EE-315 Electric Filter - 2013

PRACTICAL WORK BOOK
For Academic Session 2013
ELECTRIC FILTERS (EE-315)

For
T.E (EE) & T.E (TC)
Name:
Roll Number:
Class:
Batch:
Department :
Semester/Term:
Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering & Technolo gy
Electric Filters
Contents
NED University of Engineering and Technology
CO NT EN TS
Lab.
No.
1
2
Da te d
List of Experiments
Introduction to filters
To investigate inverting and noninverting configurations of OP-AMP
Pa ge
No .
1
7
To investigate the Frequency response of

741 OP-AMP in close-loop
11
To implement First order low pass active

filter
17
To implement First order High pass

active filter
23
To implement higher order filters using

cascade connection.
29
To obtain low pass response using

Biquad circuit
35
To obtain band pass response using

Biquad circuit
41
To obtain high pass response using

Biquad circuit
47
10
To obtain band stop response using

Biquad circuit
53
11
To implement Generalized impedance

converter circuit.
59
12
Demonstration of a voice processing

MATLAB based program.
LAB PROJECT(a)
To design and implement BASS control
circuit.
LAB PROJECT(b)
To design and implement MID control
circuit.
LAB PROJECT(c)
To design and implement TREBLE
control circuit.
65
13
14
15
Re ma rk s
67
70
73
Revised 2012 MMAB
Electric Filters
Introduction to Filters
LAB SESSION 01
(Design Terminologies)
OBJECT
To familiarize with the basic filter terminologies and understand the behavior of basic
filters circuits.
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 1K resistor, 0.1F capacitor, Oscilloscope and a function generator.
THEORY
Electric filters as the name implies are circuits capable to allow or reject signals. The
decision of accepting or rejecting a signal is based on its frequency. The basic idea
behind filter theory is that in time domain a single non-sinusoidal periodic signal is
composed of an infinite number of sinusoids and using filter circuits we may select a
desired frequency signal. The idea is illustrated below
Consider a signal shown in figure (1).
The signal is composed of three
different frequencies each of different
magnitude. The component signals are
shown subsequently in figure (2).
Normally the signal we encounter is in
time domain, which is the sum of
other signals of different frequencies.
The component signals cant be
extracted directly, since they all add
Fig 1
up at a single instant of time. Whereas
in frequency domain these signals are treated as separate signals, so we design
circuits that could handle frequency based characteristi c of the signals. Processing the
resultant signal can lead us to any of the desired component.
Fig 2
1
Electric Filters
Filter design Philosophy

As mentioned above we design our system based on the information of signal
frequencies. Design approach is simple; we have certain known ranges of input signals
that contain the required signal. In short, we know system input and output. Based on
the frequency information we select our system components. Its obvious to expect that
our circuit have frequency dependent elements.
Note: we dont cut other signals from the input signal in filters. We just suppress them
and amplify the desired frequency.
Based on this information lets discuss frequency response of a simple RL circuit.
Consider that we have a signal source that contains number of frequency components.
R
Signal Source
L
As mentioned previously, every frequency is treated separately in frequency domain. If

we take the output across the inductor, inductor will behave short circuited for the low
frequency signals, hence lower frequency will be by passed by the inductor. Whereas
inductor wont bypass high frequency signals (open circuited for high frequencies) and
their magnitude wont decrease at the output terminal. Since the circuit wont let low
frequencies to propagate at the output and allows only high frequencies, it is a HIGH
PASS filter circuit. The output signal will be a processed high frequency signal with
little low frequency components.
The frequency response of the typical HIGH PASS circuit is shown below. The
magnitude of low frequency signal is smaller than the high frequency signal.
Lets define certain terminologies to describe frequency response of the system.
Electric Filters
Design Terminologie s
Pass Band:
The range of frequencies at which the output is little attenuated is called as pass band.
We shall treat these signals as the accepted signals.
Stop Band:
The range of frequencies at which the output is significantly attenuated is called as stop
band. We shall treat these signals as rejected signals or unwanted signals.
Cutoff Frequency:
The frequency associated with the boundary between stop band and an adjacent pass
band is called as the cutoff frequency. It is the frequency at which the output is 0.707
times the maximum value in the pass band.
Lets review the plot in terms of these definitions
Stop
Band
PASS BAND
Cutoff
frequency
Besides HIGH PASS filters, we have LOW PASS, BAND PASS and BAND STOP
filters. We shall study each response in detail. Right now lets consider another filter
circuit based on RC circuit . You are required to plot the frequency response for the
circuit, and determine the cutoff frequency of your circuit.
Electric Filters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
XSC1
Ext Trig
+
XFG1
_
A
R1
B
_
1k
C1
0.1uF
0
PROCEDURE
Set the function generator to sinusoidal function with peak value of 1 volt
Connect the circuit elements as shown in the above diagram
Vary the frequency of the function generator from 100Hz to 2000Hz and
measure the peak values of the output signal form oscilloscope.
OBSERVATIONS
Based on the observations, plot the magnitude of output signal against their
corresponding frequencies. Also predict the cutoff frequency of the response. Can you
name this filter?
S. No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
Frequency(Hz)
100
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1500
1600
1800
2000
Output Voltage(Peak)
Electric Filters
Plot
1.00
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.55
0.50
Gain
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
200
400
600
800
1000
Frequency in Hz
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Electric Filters
CONCLUSION:
The above characteristics shows that the circuit is a
cutoff frequency of
Hz.
, with a
Electric Filters
Operational Amplifiers
LAB SESSION 02
OBJECT
To investigate the inverting and non-inverting mode of Op-amp(741-IC)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 10 K resistors, Dual Power supply, multi-meter and a 714 Op-amp IC.
THEORY
Operational amplifiers are voltage controlled voltage sources. They differ from ordinary
amplifiers by having two inputs. The operation is such that the output voltage is the
difference of the two input voltages multiplied by an overall gain factor. A typical circuit
diagram of an ideal Op-amp is shown below
v o A(v v )
v-
A
v+
Electric Filters
The 741 Operational amplifier exhibits ideal behavior for D.C signals, the behavior
deviates as the frequency of the signal exceeds audio range. The specifications along
with the pin diagram of a typical 741 are shown below
SYMBOL
VARIABLE
VALUE
Open loop gain
21005
Ri
Input Resistance
21006
Ro
Output Resistance
75
Vos
Input offset voltage
0.001
Ibs
SR
Cc
Input bias current
810
Slew Rate
310
-08
05
V/s
-11
510
Compensation Capacitance
UNIT
PIN CONFIGURATION OF 741-IC

Pin number 2 and 3 are the two input terminals, where as pin number 6 is the output pin.
We connect positive and negative supply voltages to pin number 7 and 4 respectively.
Electric Filters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Inverting Mode:
In inverting mode input is connected to the inverting terminal of op-amp, as shown in
the circuit diagram. The gain for the inverting mode is
R
Gain f
Ri
PositiveSupply
10V
U1
XMM1
3
6
Ri
2
10kOhm
741
V1
2 V
Rf
20kOhm
-10V
NegativeSupply
OBSERVATIONS
Rf
Ri
Vin
20K
10K
2V
Vo(expected)
Vo(measured)
Error
Electric Filters
Non-inverting Mode:
In non-inverting mode input is connected to the non-inverting terminal of op-amp, as
shown in the circuit diagram. The gain for the non-inverting mode is
Rf
Gain
1
Ri
This shows that the gain of the non-inverting configuration can never be less than 1.
PositiveSupply
10V
1 5 U1
XMM1
3
V1
2 V
Ri
2
10kOhm
741
4
U2
20kOhm
NegativeSupply
-10V
OBSERVATIONS
Rf
Ri
Vin
20K
10K
2V
Vo(expected)
CONCLUSION:
10
Vo(measured)
Error
Electric Filters
Frequency Response of Op-amp
LAB SESSION 03
Frequency Response of 741 Op-amp
OBJECT
To investigate the Frequency response of 741 OP-AMP in close-loop
APPARATUS
Bread-board, 10K resistor, 100K resistor, dual power supply, multi-meter and a 714
Op-amp IC.
THEORY
Most of the times, for the sake of simplicity we design filter circuits using ideal model of
Op-amp. The ideal model suggests that Op-amp has an infinite open loop gain for all
frequencies i.e. op-amp gain is independent of frequency. In the real devices such as 741
we have a small integrated capacitor, for the reason of stability, which introduces a low
frequency dominant pole in the open loop transfer function. A typical expression for the
open loop gain is shown below. The expression and the plot show that the gain is
frequency dependent. As we increase the frequency of the signal the gain of op-amp
reduces.
17.28 1012
A( s)
( s 31.4)(s 17.28 10 6 )
11
Electric Filters
Using op-amp in closed loop, we may reduce the gain of the amplifier and can achieve
more bandwidth over which the gain remains constant. Its a kind of trade off between
gain and bandwidth since the product of gain bandwidth for any device remains
constant. For lower values of gain i.e. from 1 to 10 741 IC can be used for audio range
signals. If you want more gain, you have to cascade lower gain stages.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
Low Gain, Higher Bandwidth(a)
XSC1
XFG1
74 1IC
Ri
10 kOh m
Rf
10 kOh m
High Gain, Lower Bandwidth(b)

XSC1
XFG1
74 1IC
T
A
Ri
10 kOh m
Rf
10010 kOh m
12
Electric Filters
OBSERVATIONS
For circuit (a)
S. No
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Frequency Hz
200
1000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
24,000
30,000
50,000
100,000
Gain = Vout / Vin
Frequency Hz
200
1000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
24,000
30,000
50,000
100,000
Gain = Vout / V in
For circuit (b)
S. No
13
Electric Filters
Gain
Plot (a)
Frequency in Hz
14
Electric Filters
Gain
Plot (b)
Frequency in Hz
15
Electric Filters
CONCLUSION:
16
ectric Filters
First order low pass
LAB SESSION 04
First order Low pass Filter
OBJECT
To design and investigate the response of 1st order low pass filter (active)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, function
generator, dual power supply and 741 op-amp IC
THEORY
A typical bilinear transfer function contains single pole and zero.
K (s z)
T ( s)
(s p)
Where K is the over-all gain of the system and z and p represents pole and zero. In order
to achieve a low pass response
z>p
A typical response of the system can be shown as
17
ectric Filters
Design Activity
With the help of admittance or impedance model of inverting configuration of op-amp
we can achieve the above form of transfer function
The circuit is shown below
The transfer function obtained through this circuit is given as

Y
( sC G1 )
T ( s) 1 1
Y2 (sC2 G2 )
Show all the design steps on the next page, for the following design parameters and
implement the circuit.
K=
z=
p=
18
ectric Filters
Calculations:
Based on the design parameters the elements values obtained are

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =
19
ectric Filters
OBSERVATIONS
Now based on your circuit design, select suitable range of frequencies for the input
signal and obtain the gain for every frequency. Also plot the gain against frequency.
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
20
db Gain
ectric Filters
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
21
ectric Filters
CONCLUSION:
22
Electric Filters
First order High pass
LAB SESSION 05
First order High pass Filter
OBJECT
To design and investigate the response of 1st order High pass filter (active)
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, function
generator, dual power supply and 741 op-amp IC
THEORY
A typical bilinear transfer function contains single pole and zero.
K (s z)
T ( s)
(s p)
Where K is the over-all gain of the system and z and p represents pole and zero. In order
to achieve a High pass response
p>z
A typical response of the system can be shown as
23
Electric Filters
Design Activity
With the help of admittance or impedance model of inverting configuration of op-amp
we can achieve the above form of transfer function
The circuit is shown below
The transfer function obtained through this circuit is given as

Y
( sC G1 )
T ( s) 1 1
Y2 (sC2 G2 )
Show all the design steps on the next page, for the following design parameters and
implement the circuit.
K=
z=
p=
24
Electric Filters
CALCULATIONS:
Element values obtained

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =
25
Electric Filters
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
26
db Gain
Electric Filters
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
27
Electric Filters
CONCLUSION:
28
Electric Filters
Cascade design
LAB SESSION 06
Cascade Design
OBJECT
To implement higher order filters using cascade connection.
APPARATUS
Bread-board, pair of resistances and a pair of capacitances, Oscilloscope, functiongenerator, dual power supply and two 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
Higher order filter circuits can be implemented using 1st order circuits connected in a
chain, so called cascade connection. A cascaded system is a system that consists of
small subsystems such that the output of one subsystem is the input of the other. A
simple cascade connection block diagram is shown below
T1
T2
T3
T(s) = (T1)(T2)(T3)
Where T(s) is the system overall transfer function
Using cascade connection, we can achieve band pass and band stop response since they
cant be implemented form a 1 st order system. Cascading a low pass and a high pass
can provide these responses. However there are some conditions which we have to
satisfy before obtaining the over-all response i.e. no subsystem in the cascade
connection is going to load other subsystem. We shall implement a band pass response
with the help of 1st order filter circuits.
29
Electric Filters
Cascade design
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
The circuit diagram shown above consists of two cascaded bilinear systems with the
overall system function of
(sC G1 ) ( sC3 G3 )
T ( s) 1
( sC2 G2 ) (sC 4 G4 )
Now select the element values to achieve the following system function
s
(s 8000 2)
T (s )
(s 500 2) (s 2000 2)
30
Electric Filters
Cascade design
CALCULATIONS:

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =
C3 =
C4 =
R3 =
R4 =
31
Electric Filters
Cascade design
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
32
db Gain
Electric Filters
Cascade design
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
33
Electric Filters
Cascade design
CONCLUSION:
34
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
LAB SESSION 07
Biquad Circuit (Low pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate low pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
Bread-board, resistors, capacitors, Oscilloscope, function-generator, dual power supply
and three 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
Biquad circuit is also known as Universal filter. We can implement low pass, band
pass, high pass and band stop, 2nd order filters using biquad circuit. Dealing with the
second order circuits we normally express system response in terms of gain (H),
quality factor (Q) and resonance frequency (o).
While designing low pass filter we keep the quality of the system less than 1, so that
the response curve wont be peaky. This ensures that the system treat all the pass band
signals equally.
Following are some example response for Q = 7 (Fig 1) and Q = 0.8 (Fig 2).
Fig 1
Fig 2
35
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Since the output at the last stage is the product of the transfer functions of the substages, the output equation can be given as
V in G3
VG
s R 6
V o
o 2
(sC1 G1 ) (sC1 G1 ) R4 C 2 R5
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Low pass function
and compare it to the standard form i.e.
Ho 2
T (s ) 2
s (o / Q) s o 2
Also determine the element values for the following given system parameters
Given data
o =
H=
Q=
36
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
CALCULATIONS:

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
R4 =
R5 =
R6 =
37
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
38
db Gain
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
39
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(L.P)
CONCLUSION:
40
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
LAB SESSION 08
Biquad Circuit (Band pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate band pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and three 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement band pass response using biquad circuit. Unlike low pass
response, here, we shall keep the quality factor high. Increasing the quality factor for
band pass response will increase the selectivity of a particular frequency.
Fig 1
Fig 2
41
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For band pass response we shall take the output after the summer stage, the output
equation becomes
V in G3
V G
Vo
L .P 2
( sC1 G1 ) ( sC1 G1 )
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Band pass
function and compare it to the standard form i.e.
H (o / Q)s
T (s ) 2
s (o / Q) s o 2
Given data
o =
H=
Q=
42
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
CALCULATIONS:

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =
R3 =
R4 =
R5 =
R6 =
43
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
44
db Gain
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
45
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.P)
CONCLUSION:
46
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
LAB SESSION 09
Biquad Circuit (Band Stop response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate Band stop response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and four 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement band stop response using biquad circuit. Unlike low pass
response, here, we shall keep the quality factor high. Increasing the quality factor for
band stop response will increase the selectivity of a particular frequency.
Fig 1
Fig 2
47
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For band stop response we have added another op-amp to the previous circuit which is
adding the input and the band pass response and equated the two resistances i.e. R1 =R3
Vo (V in V B.P )
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified Band stop function
and compare it to the standard form of the band stop response i.e.
s 2 o 2
T (s ) 2
s (o / Q) s o 2
Given data
o =
H = 1/Q
Q=
48
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
CALCULATIONS:

C1 =
C2 =
R1 =
R2 =R 3=
R4 =
R5 =
R6 =
R7 =R 8 = R9=
49
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
50
db Gain
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
51
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(B.S)
CONCLUSION:
52
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
LAB SESSION 10
Biquad Circuit (High Pass response)
OBJECT
To design and investigate High pass response using Biquad circuit
APPARATUS
and four 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
We shall now implement High pass response using biquad circuit. In designing High
pass filter we keep the quality of the system less than 1, so that the response curve
wont be peaky. This ensures that the system treat all the pass band signals equally.
Fig 1
Fig 2
53
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
For High pass response we have added another op-amp to the three op-amp biquad
circuit which is adding the input, the band pass response and the low pass response. We
have also equated the three resistances i.e. R3 =R1=R 2
Vo (V in V B .P V L. P )
Starting from the above equation reduce the equation to a simplified High pass function
and compare it to the standard form of the High pass response i.e.
s2
T (s ) 2
2
s (o / Q) s o
Given data
o =
Q=
54
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
CALCULATIONS:

C1 =
C2 =
R 1 = R2 =R 3=
R7 =R 8 = R9=R10 =
55
R4 =
R5 =
R6 =
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
56
db Gain
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
57
Electric Filters
Biquad Circuit(H.P)
CONCLUSION:
58
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
LAB SESSION 11
Generalized Impedance Converter
OBJECT
To simulate inductance using a generalized impedance converter circuit
APPARATUS
and a pair of 741 op-amp ICs
THEORY
The elements we discussed so far for the implementat ion of active filters were
capacitors, resistors and op-amps. We havent discussed any approach which includes
inductor in active circuit. The reason of not using inductors is that they require more
space, since the dimension of an inductor is proportional to its inductance and for lower
frequencies we need higher inductance values to achieve considerable impedance. The
other reason is that due to flux linkages, they could induce voltages to the adjacent
elements.
We can simulate inductance through alternate method, since the design approach for
the passive network is simpler than the active approach.
Consider a passive circuit, shown below. The response across the resistor will be a
band pass. To simulate inductance we shall use a GIC circuit, which will convert a
resistance into an inductance
Si gnal Source
59
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF GIC
Z1
Z2
Z3
Zin
Z4
The relationship between Zin and Z can be given as
Z Z
Z in 1 3 Z
Z 2Z 4
With the help of GIC circuit, implement a series RLC circuit with the following values
and obtain response curve across the resistor.
Element values of the passive circuit

C = 1F
R = 10K
L = 1mH
60
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
CALCULATIONS:

Z=
Z1 =
Z2 =
Z3 =
Z4 =
61
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
OBSERVATIONS
S. No
Frequency Hz
Gain = Vout / Vin
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
62
db Gain
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
Gain
Plot
Frequency in Hz
63
Electric Filters
GIC circuit
CONCLUSION:
64
Electric Filters
Voice Processing Using Matlab
LAB SESSION 12
OBJECT
To implement a transfer function over voice signal and observe its output generated by
MATLAB.
APPARATUS
MATLAB software
OVERVIEW OF MATLAB AND RELATED TOOL BOXES

It will be covered by the instructor during the Lab session.
MAIN PROGRAM
Output
Input
300*2*pi
In1
Out1
10
In1
Out1
s+300*2*pi
From Mic
DAC
BASS
Gai n1
BASS CONTROL MODULE
Our main simulation can be divided into three main blocks

Input/output block
Transfer function
DAC/ADC
65
ADC
Speaker
Electric Filters
The input/output blocks are MIC and speaker taken from Signal Processing Block Set.
These modules allow us to obtain voice signals directly from the MIC and to reproduce it
through speakers after processing the signal. Our processing will be a real-time
processing. These modules work for digital signals only. The output of MIC and the
input of speaker are in digital form, where as s-domain transfer function requires
continuous-time signal. In order to achieve compatibility among the blocks we have
added DAC (digital to analog) and ADC (analog to digital) converters. You may create
any transfer function for your voice signal of range (20 to 5000 Hz). You need a faster
processor for the signal beyond this range.
In our case, a low pass filter is implemented. When you simulate the program you can
feel the difference in the input and output voice. The low pass will reduce the sharp
contents of voice. Mean while the scopes connected to the input and output sides also
provides you an opportunity to view the modification that took place during the
processing in the voice signal. High frequency components will be reduced and the
output wave form will be a smoother one. A sample input and its output is shown below
66
Electric Filters
Design of BASS control
LAB SESSION 13
Design Bass Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement bass control circuit
EXPLANATION
BASS CONTROL provides boost to low frequency notes of audio signal such as beat. It
is a low pass filter and process audio signals of range 20 to 300 Hz (approx). Most of the
low frequency sound lies in this region. Low frequency notes are power hunger and need
more power than other range of audio signals. At the output stage of BASS circuit an
especially designed transducer Woofer is connected.
You need an audio input that must contain sound of lower notes to process this signal.
The Bass control circuit wont allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 301
to 20KHz.
Based on the necessary design procedures, select your circuit elements and mention all
the calculations and assumptions below.
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
67
Electric Filters
68
Electric Filters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
69
Electric Filters
Design of MID control
LAB SESSION 14
Design MID Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement Mid control circuit
EXPLANATION
MID CONTROL provides boost to voice frequency notes of audio signal. It is a Band
pass filter and process audio signals of range 300 to 4000 Hz (approx).
You need an audio input that must contain voice of human to process. The Mid control
circuit wont allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 20 to 300 Hz and from
4001 to 20KHz.
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
70
Electric Filters
71
Electric Filters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
72
Electric Filters
Design of TREBLE control
LAB SESSION 15
Design Treble Control Circuit
OBJECT
Design and implement Treble control circuit
EXPLANATION
TREBLE CONTROL provides boost to high frequency notes of audio signal. It is a high
pass filter and process audio signals of range 4001 to 20000 Hz (approx).
You need an audio input that must contain sharp sounds. The Mid control circuit wont
allow or significantly suppress signals ranging form 20 to 4000 Hz. The output is
connected to an especially designed transducer named as TWEETER
CALCUALTIONS
BODE PLOT
73
Electric Filters
74
Electric Filters
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
75

EE-315 Electric Filter - 2013

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PRACTICAL WORK BOOK

For Academic Session 2013

ELECTRIC FILTERS (EE-315)

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

To investigate the Frequency response of

To implement First order low pass active

To implement First order High pass

To implement higher order filters using

To obtain low pass response using

To obtain band pass response using

To obtain high pass response using

To obtain band stop response using

To implement Generalized impedance

Demonstration of a voice processing

Revised 2012 MMAB

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Filter design Philosophy

As mentioned previously, every frequency is treated separately in frequency domain. If

Lets define certain terminologies to describe frequency response of the system.

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Open loop gain

Input offset voltage

Input bias current

PIN CONFIGURATION OF 741-IC

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Frequency Response of Op-amp

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Frequency Response of Op-amp

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

High Gain, Lower Bandwidth(b)

Frequency Response of Op-amp

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Gain = Vout / Vin

For circuit (b)

Frequency Response of Op-amp

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Frequency Response of Op-amp

NED University of Engineering and Technology

Department of Electrical Engineering

Frequency Response of Op-amp