Beruflich Dokumente
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Std dev: 25
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
EAS 326-06
Name: ____________________________
MIDTERM EXAM
This exam is closed book and closed notes. It is worth 150 points; the value of each
question is shown at the end of each question. At the end of the exam, you will find two
pages of potentially useful equations.
1. The Ithaca area has two well developed sets of
vertical fractures (joints) with strikes of 340
and 015. The rocks have the mechanical
properties shown in the table at the right.
Assume that 1 is horizontal, and that the
confining pressure is equal the the lithostatic
load.
a.
Density, =
2720 kg m1
Cohesion, So =
50 Mpa
Coefficient of internal
friction, i =
0.51
Coefficient of sliding
0.85
What is the maximum possible magnitude
friction, s =
of 1 that these rocks can support at 1500
m depth? Show your calculations and plot
your results as a Mohrs Circle for stress on the graph paper, below. Be sure to
label the axes. [20 pts.]
It was perfectly okay to solve this problem graphically, but here is how
to solve it analytically. To get the maximum possible value of sigma 1:
1 = Co + K 3 ;
K=
1 + sin 1 + sin 27
=
= 2.665; and Co = 2So K = 2 ( 50MPa ) 2.665 = 163.3MPa
1 sin 1 - sin 27
Page 1 of 7
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
b.
Name: ____________________________
=60
(1 3)/2
s
s
015
340
2=120
1802=60
((1+ 3)/2)x
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=25
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
=
2
Name: ____________________________
A
1
2=132
21
a.
b.
What is the extension and the shear strain experienced by the line represented by
point A? What is the orientation of that line with respect to the principal axes of
the strain ellipse? [15 pts.]
= 3.4
1
= 0.294;
3.4
S = = 0.542;
e = S 1 = 0.458
Assuming plane strain, is the deformation volume constant or not? Show how you
determined your answer. [15 pts.]
No, the deformation is not volume constant because the two principal
stretches (or quadratic elongations) are not the reciprocals of one
another. Assuming that 3 is correct, 1 should equal 0.24 (i.e., 1/4) if
the deformation were volume constant.
d.
Page 3 of 7
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
Name: ____________________________
3. Two lines have orientations: 347, 62 and 243, 21. Calculate the angle between them.
[15 pts.]
This problem is most easily solved using the dot product of two vectors.
First, calculate the direction cosines for each line:
Line A
Line B
cos
cos(347)cos(62) = 0.457
cos(243)cos(21) = -0.424
cos
sin(347)cos(62) = -0.106
sin(243)cos(21) = -0.832
cos
sin(62) = 0.883
sin(21) = 0.358
Power law creep is a flow law that describes how a rock will deform via
dislocation glide and climb under different temperature, strain rate and
differential stress conditions. This type of deformation is very sensitive
to temperature, as shown by the presence of T in the equation, below:
n
Q
= Co ( 1 3 ) exp
RT
b.
Point defects
There are two basic types of point defects: (1) vacancies, and (2)
impurity atoms. The latter can be divided into (2a) substitution or (2b)
interstitial impurities depending on the atomic radius of the impurity
atom relative to the crystal lattice. While impurity atoms can hinder
deformation at relatively low temperatures by pinning dislocations (cold
working or strain hardening), the increase in temperature increases the
overall number of vacancies which can facilitate deformation by allowing
dislocations to climb over/around the impurity atoms.
c.
Viscoelastic
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EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
d.
Name: ____________________________
Hydrofracturing
The pressure of confined fluid in the pores of a material acts is just the
opposite way as confining pressure. The pore fluid pressure only affects
the normal stresses, not the shear stresses (because of the spherical
stress state in a fluid. Thus, while an increase in confining pressure
makes a material stronger, an increase in pore fluid pressure makes a
material weaker. In terms of the Mohrs Circle for stress, an increase in
pore fluid pressure does not change the size of the circle (i.e., the
differential stress), but does shift the circle towards the origin. If the
pore fluid pressure is sufficiently high, it can shift the circle far
enough towards the origin that it intersects the failure envelope, and the
material experiences hydrofracturing. This trait is commonly used to
help extract fluids from the ground (hydrocarbons, or water).
e.
Non-coaxial deformation
Page 5 of 7
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
Name: ____________________________
T =
ET
1
C1 C2
+
r r12
Plith =
11 12 13
ij = 21 22 23
31 32 33
Vi =
U =
kij dPP
dx j
z
0
gdz
Vf
V f + Vs
= o exp(az)
v =
V final Vinitial
Vinitial
e=
l f li
li
1* + *3 1* *3
=
+
cos2
2 2
e=
sin( + )
1
sin
* *3
s = 1
sin2
2
S=
lf
=
li
*
n
+
= 3 1 3 1 cos2
2 2
= 3 1 sin2
2
tan = tan
3
S
= tan 3
S1
1
s = So + *n
Q
n
= Co (1 3 ) exp
RT
= Co (T )
D(1 3 )
dn
= S2
1
1+ cos2
cos2 =
2
1 cos2
sin 2 =
2
U i = U oi + E ij dx j
U1 U o1 E11
U 2 = U o2 + E 21
U 3 U o3 E 31
Page 6 of 7
E12
E 22
E 32
E13 dx1
E 23 dx 2
E 33 dx 3
EAS 326-06
15 March 2006
*m =
+ 2 + 3 3Pf )
= Co + K
*
1
= 0.85 *n
= 50 MPa + 0.6 *n
(1 )
f
(1 ) k + 1
Ld = 2T 3
E
6E o
Ld = 2T 3
( S 1)
6o (2S 2 )
*
3
1+ sin
K=
; Co = 2So K
1 sin
( + ) =
Name: ____________________________
pi = ij l j
1
r
CG = Cmax Cmin
= + (180 2 )
sin( )[sin(2 ) sin ]
= tan
sin(2 )
= = tan1
2
2cos ( ) 1
= tan = 2tan
2
= tan 0.0175( )
s = 2h tan
2
s 0.0175h ( )
M = 0 = Mw + Ms + Mc +
Mm + Ma
0 =
E = hw + hs + hc + hm + ha
p1 = 11l1 + 12 l2 + 13 l3
p2 = 21l1 + 22 l2 + 23 l3
p3 = 31l1 + 32 l2 + 33 l3
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