kush 11
(1963): 93-95; 12 (1964): 40-42; and 13 (1965): 1316. However, these preliminaryreports only discussed a
few texts and simply listed the number of inscriptions
copied, without giving much detail, and hence gave little
indication of the scope of the work of Professor Hintze's
team. These final results are now all the more welcome
since they come in the wake of a number of new publications on ancient Nubia, notably K. Zibelius-Chen's
424
7
E.g., de Morgan, Catalogue des monuments,25:182, 11:43,
and 38:166, officials also responsible for the texts RIS 3, RIS 9,
and RIK 127 (for which see Franke, Personendaten, dossiers
374, 503, and 115, respectively) left at Semna and Kumma;and
de Morgan, op. cit., 11:43, a man who also left a statuette in
Kerma (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 264). See also stela
Berlin 19500 from Elephantine (= AIB I, 260-61) belonging to
an 3tw n Styw named Ineni who claims to have accomplished
"a multitude of missions, going south into Kush," but whose
name is not found in the records from Nubia itself.
8 Good
examples of this are names found both in the Aswan
graffiti and the shrine of Heqaib at Elephantine: de Morgan,
op. cit., 89:76, 17:79 (as well as 73:45, and 87:44), 89:76 (and
87:42), and 86:33, for which see Franke, Personendaten, dossiers 142, 410, 440, and 451, respectively. The well-known
court official Ankhu from the late Twelfth Dynasty is also an
example of this (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 177). Another example could be the wr mdw Sm' Ameny, whose name
is found on a number of objects, including a stela and some
graffiti from Aswan (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 110).
9 E.g., a Steward of Divine Offerings of Sobek of Shedyet
named Neni (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 329), who left
three graffitiat Aswan as well as a stela at Abydos, possibly during business trips on behalf of the aforementioned temple of
Sobek in the Fayum; the King's Acquaintance Sa-Sobek, also
known from a statue found at Illahun, as well as a stela and a
seal from Abydos (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 547); and
the Scribe of the GreatWorkcampSenbefni, who is also attested
on a seal from Ombos (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 652).
10
E.g., Wadi el Hudi, nos. 14 and 145, and no. 25 (=
Franke, Personendaten, dossiers 270 and 294 respectively);
the latter, in fact, also left a graffito in the Wadi Hammamat
and a number of stelae at Abydos.
11 The
following officials are closely associated with the
royal family; on this, see Quirke, Administration, 117-18.
12 Seal impression from Debeira East (= Martin, Seals,
299a). This official was allowed to circulate in both the inner
LEPROHON:
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
425
(hty-C),20
THE OUTER PALACE
21
Inscription from the western Nubian desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 71, no. 6); the title smr, "friend"is also
found alone (= Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 400 [= RIS 12]), in
an autobiographicalstatement.
22 Seal impression from Mirgissa Q 364 (= Gratien, Nubische Studien, 91); stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 51, no.
8, although written without the s3b designation); RIK 112,
RIK 115, RIK 116, stela BM 1290, and Semna Despatch no. 6
(= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 526); Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 421 (= RIK 121; this man is the son of a shd
smsw); stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 240; Franke, Personendaten, dossier 562); scarab from Ukma West (= Andreu,
Ukma Ouest, 233, no. 131/13). For this official in Nubia, see
D. Franke, SAK 11 (1984): 216-17; Quirke, Administration,
193. This title can also have a judicial function; see infra, no.
[95]. The title is also found without the iry-Nhn compound in
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 397a (= RIK 50), preceding
scribal and priestly titles (see nos. [25], [112], [123], [160],
and [174]).
23 See the references in Smith, Buhen, 240; all examples,
however, are from the Second IntermediatePeriod.
24 Scarab from Buhen (= Martin, Seals, 1166). This official
is also a priest of Ptah; see infra, no. [165].
25 Stela from Shalfak SCF
II, pl. 61B).
(=
26 Stela from Buhen
(= Smith, Buhen, 51, no. 8).
27 RILN, no. 74. Like the preceding title, this one is
part of a
string of titles and may therefore not actually be involved in
the administrative structureof the Nubian possessions.
28 Seal impression from Debeira East (= Martin, Seals,
872c).
29 Seal impression from Aniba (= Martin, Seals, 558).
30 RIK 117 (see, however, Hintze, Felsinschriften, 142-43,
who reads the title as an epithet) and RIK 118, both belonging
to the same individual named Djehuty-hotep. This official is
also a messenger, for which see infra, no. [48], which confirms
426
40 Seal
427
LEPROHON:
Administrative Titles in Nubia
49 Seal
impressions from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1788);
428
imy-r htm),81
[70] Scribe of the Treasury (ss (n) pr-hd),82
[71] Scribe responsible for the seal of the Treasury (ss
hry-htm n pr(wy?)-hd).83
PROVISIONING QUARTERS
snc),86
[75] Storehouse employee (snc).87
OFFICE OF THE FIELDS
59; both of these men are also bearers of a chief scribe, infra,
no. [115]); statuette from Kerma (= Reisner, Kerma, 524, fig.
344:47; this official is also a royal seal-bearer, no. [53], and a
nomarch, no. [98]).
67 Statuette from Kerma (= Reisner, Kerma, 525, fig.
344:48).
68 Seal from Askut A.
(=
Badawy, Kush 12 [1964]: 52).
69
Text from Abu Sir (= Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 99).
70
Smith, Buhen, 27, no. 1781; seal impressions from
Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 185, 533?); RIK 65 (although the
title could here be read as psy, "cook," for which see Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 482b and supra, no. [42]); Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 453 (= RIK 85).
71 Inscription from the western Nubian desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 72, no. 11; for this official, who is also
an overseer of ships, no. [137], see Franke, Personendaten,
dossier 523); RIK 52; RIK 80; RIK 86.
72 RILN, no. 73 (this is the famous vizier Antef-oker, for
whom see Franke, Personendaten, dossier 146); two seal impressions from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1775). The latter,
however, were found on letters, and do not therefore necessarily indicate the vizier's actual presence at Uronarti;see Smith,
Aegean Seals, 210. Another instance of a vizier's set of titles
is found in RILN, no. 10, but there is again no indication of
the vizier's presence in the text.
73 Stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 38, 64).
74 RILN, no. 161. On this title, see Meeks, Alex I, no.
77.0368; S. Quirke, RdE 37 (1986): 113, and 127-28, section
no. (5).
75 RIK 59.
76 Inscription from the western Nubian desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 71, no. 6).
77 Text from Semna (= Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 532).
barley
GRANARIES
78
Smith, Buhen, nos. 549, 1078, and 1111. All these
officials also hold scribal titles; see infra, no. [71].
79 RIK
76; RIK 102.
80 RIK 120.
81 Seal impression from Mirgissa (= Martin, Seals, 1338).
82
ALN, pl. 18, 4,
83 Smith,
Buhen, nos. 549, 1078, and 1111. For these men,
see also supra, no. [66].
84 Seal
impressions from Buhen (= Martin, Seals, 517); and
from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1274).
85
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 399 (= RIK 126); for the
reading shy instead of the earlier reading btmty, see ibid., 108.
86 Stela from Uronarti
(= CAA Boston MFA 2. Stelae I
[Mainz, 1985], 149-50). For the importance of the Cwt,
"rooms," in the sgn, within which various commodities were
stored, see S. Quirke, RdE 37 (1986): 120.
87 Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 482b (= RIK 65).
88 RIS 9. This official is also a
royal seal-bearer, supra, no.
[53], although "overseer of the fields" seems to be his most
importanttitle.
89 Seal
impressions from Mirgissa (= Martin, Seals, 336;
Gratien, Nubische Studien, 91, Q 232).
90 RILN, no. 74.
Among a long list of titles, this one seems
to be the most important;see column 14 of the text.
LEPROHON:
CATTLE
91
RILN, nos. 155 and 157; for this, see also P. Vernus, RdE
37 (1986): 117f.
92 Fragment of a faience vessel from Kerma (= Reisner,
Kerma, fig. 344:52).
93 ALN, pl. 53, 2; RILN, no. 152; Smith, Buhen, nos. 1708,
1785; seal impression from Buhen (= Martin, Seals, 733); stela
from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 49; for this man, see Franke,
Personendaten, dossier 754); seal impressions from Mirgissa
(= Martin, Seals, 1202, 1491, 1805; Gratien, Nubische Studien,
91, Q 230); and from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1644); text
from Kerma (= Reisner, Kerma, 525-26, fig. 344:49; for this
man, see Franke, Personendaten, dossier 605). The title is
difficult to interpret. The wr mdw smc sometimes held judicial
functions (cf. Helck, Verwaltung, 53; N. Strudwick, The Administration of Egypt in the Old Kingdom [London, 1985],
178-79) or else was in charge of recruiting manpower (cf.
H. G. Fischer, JNES 18 [1959]: 265f.). The word md, "(troop
of) ten," is certainly found in titles connected with labor: cf.
the titles imy-r md, "overseer of ten" (= J. Cerny, JEA 34
[1948]: 121); imy-r md (n) wi,, "overseer of ten crew members" (= G. T. Martin, Hetepka [London, 1979], 32, pl. 31
[74], [75]); c' n md, "overseer of ten (men)" (= G. Bjorkmann, Boreas 6 [1974]: 77f.; Meeks, Alex I, no. 77.1951);
imy-r mdw hwt-'ct, "overseer of ten men from the palace" (=
Meeks, Alex II, no. 78.2522). See also the discussions by J.-L.
Chappaz in Les Figurines funeraires (Geneva, 1984), ?10;
P. Vernus, RdE 26 (1974): 107f.; and Quirke, Administration, 79-80, 117. The latter suggests that the title denotes
only that the holder was in charge of a mission; however, the
fact that the wr mdw smc is not found in the Sinai inscriptions
is noteworthy; cf. O. Berlev, Bi Or 22 (1965): 267, n. 19.
94 RILN, nos. 222 and 224.
95 Stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 51, no. 8).
96 Stelae from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 41-43).
97 RILN,no. 138; this official is also a chamberlain,no. [47].
98 Statuette from Kerma (= Reisner, Kerma, 527,
fig.
345:57); on the hnrt, see S. Quirke, RdE 39 (1988): 83-106.
429
430
Mayor
(h,ty-'),
(n)
MIDDLEMEN
lands (imy-r
107For the
judicial functions of this title, see P. Vernus, RdE
26 (1974): 109 (f). This title has already been mentioned
above, no. [11].
108Seal impressions from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 702);
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 445 (= RIK 93; this man is the
father of a smsw). For the judicial role of this title, see P. Vernus, RdE 26 (1974): 112.
109Seal
impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 232).
110Statuette from Kerma
(= Reisner, Kerma, 524-25, fig.
344:47). This official is also a royal seal-bearer and an overseer of the seal; see nos. [53] and [54].
111See
supra, no [9]; for the translation "mayor" in the
Middle Kingdom, see Fischer, Supplement, 66.
112
Text from Kerma (= Reisner, Kerma, 524, fig. 344:46).
113
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 451 (= RIK 87; for this man,
see also nos. [8], [9], [136], [143], and [166]).
115
fields/state
C,),110
tyw),119
114
of plowed
hbsw),120
11
[108] Overseer
120
LEPROHON:
[119]
[120]
[121]
[122]
[123]
[124]
Retainers/Bodyguards'37
[125] Supervisor of retainers of the First Battalion
(shd smsw n rmn tpy),138
[126] Retainer of the First Battalion (smsw n rmn
tpy).139
"district overseer," no. [106], and at any rate, the offering
table could well date from the Second Intermediate Period or
even the New Kingdom. For such men in Nubia, see Smith,
Buhen, 72f.
129RILN, no. 64. For this title, see W. K. Simpson, JNES 45
(1986): 72, contra Ward, Titles, no. 291a.
130 Text from Kerma
(= Kerma IV, 509 [31]). For the reference, see Fischer, Supplement, 17; and D. Franke, GM 83
(1984): 122.
131
Stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 51, no. 8).
132
Texts from Semna (= SCF I, pls. 90, 91B); Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 506. Three men who are also royal sealbearers, supra, no. [53], are also imy-r msC: stela from Semna
(= CAA Boston MFA 2: Stelae I [Mainz, 1985], 153-55); RIS
3 (for this man, also known from a graffito at Aswan, see
Franke, Personendaten, dossier 374); and RIS 18. The title
imy-r msc can be rendered either "expedition leader" or "general," but the great number of military titles found in Middle
Kingdom Nubia renders the translation "general" more likely.
133 Stela from Buhen
(= Smith, Buhen, 51, no. 8; this official
is also an imy-r msc wr).
134 Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 507 (= RIS 10). The title,
however, could also be connected to labor organization; see
Quirke, Administration, 170.
135
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 397a (= RIK 50; for this
man, see also nos. [11], [25], [112], [160], and [174]).
136 Texts from Abd el
Qadir (= Hintze, Felsinschriften, nos.
5, 51); and from Abu Sir (= ibid., no. 122).
137It should be noted here that a number of occurrences of
the title smsw have already been seen in the palace section, supra, nos. [26] to [30].
138 Seal
impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1673).
139 Seal impressions from Uronarti(= Martin,Seals,
126, 451,
693, 731, and 1435); Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 525 (= RIS
431
Local Commanders
[127] Chief local commander (3tw 'C n niwt),140
[128] Local commander (3tw n niwt).141
Local Soldiers
[129] Local soldier (Cnh n niwt),142
of privates
[130] Overseer (?) ChoWtyw),143
(?) (imy-r
[131] Private (h,wty ),l44
[132] Private from Hierakonpolis (C'hwty n Nhn),145
[133] Private from Antaeopolis (C'hwty n Tbw),146
[134] Bowman (iry pdt),147
[135] Overseer of recruits (imy-r hwnw-nfrw),'48
[136] Strong one of Nubia (w3s T,-sty).149
21); RIK 51 and RIK 82 (= Franke,Personendaten, dossier 19;
although see Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 486, who reads the text
as two titles: smsw and Cw).For this title in a military context,
see S. Quirke, RdE 37 (1986): 116, no. 1524, and 122.
140 RIS 14 (for this text, see Franke, Personendaten, dossier
103; F. Hintze, ZAS 111 [1984]: 131f.); RIK 113 and RIK 114
(= these two texts could form a new dossier, no. 350a, in
Franke's Personendaten).
141 RIK 73 (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 314); Semna
Despatch no. 6; seal impression from Semna (= Martin, Seals,
302). It should be noted that this title is often only an abbreviation of the preceding one: compare RIS 14 with Semna Despatch no. 6; RIK 73 with Pap. Boulaq 18, 45, 2:7, and stela
Louvre C 58.
142RILN, nos. 83, 84, 87, 118, 130, 144 (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 222), 146 (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier
313), and 147; stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 18-19,
no. 1497); seal impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals,
1801a); RIK 88 and 94 (= Franke,Personendaten, dossier 170);
RIK 111 (= Franke,Personendaten, dossier 624); RIK 123 (this
man is said to be the "retainer"[smsw] of an 3tw mniw tsmw,
for which see Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 384; see Franke,Personendaten, dossiers 298 and 509); RIK 127 (= Franke, Personendaten, dossier 115); Semna Despatch no. 4.
143 Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 493 (= RIK 117); and perhaps RILN, no. 74.
144 Semna Despatches nos. 2 and 3. This title was lower in
rank than that of the ordinary soldier (Cnh);see Quirke, Administration, 192.
145 Semna
Despatch no. 4.
146 Semna
Despatch no. 4.
147 Seal
impression "from Nubia" (= Martin, Seals, 613a);
stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 13, no. 881); seal impressions from Mirgissa (= Gratien, Nubische Studien, 91, Q 366);
from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1322); and from Semna (=
Martin, Seals, 1649).
148
Stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 50f.).
149
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 451 (= RIK 87; for this man,
see also nos. [8], [9], [101], [143], and [166]).
432
NAVY
150
Inscription from the western Nubian desert, CG 20784 (=
R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 72, no. 11; for this official,
who is also a htmw kfi-ib, see supra, no. [59]); RILN, nos. 10
and 19; stela from Buhen (= Smith, Buhen, 10, no. 579); seal
impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1584).
151 RILN, nos. 214-15.
152
Texts from Buhen nos. 263, 881, and 1569 (= Smith,
Buhen, 6, 13, 19); RIS 1; RIS 15.
153
Debod, pl. 128e (this official is also a scribe of the House
[of Life], infra, no. [170]; inscription from the western Nubian
desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 74); RILN, no. 72;
RILN, no. 117; RILN, nos. 145, 153, and RIK 54 (= Franke,
Personendaten, dossier 222); RIS 22 (= Franke,Personendaten,
dossier 5); RIS 23; RIK 55; RIK 83; Semna Despatch no. 4.
154 Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 528 (= RIS 24; this man is
also a gnwty, supra, no. [92]).
155 Text from Askut
(= Hintze, Felsinschriften, Askut 8).
There is also a possible occurrence of the title hnyt, "rower,"
in Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 526 (= RIS 22), although the
word could simply be part of the name hn (PN I, 275:1) which
comes after the title, soldier of the crew of the ruler.
156For police activities in Nubia in the Middle Kingdom,
see JSSEA 12 (1982): 75-76. For policemen's titles in general,
see G. Andreu, BIFAO 80 (1980): 143; Livre du centenaire
(MIFAO, vol. CIV, 1980), 3-7; LA IV:31 (1982): 1068-71;
BSAK 4 (1990): 24-25; and CRIPEL 13 (1991): 17f.
157 Seal
impression from Mirgissa (= Martin, Seals, 1329);
stelae from Semna (= SCF I, pl. 91A and D; see also D.
Valbelle, Satis et Anoukis [1981], 12, no. 102); Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 451 (= RIK 87; for this man, see also nos.
[8], [9], [101], [136], and [166]); Semna Despatch no. 3.
158Seal impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 1308).
On this title, see also Fischer, Supplement, 55.
159 RILN, no. 158; Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 414 (= RIK
28); RIK 58; RIK 77; RIK 78; Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 427
[148]
[149]
[150]
[151]
PRIESTHOODS
Priests of Khnum
[155] Overseer of priests of Khnum (imy-r hmw-ntr n
Hnmw),169
[156] Chief priest of Khnum (hm-ntr C3 n Hnmw),170
[157] [Priest ?] of Khnum (hm-ntr n Hnmw),171
[158] wab-priest of Khnum (wCb Hnmw).172
Priests of Satis
[159] Chief priest of Satis (hm-ntr
n Stit),173
(= RIK 95); RIK 103; RIK 109 (two brothers here); text from
Saidnambi (= Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 543).
160 RIK 123 and 130
(= Franke,Personendaten, dossier 509).
161 RILN, nos. 43, 50, and 72 (the latter is associated with a
soldier of the crew of the ruler, no. [139]).
162
ALN, pl. 58. For gold prospection in Nubia, see J. Vercoutter, Kush 7 (1959): 142f.
163 Texts from Abu Sir
(= Hintze, Felsinschriften, nos. 78,
137). Such men could also have been used as intermediaries,
or "middlemen," as they are called here (supra, nos. [116] to
[118]), for which see the remarks below.
164RILN, no. 211. On this title, see Goyon, Hammamat,42;
W. K. Simpson, JNES 45 (1986): 74.
165Text from Abu Sir (= Hintze,
Felsinschriften, no. 175).
166
RILN, no. 89.
167
Inscription from the western nubian desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 72, no. 7).
168 Inscription from the western Nubian desert (= R. Engelbach, ASAE 33 [1933]: 73, no. 12).
169
Fragment of a statuette from Kerma (= Kerma, 527, fig.
345:54).
170 RIK 15.
171 RIS 13a, if the word "Khnum"is read twice, thus: "the
priest of Khnum, (Khnum)-hotep";and perhaps a seal impression from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, 739).
172
Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 404b (= RIK 16).
173 RIK
14; cf. Hintze, Felsinschriften, no. 402.
LEPROHON:Administrative
of other gods
of Amun(-Re?) (hm-ntr n Imn-[RC?]),178
of Ptah (hm-ntr Pth),179
of Maat (hm-ntr Myct),180
father of Onuris (it ntr In-hrt).181
Lector Priests
[168] Chief lector priest (hry-hb hry-tp),182
[169] Lector priest (hry-hb),183
[170] Scribe of the House [of Life] (ss pr (Cnh?)),184
General priesthoods
[171] Priest (hm-ntr),185
[172] setem-priest (s(t)m),186
Titles in Nubia
433
434
monument. Such is the case with the supervisor of retainers (shd smsw) Igai-hotep,196who, however, lists
"hall-keeper of the watch (iry-ct n wrsw)" as his only
196
Supra,no. [26] andthe referencesthere;see Franke,Personendaten,dossier 160, and the remarksby G. Andreuin
BSAK4 (1990):20.
197 Stela BM 1177 (= Smith, Buhen, 51),
graffiti RILN nos.
10 and 74, RIK 87, and Hintze, no. 397a from the present catalogue, are obvious examples of this sort of lengthy enumeration of titles.
198See, e.g., the remarks under nos. [45] and [96].
199See the remarksunder no. [60], as well as Smith, Aegean
Seals, 206-7. Other instances mention simply the Office of the
Vizier, e.g., seal impressions from Askut (= Vercoutter, Mirgissa I, 182, n. 118; Martin, Seals, 1849), from Serra East
(= Martin, Seals, no. 1848a; Gratien, Nubische Studien, 91, Q
57), from Semna South (= L. V. Zabkar, JARCE 19 [1982]:
19, 37, IV, Kl-17), from Uronarti (= Martin, Seals, no. 1845),
etc. However, these simply reflect the expected communications between the forts and the Vizier's office.
200 See P. Vernus, RdE 37 (1986): 141-44, for the dating
and a general discussion of the autobiographical section.
the aforementioned cattle, he left no preserved memento of his stay in the region.
Notwithstanding the great number of administrative
LEPROHON:Administrative Titles
in Nubia
435
436
ABBREVIATIONS
Adams, Nubia
W. Y. Adams, Nubia. Corridor to Africa (London,
1977).
ALN
A. Weigall, A Report on the Antiquities of Lower
Nubia (Oxford, 1907).
Andreu, Ukma Ouest
G. Andreu, ch. 8, "Les Scarab6es," in: Le Cimetiere
Kermaique d'Ukma Ouest: La Prospection archeologique de la Vallee du Nil en Nubie soudanaise,
ed. A. Vila (Paris, CNRS, 1987), 225-79.
Debod
G. Roeder, Les Temples immerges de la Nubie: Debod bis Kalabscha (Cairo, 1911).
Fischer, Supplement
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