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Reference
Pahlavan Chapter 6, Sect 6.3
Outline
Review Generations (1G 4G) of wireless networks
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer
McNair, Spring 15
First Generation:
Analog voice service
Small coverage areas
Low quality
Examples
AMPS (North,Central,South America, etc.)
TACS (Europe)
NMT (Scandinavia)
NTT (Japan)
McNair, Spring 15
Second Generation:
Digital services (paging, messaging, fax)
Larger coverage areas
Cellular mobility
Digital transmission and switching
Personal Communication Systems (PCS)
Examples
IS-54, IS-95 (North America)
GSM (Europe)
PDC (Japan)
McNair, Spring 15
Base Station
Mobile
Terminal
4
Evolution From 2G to 4G
2G
2G to 2.5G
2.5G to 3G
GPRS
EDGE
GSM
3G
4G
Wcdma
LTE
PDC
cdma2000
cdmaOne
Cdma2000
w/ EVDO
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
(IS-136)
McNair, Spring 15
EDGE
Wcdma
UMTS
LTE
Pre-3G
3G
4G
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
DS-CDMA
OFDMA
Gaussian Minimum
Shift Keying (GMSK)
GSM
2G
20Kbps
Circuit-based
McNair, Spring 15
GPRS
2.5G
60-100Kbps
packet-based
8
IS-54/136
digital AMPS
IS-95
cdma2000
cdma2000
+ EVDO
LTE
2G
2G
3G
3G
4G-ish
FDMA/TDMA/FDD
DS-CDMA
(Pi/4) DQPSK
50Kbps
QPSK
QPSK
1Mbps
2Mbps
QPSK, QAM
EVDO adds
2.4Mbps (fwd) /
150Kbps for Data
1 Gbps
Circuit and
packet based
Circuit-based
McNair, Spring 15
QPSK, QAM
packet-based
Outline
Review Generations (1G 4G) of wireless networks
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer
McNair, Spring 15
10
Mobility Management
Mobility affects the quality of service
The offered load (Erlangs) in each cell changes
dynamically with aggregate user movement.
Causes many dropped calls when there are not
enough channels
11
McNair, Spring 15
Inter-cell (Intra-switch)
Mobile Node
changes base
stations at the
same switch
Inter-switch (Intra-system)
Mobile Node changes
base stations and
switches
12
MSC
McNair, Spring 15
13
Handoff Considerations
Operation
Initiation (Detection/Decision)
New connection generation
(Channel Assignment)
Data flow control (Radio Link Transfer)
Control
NCHO (Network-Controlled Handoff)
MAHO (Mobile-Assisted Handoff)
MCHO (Mobile-Controlled Handoff)
McNair, Spring 15
14
McNair, Spring 15
15
BS 2 signal strength
BS 1
BS 1 signal strength
P
Pr1 = o
d1
McNair, Spring 15
BS 2
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
Distance from MT
to BS 1
16
Po BS 1
Pr1 = BS 1 signal strength
d1
BS 2 signal strength
BS 2
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
T1
Distance from MT
to BS 1
McNair, Spring 15
17
Pr1 =
Po
d1
BS 1
BS 2 signal strength
BS 1 signal strength
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
McNair, Spring 15
18
Handoff Example
Consider the handoff initiation figure,
where a mobile is moving from BS1
toward BS2.
Assume Po = 6W, the distance between
the base stations in 300m, and alpha=2.
Label the point where handoff would
occur for RSS with a hysteresis of
0.1mW.
McNair, Spring 15
19
Example figure
BS 2
BS 1
BS 1 signal strength
P
Pr1 = o
d1
BS 2 signal strength
Pr 2 =
Po
d2
0
Distance from MT
to BS 1
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20
10
Soft Handoff
The mobile node communicates with several candidate
base stations simultaneously, until one is chosen.
McNair, Spring 15
21
BS 1
BS 2 signal strength
BS 1 signal strength
P
Pr1 = o
d1
BS 2
Pr 2 =
MT communicates with
both BS1 and BS2
Po
d2
Tadd
Tdrop
MT drops
BS2
0
McNair, Spring 15
MT drops BS1
t drop [seconds]
t drop [seconds]
Distance from MT
to BS 1
22
11
Example
A mobile node samples signals from four BSs as a
function of time. The times and signal strengths (in
dBm) are given as follows:
Time
(s)
2.5
7.5
10
12.5
15
BS1
-47
-57
-55
-60
-62
-65
-64
BS2
-59
-56
-54
-52
-51
-60.5
-52
BS3
-70
-72
-70
-58
-50
-62
-75
BS4
-72
-71
-60
-55
-53
-49
-56
23
No hysteresis margin
Avoids the additional delays and interference problems
associated with hysteresis.
24
12
Downlink interferers
Two BSs sending to one MT, adding two
interferers to the noise floor.
Must reduce soft handoff time to minimize the
impact of the added interference.
McNair, Spring 15
25
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13
Terminated
Call
New Call
Handoff Out
Pr 2
Handoff In
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27
Medium Access
Fixed channel assignment
Dynamic channel assignment
28
14
2 new calls
2 new calls
2 handoff calls (in) 2 handoff calls
1 new calls
4 handoff calls
Time
5 CHs
Avail.
3 CHs
Avail.
2 0 CHs
3 0 CHs
Avail.:
Avail.:
2 new calls
1 new call blocked/
blocked
2 handoffs dropped
2 handoff calls
1 handoff call
(out)
(out)
1 CH
Avail.
McNair, Spring 15
29
Resource Mgmt
Switch
Switch
Connection
establishment
Buffering Packets
Quality of Service
Mobile Terminal
(MT)
McNair, Spring 15
Some guarantees
and limited control
over delay, loss,
jitter, etc.
30
15
Outline
Review Generations (1G 4G) of wireless networks
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer
McNair, Spring 15
31
McNair, Spring 15
32
16
Mobile
Switching
Center
MSC
Location
Register (Database)
Base Station
Controller
Radio
Network
Backbone
Wireline Network
Mobile
Terminal
Base Station
McNair, Spring 15
Cell
33
McNair, Spring 15
34
17
Location Registration
Start
New LA is in under
same VLR. VLR
updates the LA ID #
for the MT.
BS forwards update to
MSC, which queries VLR
Yes
McNair, Spring 15
35
Call Delivery
McNair, Spring 15
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18
Call Delivery
Start
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Paging Techniques
Selective Paging
Stepwise Paging
Paging under delay constraints
McNair, Spring 15
38
19
Paging
VLR
(MSC)
McNair, Spring 15
39
Tradeoff
Location Updates versus Terminal Paging
McNair, Spring 15
40
20
Distance-based
The MT performs an update when its distance from
the cell where it performed its last update
surpasses a certain distance threshold.
Time-based
The MT performs an update at a constant time
threshold, deltaT.
McNair, Spring 15
41
Example
A MT is moving through the cellular
network (R= km) as shown in the
3 of 30km/hour.
figure at a rate
Label the cell ID s where the MT will
perform its updates for:
Movement-based (T=3)
Distance-based (T=6km)
Time-based (30 minutes)
McNair, Spring 15
42
21
K
F
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
43
K
F
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
44
22
B
G
C
D
P
Q
M
R
N
E
J
McNair, Spring 15
45
Example
A MT is moving through the cellular
network (R= km) as shown in the
figure at a rate
3 of 30km/hour.
Show the paging area, i.e., how many
cells will the network page to find the MT
for:
Movement-based updates (T=3)
Distance-based updates (T=6km)
Time-based updates (30 minutes)
McNair, Spring 15
46
23
Example Figure
Paging Area for Movement-based (T=3)
McNair, Spring 15
47
Outline
Review Generations (1G 4G) of wireless networks
Handoff Management
Handoff Initiation
Channel Assignment
Radio Link Transfer
McNair, Spring 15
48
24
McNair, Spring 15
49
Circuit-switched Network
Packet Network
PATH ROUTE
Call Setup
Required
Not needed
PATH
Dedicated
Shared
BANDWIDTH
ALLOCATION
Fixed
Dynamic
QUALITY
Guaranteed
Best Effort
50
25
Review: IP v4 Packet
0
Version
IHL
16
Type of Service
Identification
Time to Live
19
31 bits
Total Length
Flags
Protocol
Fragment Offset
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options + Padding
Data Field
McNair, Spring 15
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McNair, Spring 15
52
26
Mobile IP Architecture
BACKBONE INTERNETWORK
Correspondent
Node (CN)
Home
Agent Router
Foreign
Router Agent
Mobile
Node (MN)
McNair, Spring 15
53
Location Update:
Binding updates are sent to the home agent to notify it of each new
Care-of-Address.
Call delivery:
All incoming packets are sent to the mobile node at its home (IP)
address.
Then the home agent tunnels all incoming packets to the mobile
node at the foreign agent using its Care-of-Address.
McNair, Spring 15
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27
McNair, Spring 15
55
Host 1
192.228.17.33
LAN X (Subnet 1)
192.228.17.32
LAN Y (Subnet 2)
192.228.17.64
Host 1
192.228.17.97
LAN Z (Subnet 3)
192.228.17.96
McNair, Spring 15
Host 25
192.228.17.57
Host 2
192.228.17.98
56
28
57
Mobile IP Shortcomings
BACKBONE INTERNETWORK
?
Resource Mgmt?
Home
Agent Router
Router
Foreign
Agent
Triangle Routing
Waste of Bandwidth
Quality of Service?
What kind of
guarantees?
Security
Mobile
Terminal
(MT)
McNair, Spring 15
Firewalls?
Authentication?
58
29
Improvements to Mobile IP
Route Optimization
Rerouting the connection between the CN
and the MN
Fast Mobile IP
Predicting/Anticipating next access router
Micro-mobility
Reducing the need for signaling to the home
agent
McNair, Spring 15
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Mobile IP - Micromobility
Distinguishes between
Change in network ID
Change in subnet ID
Micro-mobile IP attempts to
Reduce delay and packet loss
Achieve fast, seamless, scalable handoff
Current protocols
Cellular IP, Hawaii, Hierarchical Mobile IP
McNair, Spring 15
60
30
Micro-Mobile IP Example
McNair, Spring 15
61
31