66 Kartik

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs
lg0f{o g+= *!*#
sflQs, @)^^
;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/
/fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L sNof0f >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
l/6 g+= M )^$WS)))#
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.#!.%
ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g]
clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]
sfof{no sf7df8f}F ;d]t
;+ljwfgcGtu{t aGg] P]g tyf
P]gf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/cGtu{t
aGg] lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cfk"mnfO{
clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{ ;+ljwfg / P]gsf]
k|fjwfgcg'k x'g'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
:jR5 ;'g'jfO{ / sf/0f;lxtsf]
lg0f{o -Reasoned Decision_
Gofosf cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ /
oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df cx/0fLo
?kdf /x]sf] :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] ;d]t
s6f}tL ug{ gldNg] .
h3Go / cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] s;"/
u/]sf] cleof]u nfu]sf cleo'QmnfO{
klg ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf k|bfg u/L
cfwf/ sf/0f;lxtsf] lg0f{oaf6 bf]ifL
7x/ ug'{kg]{ .
Goflos k|lqmof eGgf;fy :jR5
;''g'jfOsf] cj;/ / sf/0f;lxtsf]
1063
lg0f{o clgjfo{ ?kdf cufl8 cfpFb5

/ Goflos k|lqmofsf] cfTdfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf tTjsf cefjdf eP ul/Psf
sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ Goflos sfd
sf/jfxLsf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
s'g} s'/fsf] bf]if jf cf/f]k nfu]sf]
JolQmn] cfk"mpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf]
hfgsf/L, To;sf] plrt k|lt/Iff
ug]{ cj;/, ;Ifd cbfnt jf
Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO /
cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL k|dfl0ft ePsf]
lrQ a'em\bf] cfwf/ lg0f{oaf6 yfxf
kfpg' lghsf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/leq
kg]{ .
dflg;nfO{ g};lu{s ?kdf k|fKt
ePsf cfk"m lj?4sf] sf/jfxL af/]
yfxf kfpg] / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf]
xsnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns
xssf] ?kdf ;d]6]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf]
kfng gu/L jf k|lts"n x'g] u/L
lgdf{0f ul/Psf h'g;'s} sfg"g
;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
P]gadf]lhd :yflkt g]kfn sfg"g
Aoa;foL kl/ifb\nfO{ cGo ljifosf
cltl/Qm g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL P]g,
@)%) sf] bkmf @&-@_ sf] v08 -5_
adf]lhd kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/L lgo'lQm
/ ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ lgod
agfpg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf]
b]lvP klg dft[ P]g / ;+lawfg
;d]tsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgod
agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ /x]sf] dfGg
/ ;Demg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf]
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf]
pklgod -@_ / -#_ df
k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]

sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f
glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf /
;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf
lbg' gkg{] eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_
/ -(_ f/f k|bQ xs Pj+ Gofosf
dfGo l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
km};nf ldltb]lv cdfGo x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
lgj]bs
tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L

cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L s]bf/
sfsL{
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod %, %-@_, #_
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f @$, @$-*_, -(_
gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg

;lsg]5 eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy}
pklgod -#_ df pklgod -@_ adf]lhd
;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn sfg"g
Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm /
;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod %
sf] pko{'Qm Joj:yfx dWo] pklgod -@_
sf] k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd

;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

@$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ df plNnlvt k|To]s
JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf] sf/jfxLsf]
hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf;Fu
/ pklgod -#_ sf] pklgod -@_ adf]lhd
;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf ;'g'jfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -(_ df
plNnlvt s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt
jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO{sf] xs
x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 .
o;/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod
-@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf k|fs[lts Gofo Natural Justice_ sf] ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy}
@$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu
aflemPsf]n] ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] 3f]if0ffTds
cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm ;fy} k|:t't d'2fdf
lg/f]k0f ug{'kg{] ljifo cbfnt;Fu k|ToIf
;DaGw /fVg] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] zt{;Fu
;DalGwt ePsf]n] cu|flwsf/;fy x]l/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] <
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5
lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ePsf] cfb]z .
cfb]z
k|=Gof=dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& -!_
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] lgod % df g]kfn
sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf]
k/LIf0fsfnsf] ljifo pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . pQm
lgodfjnLsf] lgod % sf] pklgod -!_ df
:yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn
Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L ! jif{sf] x'g]5
eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] pklgod -@_ df
k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs
1064
xr'jfsf] e/df lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf]

5 . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodafnL,
@)%% sf] lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ df
k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]hfgs
gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ x6fpg ;lsg] /
pklgod -#_ df pklgod -@_ adf]lhd
;]jfaf6 x6fp+bf ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . l/6 lgj]bsn]
:yfoL lgo'lQm lnPsf] / k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf]
eGg] tYonfO{ Ps} ?kdf pNn]v ug{ vf]Hg'
ePsf] 5 . k/LIf0fsfn sd{rf/Lsf] sfd 7Ls
5 5}g egL sfof{non] x]g{] cjlw xf] .
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm kl/kSj geO{sg
;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] clwsf/df cf3ft kg{ uof]
egL pNn]v ug{] sfo{ s]jn cbfntsf] ;do
jjf{b ug{' afx]s s]xL xf]Og . lgj]bs cfkm"
kl/kSj sd{rf/L geO{ kl/ifb\\sf] hfFr
cjlwdf /xL /x]s} cj:yfdf p;nfO{
tf]lsPsf] sfo{sf] nflu of]Uo eP gePsf]
hfFr ug{] sfo{ g} geO{ ;f] clwsf/ k|fKt x'g
g;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg g} Pre-mature
eO{ vf/]hefuL 5 . k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt
ljk/Lt eof] egL l/6 If]qflwsf/df k|a]z
ug{sf] nflu k/LIf0ffwLg sd{rf/L geO{
k"0f{?kdf :yfoL sd{rf/L x'g' kb{5 .
k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] ca:yfdf ;f] cjlwleq
lagf :kli6s/0faf6 x6fpg ;lsg] u/L
;Ddflgt ;jf{]Rr cbfntaf6 ;d]t ljleGg
l;4fGt -g]sfk @)$^ c # lg=g+= #&^)
k[i7 #)!_ k|ltkflbt u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf lgj]bg
vf/]h eflu 5 . ctM pQm lgodfjnL,
cg';f/ k/LIf0fsfndf /xL sfd ;d]t ug{
of]Uo 5, 5}g eGg] tYo Plsg geO{ k"0f{
sd{rf/L x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf
sd{rf/Ln] ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|of]u ug{
;Sg] gx'+bf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\sf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj nId0f
l3ld/]sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf o; dGqfnonfO{

ljkIfL agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f / cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g,
@)%) sf] bkmf @& adf]lhd plNnlvt
lgodfjnL, kl/ifb\\ :jo+n] agfpg] ePsf] /
tT;DaGwdf o; dGqfnosf] s'g} e"ldsf Pj+
lhDd]jf/L g} geP g/x]sf] cj:yfdf o;
dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfPsf] lgj]bg bfjL
ts{;+ut, cf}lrTok"0f{ / sfg"g;Ddt klg
b]lv+b}g . ctM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
ePsf]n] vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj 8f=s'n/Tg e't{]nsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bsn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$ ;Fu aflemPsf] egL k|Zg
p7fpg' ePsf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
lgodfjnL, @)%% ljwfoLsff/f lgld{t P]g
geO g]kfn sfg"g Jo;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g,
@)%) sf] bkmf @& f/f k|bQ clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf]
lgodfjnL, x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf
;+;b ;lrjfnosf] s'g} lhDd]jf/L / ;fy{s
;/f]sf/ g} :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . ;fy} lgj]bs
:jo+n] klg Joj:yflksf;+;b ;lrjfnonfO{
k|ToyL{ agfpg' k/]sf] cfwf/ / sf/0f lgj]bg
kqdf slxF st} v'nfpg ;d]t ;Sg' ePsf]
5}g . t;y{ s'g} lhDd]jf/L, e"ldsf / ;/f]sf/
g} g/x]sf] lgsfonfO{ cgfjZos ?kdf
k|ToyL{ agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg k|yd
b[li6 d} vf/]hefuL x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnosf tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;x;lrj
6]sk|;fb 9'+ufgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g,
@)%) sf] bkmf @& n] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\nfO{ lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clVtof/L
lbPsf] / ;f] kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf] To:tf] lgod
;Ddflgt cbfntaf6 :jLs[t eP kl5 nfu'
x'g] Joj:yf ;d]t ;f]xL bkmfdf ul/Psf]n]
1065
To:tf] ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug{]

ljifo gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f / cfwf/ 5}g . s'g}
klg sd{rf/L z'? lgo'lQm x'Fbf k/LIf0fsfndf
/xL sfd ug{'kg{] / ;f] ;dodf ;Gtf]ifhgs
sfd ug{ g;s]df ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]
sd{rf/L
k|zf;g
-Personnel
sf] ;j{dfGo sfg"gL
administration_
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df pQm lgodfjnLdf ;f]
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] x'g ;Sg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf]
bfjL cg'k g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf
lgodfjnL, @)%% sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] gb]lvPsf]n] c;fGble{s ljifonfO{
lnP/ o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h of]Uo ePsfn]
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\ sfof{nosf
tkm{af6 P]hgsf ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb
v/]nn] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/if\bsf
-@_ / -#_ sf] Joj:yf :ki6 ?kdf k|fs[lts
Gofosf] ;fy;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^#, sf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ / -(_
sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . g]kfn sfg"g
sf] lgod -!_ df kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf]
k/LIf0fsfn Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L !
jif{sf] x'g]5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL
pklgod -@_ df /x]sf] k/LIf0fsfndf To:tf
sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g}
sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] 5 eGg]
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_ ;Fu / pklgod -#_
df /x]sf] ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ x6fpg
;lsg] eGg] k|fjwfg wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f
-(_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf 1ftfsf

?kdf /x]sf / sfg"gsf] /Ifssf ?kdf /xg'
kg]{ ju{n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] lgodfjnLdf g}} o:tf]
q'l6 /xg lbg' plrt gx'g] ePsf]n] ;f]
Joj:yf ab/ 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 egL ax;
k|:t't ug{' eof] .
To;}u/L g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf
>L s]bf/ sfsL{n] k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs
sfd gePdf x6fpg ;lsg] k|fjwfg
;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] Pp6f l;4fGt x'Fbf pQm
Joj:yf ;+lawfg;u aflemPsf] cj:yf 5}g
egL tyf k|ToyL{ k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L an/fd
zdf{n] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ P]g,
@)%) sf] bkmf @& n] lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L kl/ifb\\n] agfPsf] sd{rf/L ;DaGwL
lgodn] k/LIf0fsfndf ;]jfaf6 x6fp+bf
;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] xf] . k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd
gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{ /xg
cfjZos kb}{g . lgj]bssf] dfun]
k/LIf0fsfnsf] dfGotfnfO{ g} c:jLsf/ u/]sf]
cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
x'g'kg{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug{'
eof] .
kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxf/f
k|:t't ul/Psf] ax; lhsL/sf ;fy} lgj]bg /
lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L
x]bf{ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf d'VotM b]xfosf
k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f ug{'kg{] b]lvof] M
!=
1066

pklgod -@_ / -#_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ f/f k|bQ Gofo
;DaGwL xs cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -*_ /
-(_ sf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf
5}g <
@=
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd g]kfn

Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf]
/ ;]jf ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
lgod % sf] pklgod -@_ /
Joj:yf cdfGo ul/g' kg{]
xf]Og <
sfg"g
lgo'lQm
@)%%
-#_ sf]
xf] jf
@=
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
klxnf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{,
lgj]bsn] d"ntM g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
-@_ / -#_ df /x]sf] kl/ifb\\sf sd{rf/Lsf]
k/LIf0fsfn ;DaGwdf ul/Psf] k|fjwfg
@$ sf] wf/f -*_ / -(_ ;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
k|ToyL{xsf]
lnlvt
hjfkm
x]bf{,
k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs 9+un] sfd ug{
g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]sf] sf/0f;lxt
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbO{/xg' gkg]{ ePsf]n]
lgodfjnLdf ePsf] pQm Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] 5}g eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ k|:t't ug{
vf]lhPsf] b]lvPsf] 5 . lgj]bg / lnlvt
hjfkmdf lnOPsf pQm bfjL / lhsL/xsf]
;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt
sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgxsf] t'ngfTds
cWoog x'g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 . g]kfn sfg"g
df b]xfo adf]lhd sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]5 M
%= k/LIf0fsfn M
-!_ :yfoL lgo'lQm ePsf sd{rf/Lsf]
k/LIf0fsfn Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s
u/L ! jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-@_ k/LIf0f sfndf lghsf] sfd
;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg ;lsg] 5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;]jfaf6
x6fp+bf ;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg'kg{] 5}g .

wf/f @$ df Gofo;DaGwL xs cGtu{t
pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ df b]xfo adf]lhd
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 M
-*_ k|To]s JolQmnfO{ lgh lj?4 ul/Psf]
sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs x'g]5 .
-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf
Goflos lgosfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfOsf]
xs x'g]5 .
#=
cfk"m ;dIf NofOPsf]
c;+j}wflgstfsf] ljjfb lg?k0f ug'{cl3
;fdfGotM ljwflosfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] sfg"g
;+ljwfg;Ddt g} /x]sf] x'G5 egL cbfntn]
k|f/lDes ?kdf cg'dfg ub{5 . of] l;4fGt
ljwflosL P]gf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u
eO{ agfOPsf] lgodsf ;DaGwdf klg nfu"
x'G5 . To;} u/L ;+ljwfg cGtu{t aGg] P]g
tyf P]gf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ cGtu{t
aGg] lgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cfk"mnfO{ clwsf/
k|bfg ug]{ ;+ljwfg / P]gsf] k|fjwfgcg'k
x'g' kb{5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu c;+ut P]g / dft[
P]g;Fu c;+ut lgodsf] Joj:yfn] sfg"gsf]
dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t
agfOPsf ljwflosL sfg"g / ljwflosL
sfg"gsf] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg cGtu{t
agfOPsf lgodx qmdzM ;+ljwfg / dft[
P]gsf] k|fjwfg;Fu tfbfDotf /fVg] x'g'kg]{df
b'Odt x'g ;Sb}g .
$=
plNnlvt
k[i7e"ldsf
cfwf/df k|:t't lgj]bgdf c;+j}wflgs egL
bfjL ul/Psf] g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{, vf;u/L ;f] lgoddf
kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfn ;DaGwL
sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/Psf] kfOof] . lgod %-!_
df sd{rf/Lsf] k/LIf0fsfnsf] cjlwsf]
pNn]vg ePsf]df To; ljifodf k|:t't
1067
lgj]bgdf ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5}g . lgod % sf]

pklgod -@_ df k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs
sfd ug{ g;Sg] sd{rf/LnfO{ lagf s'g}
sf/0f x6fpg ;Sg] eGg] / To;/L x6fpFbf
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf ;d]t lbg' gkg]{ egL
pklgod -#_ df pNn]v ePsf] b]lvof] .
%=
s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ k|lts"n
c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ug{' k"j{ To; lg0f{oaf6
c;/ kg]{ kIfsf] s'/f ;'Gg' -Audi Alteram
Partem_ k|fs[lts Gofo Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf]
;j{dfGo l;fGt xf] . ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{
s'g} cfwf/ sf/0f lagf s;}sf lj?4 lg0f{o
ug{ ldN5 eGg' k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt
ljk/Lt dfq x'Fb}g, To;f] ug'{ ljlwsf] zf;g
/ ;Eo ;dfhn] :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] Gofosf
cfwf/e"t d"No dfGotfsf] ;d]t k|lts"n x'g
hfG5 . :jR5 ;'g'jfO{ / sf/0f ;lxtsf]
lg0f{o -Reasoned Decision_ Gofosf
cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'g\ / oxL dfGotfsf
cfwf/df cx/0fLo ?kdf /x]sf] :jR5
;'g'jfOsf] ljifonfO{ ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn]
;d]t s6f}lt ug{ ldNb}g . h3Go /
cdfgjLo k|s[ltsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cleof]u
nfu]sf cleo'QmnfO{ klg ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf
k|bfg u/L cfwf/ sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{oaf6
bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{kg]{ Goflos d"No / dfGotf o;}
l;4fGtaf6 lgM>[t ePsf] xf] . Goflos
k|lqmof eGgf;fy :jR5 ;''g'jfOsf] cj;/ /
sf/0f ;lxtsf] lg0f{o clgjfo{ ?kdf cufl8
cfpFb5 / Goflos k|lqmofsf] cfTdfsf] ?kdf
/x]sf oL tTjsf cefjdf eP ul/Psf sfd
sf/jfxLnfO{ Goflos sfd sf/jfxLsf] ;+1f
lbg ldNb}g .
^=
sfg"g
sfof{Gjogdf
lg:kIftf / lgoldttfnfO{ clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf]
ckl/xfo{ tTjsf ?kdf lnOg] x'Fbf ;'g'jfO{sf]
df}sf lbO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf cfwf/x
cjnDjg u/L ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g cg's"n
dflgG5 . s'g} s'/fsf] bf]if jf cf/f]k nfu]sf]
JolQmn] cfk"mpk/ nfu]sf] cf/f]ksf] hfgsf/L,
To;sf] plrt k|lt/Iff ug]{ cj;/,+ ;Ifd
cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO

/ cfk"mn] u/]sf] uNtL k|dfl0ft ePsf] lrQ
a'em\bf] cfwf/ lg0f{oaf6 yfxf kfpg' lghsf]
cfwf/e"t clwsf/leq kg]{ s'/f x'g\ . g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !$ n]
kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] xs cGtu{t ;d]6]sf
ljifoxnfO{ cem Jofks / km/flsnf] ?kdf
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]] wf/f
@$ cGtu{t Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] ?kdf
;'lglZrtf k|bfg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . o;}
qmddf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_
n] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ lghsf lj?4 ul/Psf]
sf/jfxLsf] hfgsf/L kfpg] xs k|bfg u/]sf]
b]lvG5 eg] pkwf/f -(_ n] :jR5 ;'gjfOsf]
xssf]] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . dflg;nfO{ g};lu{s
?kdf k|fKt ePsf cfk"m lj?4sf] sf/jfxL
af/] yfxf kfpg] / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] xsnfO{
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] df}lns xssf] ?kdf
;d]6]sf] x'Fbf ltgsf] kfng gu/L jf k|lts"n
x'g] u/L lgdf{0f ul/Psf h'g;'s} sfg"g
;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g .
&=
ljlwsf] zf;g / Goflos
d"No dfGotfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug{ cu|0fL e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug'{kg]{ sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] k]zfut
xslxtsf] ;+/If0f u/L ;]jf k|jfxnfO{
cg'zfl;t / dof{lbt t'NofO{ ;dfh k|lt a9L
lhDd]jf/ agfpg] p2]Zoaf6 sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\ P]g, @)%% cfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
P]gadf]lhd :yflkt g]kfn sfg"g Aoa;foL
kl/ifb\nfO{ cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm P]gsf]
bkmf @& -@_ sf] v08 -5_ adf]lhd kl/ifb\\sf
sd{rf/L lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{
lgod agfpg ;Sg] u/L clwsf/ ;'Dk]sf]
b]lvP klg dft[ P]g / ;+lawfg ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L lgod agfpg kfpg]
clwsf/ kl/ifb\\df lgxLt /x]sf] dfGg /
;Demg ;lsFb}g . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf jf
;+ljwfgjfbnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug]{ xfd|f] k|0ffnLdf
To:tf] cg'dlt s'g} ;+:yf jf clwsf/LnfO{
k|bfg ul/G5 eg]/ sNkgf;Dd klg ug{
;lsFb}g .
1068
*=
k/LIf0fsfndf
/x]sf]
sd{rf/Lsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs geO{ ;]jfaf6
x6fpg' kbf{ s'g} sf/0f g} glbO{ ;'g'jfO{sf]
df}sf ;d]t lbO{/xg' gkg]{ sd{rf/L
k|zf;gsf] ;fdfGo l;4fGt xf] egL ljjflbt
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;}4flGts cfj/0fdf
kIfkf]if0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]
;DaGwdf k|i6 x'g d'n'ssf] lghfdtL
k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ag]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
x]g'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g
@)$( sf] bkmf !^ df cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm
b]xfosf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf b]lvG5 M
!^= k/LIf0fsfn M
lghfdtL ;]jfsf] :yfoL kbdf gofF
lgo'lQm ubf{ dlxnf sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf 5
dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Ps jif{sf]
k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] u/L ul/g]5 .
k/LIf0fsfndf lghsf] sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs
gePdf lghsf] lgo'lQm ab/ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
o;/L lgo'Qm ab/ gul/Psf lghfdtL
sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm k/LIf0fsfn ;dfKt
ePkl5 :jtM ;b/ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
(=
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf e}
/x]sf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfn] dlxnfsf] nflu
5 dlxgf / k'?if sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Ps
jif{sf] k/LIf0fsfn tf]Sg'sf ;fy} To;
cjlwdf ;Gtf]ifhgs sfd gug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm ab/ ug]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
b]lvP klg To;/L lgo'lQm ab/ ubf{ ;DalGwt
sd{rf/LnfO{ ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf lbg' gkg]{ tyf
s'g} sf/0f g} vf]Ng' gkg]{;Ddsf]
lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt k|fawfg h:tf] sfg"gL
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvFb}g . lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn]
d'n'ssf] :yfoL ;/sf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf]
sd{rf/L k|zf;gsf] u7g, ;~rfng / ;]jfsf
zt{ ;d]tsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf] x'Fbf To;df
ul/Psf] ;+ljwfg;Ddt k|fjwfgn] ;DalGwt
ljifodf /fHo gLltsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf]

5 egL ;+emg' cGoyf x'g hfg] x'Fb}g .
!)= k/LIf0fsfndf ;Gtf]ifhgs
sfd gug]{ sd{rf/LnfO{ lagf s'g} sf/0f
;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf glbO{ x6fpg kfpg' k5{
eGg] egfO{ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] dfGotff/f
;dly{t / ljj]sdf cfwfl/t ;d]t b]lvg
cfpFb}g . o:tf] ts{nfO{ :jLsf/ u/L dfGotf
lbFb} hfg] xf] eg] k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf]
sd{rf/Ln] s'g} sfg"gL / ;+j}wflgs clwsf/
pkof]u ug{ gkfpg] s7f]/ lgisif{df k'Ug
;lsG5, hf] plrt, ljj]sk/s /
;+ljwfg;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g . ;'g'jfO{sf] df}sf
glbO{ s;}nfO{ x6fpg kfOG5 eGg] ts{n]
sf/jfxL k|lqmofnfO{ :j}R5frf/L, clgoldt /
clglZrt agfpFb5 . lg0f{odf s'g} cfwf/
sf/0f v'nfpg' kb}{g eGg] xf] eg] To;n]
lg0f{ostf{nfO{ :j}R5frf/L / lg/+s'z aGg
k|]l/t ub{5 . o:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfGotf lbFbf
k/LIf0fsfndf /xg] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff
lghn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ sfo{sf] j:t'lgi7
d"Nofgdf cfwfl/t ge} clVtof/jfnfsf]
thljh jf :jO{R5fdf lge{/ /xg hfG5 .
To:tf] cj:yfdf Gofo / Gofosf ;j{dfGo
l;4fGt ;a} cf]em]ndf kg{ hfG5g\ . To;}n]
o:tf] :j}R5frf/L thljhL clwsf/nfO{
ljlwsf] zf;g / ;+ljwfgafbsf] l;4fGt
;d]tn] cl:jsf/ ub{5g\ . t;y{ g]kfn sfg"g
Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm /
sf] pklgod -@_ / -#_ sf] k|fawfgnfO{
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf]
pkwf/f -*_ / -(_ Pj+ Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt
cg's"nsf] dfGg ;lsPg .
!!=
ca, lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] bf];|f] Pj+ clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf]
ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf]
-@_ / -#_ df /x]sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf
1069
k|fs[lts Gofo / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGt

cg's"n gx'g'sf ;fy}, ljlwsf] zf;g, Gofosf
dfGo l;4fGt Pj+ ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfsf]
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / pQm
Joj:yfn] clVtof/jfnfsf] :j}R5frfl/tfnfO{
k|>o lbg] e} :yflkt Goflos d"No dfGotf /
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
b]lvof] . ctM g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL
kl/ifb\\sf] sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm / ;]jf ;DaGwL
-@_ / -#_ df k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
sfd ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{
;]jfaf6 x6fpg] Joj:yf / ;]jfaf6 x6fpFbf
;'gjfOsf] df}sf lbg' gkg{] eGg] sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -*_
/ -(_ f/f k|bQ xs Pj+ Gofosf dfGo
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n b]lvPsf] x'Fbf pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfh}sf ldltb]lv cdfGo
u/L lbPsf] 5 . ljkIfLxsf] hfgsf/Lsf]
nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk g]kfn sfg"g
Joj;foL kl/ifb\\ / dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodf k7fO{ ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L
a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof= uf}/L 9sfn
Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn j}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ==
lg0f{o g+= *!*$
sflQs, @)^^
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/
/fodfemL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn
l/6 g+= M )^$ws))@*
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.#!.%

lgj]bsM
eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dL

gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !^ nf]sGynL
a:g] clwjQmf dfwjs'df/ a:g]t
;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t
JolQmsf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf]
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] kqmfp ul/Psf]
JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf]
Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ /
To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s
kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg]
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ k|To]s JolQm jf
lgsfon] kfngf ug'{kg]{ .
;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] Joj:yf k|zf;sLo of
Joj:yfksLo sl7gfO{sf cfwf/df kfngf
x'g g;Sg] eGg sfg"gL ?kdf g;'xfpFg]
x'Fbf ;}lgs jf lghfdtL h:tf];'s}
k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7g ePklg
;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+= #_
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ n]
rf}aL; 306fsf] calw u0fgf ubf{
;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ afx]s gul/Psf]
cj:yfdf ;}lgs P]gdf ;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf]
calwleq u0fgf gul/g] egL ul/Psf]
Joj:yf klg ;+ljwfg cg's"nsf] b]lvg
gcfpg] .
-k|s/0f g+= $_
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf]
pkbkmf -!_ -@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yf
wf/f @$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ Pj+ pkwf/f
1070
-(_ f/f k|bQ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf]

cfb]za]u/ af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306f
eGbf a9L lx/f;tdf /fVg gx'g] Pj+
:jR5 ;'g'jfOsf] xs k|lts"n b]lvPsf] /
;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf] To:tf] Joj:yf
sfod /fVg' plrt gx'Fbf pQm Joj:yf
km};nf ePsf] ldltaf6 cdfGo 3f]lift
x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+= %_
lgj]bs

dfwjs'df/ j:g]t
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
ls/0f kf}8]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &%-!_, -@_,
-#_, -$_ / -%_
wf/f !, !@-@_, @$-#_, -(_ !)&-!_
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f **-$_
cfb]z
k|=Gof=dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemLM g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ tyf
wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ e}
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M
df}lns xs cGtu{t /x]sf] Gofo;DaGwL
xssf] wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp ul/Psf]
JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf]
Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{5 /
kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg] 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ adf]lhd s'g} klg
cleof]udf kqmfp k/]sf] JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf
Dofb afx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L

;dIf pkl:yt u/fO{ To:tf] clwsf/Lsf]
cfb]zn] dfq yk cjlwsf] nflu lx/f;tdf
/fVg ;lsg] x'G5 . o; wf/fn] ;f] cjlweGbf
a9L ;do y'gfdf /fVg s]jn lgjf/s
gh/aGb / zq' /fHosf] gful/snfO{ dfq 5'6
lbPsf] 5 . of] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt xf], o;
lj?4 s'g} klg sfg"g aGg ;Sb}gg\ . t/
;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] o; lsl;dsf]
Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf &% df ljleGg Joj:yfx /flvPsf]
5 . ;f] bkmf cGtu{tsf pkbkmfxdf lgDg
adf]lhdsf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
-!_ cfgf] sdf08df /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{
lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08
clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf lghn] lagf
txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf g/fVg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf]
b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a
dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg
;lsg] 5 .
-#_ sdfl08 clws[tn] rf}aL; 306feGbf
a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf /x]sf] k|To]s
JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs
;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ hL sf/jfxLdf gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f
x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg]
cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf
a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs
lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf]
ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08
clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g
geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6
g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf #_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf
k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 .
1071
-%_
o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu rf}aL;

306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
;+ljwfgadf]lhd af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s

h'g;'s} xfntdf klg rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f
x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z u/L lghsf]
cfb]zadf]lhd dfq y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg]df
;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf]
Joj:yfn] w]/} lbg;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg
;lsg] Joj:yfnfO{ a}wtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
;}lgs P]gdf /x]sf] o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn]
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ sf] wf/f (-#_
tyf !$-#_-u_ f/f k|bQ cg'lrt ljnDa
lagf ;'g'jfO{ ul/kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;d]t
cj1f x'g uPsf] 5 .
;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
g]kfnL ;]gf dfq} Pp6f To:tf] ;+:yf xf],
h;;Fu ljdfg nufotsf oftfoftsf
;fwgx /x]sf 5g\ . t/ ;fj{hlgs
oftfoftnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ a9L cjlw;Dd
y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] Joj:yf ;}lgs P]gn]
u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;+ljwfg :jo+n]
af6f]sf] DofbnfO{ 5'6 lbPsf]df To;nfO{ s'g}
Vofn gu/L ;fj{hlgs oftfoftnfO{ afwfsf]
?kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 .
To;sf cltl/Qm pkbkmf -$_ n]
d'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg]
cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf a9L
cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs lx/f;tdf /xg]
ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df
sdfl08 clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g
geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd
k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf]
clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 egL
s]jn k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] e/df u}/;+j}wflgs
?kdf JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f
ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:tf]
Joj:yfnfO{ s'g} klg cfwf/df ts{;+ut /
dfgj clwsf/;Ddt dfGg ;lsFb}g . To;}u/L
;}lgs cbfnt cGo cbfnt h:tf] Ps

lglZrt :yfgdf dfq a:g] geO{ g]kfnleq /
g]kfnaflx/ h'g;'s} :yfgdf a:g ;Sg] s'/f
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf &( -!_ n] u/]sf] 5 . pQm
cfwf/df klg rfx]sf] v08df h'g;'s}
cj:yfdf / :yfgdf klg a:g ;Sg]
cbfnt;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] Vofn gu/L ;}lgs
cbfnt gaf]nfPsf] sf/0faf6 j}olQms
:jtGqtf h:tf] cd"No s'/faf6 dflg;nfO{
jl~rt ug{ lbOPsf] clwsf/ u}/;+j}wflgs
dfq geO{ dfgj :jtGqtfsf] ;d]t lj?4df
/x]sf] 5 .
;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] ;DaGwdf
bkmf &# n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] bkmfsf]
Joj:yf x]bf{ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg
sfg"gsf em0eml6nf sfo{ljlw klg k'/f
ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . csf]{tkm{ ;f]xL bkmfsf]
pkbkmf -@_ n] tTsfn af]nfpg' kg]{ sfg"gL
afWotf klg l;h{gfgu/L ;}lgs cbfnt
af]nfpg] clwsf/Ln] ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg'
kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gfePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq
;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg' kg]{5 egL #)
lbg;Ddsf] nflu ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg
sfg"gL clVtof/L kfPsf] JolQmsf] :jljj]sdf
5f]l8lbPsf] 5 . o; pkbkmfnfO{ ;fldKodf
/fv]/ x]g]{ xf] eg] ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg
kfpg] clwsf/Lsf] :jljj]sdf g} j}olQms
:jtGqtf xgg\ x'g] gx'g] cj:yf cl8Psf]
5.
t;y{, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
&% cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !-!_,
!@-@_, @$-#_ tyf g]kfn kIf ePsf] gful/s
tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DAfGwL cg'aGw,
!(^^ sf] wf/f (-#_, !$-#_-u_ ;d]t;Fu
aflemPsf] / P]gsf] ;f] Joj:yf ljwflosL
sfo{sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt
"Doctrine of reading down of a Statutory
Provision" adf]lhd klg hf]lug g;Sg]
ePsf] x'gfn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf pQm

bkmf &% sf ;a} Joj:yfxnfO{ k|f/Deb]lvg}
c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/L kfpFm . ;fy} of] l/6
1072
lgjb]gdf p7fOPsf s'/f Jofks ;fj{hlgs

;/f]sf/sf] ljifo / JolQmsf] j}olQms
:jtGqtf;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] ljifo
ePsf]n] o;sf] uDeL/tf / ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{
;d]t ljrf/ ubf{ rfF8f] 6'f] nfUg h?/L
ePsf] x'gfn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$( sf] lgod %s= adf]lhd cu|flwsf/
;d]t k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L
x'g gkg]{ xf] < cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn]
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt
ldl;n ;fy /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no
;d]tnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm cfP
kl5 jf calw gf3] kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^$.!!.!( sf] cfb]z .
Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f @$-#_ sf] dd{ / efjgf cg's"n g}
/x]sf] tYo P]= bkmf &%-!_ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . ;f] Joj:yfcg';f/
s'g} JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306f eGbf a9L cjlw ;}lgs lx/f;tdf
g/flvg] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]gadf]lhd
u7g x'g] ;}lgs cbfntsf] d'2f h'g;'s}
:yfgdf klg pknJw x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] d'2f
x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg
;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf b[li6n] ;Dej
gx'g] ePdf ;f] ;DaGwL ljj/0f /
sf/0f;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08 clws[tn]
k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs ;dIf k]z
ug'{kg]{ u/L P]= pkbkmf -#_ df clgjfo{
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h'g Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] ;Gbe{df g} ;}lgs
lx/f;tdf /fVbf sdfl08 clws[tsf]
lhDd]jf/L a9fpg] u/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfsf
?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . o;y{ lgj]bg bfjL
ts{;+ut Pj+ cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvFb}g . ;}lgs

P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ
df}lns xs ljk/Lt ePsf] eGg] bfjLnfO{
ljrf/ ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$ nfO{
sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;DaGwdf g} ;f] P]gsf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] / ;}lgs cbfntsf] p2]Zo /
k|s[lt ;d]t ;fdfGo cbfntsf] eGbf leGg
x'g] ePsf] tyf ;}lgs P]gsf] If]qflwsf/ leq
kg]{ JolQmxsf ;DaGwdf dfq of] P]g nfu'
x'g] ePsf]n] ljz]if P]gsf] p2]Zo k"lt{sf nflu
ul/Psf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfd JolQmx
;/x agfO{ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg]
gb]lvFbf lgj]bg bfjL vf/]hefuL 5 . t;y{
k|:t't lgj]bgdf dfu bfjLadf]lhd s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ gx'Fbf lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g,
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 P]=sf lgldQ ;lrj >L e]if/fh
zdf{sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bstkm{af6
pkl:yt lgj]bs clwjQmf >L dfwjs'df/
a:g]tn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n]
wf/f @$ df Gofo ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] / pQm wf/f @$-#_ df kqmfp ul/Psf]
JolQmnfO{ kqmfp ePsf] ;doaf6 af6fsf]
Dofb afx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf]
clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s kqmfp
ePsf] JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg] :ki6
Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'Fbf To;/L y'gfdf /flvPsf]
JolQmnfO{ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]zn] dfq
yk y'gfdf /fVg ;lsg] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @$-#_ n] lgjf/s gh/aGb jf zq'
/fHosf] gful/snfO{ dfq pko'{Qm ;'ljwfaf6
jl~rt u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f
ubf{ pko'{Qm ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ cGoyf
gx'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] g}
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s h'g;'s} xfntdf klg
rf}la; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf
k]z u/L lghsf] cfb]zadf]lhd dfq y'gfdf
1073
/fVg ;lsg] eGg] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} ;}lgs P]g,

@)^# sf] bkmf &% df pQm ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfsf] ljk/Lt u}/ ;+j}wflgs lx;fan]
lx/f;tdf /fVg] s'/fnfO{ a}Wftf lbOPsf] 5 .
;}lgs P]gsf] pQm Joj:yf g]kfn kIf /x]sf]
gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt/f{li6o cg'aGw, !(^^ sf] wf/f (-#_
tyf !$-#_ -u_ f/f k|bQ cg'lrt ljnDa
lagf ;'gjfO{ u/L kfpg] xs ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
x'Fbf P]gsf] plNnlvt Joj:yf Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd k|f/De
b]lvg} c;+j}wflgs 3f]lift x'g'k5{ egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
To;}u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L ls/0f kf}8]nn] P]gadf]lhd u7g x'g]
;}lgs cbfntsf] u7g ;a} 7fpFdf ;xh}
pknJw gx'g] ePsfn] / tf]lsPsf] ;dodf
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg
;fj{hlgs oftfoft tyf ;]jfsf] b[li6n] klg
;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] k|:t't Joj:yf ul/Psf]
xf] . rf}aL; 306fleq y'gfdf /x]sf] JolQmnfO{
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z gug]{ eGg]
P]gsf] dg;fo xf]Og . P]gdf pQm k|fjwfg
/flvg'sf] p2]Zo ;+ljwfgsf] k|fawfg ljk/Lt
ug{sf nflu xf]Og, ;s];Dd sd cjlwdf
d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf k]z ug]{ eGg] g}
P]gsf] dg;fo xf] . kqmfp kg]{ lalQs} d'2f
x]g{] clwsf/Lsf] olsg gx'g] / d'2f x]g]{
clwsf/L olsg ePkl5 tTsfn} lgh;dIf
k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf P]gdf ul/Psf] 5 . bkmf
&% sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf]
dd{ / efjgf cg's"n g} /x]sf]
x'Fbf
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5}g . ;}lgs P]g @)^#
sf] bkmf ^& cGtu{t u7g x'g] ;}lgs
cbfntsf] p2]Zo / k|s[lt ;d]t ;fdfGo
cbfnt eGbf leGg x'g] / ;}lgs P]gsf]
If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ JolQmxsf ;DaGwdf
dfq of] P]g nfu' x'g] ePsf]n] ljz]if P]gsf]
p2]Zo k"lt{sf] nflu ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ cfd
JolQm ;/x agfO{ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{
ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;}lgs P]gsf] plNnlvt

k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ ;Fu
aflemPsf] cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ax; lhsL/ k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
tyf lgj]bg Pj+ lnlvt hjfkm;lxtsf]
ldl;nsf ;fy} ;Da4 sfg"gL Joj:yf
;d]tsf] cWoog u/L x]bf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf
d'ntM b]xfosf k|Zgxpk/ lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] M
-!_
-@_

Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f @$-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:yf 5, 5}g <
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^#
sf] bkmf &% sf] Joj:yf cdfGo x'g'kg]{
xf], xf]Og <
plNnlvt k|Zgx dWo]sf] klxnf]

k|Zgdf k|j]z ug'{ cl3 ;}lgs P]g, @)^# /
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf
;DalGwt k|fawfgxsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g'
;fGble{s b]lvG5 .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^#
wf/f !@= :jtGqtfsf] xs M
-@_ sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf]
j}olQms :jtGqtf ckx/0f x'g] 5}g .
wf/f @$= Gofo ;DaGwL xs M
-#_ kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp
ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s
rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L
;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{5 / To:tf]
clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z ePdf afx]s
kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf /flvg]
5}g .
1074
-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf

Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
xs x'g]5 .
;}lgs P]g, @)^#
bkmf &%= lx/f;tdf /fVbf sdfl08
clws[tsf] lhDd]jf/L M
-!_ cfgf] sdf08df /x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{
lx/f;tdf /flvPsf] k|ltj]bg sdfl08
clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf lghn] lagf
txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf g/fVg]
Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jfsf]
b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g] cj:yfdf dgfl;a
dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd lx/f;tdf /fVg
;lsg] 5 .
-#_ sdfl08 clws[tn] rf}aL; 306feGbf
a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf /x]sf] k|To]s
JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8 ljjfs
;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ hL sf/jfxLdf gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f
x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg]
cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7 lbgeGbf
a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs
lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf]
ePsf] sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08
clws[tn] ;}lgs cbfnt u7g
geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6
g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf pkbkmf #_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf
k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu rf}aL;
306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g .
ca, plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf lgj]bgdf lnOPsf]
lhsL/tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] d"ntM ;}lgs
P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% df ePsf] sfg"gL

Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf]
wf/f !@-@_ tyf wf/f @$-#_ f/f k|Tofe"t
ul/Psf Joj:yfx;Fu afFlemPsf] x'Fbf
;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf ;}lgs P]gsf
plNnlvt k|fjwfgx k|f/De b]lv g} ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
@=
@)^#.!).! df hf/L ePsf]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L x'g'
k"j{ g} ldlt @)^#.^.!@ df ;}lgs P]g hf/L
ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# hf/L x'g' k"j{ g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& jxfn /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@-@_ n]
sfg"gadf]lhd afx]s s'g} klg JolQmsf]
j}olQms :jtGqtf x/0f x'g] 5}g eGg] / wf/f
@$-#_ n] kqmfp ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ kqmfp
ePsf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt
u/fpg' kg]{ 5, To:tf] clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z
ePdf afx]s kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf
/flvg] 5}g eGg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf]
kfOof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfg d"n
sfg"g x'g] / ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] sfg"Gf
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] ;+j}wflgs
Joj:yf ePaf6 axfn /x]sf] sfg"g
;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / dd{ ljk/Lt ePsf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] sfg"g sfod /xg g;Sg]
:ki6 5 . ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf sfg"gsf
;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_
n] o; ;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns xs pk/
cg'lrt jGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g}
sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
x'Fbf ;f] sfg"g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/
3f]lift ul/kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL
gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg
;Sg]5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv
g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/
3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr
cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 egL ;+ljwfg;Fu
1075
aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug]{

clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&
sf] wf/f ** sf] pkwf/f -$_ df
clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] jf ;]gf ;DaGwL
ck/fw afx]s cGo s'g} ck/fwdf u}/ ;}lgs
pk/ sf/jfxL rnfPsf] jf u}/;}lgsnfO{
;hfo u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s ;}lgs
cbfntsf] sf/jfxL jf lg0f{odf o; pkwf/f
cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g
eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)& n] o;k|sf/sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ cGt u/L clwsf/If]qsf] cefj
ePsf]df afx]s Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] rnfPsf]
ljz]if clwsf/sf] sf/jfxL / tT;DaGwdf
tf]s]sf] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g egL
Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf]
xsdf
;Dd
clwsf/If]qsf] cefj ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ g;Sg] eGg]
eP kl5 of] cj:yf afx]s cGodf If]qflwsf/
gePsf] eGg ldn]g .
#=
gful/ssf
;+j}wflgs
xsx s'g} klg axfgfdf ckx/0f x'g
;Sb}gg\ . ;+ljwfgn] ;+/If0f u/]sf xs
clwsf/xnfO{ s'g} ;+u7gsf] ;+/rgfsf]
axfgfdf cj1f ug{ ldNb}g . /fHosf ;a}
lgsfo ;+ljwfgcg'k kl/rfng x'g' k5{ .
JolQmsf] df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf]
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] kqmfp ul/Psf]
JolQmnfO{ kqmfp u/]sf] ;doaf6 af6f]sf]
Dofb afx]s rf}aL; 306fleq d'2f x]g{]
clwsf/L ;dIf pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ /
kqmfp ePsf JolQmnfO{ y'gfdf g/flvg]
;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltnfO{ k|To]s JolQm jf
lgsfon] kfngf ug'{kg]{ g} x'G5 . ;+ljwfgn]
u/]sf] Joj:yf k|zf;sLo of Joj:yfksLo
sl7gfO{sf cfwf/df kfngf x'g g;Sg] egL
eGg sfg"gL ?kdf g;'xfpFg] x'Fbf ;}lgs jf
lghfdtL h:tf];'s} k|s[ltsf] ;+:yf jf ;+u7g
ePklg ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{

g} x'G5 .
$=
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
&% sf] pkbkmf -!_ n] cfgf] sdf08df
/x]sf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ lx/f;tdf /flvPsf]
k|ltj]bg sdfl08 clws[tnfO{ k|fKt ePdf
lghn] lagf txlssft af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s
rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf
g/fVg] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf
u/]sf]df P]= pkbkmf -@_ n] pkbkmf -!_ df
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;fj{hlgs
oftfoft ;]jfsf] b[li6n] ;Dej gx'g]
cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] cjlw;Dd
lx/f;tdf /fVg ;lsg] egL u/]sf] Joj:yfn]
;fj{hlgs oftfoft ;]jf ;Dej gx'g]
cj:yfdf dgfl;a dflkmssf] calw;Dd
lx/f;tdf /fVg ;Sg] egL lx/f;tdf /xg]
;DaGwdf cGof}n / clglZrttfsf] l:ylt
l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf] Joj:yfaf6 g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @$-#_ sf] kqmfp
ul/Psf] JolQmnfO{ af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s
rf}lj; 306f leq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIf
pkl:yt u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf lg:t]h Pj+
k|efjxLg x'g hfG5 . To;}u/L P]gsf] ;f]xL
bkmfsf] pkbkmf -#_ df sdfl08 clws[tn]
rf}aL; 306feGbf a9L cjlw lx/f;tdf
/x]sf] k|To]s JolQmsf] ljj/0f / sf/0f
;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|wfg ;]gfklt jf k|f8
ljjfs ;dIf k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] 5
eg] P]= pkbkmf -$_ df hL sf/jfxLdf
gnfu]sf] JolQmsf] d'2f x]g{sf] lgldQ ;}lgs
cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf] sf/0fn] cf7
lbgeGbf a9L cjlw;Dd cleo'Qm ;}lgs
lx/f;tdf /xg] ePdf To;/L l9nf] ePsf]
sf/0fsf] af/]df sdfl08 clws[tn] ;}lgs
cbfnt u7g geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm
lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd k|To]s cf7 lbgdf
pkbkmf -#_ adf]lhdsf] clwsf/L ;dIf
k|ltj]bg k7fpg' kg]{5 elgPsf] 5 . :jR5
;'g'jfOleq d'2fsf] l56f] sf/afxL klg kb{5 .
;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf]
1076
cyf{t\ cbfnt u7g gePsf sf/0f y'gfdf

a:g' kg]{ cjwf/0ff Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt
ljk/Lt b]lvg cfpFb5 . o:tf] Joj:yfn]
;}lgs cbfnt af]nfpg] cfb]z glbPsf
sf/0faf6 cleo'Qm clglZrt sfn;Dd
lx/f;tdf a:g' kg]{ / ;}lgs cbfnt u7g
geP;Dd jf cleo'Qm lx/f;taf6 g5'6];Dd
k|To]s cf7 lbgdf k|ltj]bg k7fPsf] e/df
JolQmsf] j}olQms :jtGqtf ckxl/t x'g]
cj:yf b]lvG5 . of] Joj:yf kqmfp ePsf]
;doaf6 af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s rf}aL;
306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L ;dIfdf pkl:yt
u/fpg' kg]{ / To:tf] clwsf/Laf6 cfb]z
ePdf afx]s y'gfdf g/flvg] Pj+ :jR5
;'g'jfOsf] cjwf/0ff ljk/Lt e} ;+ljwfg
k|lts"n b]lvg'sf cltl/Qm :j}R5frf/L Pj+
lg/+s'z sfo{ljlw k|of]usf] kof{Kt ;Defjgf
b]lvg cfof] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &%
sf] pkbkmf -%_ nfO{ x]bf{ To;n] rf}aL;
306fsf] ;do u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfsf]
lbgnfO{ u0fgf ul/g] 5}g egL ;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf] calwaf6
afx]s u/]sf] klg kfOof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ n] rf}aL; 306fsf] calw
u0fgf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs ljbfnfO{ afx]s
gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;}lgs P]gdf ;fj{hlgs
ljbfsf] lbgnfO{ rf}aL; 306fsf] calwleq
u0fgf gul/g] egL ul/Psf] Joj:yf klg
;+ljwfg cg's"nsf] b]lvg cfPg .
%=
t;y{
dfly
pNn]v
u/]adf]lhd ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &%
sf] pkbkmf -!_ -@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yf
@$ sf] pkwf/f -#_ Pj+ pkwf/f -(_ f/f
k|bQ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf] cfb]z a]u/
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s @$ 306f eGbf a9L
lx/f;tdf /fVg gx'g] Pj+ :jR5 ;'g'jfOsf]
xs k|lts"n b]lvPsf] / ;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf]
To:tf] Joj:yf sfod /fVg' plrt gx'Fbf
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf] pkbkmf
-!_-@_-#_-$_ / -%_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -!_ adf]lhd

cfh}sf ldlt b]lv cdfGo 3f]lift ul/Psf]
5.
^=
plNnlvt Joj:yf cfh}sf
ldltb]lv cdfGo ePaf6 cfg'iff+lus ?kdf
kg{ hfg] c;/ ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L sfg"gL
;'wf/ cljnDj ug'{ egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
lgb]{zg ;d]t lbOPsf] 5 . k|:t't cfb]zsf]
hfgsf/L dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
Gof=sNof0f >]i7
Gof=uf}/L 9sfn
Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn a}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t s[i0f/fd sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!*%
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg"k/fh zdf{
dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
l/6 g+= M )^%WS)))&
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.@%.%
lgj]bsM
k;f{
lhNnf,
aL/u~h
pkdxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= ! a:g]
dfw'/L s0f{ ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8, d'Vo
sfof{no, /fdzfxky, sf7df8f}+
;d]t
1077
;+ljwfg :jo+n] g} ljz]if of]Uotf jf zt{

tf]Sg;Sg] u/L cg'dlt lbPsf] ;Gbe{df
;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fO{ r'gf}tL lbg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
s]an lgwf{l/t ul/Psf] kbsf nflu
jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg];Ddsf]
Joj:yfdfq}
u/]sf]
cj:yfdf
;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL
l;4fGt;Fu
c;DalGwt k|fawfgnfO{ To;;Fu hf]8]/
To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug{
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf
ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf]
pkljlgod -#s_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
wf/f !@-#_-r_ f/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/
ug]{ :jtGqtf, wf/f !#-!_ f/f k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f @! f/f k|bQ
;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo >L
sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] / >L lzjz+s/
kf]v/]n
ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf]
pkljlgod -#s_
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf (!-@_ sf] v08 -u_
wf/f !@-!_, !@-#_-r_, @!
km};nf
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_-@_ cGtu{t
o; cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf]

k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/
o;k|sf/ 5 M
ljkIfL a}+saf6 ldlt @)^^.$.@@ df
lj1fkg g+= !)^%)^^ af6 n]vfkfn kb,
kb ;+Vof &% sf nflu ;"rgf k|sfzg
ePsf], ;f] lj1fkg k|sfzg ubf{ g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! cg';f/
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5
k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/j ls;fg /
dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g
kfpg] cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ u/L ug'{kg]{df
ljkIfLxf/f To;f] gul/Psf] x'Fbf
xfdLxsf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs xgg\ x'g
k'u]sf] 5 .
ljkIfL a}+s g]kfn /fHof/f lgb]{lzt,
lgolGqt / ;~rflnt ljQLo ;+:yf ePsfn]
/fHosf] Pp6f ;+/rgf xf] eGg] :ki6 g} 5 .
;f] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] cj;/
k|bfg ubf{ /fHon] ckgfPsf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg';f/ dlxnf cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw]zL, blnt, ckf / lk5l8Psf]
If]qnfO{ cnu cnu k|ltzt 5'6\ofO{ tt\tt\
ju{sf aLrdf k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ k|To]s ;d"xaf6
pTs[i6 7xl/Psf JolQmnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/g'
kYof]{, t/ To;f] gu/L ;+ljwfg k|bQ
;fdflhs Gofosf] xs s'l07t x'g] u/L
lj1fkg k|sfzg ul/Psf] x'Fbf of] lgj]bg lnO{
pkl:yt ePsf 5f}F .
lj1fkgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] z}lIfs
of]Uotf xfdL lgj]bsx;Fu /x]sf] 5 . s[lif
ljsf; a}+s ln=sf] sd{rf/L ;]jf
ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ df pQm kbsf nflu s
ju{sf] a}+sdf % jif{ sfof{g'ej eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v gul/Psf] cj:yfdf ;f] lj1fkgdf
To:tf] sfof{g'ej egL pNn]v ul/Psf] s'/f
u}/sfg"gL /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;f]
ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod
#s df pNn]v ul/Psf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf
1078
kl/eflift gePsf] x'Fbf To;sf] dgf]ut k|of]u

x'g] ;Defjgf /xsf] / ljkIfLxn] OR5f
u/]sf JolQmxn] dfq lj1flkt kbdf
b/vf:t lbO{ k|ltikwf{ ug{ kfpg] u/L To:tf]
of]Uotf lgwf{/0f ul/g] ;Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf
Malafide
intention
af6 colorable
legislation lgdf{0f ul/Paf6 xfdLxsf]
;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs s'l07t x'g
k'u]sf] 5 . pQm Joj:yf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!-!_ /
-@_ sf] b]xfo -u_ ;Fu ;d]t aflemPsf] 5 .
P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu
ljlgod agfpg kfpg]df :j}R5frf/L 9+un]
agfOPsf] To:tf] Joj:yf ab/efuL 5 . ;f]
lj1fkgdf cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotfdf cfO{=P=jf ;f] ;/x, t/ o; a}+sdf
;xfos :t/ ltLo >]0fLsf] kbdf s/f/
dfl;s kfl/>lds ;]jfdf sfo{/t /x]sf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotf
P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x eGg] pNn]v u/L
a}+sdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf sd z}lIfs
of]Uotf /fvL c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
ctM ljkIfL a}+saf6 k|sflzt
lj1fkgdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
sf] wf/f @! f/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
/ wf/f !@-#_-r_ f/f k|bQ ;]jf /f]huf/ ug]{
:jtGqtf / wf/f !#-!_ f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf]
xs s'l07t t'NofOPsf] / Pp6} kbsf nflu
km/s km/s z}lIfs of]Uotf tf]sL c;dfg
Jojxf/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod #s_ nfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;+ljwfg
ljk/Ltsf sfd sf/jfxL / ldlt @)^%.$.@@
df k|sflzt lj1fkg pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/
u/L xfdLxsf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ xs k|rng
u/fO{ kfpFm . ;fy} lj1fkg adf]lhdsf] sfd
sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf g/flvPsf] v08df
xfdL l/6 lgj]bsxsf] xs hfg] / t];|f]
kIfsf] xs clwsf/ l;h{gf x'g hfg] ;d]tsf]
cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|:t't lgj]bgdf
clGtd 6'f] gnfu];Ddsf nflu lj1fkg

cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL oyfl:yltdf
/fVg' /fVg nufpg' egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod $! adf]lhd
ljkIfLxsf] gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bgkq .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{
xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLaf6 lnlvt
hjfkm dufO{ lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 jf
calw gf3]kl5 ljz]if Ohnf;df k]z ug'{ .
;fy} dfuadf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf gb]lvFbf cGtl/d
cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' k/]g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt, Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%%!@ df ePsf]
cfb]z .
s[lif ljsf; a}+sn] cf=j=@)^%)^^
sf] :jLs[t sfo{qmd tyf ah]6df Joj:yf
eP cg'k l/Qm n]vfkfn -;xfos :t/,
ltLo >]0fL, k|zf;g_ kb;+Vof &% v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zon] ldlt
@)^%.$.!$ sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ ldlt
@)^%.$.@@ sf] lxdfno 6fOD; b}lgs
klqsfdf a}+ssf] sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL,
@)^@ f/f tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
lj1fkg ul/Psf] xf] . a}+s Pp6f s ju{sf]
Jofj;flos ljQLo ;+:yf ePsf] / o;n]
;dfg Joj;fosf c?=a}+sx;Fu Jofj;flos
k|lt:kwf{ ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L lj1fkg ul/Psf] xf] . o; cl3 a}+sn]
cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ hgzlQmsf]
k"lt{ ubf{ dlxnfxdfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfaf6 k|m06 8]:s / 6]n/
;xfos h:tf kbxdf / b]zsf ;a} If]qsf
of]Uo pDd]bjf/xn] cj;/ kfpg\ egL
If]qut ?kdf n]vfkfn ;xfos ltLo
>]0fLsf] lj1fkg u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ qmddf
lnlvt k/LIff tyf cGtjf{tf{ ;DkGg
eO;s]sf] 5 . cfkm\gf] sf/f]jf/ ;~rfngsf
1079
nflu sf/f]jf/sf] k|s[lt cg';f/ bIf hgzlQm

cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ e} leGg leGg lsl;dsf
jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg'kg]{ ePsf]n] l/6
lgj]bsn] jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;DaGwdf lnPsf]
lhsL/ dgfl;j b]lvFb}g . a}+ssf] sd{rf/L
;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf]
pkljljlgod -#_ tyf -#v_ df Go"gtd
z}lIfs of]Uotf af/] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 eg]
;f]xL ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod sf] pkljlgod
-#s_ df Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cltl/Qm
jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg] :ki6 Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd lj1fkgdf pNn]v ul/Psf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ u}/sfg"gL eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf (!-!_ df P]gsf] p2]Zo
sfof{Gjog ug{ ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] /
To:tf] ljlgod /fi6 a}+saf6 :jLs[t eP kl5
nfu" x'g] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd g} pQm
ljlgod agfO{ /fi6 a}+ssf] :jLs[lt lnO{ nfu"
ul/Psf] xf] . pQm P]gsf] bkmf (@ df P]g /
P]g cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf] lgod, ljlgod,
cfb]z jf lgb]{zgdf n]lvPsf s'/fdf
;f]xLadf]lhd / c? s'/fdf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf
ul/Psf] / To;} cfwf/df ul/Psf] lj1fkgn]
;dfgtf, :jtGqtf / ;]jf /f]huf/sf] xs
s'l07t ePsf] eGg ldNb}g . a}+ls sf/f]jf/
ug{ bIf / cg'ejL hgzlQm cfjZos kg]{
x'Fbf Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] cltl/Qm
jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] xf], To:tf]
of]Uotf gk'u]sf lgj]bsxn] k|lt:kwf{ ug{
gkfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df dfq ljlgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs ePsf] eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g,
lgj]bg :jo+ g} b'/fzok"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] s[lif ljsf;
a}+s ln= d'Vo sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 k]z
x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L ls/0f u'Ktf /
ljkIfL a}+ssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g' ePsf
ljfg clwjQmf o >L sf]dnk|sfz l3ld/] /

>L lzjz+s/ kf]v/]nn] ax; ug'{eof] . k|:t't
lgj]bgdf d"ntM s[lif ljsf; a}+s ln=sf]
sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf]
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] kbk"lt{
ubf{ jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L
ul/Psf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ :jtGqtf,
;dfgtf, / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n
/x]sf]n] cdfGo 3f]lift u/L kfpmF, ;fy}
ljlgjodfjnLsf] pQm k|fawfgsf cfwf/df
ljkIfL s[lif ljsf; a}+saf6 k|sflzt lj1fkg
g+= !)^%)^^ n] jf~5gLo of]Uotf egL
lgwf{/0f u/]sf] s'/fn] cfkm"xsf] k|lt:kwf{
ug]{ xs ;d]t vf]l;Psf]n] ;f] lj1fkg / ;f]
cfwf/df eP u/]sf ;a} sfo{x ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnOPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
ljkIfLtkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf a}+saf6 kbk"lt{ ubf{ oyf;Dej
;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cg'z/0f ug]{ k|oTg x'Fb}
cfPsf], kb ljz]ifsf nflu cfjZos kg]{
ljz]if1tf jf ljz]if bIftfsf nflu jf~5gLo
of]Uotf tf]Sg'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] / a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# cGtu{t /xL
ljlgodfjnL agfOPsf] x'Fbf lgj]bg
vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 .
l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog
u/L b'a}tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLxn] k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] ax; lhsL/ tyf ;Da4 sfg"gL
Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k|:t't
lgj]bgdf b]xfosf k|Zgxsf] lg?k0f x'g'kg]{
b]lvPsf] 5 .
!=
1080
s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L

;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod
^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n] u/]sf]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_-r_
f/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf,
wf/f !#-!_ f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs
/ wf/f @! f/f k|bQ ;fdflhs
Gofosf] xs ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf
5}g <
@=
#=
s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L

;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod
^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] Joj:yf
cdfGo ul/g' kg{] xf] jf xf]Og <
s[lif ljsf; a}+ssf] lj1fkg g+=
!)^%)^^ / ;f] cfwf/df eP
u/]sf sf/jfxLx ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og <
plNnlvt k|Zgdf k|j]z ug'{ cl3

;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g' jf~5gLo b]lvG5 .
!@ sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -r_, wf/f !#
sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f @! df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 M
wf/f !@= :jtGqtfsf] xsM -#_ k|To]s
gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf x'g]5 M
-r_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/
ug]{ :jtGqtf .
wf/f !#= ;dfgtfsf] xsM -!_ ;a} gful/s
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ .
s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0faf6 al~rt ul/g] 5}g .
wf/f @!= ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM cfly{s,
;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf
dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La
ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf]
;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .
To;}u/L s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 M
ljlgod ^= gofF lgo'lQm ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
-#s_ kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DalGwt kbsf]

nflu pkljlgod -#_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cltl/Qm
a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf jf~5gLo
of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg]5 .
@=
ca plNnlvt sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf lgj]bgdf bfjL lnOPsf
ljifox / dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgxdf
k|j]z ug'{ ;fGble{s x'G5 . s[lif ljsf; a}+s
lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf]
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] ljjflbt
Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ To;n] a}+sdf l/Qm /x]sf]
kbdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs
of]Uotf ;Fu;Fu} a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos
ljifodf jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;lsg]
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . jf~5gLo eGg]
zAbaf6 ck]Iff u/]sf] eGg] cy{ nfU5 .
g]kfnL zAbsf]z -;[li6 k|sfzg rfjlxn,
sf7df8f}+, ;+= afnrGb| zdf{, ltLo k|sfzg,
@)%&_ sf cg';f/ klg jf~5gLo zAbn]
OR5f ug{ of]Uo, clenfiff ug{ nfos,
cfjZos, h?/L eGg] cy{jf]w ug]{ b]lvG5 .
o; cfwf/df x]bf{ jf~5gLo of]Uotf eGgfn]
a}+ssf] ;]jf / ;DalGwt kbsf] lhDd]jf/L,
sfo{k|s[lt / sfo{If]q ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
a}+sn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] ljz]if of]Uotf eGg]
a'lemG5 . ljlgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yfn]
a}+snfO{ To;/L cltl/Qm ljz]if of]Uotf tf]Sg
;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . a}+ssf]
lj1fkg g+= !)^%)^^ sf] n]vfkfn
kb;+Vof &% sf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf egL
tf]lsPsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ s ju{sf] a}+sdf
slDtdf kfFr jif{sf] cg'ej eGg] pNn]v
ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] k|fawfg s'g} JolQm jf
;d'bfo ljz]ifk|lt nlIft ge} ;a}sf nflu
;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L ul/Psf] xf] eGg]
g} b]lvG5 . ;dfgtf eGg] s'/f slxNo} klg
lg/k]If x'Fb}g . ;dfgtf eGgfn] ;dfgxsf
aLr ;dfg sfg"g, ;f] sfg"gsf] ;dfg k|of]u
/ ;dfgxsf aLr ;dfg Jojxf/ -Equality
before the law means that among equals
1081

the law should be equal and should be
equally administered, that like should be
treated alike - Sir lvor Jennings, on Law of
the Constitutions, 5th Edition, p.50_ eGg] g}
a'lemG5
.
ljlgodfjnLsf]
pQm
Joj:yfcg';f/ klg s'g} JolQm jf ;d'bfo
ljz]ifnfO{ dfq} k|ltikwf{af6 afx]s ug]{
p2]Zon] To:tf] k|fawfg /flvPsf] xf] egL
eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ / sf/0f b]lvFb}g .
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ s;}sf] lghL
ck]Iff / :jfy{sf] /f]xdf x]g]{ / dgf]ut
cfwf/df JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] ;a} sfg"g
c;dfg k|ltt x'g ;S5g\ . t/ Goflos
JofVof To:tf] ;+ls0f{ / dgf]ut a'emfO{df
cfwfl/t x'g ;Sb}g . s[lif ljsf; a}+s
lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnLsf]
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] ljjflbt
Joj:yfsf cfwf/df k|sfzg ul/Psf]
lj1fkgdf tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo of]Uotfn]
To:tf] of]Uotf k'u]sf ;a}nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug]{
clwsf/ l;h{gf u/]sf 5 eg] To:tf] of]Uotf
gk'u]sf ;a}nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{af6 afx]s
u/]sf] 5 . s'g} klg kbsf] cfcfkm\g}
ljz]iftf x'G5, To;sf nflu 5'6[f 5'6[}
ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg{ ;S5, kb ljz]ifs}
cfwf/df z}lIfs of]Uotf, pd]/, cg'ej jf
bIftf h:tf s]xL zt{x tf]Sg'kg]{ x'g ;S5
. ;dfgtf ;DaGwL oxL cjwf/0ffut
oyfy{nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@
sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] v08 -r_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf === s'g} pBf]u,
Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/ ug{sf] nflu s'g}
zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g agfpg
/f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g egL jf~5gLo
of]Uotfsf ?kdf zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg ;Sg]
s'/fnfO{ j}wflgstf k|bfg ul/Psf] xf] . To;}n]
;+ljwfg :jo+n] g} ljz]if of]Uotf jf zt{
tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L cg'dlt lbPsf] ;Gbe{df
To;/L ;+j}wflgstfsf] k|Zg p7fO{ r'gf}tL
lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g .
#=
lgj]bsn] ljjflbt k|fawfg
;+ljwfg k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs k|lts"n
/x]sf] egL bfjL lnPtkm{ x]bf{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@! n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{
cfwf/ agfPsf] b]lvG5 . s[lif ljsf; a}+s
lnld6]8 sd{rf/L ;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@
sf] ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ n]
kbk"lt{ ubf{ ;DalGwt kbsf] nflu tf]lsPsf]
cfjZos Go"gtd z}lIfs of]Uotfsf cltl/Qm
a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf jf~5gLo
of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] / ;f] k|fawfg s] s'g kbdWo] s] slt
;+Vofsf] s'g ju{ jf ;d'bfosf nflu 5'6\ofO{
ToxL ju{ jf ;d'bfosf aLrdf k|lt:kwf{
u/fpg] eGg] ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt g} b]lvFb}g .
;f] k|fawfgn] t s]an lgwf{l/t ul/Psf]
kbsf nflu jf~5gLo of]Uotf tf]Sg
;Sg];Ddsf] Joj:yf dfq} u/]sf] x'Fbf
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt;Fu c;DalGwt
k|fawfgnfO{ To;;Fu hf]8]/ To;sf]
;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g .
$=
ca, bf];|f] k|Zgdf k|j]z ubf{
dfly klxnf] k|Zgdf ul/Psf] ljj]rgfsf
cfwf/df klg s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] b]lvPg . a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# n] a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] :j:y k|lt:kwf{af6
;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ u'0f:t/Lo tyf e/kbf]{ a}+ls
tyf ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]
p2]Zo u|x0f u/]sf] s'/f P]gsf] k|:tfjgfaf6}
b]lvPsf] 5 . To; lsl;dsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds,
u'0f:t/Lo / e/kbf]{ ;]jfsf nflu a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yfdf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmdf klg
tbg'?ksf of]Uotf, bIftf / ljz]if1tf
ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . oxL dfGotfsf cfwf/df s[lif
ljsf; a}+sn] klg o; cl3 cfkm\gf]
Joj;fosf] k|s[lt cg';f/ hgzlQmsf] cfk"lt{
ubf{ dlxnfxdfq k|lt:kwf{ x'g] u/L v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutfaf6 k|m06 8]:s / 6]n/ ;xfos
1082
h:tf kbxdf / b]zsf ;a} If]qsf of]Uo

pDd]bjf/xn] cj;/ kfpg\ egL If]qut
?kdf n]vfkfn ;xfos ltLo >]0fLsf]
lj1fkg u/L kbk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg
ul/;s]sf] eGg] s'/f a}+ssf] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . To;/L a}+s :jo+n] g}
cfkm\gf] Joj;fosf] k|s[ltnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/
;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ oyf;Dej cg'z/0f ug]{
k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] / a}+ssf] k|lt:kwf{Tds
IfdtfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L s]xL kbsf nflu
ljz]if of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] ljifonfO{ ;dfj]zL
l;4fGt k|lts"n egL cy{ ubf{ To;n] a}+s
tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfsf
;fy} To:tf ;+:yff/f k|bfg ug'{kg]{ u'0f:t/Lo
Pj+ e/kbf]{ ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;DefjgfnfO{
sdhf]/ t'NofpF5 . lgj]bs :jo+n] cfwf/
agfPsf] a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g,
@)^# sf] bkmf (! cg';f/ klg cfkm\gf] sfd
sf/f]af/ ;'Jojl:yt ?kn] ;~rfng ug{ /
P]gsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ Ohfhtkq k|fKt
;+:yfn] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] g} b]lvG5 .
To;}u/L To:tf ;+:yfn] agfpg] ljlgoddf
cfkm\gf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, a9'jf, ;?jf,
avf{:tL nufotsf zt{x tf]Sg ;Sg]
;d]tsf] clwsf/ pQm bkmf (! sf] pkbkmf @_ sf] v08 -u_ n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L
ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] lgdf{0f a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf (!
f/f k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
ul/Psf] / ;f] ljlgodfjnLsf] ljlgod ^ sf]
pkljlgod -#s_ n] a}+ssf] ;]jfdf kbk"lt{
ubf{ a}+ssf] ;]jfnfO{ cfjZos ljifodf
jf~5gLo of]Uotf ;d]t tf]Sg ;Sg] u/L
ul/Psf] Joj:yf s'g} JolQm ljz]if, ju{ ljz]if
jf ;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ al~rt ug]{ p2]Zon]
ge} ;a}sf nflu ;dfg ?kdf nfu" x'g] u/L
ul/Psf] / To;n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] pNn+3g u/]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvPg . t;y{ ;+ljwfg tyf a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf ;DaGwL P]g, @)^# ;d]tsf] k|lts"n
gb]lvPsf] s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8 sd{rf/L

;]jf ljlgodfjnL, @)^@ sf] ljlgod ^ sf]
pkljlgod -#s_ sf] pQm Joj:yf cdfGo /
ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg bfjL;Fu ;xdt
x'g ;lsPg .
%=
hxfF;Dd s[lif ljsf;
a}+ssf] lj1fkg g+= !)^%)^^ / ;f]
cfwf/df eP u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLx ab/
x'g'kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{ 5,
;f] lj1fkg s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf cfwf/df
ePsf] x'Fbf j}w sfg"gnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ eP
u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lgj]bg bfjLs} e/df
cGoyf eGg ldNg] x'Fb}g . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{
cfwf/ agfpg] xf] eg] klg s[lif ljsf;
a}+sf/f k|sflzt ljjflbt lj1fkg cg';f/
lgj]bsxn] ;d]t b/vf:t lbPsf] /
tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo of]Uotf gk'u]sf] eGg]
cfwf/df lghxsf] b/vf:t cl:jsf/ ul/P
kl5 dfq ;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fawfgnfO{ ;d]t
;+ljwfg k|lts"nsf] ;+1f lbFb} lgj]bg bfo/
ul/Psf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . To;/L k|sflzt
lj1fkg / To;df tf]lsPsf] jf~5gLo
of]Uotf ;d]tsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L
b/vf:t k]z ug{ vf]Hg] JolQmn] cfkm"df
lgwf{l/t of]Uotf ePsf] b]vfpg ;Sg' k5{ .
cfkm"df of]Uotf gePs} sf/0fn] ubf{ b/vf:t
u|x0f ug{ cl:jsf/ ul/P kl5 dfq k|sflzt
lj1fkg / lj1fkg k|sfzg ug]{ cfwf/sf
?kdf /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg'n]
klg ;DalGwt sfg"g jf lg0f{osf] :jfy{k/s
JofVofsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L
lgj]bsn] ab/ ug{ dfu u/]sf] kbk"lt{
;DaGwL lj1fkg cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{
;DkGg e};s]sf] egL ljkIfL a}+stkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn] lhsL/
lng' ePsf] ;Gbe{df klg lj1fkg ab/
tkm{sf] lgj]bg bfjLsf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt
e};s]sf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ s[lif ljsf; a}+sf/f
j}w sfg"gnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ ul/Psf] lj1fkg
1083
g+= !)^%)^^ / ;f] cfwf/df eP u/]sf

sf/jfxLx ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg
bfjL;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf
b]lvPg .
^=
ctM dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0f
;d]tsf] cfwf/af6 s[lif ljsf; a}+s lnld6]8
ljlgod ^ sf] pkljlgod -#s_ sf] sfg"gL
wf/f !@-#_-r_ f/f k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{
:jtGqtf, wf/f !#-!_ f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf]
xs / wf/f @! f/f k|bQ ;fdflhs Gofosf]
xs k|lts"n gb]lvg'sf ;fy} lj1fkg
cg';f/sf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{ ;DkGg e};s]sf]
kl/k|]Iodf dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
cj:yf ePg . k|:t't lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s

uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g]
lj?4
ljkIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]
sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

Gof= an/fd s]=;L=
Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M pd]z sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!*^
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
dfggLo GofofwLz >L ;'zLnf sfsL{
l/6 g+=M )^%WS))!@
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.^.@@.%
ljifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .
1084
sfg"gn]
;sf/fTds
lje]bsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df
c+uLsf/ ub{5 eGg] :ki6 gx'Fb}
lgj]bsn] bfjL lnPs} e/df
k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf rf]6
k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
pkrf/afkt nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{
Joxf]g'{ kg]{ / To;sf cltl/Qm pkrf/
u/fpFbf hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg
lghn]
vfO{kfO{
cfPsf]
k"/}
kfl/>lds;lxt pkrf/df /xg kfpg'
kg]{ ljifonfO{ klg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
ljifoj:t' agfOg' kb{5 egL cbfntn]
af]Ng gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
wf/f !)&-!_ n] ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns
xspk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g
;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf]
b]lvPsf]
cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] sfg"gnfO{
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sfn]
;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] pQm
clwsf/cGtu{t sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf
k/LIf0f ul/G5, t/ ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] cj:yf ge} s'g} sfg"gdf
o:tf] k|fawfg /flvg' kg]{ jf o;/L
;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ jf /fHon] cjnDjg
ug]{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] k|lqmof /
k4lt o:tf] x'g'kg]{ egL cg'dfg /
sNkgfsf e/df cfb]z hf/L gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bs

cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
o'j/fh ;'j]bL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !#-!_, -@_, -#_, #)
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !%-@_
calwsf] kfl/>lds lbg' gkg]{ u/]sf]n] To:tf]

Joj:yf s7f]/ / cdfgjLo ;d]t /x]sf] 5 .
>d lgodfjnLsf plNnlvt Joj:yfx
!# sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
afSof+zdf plNnlvt dhb'/ nufotsf
sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf
ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;lsg] eGg] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL
Joj:yfsf ;fy} wf/f #) sf] pkwf/f -!_ df
plNnlvt plrt >d cEof;sf] xs ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n e} ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf
;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf]
xb;Ddsf]
lgodfjnLsf Joj:yfx ab/ u/L
k|lti7fgn] tf]s]sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{sf] cj:yfdf
rf]6 k6s nfuL pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{
lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd c:ktfn jf
3/ hxfF /x]/ pkrf/ u/fP klg lgh sfdbf/
/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lgod !% sf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhd kfpg] Ifltk"lt{sf cltl/Qm lghn]
vfO{kfO{ vfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{sf
;fy} o;/L pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s}
;dofalw nfu] klg lgh sfdbf/ tyf
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/}
kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf]
cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bg kq .
lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLxaf6
lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ k|fKt eP kl5 jf calw
gf3]kl5 ljz]if Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^%.*.$ df
ePsf] cfb]z .
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{
:ki6 cfwf/ / sf/0f lgj]bsn] v'nfpg ;Sg'
ePsf] 5}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& adf]lhd
lbOg] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] lgj]bgdf
;+ljwfg;efnfO{ ljkIfL agfpg cfjZos
cfb]z
Gof= cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ /
-@_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M
>d lgodfjnL, @)%) sf] lgod !%
sf] pklgod -@_ df k|lti7fgn] tf]s]sf] sfd
ubf{ ub}{ rf]6k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/Ln] tTsfn sfd ug{ g;Sg] e}
lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd c:ktfn jf
3/df a;L pkrf/ ug'{kg]{ ePdf lghnfO{
pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf]
cltl/Qm c:ktfndf a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf]
eP ;f] calwsf] k"/f kfl/>lds / 3/df a;L
pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] cfwf
kfl/>lds ;d]t Joj:yfksn] lbg'kg]{5 egL
pNn]v ePsf]df lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z
adf]lhd 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fpg' kbf{sf]
cj:yfdf ;d]t Joj:yfksn] lgh sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/LnfO{ cfwf kfl/>lds dfq
pknAw u/fP k'Ug] Joj:yf cfklQhgs
x'g'sf] ;fy} >lds, sfdbf/, sd{rf/Lsf]
lxtdf g/x]sf] :ki6 5 . To;}u/L pklgod
-@_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf plNnlvt
t/ Psjif{ eGbf a9L calwsf] nflu pkrf/
u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf To:tf] a9L calwsf]
lgldQ Joj:yfksn] s'g} kfl/>lds lbg'kg]{
5}g eGg] Joj:yfn] k|lti7fgdf sfd
ubf{ub}{sf] cj:yfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf]
sfdbf/ tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ Ps jif{ eGbf a9L
1085
gx'g] x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bgsf] s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g .

;/sf/L ;]jfsf sd{rf/L / s'g} k|lti7fgdf
sfd ug]{ >lds sd{rf/LnfO{ s] s'g
cfwf/df s] s:tf ;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ eGg]
ljifo ;/sf/sf] k|zf;lgs gLlt;Fu
;DalGwt ljifo xf] . o:tf gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{
/ ;f] gLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ lgodfjnLdf
sfg"gL Joj:yf ubf{ :ki6 ?kdf ljwflosfn]
k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] clwsf/ aflx/ uPsf] jf
;dfg cj:yfsf JolQmxaLr lje]b u/]sf]
5}g eg] To:tf] lgodfjnLnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg
ldNb}g . lgj]bsn] bL3{sflng pkrf/df
/x]sf, 3/df a;]/ pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf /
c:ktfndf a;]/ pkrf/ u/fO/x]sf JolQm
;a}nfO{ ;dfg ;'ljwf lbg'kg]{ ts{ ug'{ ePsf]
5, h'g cfkm}+df ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt k|lts"n
/x]sf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+ljwfg;ef ;lrjfnosf
tkm{af6 P]= sf ;x;lrj 6]sk|;fb 9'+ufgfn]
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
>d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf]
Joj:yfn] lrlsT;sn] sd{rf/L jf
sfdbf/nfO{ nfu]sf] rf]6 k6ssf] ufDeLo{tf
x]/L c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/ ug{
l;kmfl/z ug]{ x'gfn] l/6 lgj]bg bfjL lg/y{s
ePsfn] vf/]hefuL 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !##_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zn] klg dhb'/sf]
;+/If0f, ;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu
sfg"gf/f ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf]
dflgg] 5}g eGg] k|fawfgcg'k g} sfdbf/
jf sd{rf/LnfO{ rf]6k6s nfUbf pQm
kfl/>lds lbg] ;'ljwf sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] /
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) ;Fu lgod !% sf]
Joj:yf ;fGble{s gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g,
Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf dGqfnosf
tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj dfwj kf}8]nn] k|:t't
ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
P]gn] k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ k|of]u
u/L g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgod agfpg kfpg],
>d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_
sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / #) ;Fu

gaflemg'sf ;fy} >d ;DaGwL gLltut ljifo
o; dGqfnosf] sfo{If]q leqsf] gePsf] x'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] pBf]u dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf
;lrj tfgf uf}tdn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
>d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf]
pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#
sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_ / wf/f #) ;Fu
aflemPsf] eGg' ts{;+ut / tYok/s
b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfgdf ePsf plNnlvt
Joj:yfn] /fHon] cfkm\gf] ;|f]t, ;fwg
;d]tnfO{ x]/L qmdzM ljz]if Joj:yf ug{
;Sg] g} x'Fbf / To;tkm{ /fHosf] kxnsbdL
x'g] ;Ddsf] cj:yfnfO{ lgodfjnL;Fu
;fGble{s agfpg' dgfl;j b]lvFb}g .
sfdbf/nfO{ c:ktfndf a;L pkrf/ u/fpFbf
/ 3/df g} a;L pkrf/ u/fpFbfsf] cj:yf
:jo+df leGgfleGg} ePsf]n] e]befjk"0f{ ePsf]
eGg ldNg] gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] >d tyf oftfoft
Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 P]= sf ;lrj
o'j/fh kf08]n] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs
clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf
:ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f
c;DalGwt ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ k/]sf] lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t /xL agfPsf]
lgodnfO{ ljkIfLn] cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og .
sfg"gL zf;gsf] dfGotfsf] cwLgdf /xL
d'n'ssf] >d Joj:yfkg;Fu ;DalGwt
ljifodf s:tf] lgod agfpg] eGg] ljifo
;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;'ljwf cGtu{tsf]
ljifo xf] / ljwflosfaf6 k|Tofof]lht ePsf]
clwsf/ cGtu{t ag]sf] lgodsf] ljifonfO{
lnP/ csf/0f ljjfb p7fPsf] b]lvFbf l/6
lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
1086
;d]t
Joxf]/fsf]
k|wfgdGqL
tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf tkm{af6 P]= sf
;lrj 8f=s'n/Tg e't]{nn] k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L
cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] k|lti7fgs} sfd ubf{sf
l;nl;nfdf
3fOt]
ePsf
sfdbf/
sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpFbfsf] calwdWo]
Ps jif{eGbf a9L calwsf] kfl/>lds glbg]
u/L ePsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf]
pklgod -@_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds afSof+zsf]
Joj:yf cfklQhgs /x]sf] 5 . To:tf]
Joj:yf >lds nufotsf sdhf]/ ju{sf
nflu ;+ljwfgn] u/]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]b
;DaGwL Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n x'g'sf ;fy}
cGofok"0f{ ;d]t ePsfn] >d lgodfjnLsf]
pQm Joj:yf oyfjt\ sfod /fVg ldNg]
x'Fb}g, To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ dhb'/d}qL agfpg
cbfntaf6 pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ul/g' k5{
egL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf
ljfg ;xGoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn]
k|lti7fgsf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ 3fOt] ePsf
JolQmn] pkrf/ kfpg' k5{ eGg] dfGotff/f
clek|]l/t e} >d lgodfjnLdf Ifltk"lt{
:j?k pkrf/ vr{ e/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]
5 / lglZrt calw;Dd kfl/>lds ;lxtsf]
pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ;d]t lgodfjnLn] u/]sf]
5 . t/ nfdf] ;do;Dd klg pkrf/df /xg'
kg]{ e} k|lti7fgsf] ;]jfdf ;l/s x'g g;s]sf]
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf
kfl/>lds pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ egL dfu ug'{
hfoh x'g ;Sb}g . >d lgodfjnLn] sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] xslxtsf nflu ljleGg
Joj:yfx u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lgodfjnLsf]
;du| Joj:yfnfO{ x]l/g' k5{, sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] lxt dfq ;f]rL k|lti7fgsf] sfo{
;~rfngk|lt j]jf:tf ug ldNg] klg x'Fb}g,
lgj]bg bfjLsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] jf c;dfg /x]sf] cj:yf ;d]t
gx'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ug'{ ePsf]

ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'lgof] .
l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
cWoog u/L ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxn]
k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] ax; a'Fbf ;d]tnfO{
dWogh/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgaf6 >d
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf]
Joj:yf / ;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf
/x]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# / wf/f #)
;Fu aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg] k|Zgsf]
lg?k0f u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L x'g'kg]{ gkg]{ s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@=
k|ydtM >d lgodfjnLsf]
lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf] Joj:yf /
;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zsf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 jf 5}g < eGg]
;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{ lgj]bsn] d"ntM >d
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ sf]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -!_@_-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf plNnlvt
dhb'/ nufotsf sdhf]/ ju{sf] ;+/If0f,
;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"gf/f
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ ;lsg] eGg] ;sf/fTds
lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yfsf ;fy} wf/f #) sf]
pkwf/f -!_ df plNnlvt plrt >d
cEof;sf] xs ;d]tsf] k|lts"n e}
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift u/L
3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/ u/fpFbf
hlt;'s} ;dofalw nfu] klg lgh sfdbf/
tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] k"/}
kfl/>lds k|bfg ug'{ u/fpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg]
lrlsT;sn] sd{rf/L jf sfdbf/nfO{ nfu]sf]
rf]6 k6ssf] uflDeo{tf x]/L c:ktfn jf
3/df a;L pkrf/ ug{ l;kmfl/z ug]{ x'gfn]
;f]xL cfwf/df lglZrt x'g] ljifonfO{ cGoyf
cy{ u/L k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg lg/y{s /x]sf] /
ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] jf c;dfg /x]sf] egL lgj]bsn]
1087
k'li6 ug{ g;s]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5

egL lnlvt hjfkmaf6 lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvG5 . plNnlvt tYoaf6 lgj]bssf] d'Vo
dfu bfjL eg]sf] k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/
sd{rf/LnfO{ pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s}
;dofalw nfu] klg lghnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds k|bfg u/L ;]jfsf]
k|Tofe"lt lbOg' kg]{ eGg] g} /x]sf] b]lvof] .
o; ;Gbe{df ;j{k|yd lgj]bsn] ljjfb
p7fPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf / ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z
/ wf/f #) sf] Joj:yfnfO{ l;+xfjnf]sg ul/g'
;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .
#=
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# sf] wf/f !# df ;dfgtfsf] xs
cGtu{t pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
afSof+zdf t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckf+u jf
zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf]
dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L
wf/f #) >d ;DaGwL xs cGtu{t >d
cEof;sf] xssf ;fy} 6]8 o'lgog vf]Ng],
;Ful7t x'g] / ;fd"lxs ;f}bfjfhL ug]{ xs
k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs
egL bfjL lnPsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod
!% n] rf]6k6s nfu]df Ifltk"lt{ ;DaGwL
Joj:yf cGtu{t pklgod -!_ df k|lti7fgsf]
s'g} sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|lti7fgn]
tf]s]sf] sfd ubf{ ub}{ z/L/df rf]6k6s
nfu]df Joj:yfksn] To:tf] sfdbf/ jf
sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/f/f dfGotf k|fKt
lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z adf]lhd pkrf/
u/fpgsf] lgldQ nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Ifltk"lt{
afkt lbg'kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ub}{ P]=
pklgod -@_ df lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/z
adf]lhd c:ktfn jf 3/df a;L pkrf/
u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf pklgod -!_ adf]lhd

lbOg] Ifltk"lt{sf] cltl/Qm c:ktfndf a;L
pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP ;f] calwsf] k"/f
kfl/>lds / 3/df a;L pkrf/ u/fPsf] eP
;f] calwsf] cfwf kfl/>lds ;d]t lbg'kg]{
Joj:yf u/L ;f]xL pklgodsf] k|ltaGwfTds
afSof+z v08df t/ Ps jif{eGbf a9L
calwsf] nflu pkrf/ u/fpg' kg]{ ePdf
To:tf] a9L calwsf] lgldQ Joj:yfksn] s'g}
kfl/>lds lbg'kg]{ 5}g elgPsf] 5 .
plNnlvt Joj:yfxdWo] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
#) ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] >d cEof; / 6]8 o'lgog
clwsf/;Fu ;DalGwt ePsfn] lgj]bsn]
ljjfb p7fPsf] >d lgodfjnLsf] lgod !%
;Fu To;sf] s'g} tflTjs ;DaGw / ;/f]sf/
/x]sf] cj:yf g} gx'Fbf To;tkm{ yk ljj]rgf
ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] ;Gbe{ 5, ;f] wf/f
cGtu{tsf pkwf/f -!_ / -@_ n] sfg"gsf]
b[li6df ;dfgtf, sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0f /
sfg"gsf] k|of]udf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
u/]sf] / tL k|fawfgx;Fu lgj]bsn] >d
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] ;DaGw b]vfpg
;d]t g;s]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt
Joj:yfsf af/]df klg yk ljj]rgfsf]
cfjZostf b]lvFb}g .
$=
lgj]bsn] d'Vo ?kdf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f -#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf /x]sf] ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] cjwf/0ff;Fu >d lgodfjnLsf]
lgod !% c;+ut /x]sf] egL b]vfpg vf]h]sf]
kl/k|]Iodf x]bf{ pQm pkwf/f -#_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf t/ dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/
jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n]
lk5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, a[4 tyf ckf+u jf
dflgg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf u/L ;f/e"t
;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu ;sf/fTds
1088
lje]bsf] gLlt nfu" ug{ ;lsg] u/L Joj:yf

u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . t/ To;
lsl;dsf] ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ sfg"gL k|aGw
ul/g' kg]{ x'G5 . To:tf] sfg"gn] ;sf/fTds
lje]bsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s] s'g cfwf/df
c+lusf/ ub{5 eGg] :ki6 gx'Fb} lgj]bsn] bfjL
lnPs} e/df k|lti7fgsf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf
rf]6 k6s nfu]sf] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LnfO{
pkrf/ afkt nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Joxf]g'{ kg]{
/ To;sf cltl/Qm pkrf/ u/fpFbf hlt;'s}
;dofalw nfu] klg lghnfO{ lghn] vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] k"/} kfl/>lds ;lxt pkrf/df /xg
kfpg' kg]{ ljifonfO{ klg ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
ljifoj:t' agfOg' kb{5 egL cbfntn] af]Ng
ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;df klg lgj]bsn] >d
lgodfjnLsf] lgod !% sf] ;du| k|fawfgsf]
cWoog g} gu/L To;af6 s]xL c+z l6k]/
To;sf] unt cy{jf]w x'g] u/L k|:t't u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm lgod !% sf] ;du| cWoog
ubf{ 3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf] pkrf/
u/fpFbf nfu]sf] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ Ifltk"lt{ afkt
lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf lgh sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lsf]
lxtdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;sf ;fy} To:tf]
3fOt] sfdbf/ sd{rf/L tTsfn sfd ug{
g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;d]t Ps jif{;Dd
kfl/>lds ;lxtsf] pkrf/df /xg kfpg]
u/L u/]sf] Joj:yf cfkm}+df klg sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lsf] lxt / ;+/If0fk|lt kl/nlIft g}
b]lvG5 .
%=
lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#-!_-@--#_ sf] k|;Fu pNn]v ug'{ dfq kof{Kt
x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfgsf] k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf]
elgPsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf s] s'g cfwf/df
aflemPsf] xf] eGg] :ki6;Fu v'nfpg' kb{5 .
!)&-!_ n] ;+ljwfgk|bQ df}lns xs pk/
cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf cGo s'g}
sf/0fn] s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf dfq To:tf] sfg"gnfO{
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/
o; cbfntnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;
cbfntnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf] pQm

clwsf/ cGtu{t sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf
k/LIf0f ul/G5, t/ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf]
cj:yf ge} s'g} sfg"gdf o:tf] k|fawfg
/flvg' kg]{ jf o;/L ;'wf/ ul/g' kg]{ jf
/fHon] cjnDjg ug]{ ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
k|lqmof / k4lt o:tf] x'g'kg]{ egL cg'dfg /
sNkgfsf e/df cfb]z hf/L ul/Fb}g . k|:t't
lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] >d lgodfjnL, @)%)
sf] lgod !% sf] k|fawfg ;+ljwfg k|lts"n
/x]sf] egL bfjL lnP klg To;sf] j:t'lgi7
cfwf/ / sf/0f v'nfpg / ax;sf qmddf
;d]t cfkm\gf] lgj]bg bfjLsf] k'i6\ofO{+sf
a'Fbfx k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
^=
t;y{ >d lgodfjnL,
@)%) sf] lgod !% sf] pklgod -@_ /
;f]sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# / wf/f #) ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf]
gb]lvPaf6 lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
hf/L ug{ ldNg] cj:yf ePg . k|:t't lgj]bg
vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .
Gof=s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
Gof= ;'zLnf sfsL{
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f]h @@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf
1089
lg0f{o g+= *!*&
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7
dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb zfx
dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
l/6 g+= )^$ws)))!
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.!.!&.%
ljifoM k/dfb]z ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf= j8f g+= !!
yfkfynLl:yt dlxnf, sfg"g /
ljsf; d~rsf] tkm{af6 clVtof/
k|fKt u/L cfk\mgf] tkm{af6 ;d]t P]=
P]=a:g] ;kgf k|wfg dNn ;d]t
lj?4
sfof{no, l;Fxb/af/ ;d]t
;+ljwfgf/f
ljwflosfnfO{
k|fKt
ljwflosL clwsf/dWo] lgod agfpg]
s]xL ;Lldt clwsf/ ljwflosfn]
sfo{kflnsf
cyf{t\
;/sf/nfO{
k|Tofof]hg ug]{ ub{5 . k|Tofof]lht
ljwfog;DaGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs
ljlwzf:qn] dfGotf k|bfg u/]s} 5 . o;
ljifodf Pp6} dfq zt{ s] /xG5 eg]
k|Tofof]hg ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf] If]qflwsf/
gf3L To:tf] clwsf/ wf/0f ug]{n] lgod
agfpg ldNb}g . clVtof/ k|bfg ug]{
dft[ P]gsf] ;Ldfleq /x]/ lgod agfpg'
kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] k|of; gug]{ a?
/f]huf/Lsf] 9f]sf g} aGb ug]{ s'/fnfO{
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] ?kdf lng
g;lsg] .
j[lQ ljsf;sf yk cj;/x lbg] jf
d"n k|jfxdf Nofpg] eGbf ePsf
cj;/xdf klg s'g} g s'g} cfwf/df
a~rgf ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{ ;sf/fTds
lje]b ul/Psf] egL dfGg g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!%_
;DalGwt k]zfsf] k|s[ltn] clgjfo{ ?kdf
lgif]w u/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s /fHosf]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu ln
;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g} lje]b l;h{gf
ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfo{ ;dfgtfsf]

l;4fGt ;fk]If x'G5 eGg ;lsg] cfwf/
sd} x'G5 . k/Dk/fsf] lj/f;tsf] ?kdf
s'g} If]qdf To:tf sfg"g / k|rngx
hLljt /x]sf 5g\ eg] klg /fHon] qmdzM
;'wf/ ub}{ hfg' >]ois/ x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
ue{wf/0f u/]sL dlxnfnfO{ sl7g
zf/Ll/s >d cfjZos kg]{ ;}lgs
k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLddf ;xefuL x'g
lbFbf k|hgg :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg{
;Sg] e} To; cj:yfdf ;d]t /fHonfO{
;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg pNn+3g u/]sf]
cf/f]k nfUg;Sg] b]lvFbf pQm b'j}
ljifonfO{ plrt tj/n] ;dfof]hg u/L
ljjflbt sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf]
cfjZostf kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=@@_
dfgj clwsf/ / n}ls Gofosf] kIfdf
;+a]bgzLn 7flgg] s]xL d'n'sxsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj++ cEof; ;d]tsf]
t'ngfTds cWoog, b]zsf] ;fdflhs /
;fF:s[lts cj:yf ;d]tsf] ;du|
cWoog, dlxnfxsf] /f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf
;d]tsf] ;du| ljifoxdf cWoog
cg';Gwfg u/L ;}lgs k|x/L;DaGwL
ljjflbt lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos
;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=#*_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
/]jtL/fh lqkf7L
cjnlDjt ghL/M
g]sfk @)$(, k[i7 &!)
g]sfk @)%@, c ^, k[i7 $^*
g]sfk @)%#, c @, lg=g+=^!$), k[i7
!)%
g]sfk @)^@, c !, k[i7 !)
g]sfk @)^@ c *, k[i7 (!#
1090
;Da4 sfg"gM
wf/f !@-#_ -r_, !#, !*, !(, @)-!_, @!,
#%-!_ / #%-*_
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & / !#
;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%*
sf] lgod $, $-#_-h_
;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^, !^$-@_
/ !^%
cfb]z
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg,@)^# sf] wf/f #@ / wf/f !)&-!_-@_
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z
o;k|sf/ 5M
dlxnf, sfg"g / ljsf; d~r,
dlxnf ju{sf] xslxt, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f,
dlxnfsf] pTyfg / ljsf; Pj+ ;dfg sfg"gL
xs clwsf/ :yflkt u/fpg], tL xs
clwsf/sf] /Iff ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf]
;+:yf ePsf]n] o; ;+:yf ;d]tsf] tkm{af6
g]kfnL
dlxnfxsf]
xslxt
/Iff,
dlxnfxsf] dfgj clwsf/ Pj+ df}lns xs
k|rngsf] nflu ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|j]z
ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f #@!)& f/f ;+j}wflgs xs k|fKt g}
5.
;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod $ df ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . pklgod
! df zfxL g]kfnL h+uL cf cGTfu{tsf]
s]Gb|Lo ;}lgs k|x/L u'Ndsf] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
b/aGbLdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ k'?if ;}lgs k|x/L tkm{
cGo o'lg6af6 ;?jf u/L / ;}lgs k|x/L
l;kfxL kbdf dlxnfnfO{ egf{ ubf{ v'Nnf
k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xL pklgod -@_ df
;?jf u/L kbk"lt{ ul/g] k'?if k|x/Lsf]

of]Uotf s] x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5
eg] pklgod -#_ df pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df
kbk"lt{ ug{ v08 -s_ g]kfnL gful/s ePsf],
-v_ P;=Pn=;L= jf ;f] ;/x pQL0f{ ePsf],
-u_ 36Ldf % lkm6 @ O~r prfO{ ePsf], -3_
b/vf:t lbg] clGtd lbg;Dd !* jif{ pd]/
k'/f u/L @@ jif{ ggf3]sf], -_ d]l8sn
hfFraf6 of]Uo 7xl/Psf], -r_ ;lqmo
/fhgLltdf gnfu]sf], -5_ c+u|]hL n]vk9
ug{;Sg] / v08 -h_ cljjflxt jf Psn
dlxnf ePsf] / pklgod -$_ df dlxnf
;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn] ;}lgs
k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{
kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 .
pk/f]Qm Joj:yf h'g kl/l:ylt /
kl/j]zdf cfPsf] lyof] xfn} ePsf] /fhgLlts
tyf ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL kl/jt{g kZrft\
pk/f]Qm dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL Joj:yf
;Lldt / ;+sL0f{ 5 . o;sf] cnfjf ;}lgs
P]g, @)^# n] ;+ljwfg k|bQ ;dfgtf,
:jtGqtf / ;dfg /f]huf/Lsf] d"No /
dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ ;a} ju{, tx /
lnsf JolQmnfO{ ;}lgs ;]jfdf v'Nnf u/]sf]
l:ylt 5 . pQm P]gsf] bkmf & / !# sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]l/Pdf klg of] s'/f k|i6
x'G5 . pk/f]Qm lgod $ sf] pklgod #-h_
df /x]sf] cljjflxt jf Psn eGg]
zAbfjnL tyf lgod $ sf] pklgod -$_ df
/x]sf] dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg]
JolQmn] cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{
kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@, !@-#_-r_, !#, @)-!_, @! f/f k|bQ
;dfgtf, :jtGqtf nufot ;fdflhs
Gofosf] xs;Fu aflemPsf] x'gfn] ab/efuL
5.
dfly plNnlvt k|fjwfgxn] dlxnf
dlxnf aLr klg dlxnf ljjflxt, cljjflxt
cyjf Psn l:yltsf] s] 5 Tof] x]/L e]befj
l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L dlxnfnfO{ ln /
1091
j}jflxs l:yltsf] cfwf/df e]befj u/L

ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ ;}lgs k|x/L k|j]zdf g}
aGb]h nufPsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] /f]huf/Laf6
al~rt x''g' k/]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dlxnfx
emg w]/} k/lge{/ x'g' k/L /x]sf] l:ylt 5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# n] ;a}
gful/sxnfO{ ;dfg clwsf/k|fKt x'g] egL
;dfgtfsf] xssf] k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 / ;f]
wf/f cGtu{tsf ;Dk"0f{ pkwf/fxn]
;dfgtfsf] clwsf/nfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 .
;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] sfg"gL /fhsf]
d]?b08 xf] . ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/n] ln, j0f{,
hft, hlftsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befjnfO{
:jLsf/ ub}{g . pQm Joj:yf ln / j}jflxs
l:yltsf] cfwf/df dlxnf lj?4 eb]efjk"0f{
5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* df k|To]s
gful/snfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 /
dlxnfnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 egL
;+ljwfgsf] df}lns xs leq g} /f]huf/Lsf]
xsnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 . wf/f !( df k|To]s
gful/snfO{ ;Dklt cfh{g ug]{ xs x'g]5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
@)-!_ n] dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 e]befj
gul/g] Pj+ wf/f @! n] dlxnfnfO{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df
/fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5
eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #%
-!_ df /fHon] ;a} If]qsf hgtfsf] /f]huf/L
h:tf cfwf/e"t s'/fxsf] ljsf; u/L
hg;fwf/0fsf] hLjg:t/ a[l4 ug]{ gLlt
cjnDjg ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf ug'{sf] ;fy}
wf/f #%-*_ df dlxnf ju{sf] /f]huf/Lsf]
ljz]if Joj:yf u/L /fli6o ljsf;df
clwsflws ;xefuL agfpg] gLlt /fHon]
cjnDjg ug]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
Toltdfq xf]Og pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfaf6 dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqsf] wf/f !^-!_ / -@_
f/f k|bQ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljjfx ug{ kfpg]
xs, wf/f !& k|bQ ;Dklt cfh{g ug]{
clwsf/, wf/f @!-@_ k|bQ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
;dfg kx'Frsf] clwsf/, wf/f @# k|bQ

/f]huf/L rog ug{ kfpg] dfgj clwsf/
;d]tsf] pNn+3g ePsf] 5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts
clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^
sf] wf/f ^-!_ n] sfd ug{ kfpg] clwsf/nfO{
dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . wf/f & n] ;dfg sfdsf
nflu ;dfg kfl/>ldssf], wf/f !)-!_,@#-@_,
-#_,-$_ f/f k|bQ :jtGqtfk"j{s ljjfx ug]{
/ j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod /fVg] clwsf/
lbPsf] 5 . ljjflbt sfg"gn] To:tf
cfwf/e"t clwsf/xsf] ;d]t pNn+3g
u/]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw, !(&(CEDAW_ sf] wf/f ! n] cfly{s lje]bnfO{
e]befjsf] kl/efiff leq ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .
dlxnf lj?4 e]befj eGgfn] dlxnfn]
cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Lsf] ljifo;Fu ;DalGWft
dfgj clwsf/ tyf :jtGqtfnfO{ cfkm\gf]
j}jflxs l:ylt h] h:tf] /x]sf] eP tfklg
k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df
pkef]u ug{df jf k|of]u ug{df Jojwfg kfg]{
jf To;sf] dfGotfnfO{ Iflt / z"GoLs/0f
kfg]{ p2]Zo ePsf] lnsf] cfwf/df x'g] s'g}
klg e]befj jf alxisf/ jf k|ltaGw ;Demg'
k5{ elgPsf] 5 . ;f]xL wf/f !! df dlxnfsf]
JolQmTjsf] ;jf{L0f ljsf;sf] nflu
/f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf /x]sf e]befjnfO{ pGd"ng
ug{ /fHon] sbd rfnL dlxnfnfO{ k'?if ;/x
;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df xs ;'lglZrt u/fpg'
kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . wf/f !$ df
u|fdL0f dlxnfxsf] cfly{s pGgltsf] nflu
/f]huf/Ldf ;dfg kx'Fr x'g'kg]{ cflb Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ cg'df]bg u/]sf] !^ jif{
eGbf a9L e};Sbf klg xfn;Dd lgodfjnLdf
o:tf e]befjk"0f{ Joj:yf /lx/xg' la8Dagf
g} xf] .
dlxnf lj? e]befj pGd"ng
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z g+= % df /fHo kIfn]
cfly{s tyf /f]huf/Lsf] If]qdf dlxnfxsf]
1092
;lqmo ;xeflutfsf] ljsf;sf] nflu cem

a9L cNksfnLg ljz]if Joj:yfx h:t}
;sf/fTds sfo{, u|fXotfk"0f{ cfwf/ cyjf
cf/If0f k|0ffnL ckgfpg pTk|]l/t ub{5 eGg]
l;kmfl/z cg'df]bg ug{ /fHo kIfnfO{ lbPsf]
5 . dlxnf lj?4 e]befj pGd"ng ;ldltn]
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befjx pGd"ng
ug]{ dxf;lGwsf] nflu g]kfnn] bf];|f] / t];|f]
k|ltj]bg k]z u/L k|:t't ;d]t eO;s]sf] 5 .
;ldltn] ;/sf/nfO{ tTsfn} tflnsf agfP/
lje]bk"0f{ sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] eP tfklg xfn;Dd o:tf sfg"gx
oyfjt\} /lx/x]sf] x'gfn] Gofokflnsfaf6 g}
o:tf lje]bx pGd"ng u/L ;dtfd"ns
;dfh :yfkgfsf] nflu e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{kg]{
ePsf] 5 .
wf/f !%^ df ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] cg'df]bg,
;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g sfg"gf/f
lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg] eO{
;+ljwfgsf] pQm k|fjwfgadf]lhd g]kfn ;lGw
P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (-!_ df g]kfnn]
cg'df]bg u/]sf] ;lGwsf] s'/f k|rlnt
sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf ;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
aflemPsf] xb;Dd k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo
x'g]5 / ;lGwsf k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] /fli6o
sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]5 eGg] :ki6 Joj:yf
;d]t u/]sf] 5 .
a]Olh sfo{of]hgf ;DaGwL ;Dd]ng
!((% df dlxnfsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf /
n}ls e]befjaf6 d'Qm x'g] clwsf/ k|lt
g]kfnn] k|lta4tf bzf{O ;s]sf] 5 .
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] /Lgf ah|frfo{
;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;sf/ ;d]t ePsf]
pTk|]if0f d'2fdf /f]huf/Ldf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr
e]befj ug{ gx'g] e]befj u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f
ul/Pdf ;+ljwfg ljk/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] ;Dk"0f{ e]befj pGd"ng ug]{
dxf;lGw -CEDAW_ sf] klg lj?4 x'g]
ePsf]n] ab/ 3f]lift u/]sf] l;4fGtnfO{ o;
d'2fdf klg nufO{ kfpFm .
ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

@)^#, ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / n}ls ;dfgtf
;DAfGwL P]g, @)^# cfO;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
pk/f]Qm lgodfjnLsf] lgod $ sf] pklgod
#-h_ df /x]sf] dlxnfx ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf
k|j]zsf] nflu cljjflxt / Psn x'g'kg]{ eGg]
zAbfjnL / ;f]xL lgodfjnLsf] pklgod -$_
df /x]sf] dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg]
JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/
ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] zAbfjnL
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L ab/ ul/kfpFm .
;fy} Psn dlxnfxsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if
Joj:yf u/L pgLxnfO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ldf
;xh k|j]z u/fpg] ;DaGwdf 5'} ljz]if
Joj:yf ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm .
pk/f]Qm sfg"gL Joj:yf cfd g]kfnL
dlxnfxnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ / of]Uo dlxnf
pDd]bjf/ ;d]t ;}lgs ;]jfaf6 al~rt
x'g'kg]{ n}ls ;+j]bgzLn ljifo ePsf] x'Fbf
k|fyldstf lbO{ cu|flwsf/df /fvL ;'g'jfO
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg
kq .
ljkIfLxaf6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ePsf] cfb]z .
;}lgs P]g, @)^# hf/L eO;s]sf]n]
;f] P]g;Ddt gx'g] k|fjwfgx :jtM cdfGo
x'g] e} pQm P]g cg'k x'g] u/L cfjZos
lgodfjnLx aGg] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /Iff
dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# /
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/fli6{o dxf;lGw
cg'k /fli6o sfg"gsf Joj:yfxnfO{
n}ls d}qL, dlxnf ;d]tnfO{ cfTd;Ddfg
cg'e"t u/fpg] / ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/e"t dd{
/ efjgf cg's"n agfpg' kg]{ lgj]bssf]
efjgf;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
1093
lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgs egL bfjL ug'{ ePsf]

Joj:yf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* ;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] / pQm
lgodfjnL ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^ sf]
k|of]hgsf] nflu ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^% n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L ;/sf/f/f
agfOPsf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf
;+;bsf] s'g} lhDd]jf/L / ;fy{s ;/f]sf/ g}
:yflkt x'g ;Sg] b]lvFb}g . To;sf cltl/Qm
k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efn] ;}lgs P]g, @)!^
vf/]h u/L ;}lgs P]g, @)^# kfl/t
ul/;s]]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df gofF P]gsf] dd{
/ efjgf cg'k lgodfjnL ;d]t gofF
alg;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 . ;DalGWft lgsfosf]
lnlvt hjfkmaf6 o; ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt
cbfntnfO{ oyfy{ tYosf] hfgsf/L x'g] g}
5 . t;y{ Joj:yflksf ;+:fbsf] s'g} e"ldsf,
lhDd]jf/L / ;/f]sf/ gePsf] ljifoj:t'sf
;DaGwdf cgfjZos ?kdf k|ToyL{ agfOPsf]
x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf
;+;b ;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod $ sf] pklgod -#_ sf]
v08 -h_ / pklgod -$_ df ul/Psf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
f/f k|bQ df}lns xs;Fu hf]8]/ x]g{ ldNg]
xf]Og . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnfsf] xsdf
ul/Psf] ljz]if Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]
Joj:yfn] dlxnf / k'?ifaLr n}ls lje]bnfO{
Olt u/]sf] geO{ dlxnfxdWo]af6 ;}lgs
k|x/Ldf lgo'lQmsf nflu of]Uotf lgwf{/0f
u/]sf] ;Dd xf] . ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf
!@ sf] pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhd g]kfnL ;]gfsf
ljleGg kbdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g] ePsf] / P]
P]gsf] bkmf !$$-#_ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df ;}lgs
P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf !^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/L ag]sf] lgodfjnLn] tt\;DaGwL
of]Uotf tf]lslbPsf] dfq xf] . ;}lgs k|x/Ldf
lgo'lQm ug{sf] nflu sfg"gadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]

of]Uotfaf6 dlxnfsf] df}lns xs xgg\ x'g]
geO{ ;}lgs ;]jf h:tf] ljz]if of]Uotf, Ifdtf
/ ljlzi7tf cfjZos kg]{ ;]jfsf] kbdf
lgo'lQmsf nflu pko'Qmtf / Jojxfl/stf
;d]tnfO{ Wofg lbO{ lglZrt cfwf/ Pj+
cj:yf dfq lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . o;/L
sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf] of]UotfnfO{ df}lns xs
lj?4 ePsf] egL dfGg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@-#_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
lgodfjnLsf] lgod $ sf] pklgod
-$_ sf] Joj:yf ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/
tfnLdsf] cjlwe/sf] nflu dfq xf] . ;}lgs
;]jfsf] sfo{ k|s[ltnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ug'{kg]{
ljz]if k|sf/sf] cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwdf s'g}
klg ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] Ifdtf / bIftfdf
zf/Ll/s, kf/Ljfl/s tyf ;fdflhs sf/0faf6
s'g} ;d:of pTkGg x'g glbO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ln]
s'zntfk"j{s lgoldt 9af6 ;f] cjlwe/df
g} tfnLd ;DkGg ug{ ;s"g\ eGg]
clek|foaf6 ;f] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . To:tf]
tfnLd cjlwkZrft\ s'g} klg ;}lgs k|x/L
ljjfx ug{ :jtGq g} /xg] ePsf]n] ;f]
Joj:yfnfO{ df}lns xs tyf cGo cGt/f{li6o
;lGw ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] Joj:yf;Fu hf]8]/
x]g{ ldNg] xf]Og . o;y{ lgj]bg bfjL
sfg"g;Ddt b]lvFb}g . lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g Gofo tyf
;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 kg{
cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf] ;}lgs
k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;fljs
;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGtu{t ag]sf] xf] . ;f]
P]gnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] k|lt:yfkg
ul/;s]sf] / ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &-!_
df g]kfnL ;}lgs ;Fu7g ;dfj]zL :j?ksf]
x'g] k|fjwfgsf] cltl/Qm ln jf j}jflxs
cj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uotf
l;h{gf gug]{ eGg] ;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !# df
n]lvPsf Joj:yfxaf6 k|i6 x'G5 . o;/L
P]gsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
1094
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf Joj:yfx

sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}gg\ .
wf/f !^$-@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg nfu" x'Fbfsf
avt sfod /x]sf sfg"gx ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemg uPdf ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg
dlxgfkl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo
x'G5 . n}ls ;d:ofxnfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{
k|:tfjgf, ln ;d]tsf cfwf/df s'g} e]befj
gug]{ wf/f !# sf] k|fjwfg / dlxnf ePs}
sf/0faf6 s'g} klg lsl;dsf] e]befj gul/g]
wf/f @) sf] k|Tofe"ltsf] kl/k|]Iodf ln jf
j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ s'g}
klg k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gx wf/f !^$-@_
adf]lhd :jtM lgliqmo x'g] ePsfn] wf/f
#@.!)&-!_ cGtu{t cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul//xg' kb}{g . ;fljs g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] ;Gbe{df >L ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 o; ;DaGwdf -g]sfk @)^#,
lg=g+=&^$^_ JofVof klg e};s]sf] 5 . l/6
lgj]bgdf af}l4s 5nkmnsf] ljifoafx]s c?
s]xL 5}g, n]lvPsf] Joxf]/f ;+j}wflgs
ljjfbsf] s;Ldf dxj /fVg] gb]lvFbf vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dlxnf,
afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfnosf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] p2]Zo
sfof{Gjog ug{ pQm P]gn] g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
lgod agfpg ;Sg] clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]adf]lhd
g]kfn
;/sf/af6
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgod agfpg tyf
;+zf]wg ug{;Sg] g} x'G5 . P]gn] lbPsf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L agfPsf] lgodnfO{
cGoyf eGg ldNg] xf]Og . sfg"gL zf;gsf]
dfGotfsf] cwLgdf /xL d'n'ssf] ;}lgs
k|zf;g;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf ;+ljwfg;Ddt
x'g] u/L s:tf] lgod agfpg] eGg] ljifo
;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;'ljwf cGtu{tsf]
ljz]ifflwsf/ cGtu{tsf] ljifo xf] . ;}lgs
P]g, @)^# cg'ksf] lgodfjnL Nofpg]tkm{
cfjZos u[xsfo{ cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 .
;}lgs tyf k|x/L an zflGt ;'/Iff

sfod /fVg] ;/sf/sf] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn
sfo{;Fu ;DalGWft 5 . k|rlnt sfg"gL
Joj:yf tyf dfGo cEof; adf]lhd g]kfnL
;]gfdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf dfkm{t\ ;]jf k|j]z
ug]{n] z'?d} cfwf/e"t ;}Go tfnLd -Basic
Training_ / kl/is[t tfnLd -Advance
Training_ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . h;df zf/Ll/s
?kdf s8f kl/>d kg]{ bf}8\g], pkm|g],
xfdkmfNg] OToflb Pj+ ljleGg lsl;dsf
v]ns'b v]Ng'kg]{ x'G5 . To:t} Advance
tfnLddf h'8f], s/fFt], p;' nufot cGo s'/f
;d]t l;Sg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljjfx kZrft\ dfgj
z/L/df zf/Ll/s cj:ydf tflTjs kl/jt{g
cfpg ;Sg] / vf; u/L hLj a}1flgs
sf/0fn] dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf ljz]if
kl/jt{g cfpg ;Sg] k|fs[lts lgod g} xf] .
To;}n] ljjfxsf] sf/0f tfnLdsf] cjlwdf
k|lzIffyL{sf] z/L/df cfpFg] jf cfpg ;Sg]
k|fs[lts kl/jt{gaf6 :jo+ dlxnfsf] hLp
Hofgdf vt/f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n]
dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo nufotsf dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f vflt/ g} ;sf/fTds
lje]b -Positive Discrimination_ :j?k pQm
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . hLj j}1flgs ?kdf
/x]sf] lje]bnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;dfg ug{
g;lsg] x'gfn] To:tf] lje]bnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf
lbO{ ;sf/fTds lje]b lbg' /fHosf] 3f]lift
gLlt g} xf] . ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] ?kdf
ul/Psf] Joj:yfnfO{ e]befjk"0f{ dfGg gldNg]
ePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
;lGwsf] x}l;ot s] s:tf] x'g] eGg]
;DaGwdf g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (
df Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t/ ;lGwsf] ljifonfO{
g} k|ToIf?kdf clwsf/ :j?k JolQmn] k|of]u
-Invoke_ ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] cGt/f{li6o
;lGwsf] ;Gbe{ lbO{ u/]sf] lgj]bg lhsL/
sfg"g;Ddt 5}g . ctMl/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnosf]
tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
1095
s'g} klg ;]jfdf dfgl;s Pj+

zf/Ll/s ?kdf ;Ifd / ;an pDd]bjf/sf]
dfu ug{sf nflu ;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/sf]
of]Uotf sfod u/L s'g} P]g lgoddf lgwf{/0f
ul/Psf] s'/fnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] lxt k|lts"n
x'g] u/L JofVof ul/g' plrt xf]Og . s'g} klg
ljjflxt dlxnfn] ue{wf/0f ug{ kfpg' lghsf]
df}lns xs ePsf]n] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf egf{
x'g] dlxnfn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLd
cjlwe/ ue{wf/0f ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]s
nufpg gldNg] ePsf] x'Fbf ;}lgs k|x/L
;DaGwL ;]jfdf v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f egf{
ul/g] dlxnf ljjflxt ePdf ue{wf/0f u/]sf]
x'g ;Sg] jf ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf]
cjlwe/ s'g} klg ;dodf ue{wf/0f x'g
;Sg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf ue{wf/0f u/]sf]
cj:yfdf k';ck, l;6ck, bf}8, h'8f], df;{n
cf6{, Weapon Handling Tactics h:tf] s8f
zf/Ll/s kl/>d x'g] ljljw k|sf/sf zf/Ll/s
cEof;x ug{ c;Ifd /xg] tyf ;f]
cj:yfdf s8f kl/>d x'g] vfnsf zf/Ll/s
cEof; u/], u/fPdf ue{df /x]sf] aRrfsf]
e|"0f gi6 x'g ;Sg] jf aRrf t'lxg ;Sg] / ;f]
sf/0fn] ubf{ dlxnfnfO{ g} c;/ kg]{ ePsf]n]
;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf lgol'Qm x'g] dlxnf
cljjflxt x'gkg]{ / ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/
tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfO{g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] . pQm Joj:yfn] dlxnf dfly
e]befjk"0f{ / c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]sf] geO{
;]jfsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ :jo+ dlxnfsf] xs,
lxtsf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] xf] .
;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf tfnLdsf]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf], tfnLd cjlwe/
tfnLd :yndf g} a:g' kg]{ ePsf]n] ;}lgs
k|x/L ;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'g] dlxnf ljjflxt eO{
aRrf ;d]t ePdf cfdf / aRRff 5'f5'}
/x]sf] cj:yfdf b'j}nfO{ zf/Ll/s Pj+
dfgl;s c;/ ;d]t kg]{ / ;f] cj:yfdf
r':t :km"t{ ?kdf tfnLd ug{, u/fpg
g;lsg] x'Fbf ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf egf{ x'g
cfpFbfsf] cj:yfdf / cfwf/ tfnLd cjlwe/
dfq} ljjfx ug{ gkfOg] Joj:yf sfod

ul/Psf] xf] .
ctM ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ -#_ -h_ /
;f]xL pklgod -$_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf ln
e]b u/L agfOPsf] Joj:yf geO{ ;]jfdf
k|j]z ubf{ tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf / kl/l:ylthGo
cj:yfnfO{ d"Nofg u/L th'{df ul/Psf] /
pQm lgodn] ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{
dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ aGb]h gnufOPsf] x'Fbf
cfwf/xLg lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] h+uL cf, eb|sfnL:yfg,
sf7df8f}F+sf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf tkm{af6 :jo+
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf dL/f
9'+ufgfn] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod $-#_-h_ / -$_ sf] k|fjwfg
n}ls cfwf/df e]befjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . Tolt
dfq xf]Og ;f] sfg"Gfn] ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{
x'g Psn jf cljjflxt dlxnf x'g'kg]{
of]Uotf tf]sL dlxnf dlxnfxsf] aLrdf
;d]t lje]b u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!@-!_ n] k|To]s JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg
kfpg] a}olQms :jtGqtfsf] xs lbPsf] 5
eg] ;f]xL pkwf/f -#_ -r_ n] k]zf /f]huf/
ug]{ :jtGqtfsf] Uof/]G6L u/]sf] 5 .
;Ddfgk"j{s afFRgsf] nflu k]zf jf /f]huf/L
ug{ kfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . ljjflxt dlxnf ePs}
sf/0f ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] /f]huf/L ug{ gkfpg]
u/L ePsf] ;f] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!#-!_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt 5 . cfwf/e"t tfnLd
cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfn]
bfDkTo hLjgsf] xs / k|hgg clwsf/ xgg\
u/]sf] 5 . ljjfx ub}{df ue{wf/0f ug{' kb{5
eGg] 5}g . cGo j}slNks pkfof/f ue{
lg/f]w ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf ljkIfLsf] lnlvt
hjfkm lg/fwf/ 5 . ln / j}jflxs cfwf/df
dlxnfdfly e]befj ug{ gx'g] s'/fnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-!_ n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 .
1096
;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] klg ;]gfdf egf{ x'g

n}ls lje]b gul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf gful/s / /fhg}lts
clwsf/ ;DAfGwL dxf;lGw, !(^^, cfly{s,
;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
dxf;lGWf, !(^^ / dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a}
k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw,
!(&( ;d]tsf cGt/f{li6o dfgjLo
sfg"gxn] dlxnf dfly e]befj ug{ gkfpg]
Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . o; ;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt
cbfntaf6 ljleGg l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . ctM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
;}lgs P]g, g]kfnn] cg'df]bg u/]sf ljleGg
cGt/f{li6o
b:tfj]hx
/
;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnLdf /x]sf] pQm k|fjwfg c;+j}wflgs
x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ adf]lhd cdfGo
/ ab/ 3f]lift ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L /]jtL/fh
lqkf7Ln] ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf
u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g . ;dfg cj:yf /
x}l;otdf /x]sfx aLr e]befj ug{ x'Fb}g
eGg] g} ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGTf xf] . s'g} klg
p2]Zo xfl;n ug{sf] nflu sfg"gf/f plrt
juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotfnfO{
Odfgl;+x
u'?
lgj]bs
ePsf]
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2f b]lvg} cjnDjg ub}{
cfOPsf] 5 . ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t
tfnLd s7f]/ k|s[ltsf] x'G5 . To;df s8f
zf/Ll/s >d / cg'zf;g cfjZos x'G5 .
;f] tfnLd k"/f ug{ g;sL sltko k'?if
pDd]bjf/x ;d]t aLr}df tfnLd 5f8]/
efUg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . ue{wf/0f u/]sf]
dlxnfnfO{ To:tf] tfnLddf ;xefuL u/fpg'
lgh / pgsf] ue{df /x]sf] lzz'nfO{ ;d]t
xflgsf/s x'g ;Sb5 . o;} sf/0f dlxnfs}
:jf:Yo / lxtsf] vflt/ o:tf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] . pQm sfg"gn] ;w}e/ ljjfx ug{
/f]s nufPsf] 5}g . cfwf/e"t tfnLd

;s]kl5 To:tf] dlxnf ljjfx ug{ / aRRff
hGdfpg :jtGq g} x'lG5g\ . ;}lgs tfnLd
cjlwe/ dfq ljjfxdf /f]s nufPsf] ;f]
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
kIf ljkIfsf] tkm{af6 k|:t't ePsf]
plNnlvt ax; lhsL/ dgg\ u/L, l/6
lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkm ;lxtsf] kmfon
cWoog u/L x]bf{ d'VotM b]xfosf k|Zgxdf
s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof]M
!_ ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# / ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# cg's"n /x]sf] 5, 5}g <
@_ g]kfn kIf ePsf jf g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/]sf dfgj clwsf/ / n}ls Gofo
;DaGwL ljleGg cGt/fli6{o ;lGw,
dxf;lGw, k|lt1fkq / 3f]if0ffkq ;d]tsf]
Joj:yf;Fu ljjflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfgn]
tfbfDotf /fVg ;s]sf] 5, 5}g <
# n}ls Gofo ;Da4{gdf xfn;Dd o;
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGtxsf]
kl/k|]Iodf ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ s;/L x]g{ ;lsG5 . /
$_ lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L
ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og <
@=
;j{k|yd klxnf] k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}F, lgj]bsxn] ;}lgs
k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod
$ sf] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ / ;f]xL
pklgod -$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# / g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
ljk/Lt ePsf]n] cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ dlxnf /
lghsf] ue{df /x]sf] aRrf ;d]tsf] :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf dlxnfs} lxt
vflt/ o;k|sf/sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{ k/]sf]
1097
xf] . pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;Ddt

/x]sf] 5 eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lgj]bg / lnlvt hjfkmdf lnOPsf] pQm
k/:k/ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ bfjL lhsL/sf] ;Gbe{df
k|ydtM pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] cWoog ug'{
jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvof] . ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $ df ;}lgs
k|x/Lsf] kbk"lt{ zLif{s cGTfu{t cGo s'/fsf]
cltl/Qm b]xfosf] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvof]M
lgod $M ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] kbk"lt{M
-!_ zfxL g]kfnL h+uL cf cGTfu{tsf]
s]Gb|Lo ;}lgs k|x/L u'Ndsf] ;}lgs
k|x/Lsf] b/aGbLdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ k'?if
;}lgs k|x/Ltkm{ cGo o'lg6af6 ;?jf
u/L / ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] l;kfxL kbdf
dlxnfnfO{ egf{ ubf{ v'Nnf k|lt:kwf{sf]
cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] v'Nnf
k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ul/g]
JolQmsf]
of]Uotf
b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g'kg]{5M
-h_ cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf
ePsf] .
-$_ dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'QmL kfpg]
JolQmn] ;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf]
cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
#=
;}lgs k|x/Ldf kbk"lt{ ug]{
;DaGWfdf lgod $ df ul/Psf] ;du|
Joj:yfxdWo] lgj]bsn] pklgod -#_ sf]
v08 -h_ df plNnlvt cljjflxt jf Psn
dlxnf ePsf] eGg] / pklgod -$_ sf]
dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm kfpg] JolQmn]
;}lgs k|x/L cfwf/ tfnLdsf] cjlwe/ ljjfx
ug{ kfpg] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf c;+j}wflgs
/x]sf] eGg] bfjL k|:t't u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] c;+j}wflgstfsf] bfjL lnPsf
lgodfjnLsf] pQm Joj:yfxdWo] klg lgod
$ sf] pklgod -#_ sf] v08 -h_ sf] k|fjwfg
;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu cfjZos

kg]{ of]Uotfsf] zt{;Fu ;DalGWft b]lvG5 . ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf]
nflu v08 -s_ b]lv -5_ ;Dd pNn]v ePsf]
cGo ljifosf cltl/Qm To:tf] pDd]bjf/
cljjflxt jf Psn dlxnf x'g'kg]{ eGg] zt{
;d]t tf]s]sf] b]lvG5 . lgodfjnLdf axfn
/x]sf] ;f] Joj:yfn] klt hLljt /x]sL
ljjflxt dlxnfnfO{ ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{
x'gsf] nflu k"0f{?kn] /f]s jf aGb]h nufPsf]
b]lvof] . cyf{t\ ljjfx ePsL / klt hLljt
/x]sL dlxnf, ;}lgs k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf]
nflu cof]Uo x'g] eGg] g} pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] ;/n / af]wuDo cy{ lgM;[t
eO/x]sf] kfOof] .
$=
To;} u/L lgod $ sf]
pklgod -$_ df /x]sf]] Joj:yf ;}lgs
k|x/Ldf egf{ x'gsf] nflu tf]lsPsf] zt{
aGb]h jf of]Uotf;Fu ;DalGwt b]lvFb}g .
pQm k|fjwfg ;}lgs k|x/Ldf lgo'lQm
kfO;s]sf t/ cfwf/e"t tfnLd lnO{ g;s]sf
JolQmxnfO{ nlIft u/L NofOPsf] b]lvG5 .
;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
cfwf/e"t tfnLd ;~rfng x'g] cjlwe/sf]
nflu dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/LnfO{ ljjfx ug{af6
/f]s nufPsf] kfOG5 .
%=
o;k|sf/ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu klt hLljt /x]sL
ljjflxt dlxnf cof]Uo x'g] / ;]jf k|j]z
kZrft\ cfwf/e"t tfnLd ;DkGg geP
;Ddsf] cjlwsf] nflu dlxnf ;}lgs k|x/Ln]
ljjfx ug{ gkfpg] eGg] g} pQm sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] :ki6 cfzo /x]sf] b]lvof] .
^=
;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z
ug{sf] nflu k'?if / dlxnf aLr lnsf]
cfwf/df Pj+ dlxnfx aLr ;d]t ljjflxt,
cljjflxt / Psn dlxnf ;d]tsf cfwf/df
e]befj l;h{gf u/]sf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yf
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & / !# Pj+
!@-#_ -r_, !#, !*, !(, @)-!_, @!, #%-!_ /
1098
#%-*_ ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg

bfjL /x]sf] b]lvof] .
&=
;}lgs
k|x/L
;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ ;}lgs
P]g, @)!^ sf] bkmf (^ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu
;f]xL P]gsf] bkmf !^% n] lbPsf] clwsf/
k|of]u u/L TfTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/n] pQm
lgodfjnL agfPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs P]g,
@)!^ nfO{ vf/]h ub}{ ldlt @)^#.^.!@ df
;}lgs P]g, @)^# hf/L e};s]sf] b]lvG5 .
pQm P]gsf] k|:tfjgf x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfsf]
:yfkgf, Joj:yf, lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng
;DaGwdf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdf
;dofg's"n ;+zf]wg tyf PsLs/0f ug{
af~5gLo ePsf] sf/0faf6 pQm P]g Nofpg'
k/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ;f] P]gsf] bkmf
&-!_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+7g ;dfj]zL /
/fli6o :j?ksf] x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf]af6 g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;j} au{,
;d'bfo, If]q / lnsf gful/sxsf]
k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;dfj]zL rl/qdf
?kfGt/0f ug{ vf]lhPsf] k|i6?kdf b]lvG5 .
P]gsf] bkmf !@ -$_ df g]kfnL ;]gfsf
ljleGg kbdf lgo'Qm x'gsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ of]Uotf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] b]lvP klg bkmf !# df u}/
g]kfnL gful/s, g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L
cleof]udf s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf], eljiodf
;/sf/L ;]jfsf] lgldQ cof]Uo 7xl/g] u/L
avf{:t ePsf], dfgj clwsf/ xgg\df
s;"/bf/ 7xl/Psf] / bkmf !@-$_ adf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] of]Uotf gePsf] JolQm g]kfnL
;]gfdf lgo'Qm x'g cof]Uo dflgg] eGg] ;d]t
pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . P]gsf] bkmf !@ tyf
!# cGtu{t ljjfx ePsL jf klt hLljt
/x]sL dlxnfnfO{ ;]gfdf egf{ x'gsf] nflu
cof]Uotfsf] zt{ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] b]lvFb}g .
;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ g]kfnL ;]gfdf k|j]z
ug{sf] nflu dlxnf / k'?if aLr lnsf]
cfwf/df Pj+ j}jflxs l:yltsf] cfwf/df
dlxnf dlxnf aLr e]befjhGo k|fjwfg

/flvPsf] b]lvFb}g .
*=
;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu"
ePsf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df pQm P]gsf] dd{ /
efjgf cg'k lgodfjnL ;d]t gofF
alg;s]sf] x'g'kb{5 eGg] Joj:yflksf ;+;b
;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L k|ToyL{ g]kfn
;/sf/ dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh
sNof0f dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{,
;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%*
;fljs ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ cGt{ut ag]sf]df
;f] P]gnfO{ ;}lgs P]g, @)^# n] k|lt:yfkg
ul/;s]]sf], ;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &-!_
df g]kfnL ;}lgs ;Fu7g ;dfj]zL :j?ksf]
x'g] eGg] / bkmf !# df ln jf j}jflxs
cj:yfn] g]kfnL ;]gfdf lgo'lQm x'g cof]Uotf
l;h{gf gug]{ eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df
P]gsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* df ePsf Joj:yfx
sfof{Gjog x'g ;Sb}gg\ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;sf cltl/St ln /
j}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ s'g}
klg k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"g g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !^$-@_ adf]lhd
;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] ldltn] tLg dlxgf
kl5 aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]
ePsf]n] ljjflbt sfg"gL k|fjwfg cdfGo /
ab/ 3f]lift ul//xg' gkg]{ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/,
k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGbkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf]
tkm{af6 k|fKt lnlvt hjfkmdf ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# cg'ksf] lgodfjnL Nofpg]tkm{
cfjZos u[x sfo{ cl3 al9;s]sf] 5 eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvPaf6 :jo+ k|ToyL{ g]kfn
;/sf/ ;d]t o; ljifodf ;sf/fTds /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvPsf] 5 .
(=
;fdfGotofM
k|rlnt
;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /x]/ sfg"g agfpg] k"0f{
clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf lglxt /x]sf]
x'G5 . s:tf] ljifosf] sfg"g agfpg] jf
1099
gagfpg] / sfg"g agfpFbf To;sf] cGt/j:t'

s] s:tf] /fVg] eGg] ljifo ljwflosfsf] ljlw
lgdf{0f ;DaGwL Psnf}6L If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{
ljifo xf] . cfw'lgs nf]s sNof0fsf/L /fHon]
k|jfx ug]{ ;]jf ;'ljwf / ;~rfng ug'{kg]{
Jofks ultljlwxsf] sf/0fn] ubf{
ljwflosfn] ;d]t ;j} ljifoj:t'x ;dflxt
u/L sfg"gsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;Dej /
Jofjxfl/s x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgf/f ljwflosfnfO{
k|fKt ljwflosL clwsf/dWo] lgod agfpg]
s]xL ;Lldt clwsf/ ljwflosfn] sfo{kflnsf
cyf{t\ ;/sf/nfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug]{ ub{5 .
k|Tofof]lht
ljwfog
;DaGwL
of]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;+j}wflgs ljlwzf:qn] dfGotf
k|bfg u/]s} 5 . o; ljifodf Pp6} dfq zt{
s] /xG5 eg] k|Tofof]hg ug]{ P]gn] lbPsf]
If]qflwsf/ gf3L To:tf] clwsf/ wf/0f ug]{n]
lgod agfpg ldNb}g . clVtof/ k|bfg ug]{
dft[ P]gsf] ;Ldf leq /x]/ lgod agfOPsf]
x'g' kb{5 . k|:t't lgj]bgdf ljjfbdf
NofOPsf] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* ;fljs ;}lgs P]g, @)!^ sf]
clVtof/L cGtu{t agfOPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
5 . xfn pQm P]g vf/]h eO{ ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# nfu" eO;s]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 .
;fljs P]gsf] k|fjwfg ljk/Lt pQm lgod
/x]sf] eGg] bfjL 5}g . ljjflbt sfg"gL
k|fjwfg ;}lgs P]g, @)^# / jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
/x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] 5 .
lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt sfg"gL
k|fjwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bgdf bfjL
tkm{ ljrf/ u/f}+ . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@ df
cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm b]xfosf] Joj:yf /x]sf]
b]lvG5 M
wf/f !@ :jtGqtfsf] xs M
-#_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ b]xfosf] :jtGqtf
x'g]5M
-r_ s'g} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u /

Jofkf/ ug]{ :jtGqtf
!)= ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf]
v08 -r_ k|bQ s'g} klg k]zf, /f]huf/,
pBf]u / Jofkf/ ug{] :jtGqtf JolQmsf] k]zf
/f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] cfwf/e"t xssf] ljifodf
/fHon] cgfjZos x:tIf]k jf lgoGq0f ug'{
x'Fb}g eGg] ;fdfGo dfu{bz{g ;Dd xf] . pQm
;j}+wflgs Joj:yf ;fj{hlgs lxt ljk/Lt
gx'g] s'g} klg k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u / Jofkf/
ug{ kfpg] jf /f]Hg kfpg] gful/ssf]
:jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt xf] . To;sf] cy{
h:tf];'s} k]zf, /f]huf/, pBf]u jf Jofkf/
ug{ 5'6 x'G5, To;pk/ /fHon] s'g} lgoGq0f
jf lgodg ug{ kfpFb}g eGg] xf]Og .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+zsf] v08 -%_ adf]lhd hgtfsf]
;fj{hlgs :jf:Yo jf g}ltstfsf] k|lts"n x'g]
sfo{df /f]s nufpg] jf s'g} vf; pBf]u,
Jofkf/ jf ;]jf /fHon] dfq ;~rfng ug]{ jf
s'g} pBf]u, Jofkf/, k]zf jf /f]huf/L ug{sf]
nflu s'g} zt{ jf of]Uotf tf]Sg] u/L sfg"g
agfpg ldNg] g} b]lvG5 . o; k[i7e"lddf
;}lgs k|x/Lsf] ;]jfdf lgo'Qm e} k]zf jf
/f]huf/ ug{sf] nflu sfg"gf/f zt{ jf
of]Uotf
tf]lsPsf]
sfdsf/jfxLnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !@-#_ sf] v08 -r_ k|bQ
df}lns xs dfly cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf]
dfGg ;lsGg . t/ To:tf] zt{ aGb]h pQm
k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+n] lgwf{l/t u/]sf]
;LdfeGbf aflx/ uP/ nufOPsf] cj:yf 5
eg] Tof] ljrf/0fLo x'g ;S5 . ;+ljwfgsf
cGo wf/fxdf Jojl:yt ;dfgtf nufotsf
xs;Fu d]n gvfg] u/L ;]jf k|j]zsf] zt{
tf]lsPsf]
v08df
To:tf]
zt{nfO{
;+ljwfg;Ddt dfGg ldNb}g .
!!=
lgj]bsxn] lgodfjnLsf]
;f] Joj:yf ;dfgtfsf] xs ljk/Lt /x]sf] 5
eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf]
1100
To;;DaGwL bfjLsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;f]

;+j}wflgs Joj:yftkm{ b[li6ut u/f}M
wf/f !# ;dfgtfsf] xs M
-!_ ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg
x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg
!@=
lgj]bsn] pQm lgodfjnLsf]
lgod $-#_-h_ / -$_ sf] Joj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-!_ sf] k|lts"n eGg]
lhsL/ lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . l;4fGttM
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !# k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs
lg/k]If xf]Og . j:t'tM o;nfO{ ;fk]If ?kdf
u|x0f ul/g' kb{5 . ;dfg cj:yfdf /x]sfx
aLr e]befj ug{ gx'g] eGg] d"n dfGotfsf]
hudf ;dfgtf ;DaGwL l;4fGt cl8Psf]
5 . ;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ jf:tljs ;dfgtfdf
?kfGt/0f ug{sf] nflu sfg"gf/f juL{s/0f
ug{;Sg] s'/fnfO{ klg ;+j}wflgs sfg"gn]
dfGotf lbPs} kfOG5 . juL{s/0f ubf{ Wofg
k'ofpg' kg{] s'/f s] dfq x'g ;Sb5 eg]
To:tf] juL{s/0f ug{] sfg"g :jR5, lgikIf,
plrt, ts{;Ddt / ;dGofodf cfwfl/t x'g'
kb{5 . juL{s/0fdf :j}R5frfl/tfsf] uGw
cfpg' x'Fb}g, cfpF5 eg] To:tf] sfg"gnfO{
dfGotf lbg ;lsb}g . To;} u/L juL{s/0f
ug{] sfg"gaf6 xfl;n ug{ vf]lhPsf]
p2]Zo;Fu juL{s/0fsf] ;fy{s / ljj]sk/s
;DaGw b]lvg' kb{5 . olb To:tf] ;DaGw
b]lvFb}g eg] sfg"gf/f ul/Psf] juL{s/0fnfO{
;+j}wflgstfsf] dfGotf lbg ;lsGg . of]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ o; cbfntn] lgj]bs
Odfgl;+x u'? lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
;lrjfno
ePsf]
aGbLk|ToIfLs/0f d'2fdf -g]sfk @)$(, k[i7
&!)_ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg u/L xfn;Dd lg/Gt/
?kdf dfGotf lbb}+ cfO/x]sf] 5 .
!#=
k|:t't
lgj]bgdf
c;+j}wflgstfsf] bfjL lnOPsf] ;}lgs k|x/L
;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] lgod $-#_
sf] v08 -h_ df ;}lgs k|x/Ldf k|j]z ug{

rfxg] dlxnf cljjflxt jf Psn x'g'kg]{ eGg]
k|fjwfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:t} k|sf/sf]
of]Uotf k'?if pDd]bjf/sf] xsdf tf]lsPsf]
b]lvFb}g . ;}lgs k|x/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{
rfxg] k'?if JolQm ljjflxt eP klg x'g] t/
dlxnfsf] nflu cljjflxt jf Psn x'g'kg]{
zt{ tf]Sg'sf k5fl8 cGt/\lglxt /x]sf]
lgodfjnLsf] p2]Zo / cfwf/ sf/0f s] xf]
eGg] g} k|:t't d'2fsf] ljjflbt ljifo
b]lvG5 . s] p2]Zoaf6 lgodfjnLdf
To;k|sf/sf] k|fjwfg /fVg' k/]sf] /x]5 eGg]
k|Zgsf] xn vf]Hg] qmddf k|ToyL{ k|wfg dGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm
x]bf{, ljjfx kZrft\ hLj a}1flgs sf/0fn]
dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s cj:yfdf ljz]if kl/jt{g
cfpg ;Sg] x'Fbf s8f kl/>d kg]{ cfwf/e"t
;}Go tfnLdsf] cjlwdf k|lzIffyL{sf] z/L/df
cfpFg] k|fs[lts kl/jt{gaf6 :jo+ dlxnfsf]
hLp Hofgdf vt/f pTkGg x'g ;Sg] ePsf]n]
dlxnfsf] :jf:Yo nufotsf dfgj
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f vflt/ g} ;sf/fTds
lje]b -Positive Discrimination_ :j?k pQm
k|fjwfg /flvPsf] xf] . hLj j}1flgs ?kdf
/x]sf] lje]bnfO{ sfg"gL ?kdf ;dfg ug{
;lsb}g . ;]jfsf] k|s[lt cg';f/sf] of]Uotf
sfod u/L s'g} P]g lgoddf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
s'/fnfO{ pDd]bjf/sf] lxt k|lts"n x'g] u/L
JofVof ul/g' plrt xf]Og eGg] ;d]t lhsL/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bs clwjQmfn] lnlvt
hjfkmdf lnOPsf] pQm lhsL/nfO{ v08g ub}{
ljjfx ub}{df ue{wf/0f u/LxfNg' kb{5 eGg]
s]xL 5}g, ue{ lg/f]wsf ljljw pkfox
cjnDjg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;d]t ax;
lhsL/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
!$= lnlvt hjfkm / lgj]bs
clwjQmfsf] lhsL/ Goflos eGbf klg :jf:Yo
lj1fg;Fu hf]l8Psf k|fljlws k|s[ltsf] ljifo
b]lvbf To:tf ljifox ts{ ljt{ssf cwf/df
dfq lg?k0f ug'{ ljj]sk/s x'g ;Qm}g .
To;}n] cg'dfg / ts{sf e/df pQm
1101
lhsL/x;Fu ;xdt jf c;xdt e} xfNg'

kg]{ cj:yf / cfwf/ s]xL b]lvb}}g . tL
egfOx cfcfkm\gf] 7fpFdf 7Ls jf unt
klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;f] ljifodf uxg cWoog
cg';Gwfg u/L tT;DaGwL ljifosf ljz]if1sf]
/foaf6 oyfy{ kQf nfUg ;Qm5 . Goflos
k'g/fjnf]sgsf] /f]xaf6 o; Ohnf;n] x]g{
;Sg] eg]sf] pQm Joj:yfxn] ;+ljwfg k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xsnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{ ;s]sf
5g, 5}gg\ eGg] ;Dd xf] .
!%=
lnlvt
hjfkmdf
tL
Joj:yfx :jo+ dlxnf / ltgsf] ue{df /xg
;Sg] e|"0fsf] lxt /Iffy{ ug'{ k/]sf] eGg]
lhsL/ lnOPsf] 5 . ;f] lhsL/sf] ;dy{gdf
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#-#_ sf] k|ltjGwfTds
afSofz+df /x]sf] ;sf/fTds lje]bsf]
k|fjwfgnfO{ cfwf/ b]vfOPsf] klg 5 . ;f]
k|ltjGwfTds jfSofz+df dlxnf, blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/
jf cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf ;fF:s[lts b[li6n]
kL5l8Psf] ju{ jf afns, j[4 tyf ckf jf
;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu
dflgg] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L x]bf{ dlxnf nufot ljleGg ju{,
;d'bfo jf lnsf dflg;xsf] ;+/If0f,
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf; ug'{ g} ;f]
k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+sf] d"n clek|fo
b]lvPsf] 5 . k'?ifn] k|lt:kwf{ jf k|j]z ug{
kfpg] s'g} klg k]zf jf /f]huf/L ug{sf] nflu
dlxnfsf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s nufotsf
cj:yfn] Jojwfg jf sl7gfO{ cfpg ;Sg]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf pgLxnfO{ klg To;
cg'k ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf; ug]{ s'/f
;sf/fTds lje]b cGtu{t kg{ ;Qm5 .
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] k|of; gug]{ a?
/f]huf/Lsf] 9f]sf g} aGb ug]{ s'/fnfO{
;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsb}g .
To;} u/L k|ltjGwfTds afSofz+df plNnlvt
dlxnf ;d]tsf JolQmxsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu
/fHon] pgLxsf] a[lQ ljsf;sf nflu

cfjZos kg]{ kof{Kt cj;/x l;h{gf u/L
d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg' kb{5 . j[lQ
ljsf;sf yk cj;/x lbg] jf d"n k|jfxdf
Nofpg] eGbf ePsf cj;/xdf klg s'g} g
s'g} cfwf/df a~rgf ul/G5 eg] To;nfO{
;sf/fTds lje]b ul/Psf] egL dfGg
;lsb}g .
!^=
To;sf/0f ;DalGwt k]zfsf]
k|s[ltn] clgjfo{ ?kdf lgif]w u/]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s /fHosf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
k|j]z ug{sf] nflu ln ;d]tsf] cfwf/df s'g}
lje]b l;h{gf ul/Psf] 5 eg] To:tf] sfo{
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ;fk]If x'G5 eGg ;lsg]
cfwf/ sd} x'G5 . k/Dk/fsf] lj/f;tsf] ?kdf
s'g} If]qdf To:tf sfg"g / k|rngx hLljt
/x]sf 5g eg] klg /fHon] qmdzM ;'wf/ ub}{
hfg' >]o:s/ x'G5 .
!&=
lgodfjnLsf] ;f] k|fjwfgn]
;+ljwfg k|bQ k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ df}lns
xsdf cg'lrt k|ltjGw nufPsf] eGg] klg
lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgdf k]zf /f]huf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf
b]xfosf] Joj:yf ;d]l6Psf] kfOG5M
wf/f !*M /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
;DaGwL xsM
-!_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 .
@_ dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckf tyf czQm
/ c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf
Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd
;fdflhs
;'/Iffsf] xs x'g]5 .
!*= df}lns xssf] k|fjwfgsf]
bfo/fnfO{ ;fljssf] ;+ljwfgsf] eGbf
km/flsnf] kfb}{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] /f]huf/L
tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] ljifonfO{ dff}lns
xssf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgsf] efu tLg, df}lns
xs zLif{s cGtu{t ;dflxt u/]sf] cj:yf 5
. oBlk of] xsnfO{ lg/k]If df}lns xssf]
1102
rl/q k|bfg gu/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !*-!_ /

-@_ n] sfg"gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd k|of]u
x'g] u/L sfg"gL xssf] ?kdf ;Lldt /
;+s'lrt t'NofPsf] b]lvG5 . o;k|sf/ k]zf,
/f]huf/ jf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{
df}lns xssf] ?kdf bfjL ug{ ldNg] cj:yf
b]lvFb}g . o;nfO{ /fHon] sfg"g agfO{ lgodg
ug{;Sg] b]lvG5 . To;f] eGg'sf] cy{
;+ljwfgn] c+uLsf/ u/]sf] of] d"No /
dfGotfk|lt /fHo ;+oGq pbf;Lg jf lgliqmo
/xg' kb{5 eGg] rfFxL xf]Og . cfkm\gf
gful/sxsf] nflu clwstd /f]huf/Lsf]
xs l;h{gf u/L pgLxsf] ;dflhs ;'/Iffsf]
k|Tofe"lt ug'{ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg cg'ksf]
bfloTj x'Fbf To;tkm{ /fHo ;+oGq
;lqmotfk"j{s nflukg'{ cfjZos x'G5 .
!(=
To;} u/L ;}lgs k|x/L
;DaGwL lgodfjnLsf] ;f] Joj:yfn]
gful/ssf] ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{ xsdf c;/
kg{ uPsf] sf/0faf6 ;d]t pQm k|fjwfg ab/
3f]lift x'g' kb{5 eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf]
5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !( sf] pkwf/f -!_ df
k|To]s gful/snfO{ k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf
/xL ;Dklt cfh{g ug]{, ef]u ug]{, a]rlavg
ug]{ / ;Dkltsf] cGo sf/f]af/ ug]{ xs x'g]5"
eGg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k]zf
/f]huf/sf] cefjdf ;DklQ cfh{g ug{ sl7g
x'g] s'/f lglZrt 5 . t/ To;f] eGb}df
;DklQ cfh{g ug{sf] nflu cd's k]zf jf
/f]huf/ g} ug{ kfpg' kb{5 egL df}lns
xssf] ?kdf bfjL ug{ ;lsb}g . ;DalGwt
/fi6sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs nufotsf
w/ftnLo oyfy{sf] cfwf/af6 o:tf ljifox
;'lglZrt x'g] ub{5g\ .
@)= o;sf
cltl/Qm
lgodfjnLsf] ljjflbt k|fjwfgn] ;+ljwfg
k|bQ, dlxnfsf] xs / ;fdflhs Gofosf]
xssf] pNn+3g u/]sf] eGg] klg lgj]bgdf
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ;DaGwdf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg b]xfoadf]lhd
/x]sf] b]lvG5M
wf/f @)= dlxnfsf] xsM

-!_ dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g} klg
lsl;dsf] e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ k|To]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg\ :jf:Yo tyf
k|hgg\ ;DaGwL xs x'g]5 .
wf/f @!=;fdflhs Gofosf] xsM cfly{s,
;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf
dlxnf,, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
dw];L ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La,
ls;fg / dhb'/nfO{ ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGTfsf] cfwf/df /fHosf]
;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs x'g]5 .
@!=
plNnlvt b'a} k|fjwfgx
g]kfnn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# dfkm{t\
cjnDjg u/]sf] xf] . pQm xsxnfO{ df}lns
xss} sf]l6df /flvPaf6 /fHon] dlxnfsf]
xs / ;fdflhs Gofok|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4tf
hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . /fHosf] d"n sfg"gdf
o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g' g]kfnn] ljleGg
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw, ;Demf}tfsf] kIf eO{ dfgj
clwsf/ / n}ls Gofosf kIfdf cGt/f{li6o
d~rxdf
b]vfPsf]
k|ltj4tfk|ltsf]
;sf/fTds efj k|b{zg xf] eGg ;lsG5 .
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @)-!_ n] dlxnf ePs}
sf/0faf6 pgLx dfly s'g} klg k|sf/sf]
e]befj gul/g] ;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 .
j:t'tM of] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg PSn}n] dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] e]befjsf] ;du| ;'/Iff sjr k|bfg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkq, cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw /
dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj
pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGwsf] dd{ /
efjgfnfO{ ;d]t cfTd;ft u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
dlxnfnfO{ s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf k|j]z
ug{ lnsf] cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ s'/f pQm
;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg'k x'g ;Sb}g .
1103
@@=
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @) sf]
pkwf/f -@_ n] x/]s dlxnfnfO{ k|hgg
:jf:Yo tyf k|hggsf] xs k|bfg ul//x]sf]
5 . o; cGt{ut /fHon] bf]xf]/f] e"ldsf v]Ng'
kg]{ b]lvG5 . klxnf] dlxnfsf] k|hgg xsnfO{
s'l07t kfg{ gx'g] / bf];|f] k|hgg :jf:YonfO{
k|j4{g ug'{kg]{ . k|fs[lts ?kaf6} k|hgg
;DaGwL xs dlxnf;Fu cGof]Gofl>t eP/
/x]sf] clwsf/ xf] . s'g ;dodf, s;/L
o;sf] pkof]u ug]{ jf gug]{ eGg] ljifodf
;DalGwt dlxnfnfO{ g} k"0f{ clwsf/ /x]sf]
x'G5 . of] dlxnfsf] :j}R5fdf e/ kg]{ ljifo
xf] . /fHon] o;df s'g} afwf cj/f]w jf
s'07f k'/\ofpg ;Sb}g . s;/L o;sf] k|of]u
ug]{ jf gug]{ egL /fHon] nufd nufpg'
k|hgg xssf] lj?4 x'g] b]lvG5 . To;sf/0f
lgj]bsn] eg] h:tf] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t
tfnLd cjlwe/ ue{wf/0f gug{ klg ;lsG5
eGg] ljifo /fHof/f lgodg ug]{ xf] eg] yk
clwsf/ pNn+3gsf] k|Zg p7g ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
ue{wf/0f u/]sL dlxnfnfO{ sl7g zf/Ll/s
>d cfjZos kg]{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t
tfnLddf ;xefuL x'g lbbf k|hgg :jf:Yodf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{ ;Sg] e} To; cj:yfdf
;d]t /fHonfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg pNn+3g
u/]sf] cf/f]k nfUg ;Sg] b]lvbf pQm b'j}
ljifonfO{ plrt tj/n] ;dfof]hg u/L
ljjflbt sfg"gdf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/sf]
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
@#=
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @! sf]
k|fjwfgn] cfly{s ;fdflhs / z}lIfs
b[li6sf]0faf6 kl5 k/]sf dlxnf nufotsf
;d"xnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z u/fpg' kg]{
eg]sf] 5 . o;af6 dlxnf nufotsf ju{ /
;d'bfosf dflg;x cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ eGg]
cg'e"t /fHo :jo+nfO{ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
cj;/af6 al~rt ePsf ;f] ;d"xsf
dflg;xnfO{ d"n k|jfxdf /x]sf cGo
;d"x;/x g} /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts
;xeflutf u/fpgsf] nflu e]befjhGo

Jojxf/n] d2t k'/\ofpg ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgdf
n]Vb}df e]befj cGTo x'g] jf ;a}n] ;dfg
cj;/ kfpg] klg xf]Og . o;sf] nflu
sfof{Gjog kIfdf klg Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . o; lbzfdf /fHosf ultljlw
;~rfng x'g g;Sg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfgdf
/flvPsf gful/s xs clwsf/ ;hfj6sf
ljifo dfq x'g hfg] ;+efjgf k|jn /xG5 .
@$= lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+,
lgj]bsxn] ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod $ df /x]sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ g]kfn kIf ePsf ljleGg
cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;Demf}tf / 3f]if0ffx
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL
lnPsf] cj:yf 5 . o; ljifosf] lg?k0f
ug{sf] nflu n}ls ;dfgtf ;DaGwdf
Aoj:yf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL s]xL
cGt/fli6{o ;lGw ;Demf}tfxsf] ;DalGwt
Aoj:yfx b[li6ut u/f}+M
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkq,
!($*
wf/f !^-!_M pd]/ k'u]sf k'?if tyf dlxnfnfO{
hflt, /fli6otf jf wd{sf] sf/0fn]
nufOg] s'g} klg ;Ldf lagf ljjfx
u/L kl/jf/ a;fpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
pgLxnfO{ ljjfx ubf{sf avt,
a}jflxs ;DaGw /xFbfsf avt /
ljjfx ljR5]bsf avt ;dfg
clwsf/x k|fKt x'g]5g\ .
wf/f @!-@_M k|To]s AolQmnfO{ cfk\mgf] b]zsf]
;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Fr kfpg]
clwsf/ 5 .
wf/f @#-!_M k|To]s AolQmnfO{ sfdsf],
/f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq 5gf}6sf], sfdsf
pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfxsf] /
a]/f]huf/L lj?4sf] ;+/If0fsf] clwsf/
5.
1104
@%= !) l8;]Dj/, !($* df

;+o'Qm /fi6;+3sf] dxf;eff/f kfl/t k|:tfj
g+=@!& s-#_ af6 u|x0f / 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkqn]
cGt/f{li6o dfgjLo sfg"gdf afWofTds
k|s[ltsf] x}l;ot g/fVg] ePklg ;+o'Qm
/fi6;+3sf] ;b:o /fi6sf] x}l;otn] o;k|lt
pRr g}lts ;dy{g / k|ltj4tf hgfpg'
g]kfnsf] st{Ao xf] . o; 3f]if0ff kqsf]
k|:tfjgfn] dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf clwsf/x
;dfg x'g] eGb} wf/f ! n] ;a} AolQmx
hGdhft :jtGq / clwsf/df ;dfg x'g]
eg]sf] 5 . o;sf] wf/f @ n] ln ;d]tsf
cfwf/df e]befj ug{ gx'g], wf/f & n]
sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg / sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;+/If0fsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 eg] wf/f !^-!_
n] a}jflxs :jtGqtfsf] k|Tofe"lt ub}{
a}jflxs ;DaGwsf cfwf/df e]befj ug{
gldNg] s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . To;}
u/L wf/f @!-@_ n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf ;dfg
kx'Fr / wf/f @#-!_ n] /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq
5gf}6, sfdsf] pko'Qm / cg's"n cj:yfsf
;fy} a]/f]huf/L lj?4sf] xs ;d]t x'g'kg]{
eGg] ;d]tsf k|fjwfg ;d]6]sf] 5 . dfgj
clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff kqk|lt k|ltj4tf JoQm
ug{ cfof]lht leogf ;Dd]ng nufot
ljleGg cGt/f{li6o kmf]/ddf cleJoQm
cGt/f{li6o efjgfsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug'{
g]kfnsf] bfloTj g} x'g cfpb5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;fF:s[lts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, (ICESCR)
!(^^
wf/f ^ -!_M k|:t't k|lt1fkqsf kIf /fi6xn]
sfd ug]{ clwsf/ :jLsf/ ub{5g,
h;df k|To]s AolQmsf] cfkm"n]
:jtGqtfk"j{s 5fg]sf] jf :jLsf/
u/]sf] sfdaf6 cfkm\gf] hLjg wfGg
;Sg] df}sfsf] clwsf/ ;d]t
;dfj]z x'g]5, ;fy} o; clwsf/nfO{
;'/Iff ug{ ;d'lrt sbd rfNg]5g\ .
@^=
g]kfnn] s'g} 3f]if0ff jf
cf/If0f lagf !$ d], !((! df ;lDdng
u/]sf] of] k|lt1fkqn] k'?if / dlxnfnfO{
;dfg clwsf/sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g' kg]{,
sfd / /f]huf/ 5gf}6sf] clwsf/, ;dfg
sfdsf] nlfu ;dfg kfl/>lds tyf dlxnf
ePs} sf/0f k'?ifsf] eGbf lgDgsf]6Lsf] sfd
ug'{ gkg]{ nufotsf k|fjwfgx ;d]6]sf]
b]lvG5 .
dlxnf lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
ug]{ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw, (CEDAW) !(&(
wf/f !M dlxnf lj?4sf] e]befj eGgfn] k'?if
/ dlxnfxsf] h:tf];'s} a}jflxs
l:ylt eP tfklg /fhg}lts, cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts, gful/s / cGo
s'g} klg If]qdf k'?if / dlxnf aLr
;dfgtfsf cfwf/df dlxnfxf/f
dfgj
clwsf/
tyf
df}lns
:jtGqtfsf] dfGotf, pkef]u jf k|of]u
/2 ug]{ jf To;df cf3ft kfg]{ k|efj
jf p2]Zon] lnsf cfwf/df ul/g] s'g}
klg lje]b, lgisfzg jf k|ltaGw
;Demg' k5{ .
wf/f &-v_M ;/sf/L gLltsf] th'{df /
sfof{Gjogdf ;xefuL x'g] tyf
;fj{hlgs kbwf/0f ug]{ / ;/sf/sf
;a} txxdf x'g] ;fj{hlgs sfo{x
;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/ .
wf/f !!-!_M -s_ ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf]
g};lu{s clwsf/sf] ?kdf sfd ug]{
clwsf/,
-v_ /f]huf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf 5gf}6sf]
lgldQ ;dfg dfkb08xsf] k|of]u
nufot
/f]huf/Lsf
;dfg
cj;/sf] clwsf/,
-u_ k]zf /f]huf/Lsf] :jtGq ?kdf
5gf}6 ug]{ clwsf/, kbf]Gglt,
;]jfsf] ;'/Iff jf ;]jfsf ;a}
zt{x / ;'ljwfxsf] clwsf/==
1105
@&=
dlxnf lj?4 ul/g] ;a}
k|sf/sf e]befjxnfO{ pGd"ng ug]{
p2]Zosf ;fy !* l8;]Dj/, !(&( df
dxf;eff/f kfl/t e} # ;]K6]Dj/ !(*! b]lv
nfu" ePsf] of] dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] s'g}
3f]if0ff jf cf/If0f lagf @@ clk|n, !((! df
cg'df]bg u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . of]
dxf;lGwsf] k|:tfjgfn] g} dlxnf lj?4 ul/g]
h'g;'s} k|sf/sf]] e]befjn] clwsf/xsf]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt / dfgj k|lti7fk|ltsf]
;Ddfgsf] pNn+3g ug]{ x'Fbf dlxnfsf]
;fdYo{tfsf] k"0f{ ljsf; ul/g' kg]{ efjgfnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/xdf a[l4 Pj+ k'?if ;/x ;a} If]qdf
dlxnfsf] clwstd ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt
ul/g' kg]{ nufotsf ljifo dxf;lGwn]
;+af]wg u/]sf] 5 .
@*= cGt/f{li6o
;lGw
;Demf}tfdfkm{t\ AoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tf ;a}
d'n'sxn] Ps} k6s nfu" ug{ ;S5g / ug}{
kb{5 eGg] xf]Og . cd"s /fi6sf] cfly{s,
;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lts / /fhgLlts cj:yfn]
oL ljifoj:t'x lgb]{lzt x'g] ub{5g\ . t/
cGt/f{li6o ?kdf AoQm ul/Psf k|ltj4tf
kfng ug]{ lbzfdf /fHo ;+oGq pGd"v ePsf]
eg] b]lvg' kb{5 . cyf{t\ cGt/f{li6o ;lGw
;Demf}tf dfkm{t\ cleAoQm ul/Psf
k|ltj4tfx Ps}k6s nfu" ug{ ;lsb}g eg]
klg, nfu" ug]{ tkm{ /fHo ;+oGq k|oTgzLn
/xg' / slDtdf ltgsf] ljk/Lt x'g] ultljlw
;~rfng gug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj g} x'G5 .
@(= g]kfn ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf]
bkmf ( sf] pkbkmf -!_ df ;+;baf6
cg'df]bg, ;lDdng, :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g eO{
g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf] s'g}
;lGwsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"g;Fu aflemPdf ;f]
;lGwsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu aflemPsf] xb;Dd
k|rlnt sfg"g cdfGo x'g]5 / tT;DaGwdf
;lGwsf] Joj:yf g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu"
x'g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg ;d]l6Psf] b]lvG5 . pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yf x]bf{ g]kfn ;/sf/ kIf ePsf]

tyf ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ;d]t ePsf] ;lGw
l;w} nfu" x'g] dfq xf]Og g]kfn sfg"g eGbf
klg dflyNnf] :t/sf] x'g] b]lvG5 .
#)= To;} u/L ;f]xL pkbkmf -@_
adf]lhd ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg, :jLs[lt jf
;dy{g gePsf] jf ;DdLngsf] :jLs[lt
gkfPsf] t/ g]kfn /fHo jf g]kfn ;/sf/
kIf ePsf] s'g} ;lGwaf6 g]kfn /fHo jf
g]kfn ;/sf/pk/ s'g} yk bfloTj jf ef/
kg{ hfg] / To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ /x]5 eg] To:tf] ;lGw
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] oyf;+ej
rfF8f] sfg"g agfpg] sf/jfxL rnfpg' kb{5
eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . /fli6o
If]qflwsf/df ;lGw nfu" x'g] ;DaGwL of]
k|fjwfgn] g]kfn kIf eO{ cGt/f{li6o ?kdf
k|ltj4tf hgfPsf] ;lGwsf] Joj:yfk|lt
;Ddfg hgfpg' kg]{ l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft
u/]sf] dfq xf]Og ;lGw l;lh{t yk bfloTj jf
ef/ axg ug{ tyf ;lGw sfof{Gjogsf] nflu
zL3| sfg"g lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{ /fHosf] st{Jo
;d]t lgwf{/0f ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] ;j} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( nufotsf
k|fjwfgx g]kfn ;lGw P]g,@)$& sf] bkmf
( adf]lhd g]kfn sfg"g ;/x nfu" x'g]
ePsf]n] tbg'?k ug'{kg]{ bfloTj /fHosf] x'g]
egL o; cbfntaf6 clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg
dNn lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{no ;d]t -g]sfk @)^@, c !, k[i7
!)_ / clwjQmf ;ljg >]i7 lj?4 k|wfgdGqL
tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]t, -g]sfk
@)^@, c *, k[i7 (!#_ df l;4fGt
k|ltkfbg ePsf] cj:yf 5 . o; cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt pQm l;4fGt;Fu c;xdt x'g'kg]{
s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f b]lvPsf] 5}g .
#!=
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf]
t];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/f}+, lajflbt
sfg"gL k|fjwfg ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg] klg
1106
lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . dlxnfx dfly

lnsf] cfwf/df ul/g] e]befj ;+ljwfg,
cGt/f{li6o dxf;lGw, k|lt1fkq / 3f]if0ff kq
ljk/Lt x'g] egL o; cbfntnn] cfkm";dIf
NofOPsf s}of}+ ljjfbxsf] lg?k0f ul/;s]sf]
cj:yf 5 . sltko sfg"gL Aoj:yfx
cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ul/Psf 5g\ eg]
sltkodf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ egL
;/sf/sf] gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
ePsf 5g\ . tLdWo] s]xL d'Vo d'Vo
ljifoxnfO{ lgDg ?kdf x]g{ ;lsG5M
clejQmf dL/fs'df/L 9'uf+gf lj?4
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM d'n'sL P]g
c+zj08fsf] ! / !^ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
;Gb{edf ;DklQ ;DaGwL kf/Ljfl/s
sfg"gnfO{ ;dli6ut ?kdf ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf
cfjZos k/fdz{ u/L cGo b]zxdf o;
;DaGwdf ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ;d]t
cWoog / dgg\ u/L of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf]
ldltn] Ps jif{ leqdf ;+;bdf pko'Qm
ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z
hf/L u/]sf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)%@, c ^, k[i7$^*_
clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg lj?4 sfg"g
Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno ;d]tM
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf @^-!_ sf]
Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g ug'{kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPdf
o; ;DaGwdf ;d]t pko'Qm ljw]os ;+;bdf
k]z ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
ul/Psf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)%#, c @, lg=g+=^!$), k[i7 !)%_
8f=rGbf ah|frfo{ lj?4 ;+;b
;lrjfno
;d]tM
c+za08fsf]
!@
g+=ck'tfnLsf] @ g+=nufotsf sfg"gL
Joj:yfxdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;DaGwdf
s]xL leGgf leGg} Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvbf
;dfhsf] ljleGg kIfxsf] ;d]t cWoog
u/L cfjZos ljrf/ ljdz{ u/L pko'Qm
ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z

hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)%#, c &, lg=g+=^@@#, k[i7 %#&_
/Lgf ah|frfo{ ;d]t lj?4 zfxL
g]kfn afo' ;]jf lgud ;d]tM zfxL g]kfn
jfo';]jf lgudsf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf
lgodfjnL, @)#! sf] lgod !^=!=# sf]
Joj:yf n}ls ;dfgtfsf] ljk/Lt g]kfn
clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-@_
-#_ ;Fu aflemPsf]n] wf/f **-!_ adf]lhd
k|f/Deb]lv g} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] ;d]t cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
lyof] .
-g]sfk @)%&, c %, lg=g+=^*(*, k[i7 #&^_
clwjQmf dL/f 9'fgf lj?4
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM ck'tfnLsf]
dxnsf] !@s=sf] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !! sf] ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGt k|lts"n eO{ aflemg uPsf]n] wf/f
**-!_ adf]lhd lg0f{o ldlt b]lv nfu" x'g]
u/L cdfGo 3f]lift x'g] 7x/ ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^!, c $, lg=g+=&#%& k[i7 #&&_
clwjQmf dL/f 9'fgf lj?4
dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM ;+ljwfg /
dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL g]kfnn] cg'df]bg
u/]sf
dxf;lGw;Fu
aflemPsf]
P]g
lgodxsf] klxrfg u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf
cWoog u/L u/fO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL
dxf;lGw cg's"nsf] gofF sfg"g oyf]lrt
;dodf nfu" ug'{ egL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]
sfof{nosf
gfpFdf
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^!, c $, lg=g+=&#%*, k[i7 #*&_
clwjQmf /fh'k|;fb rfkfufO{ ;d]t
lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno
;d]tM dft[Tj ;+/If0f ;DaGwdf k|;"lt ljbf
nufotsf cGt/f{li6o cle;lGwx ;d]tnfO{
1107
ljrf/ u/L pko'Qm dfkb08 agfO{ ;f]sf

cfwf/df dlxnf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf
xsdf tf]lsP eGbf sd ug{ gkfOg] u/L
Go"gtd k|;"lt ljbfsf] cjlw tf]sL cfjZos
Joj:yf ldnfpg' egL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf]
sfof{nosf
gfpFdf
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^),c(!), lg=g+=&@^*,k[i7 &@^_
blnt u}/;/sf/L dxf;+3sf tkm{af6
cWoIf l8naxfb'/ ljZjsdf{ ;d]t lj?4
dlGqkl/ifb\\ ;lrjfno ;d]tM dfl;s >fa
ePsf] dlxnfnfO{ 5fpk8L -uf]7df_ k7fpg]
k|yfnfO{ s'/Llt ePsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{sf ;fy}
:jf:Yo ;DaGwL sfo{xsf] klxrfg u/L
:jf:Yo dGqfno / ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf
k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{, dlxnfdfly x'g] s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] lje]b cGTo ug{ lgb]{lzsf agfO{
nfu" ug'{ u/fpg' / cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug{ a[xt\ ?kdf cWoog u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f
ug'{ eGg] ;d]t lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L
ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^@, c $, lg=g+ &%#!, k[i7 $(@_
clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg dNn lj?4
sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfno
;d]tM Pp6} s;"/df s]6L kIfnfO{ a9L ;hfo
ug]{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/ ;'wf/ P]g, @)## sf]
bkmf $-#_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;dfgtf
;DaGwL xssf] k|lts"n ePsf] x'Fbf oyfjt\\
sfod /lx/xg plrt gx'g] ePsf]n]
;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t sfg"gL
Joj:yf ug{' u/fpg' egL g]kfn ;/sf/
k|wfgdGqL tyf d+qLkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf]
gfddf lgb]{zfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/Psf]
lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^#, c *, lg=g+ &&$@, k[i7 (&@_
clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lj?4
;d]tM ljjfxsf] sf/0fn] cfgf] xs k'Ug]
;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] a}w sfo{nfO{

cj}w u/fpg] :qL c+zwgsf] & g+= sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfn] :jfldTjsf] clwsf/ / ljjfxsf]
clwsf/nfO{ ;+s'lrt agfPsf] x'Fbf pQm
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift
u/]sf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^#, c *, lg=g+ &&$#, k[i7 (&(_
clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ lj?4
;d]tM c+zj08fsf] !^ g+ df ePsf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! / dlxnf
lj?4sf] ;a} lsl;dsf] e]befj x6fpg]
;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&(, gful/s /
/fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6o
dxf;lGw, !(^^ cfly{s ;fdflhs tyf
;+f:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6o
k|lt1fkq, !(^^ ;d]t;Fu cg's"n x'g] u/L
k'gMljrf/ ug'{ egL k|wfgdGqL tyf
dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{nosf] gfddf lgb]{zfTds
cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^@, c *, lg=g+ &%&&, k[i7 (#!_
clwjQmf rGb|sfGt 1jfnL lj?4
;d]tMd'n'sL P]g ljjfxjf/L dxnsf] ( g+ sf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf dlxnf / k'?ifaLr j}jflxs
lje]b ug]{ Joj:yf b]lvPsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
;fdflhs kl/j]z, d"NodfGotf cg'ksf]
pko'Qm sfg"g lgdf{0f, ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug'{
egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^!, c !!, lg=g+ &$%(, k[i7 !$!*_
clwjQmf dL/f 9'+ufgf lj?4
;d]tMzfxL g]kfnL ;]gf -lga[lQe/0f, pkbfg
tyf cGo ;'ljwf_ lgodfjnL, @)## sf]
lgod !) sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSofz+df /x]sf]
ljjfx x'g] 5f]/L / ljjfx gx'g] 5f]/L tyf
ljjfx x'g] 5f]/L / 5f]/f aLr lje]b x'g] u/L
ePsf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !! sf]
1108
Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] egL ;f] k|ltaGwfTds

jfSof+z ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^$, c ^, lg=g+ &*%$, k[i7 ^((_
k|jGw ug'{ egL lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L

ul/Psf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^%,c *, lg=g+=&((&, k[i7 (!&_
clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t

lj?4 k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no
;d]tM SofaLg tyf 8fG; /]:6'/]G6, 8fG; af/,
/ d;fh kfn{/df sfo{/t dlxnf
sfdbf/xn] u|fxs, dflns tyf k|zf;lgs
lgsfoxaf6 ;d]t df}lvs, zf/Ll/s tyf
of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ Pj+ zf]if0f v]Kg' k/]sf]n]
To:tf] sfo{x /f]sL ;Ddfgk"j{s /f]huf/L
ug{ kfpg] k|efjsf/L sfg"gL Joj:yf ug'{
egL k/dfb]z hf/L ug'{sf ;fy} To:tf] sfg"g
gag] ;Ddsf] nflu lgb]{lzsf ;d]t hf/L
u/]sf] 5 .
clwjQmf k|sfzdl0f zdf{ ;d]t

;d]tM kf7]3/ v:g] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t
dlxnfxsf] xs Pj+ dlxnfsf] k|hgg\
:jf:Yosf ;a} kIfxnfO{ ;d]6g] u/L sfg"g
lgdf{0fsf] nflu zL3| Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf
k]z ug'{ egL dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf]
gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ePsf]
lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^%, c *, k[i7 (%^, lg=g++=*))!_
-@)^@ ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @*@@ cfb]z ldlt @)^%.*.!!_
lht's'df/L k+ugL -Gof}kfg]_ ;d]t

;d]tMyk ;hfo eGbf d"n ;hfo sdL x'g]
Pj+ a}jflxs anfTsf/ / u}/a}jflxs
anfTsf/sf aLrdf ePsf] lje]bk"0f{ ;hfosf]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] ha/h:tL s/0fLsf] dxnsf]
bkmf # sf] b]xfo ^ df /x]sf] k|fjwfgnfO{
Gofof]lrt Joj:yf ug]{ tkm{ cfjZos kxn
ug'{ egL sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf
dGqfno ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] lyof] .
-g]sfk @)^%, c ^, lg=g+=&(&#, k[i7, ^$$_
clwjQmf ;kgf k|wfg dNn ;d]t
;d]tM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#,
g]kfn kIf /x]sf] dlxnf lj?4 e]befj x'g]
;a} k|sf/sf] e]befj pGd"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw
-CEDAW_ ;d]tsf] k|fjwfg;Fu ;fdf~h:o
/fVg] gb]lvPsf] d'n'sL P]g ljjfxjf/Lsf] ( /
(s=g+=sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgnfO{ nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf
aLrdf e]befjsf] cg'e"lt gx'g] u/L pko'Qm
#@=
dfly p4[t ul/Psf lg0f{o
l;4fGtx o; cbfntaf6 n}ls Gofo
k|j4{gsf] lbzfdf eP u/]sf s]xL k|ltlglw
cfb]z dfq x'g\ . oL afx]s klg cGo s}of}+
ljjfbxsf] lg?k0f ub}{ o; cbfntn]
cfk"mnfO{ n}ls ;dfgtfsf] kIfdf pEofPsf]
5 . vf; u/L] k}t[s ;DklQ dfly dlxnfsf]
xs l;h{gf ug]{ ljifodf o; cbfntaf6
ePsf cfb]z / lgb]{zgxaf6 g]kfnL
;dfhdf sfod /x]sf] k}t[s ;DklQ dflysf]
k'?ifxsf]
Psflwsf/
;dfKt
eO{{
qmdzMn}ls d}qL x'Fb} uPsf] ;xh} cg'e"t
ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnf ePs}
sf/0faf6 s'g} ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
k|j]z ug{ jf To:tf] ;]jf lngsf] nflu
k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf km/s of]Uotf jf ;]jfsf
zt{ tf]lsPsf sfg"gL k|fjwfgx ab/ ub}{
k]zf /f]huf/ ug{ kfpg] ;dfg xs ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf] 5 . To;} u/L dlxnfsf] :j:Yo,
lzIff, /f]hfuf/L / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
nufotsf ljifoxdf ;d]t o; cbfntaf6
;/sf/sf gfddf ljleGg cfb]z /
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]zx hf/L ul/Psf] 5 .
dlxnf dfly wd{ ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fsf gfddf
x'g] u/]sf s'/LlthGo b'Jo{jxf/ /f]Sg] lbzfdf
/fHo ;+oGq lqmofzLn x'g'kg]{ / To:tf]
1109
sfo{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg] sfg"gL Joj:yfx

ab/ ug'{sf ;fy} ;'wf/ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ljifodf
;d]t o; cbfntaf6 ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{
ems\emSofpg] sfo{ ePsf]] 5 .
##=
plNnlvt
l;4fGtxsf]
cWoogaf6 klg ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] egL
r'gf}tL lbO{Psf ;j} sfg"gxnfO{ o;
cbfntn] ab/ 3f]lift gu/L ;DalGwt
ljifoj:t'sf] ufDeLo{tf, k|s[lt, To;sf]
;fdflhs k|efj, k|fljlws kIf ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut u/L ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
;'wf/ Pj+ kl/dfh{gsf nflu j[xQ ?kdf
5nkmn u/L lgisif{df k'Ug'kg]{ egL ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{ lgb]{lzt ul/Psf] cj:yf ;d]t
b]lvG5 .
#$= lgj]bg
dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L ug'{kg]{ xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ x'g cfPsf] clGtd k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ u/f}+, ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] lgod $-#_ -h_ / -$_ sf]
ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
;]jfdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf
dlxnfsf] nflu cljjflxtf jf Psn x'g'kg]{,
tyf tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx ug{ gkfOg] u/L
cltl/Qm zt{ tf]s]sf] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvPsf]
5 . Ps} k|s[ltsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf]
kbdf k|j]z ug{sf] nflu k'?ifsf] xsdf
ljjflxt jf kTgL hLljt ePsf] eP klg x'g]
t/ dlxnfsf] xsdf cljjflxt jf Psn
x'g'kg]{ tyf cfwf/e"t tfnLd cjlwe/ ljjfx
;d]t ug{ gkfpg] h:tf cltl/Qm zt{
lgwf{/0f cGo s'/faf6 geO{ n}ls cfwf/af6}
lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
#%=
dflg;x hGd l;4 ?kdf
:jtGq x'g] Pj+ clwsf/sf] pkof]u ug]{
s'/fdf ;dfg x'g] eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfgj
clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ffkqn] :jLsf/
u/]sf] 5 eg] gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq ;d]tn] ;f]
s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5 . To;} u/L ln
/ a}jflxs l:yltsf cfwf/df dlxnf dfly
e]befj ug{ gldNg] egL cfly{s ;dflhs /

;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt//fli6o
k|lt1fkq tyf dlxnf lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf
e]befj pGd"ng ;DaGwL dxf;lGw dfkm{t\
ljZjAofkL ?kdf dflgPsf] 5 . ;+o'Qm
/fi6;+3sf] ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] o;sf]
dxf;efaf6 kfl/t dfgj clwsf/sf]
ljZjAofkL 3f]if0ffkq k|lt ;sf/fTds /xg'
g]kfnsf] bfloTj g} x'g cfpFb5 . To;df klg
;f] 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf k|ltj4tf
hgfpg cfof]lht leogf ;Dd]ngdf
;xeflutf hgfO{ g]kfnn] cGt//fli6o
;d'bfonfO{ To;sf] k|Tofe"lt lbO;s]sf] 5 .
To;} u/L gful/s / /fhg}lts clwsf/
;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^, cfly{s
;dflhs / ;fF:s[lts clwsf/ ;DaGwL
cGt//fli6o k|lt1fkq, !(^^ tyf dlxnf
lj?4 x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf e]befj pGd"ng
;DaGwL dxf;lGw, !(&( sf] cg'df]bg u/L
g]kfn pQm k|lt1fkq / dxf;lGwsf] kIf g}
aGg uPsf]n] ;lGw P]g, @)$& sf] bkmf (
adf]lhd pQm cGt/f{li6o b:tfj]hx
sfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{ /fHo k|0ffnL cu|;/
x'g'kg]{ s'/f lglZrt g} 5 .
#^=
/fHon] gful/s dfly ln /
a}jflxs l:ylt ;d]tsf] cfwf/df lje]b ug{
gx'g] / n}ls Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ tkm{ pGd"v
x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;jfndf o; cbfntaf6
k6s k6s ;/sf/sf gfpFdf lgb]{zgfTds
cfb]zx hf/L ePsf w]/} b[i6fGtx 5g\ .
Tolt dfq xf]Og cfkm";dIf cfPsf
ljjfbxsf] lg?k0f ug]{ qmddf n}ls
cfwf/df gful/sx aLr lje]b ul/Psf
g]kfn sfg"gx o; cbfntaf6 ab/
ul/Psf]] 5 . ;fy} sltko To:tf sfg"gxdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{sf] nflu ;/sf/ /
;+;b ;d]tsf gfpFdf lgb]{zg ePsf] 5 .
n}ls cfwf/df gful/sx aLr lje]bhGo
Jojxf/ ug{ ldNb}g eGg] g} o; cbfntaf6
xfn;Dd ljsl;t n}ls Gofo ;DaGwL
ljlwzf:qLo dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . o; ljifodf
1110
dfly k|f;+lus :yfgdf oy]i6 rrf{ e}

;s]sf]n] k'gf/fa[lQ ul//xg cfjZos 5}g .
#&=
vf; u/L g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& nfu" ePkl5 n}ls Gofo
k|a4{g ug]{ ;jfndf /fHo ;+oGq pGd"v e}
/x]sf] oyfy{tfnfO{ gsfg{ ldNb}g . ;f]
;+ljwfgn] efu tLg cGtu{t g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf, Gofo
nufotsf xs clwsf/x df}lns xs s}
?kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] lyof] . pQm
;+ljwfgnfO{ vf/]h ub}{ hf/L ePsf] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf]
bfo/fnfO{ cem km/flsnf] kf/]sf] 5 .
:jtGqtfsf] xs cGtu{t ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg
kfpg] xs ylkPsf] 5 eg] ;dfgtfsf] xs
cGtu{t dlxnf, kL5l8Psf] ju{ jf ;d"bfo
nufotsf ;LdfGtLs[txnfO{ /fHosf] d"n
k|jfxdf ;dfj]zLs/0f ug{sf] nflu
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] bfo/fnfO{ km/flsnf]
t'NofOPsf] 5 . To;} u/L /f]huf/Lsf] xs,
dlxnfsf] xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
nufotsf y'k|} xsx ;+ljwfgtM ;'lglZrt
ul/Psf 5g\ . o; aLrdf o; cbfntsf]
cfb]zsf] k|efj :j?k y'k|} sfg"gxdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ u/L n}ls lje]bnfO{
Go"gLs/0f kfg]{ k|of; ;d]t ePsf] 5 . n}ls
;dfgtf ;DaGwL s]xL g]kfn sfg"g ;+zf]wg
ug]{ P]g, @)^# nfO{ o;sf] b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
#*= ljjflbt ;}lgs k|x/L
;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)%* ;}lgs P]g, @)!^
cGtu{t hf/L ul/Psf]df xfn ;f] P]g vf/]h
e} ;}lgs P]g, @)^# nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf & n] g]kfnL
;]gfnfO{ ;dfj]zL rl/qsf] agfpg] eGg]
l;4fGtnfO{ c+lusf/ u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . gofF
;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfadf]lhd ;}lgs
k|x/L ;DaGwL lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos
;'wf/ jf ;+zf]]wg ug]{ sfo{ afFsL g} /x]sf] /
To; lbzfdf ;/sf/ cl3 al9/x]sf] eGg] klg
k|ToyL{xsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf k|ltj4tf
1111
JoQm e} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL

lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfdf
cfjZos ;+zf]wg, kl/dfh{g / ;'wf/ u/L
;}lgs P]g, @)^# cg's"n ;dfj]zL agfpg]
;d]tsf] ljifodf lnvt hjfkmstf{ :jo+
;r]t Pj+ ;lqmo /x]sf]] b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf
pQm lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ubf{ n}lu+s Gofosf]
kl/k|]IonfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbO{ ;dfof]hg ug{'
jf~5gLo x'g] tkm{ ;/sf/sf] Wofgfsif{0f
u/fpg' klg ;fGb{les g} b]lvPsf] 5 .
#(=
ljjfx kZrft\ dlxnfsf]
z/L/df hLj a}1flgs kl/jt{g cfpFg] /
h;n] ubf{ ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t tfnLd
lnbf lghxs} :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/
kg]{ eGg] k|ToyL{xsf] lhsL/sf ;Gbe{df
ljjflxt dlxnfn] ;}lgs k|x/Lsf] cfwf/e"t
tfnLd ln+bf lgh Pj+ lghsf] ue{df /xg
;Sg] e|"0fsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ jf
kb}{g, kg]{ eP To;nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ s'g}
pkfox /x]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ , eGg] h:tf
k|fljlws ljifosf] Goflos lg?k0f eGbf klg
k|fljlws kIfaf6} xn vf]lhg' af~5gLo x'G5 .
o;} ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg k|bQ dlxnfsf] k|hgg\
;DaGwL xsnfO{ klg x[bo+ud ul/g' ckl/xfo{
x'g cfpF5 . plNnlvt kl/k|]Iodf ;}lgs P]g,
@)^# sf] Joj:yf / dg;fo cg'k x'g] u/L
th'{df
e}/x]sf]
elgPsf]
;DalGwt
lgodfjnLdf ;'wf/ ug]{ qmddf ;DalGwt
ljifosf lj1xaf6 cWoog cg';Gwfg u/fO{
lgrf]8df k'Ug' pko'Qm x'g] b]lvG5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm l5d]sL d'n's nufot dfgj
clwsf/ / n}ls Gofosf] kIfdf ;+a]bgzLn
7flgg] s]xL d'n'ssxsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf Pj++
cEof; ;d]tsf] t'ngfTds cWoog, xfd|f]
b]zsf] ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts cj:yf
;d]txsf] ;du| cWoog, dlxnfxsf]
/f]huf/Lsf] cj:yf ;d]tsf] ;du| ljifoxdf
cWoog cg';Gwfg u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
ljjflbt lgodfjnLdf ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg
jf ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
$)= t;y{ dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf

plNnlvt cfwf/ sf/0f, ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL
Joj:yf, g]kfn kIf ePsf cGt//fli6o
dxf;lGw ;d]tdf ul/Psf] Joj:yf, o;
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf]
cg's"n x'g] u/L ;}lgs k|x/L ;DaGwL
lgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljjflbt Joj:yfdf
;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug'{ egL k|ToyL{ g]kfn
;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/b\sf gfpFdf
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L u/L lbPsf] 5 .
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu of] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk
dxfGofoflwaQmfsf] sfof{no dfkm{t\ k|ToyL{
sfof{nodf k7fpg] Joj:yf ldnfO{ kmfon
lgodadf]lhd u/L a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}F .
Gof=/fds'df/ k|;fb zfx
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn a}zfv !& ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL

lg0f{o g+= *!**
sflQs, @)^^
;af]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/LzrGb| nfn
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL
l/6 g+=)^%==WS==))!!
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.!!.%
ljifoM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM s~rgk'/ lhNnf b}hL uf=lj=;= jf8{
g+= ^ a:g] /d]znfn /fgf yf
lj?4
sfof{no ;d]t
1112
;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ df}lns xssf]

?kdf k|Tofe"t u/L /fHosf] bfloTjs}
?kdf ;'lDkPsf] s'/fnfO{ /fHon] cgb]vf
u/L To;df lg/k]If /xg' k|hftflGqs /
sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf ;'xfpFbf] gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+= !)_
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtn]
wf/f !# sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f !*
sf] /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]
xsnfO{ kl/k"/s ?kdf /fvL ;LdfGts[t
ju{nfO{ ;f/e"t -Substantive_ ;dfgtf
k|bfg ug{ / ;dGoflos -Equitable_
pknAwL xfl;n ug{ d2t ug]{ x'Fbf
o;df ;dfhsf ;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d"x
-Marginalized group_ g} nlIft ju{sf]
?kdf ;dfj]z x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+= !$_
Gofkflnsfsf]
;lqmotf
;Gt'lnt
;fdflhs pTyfg / ljsf;sf] ;f/yL
ePsfn] :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] d"No /
dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf cfgf] st{Ao / bfloTjk|lt
pbf;Lg x'g k'u]sf] jf ;'if'Kt ePsf]
/fHo ;+oGq / o;sf cjojxnfO{
ltgsf] st{Ao / bfloTj kfngf ug{
cfb]z lbg] clwsf/ k|hftflGqs sfg"gL
zf;g
k4ltdf
Gofokflnsfdf
cGtlg{lxt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+= !^_
;fdflhs
Gofosf]
xssf]
lqmofzLntfk|lt ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'k
ljBdfg sfg"gL ;+oGqn] tfnd]n
g/fv]sf] egL GofofnonfO{ u'xf/]sf]
cj:yfdf Gofokflnsf cfgf] bfloTjk|lt
lg/k]If /xg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+= !&_
;+ljwfgdf ;jf{lws hf]8 lbOPsf] /fHo
;+/rgfdf
;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf

;'lglZrt u/fpg] ljifonfO{ /fHosf ;a}
c+un] k|fyldstfdf /fVg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+= !*_
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGtcGtu{t
s'g} klg sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f
ubf{ To; sfg"gn] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
kf/]sf] k|efj, To;sf] cefjdf pTkGg
x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] l:ylt, To;
sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] If]q / To;sf] k|fljlws
kIf ;d]tsf] ;du| d"Nofg ug'{kg]{ .
d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;+ljwfgn]
;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf]
?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] / ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo
/ ;dfgtfsf] d'Vo cfwf/ agfPsf]
clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cGo ;fdfGo jf
ljz]if sfg"gn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg'z/0f /
cjnDjg ug'{kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+= !(_
lgj]bs tkm{jf6M
ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg ;xGoflwjQmf >L
o'j/fh ;'j]bL
cnjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * /
*-s_
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf &,
!(,
wf/f !#, !#-#_, !*, @!, ##, !))-!_
cfb]z
Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gf]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_
adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]
;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ lgDg adf]lhd 5 M
lgj]bs, g]kfn ;/sf/n]] ljleGg
;dodf ;"rgf hf/L u/L hghflt cGtu{t
1113
kl/eflift / ;"rLs[t cflbjf;L hghflt

/fgfyf ;d'bfosf] JolQm x'F . ljkIfL
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] cfkm\gf ljleGg c~rn /
If]qLo sfof{nox dfkm{t ljleGg ;]jf
;d"xsf] v'nf kbk"lt{ ug{sf nflu
@)^$.!@.@& ut] uf]/vfkqdf lj1fkg
k|sflzt u/]sf] /x]5 . pQm lj1fkgdf
:jf:Yo ;]jf ;d"x cGtu{t c=g=ld= /
c=x]=a= kbsf] lgldQ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf kb
dfluPsf] / dxfsfnL c~rn sfof{nodf dfq}
c=x]=a=sf nflu lj1fkg g+= ()#.@)^$.)^%
dfkm{t\ %* hgfsf] l;6 vf]lnPsf] /x]5 .
Pp6} ldltsf] lj1fkg cGtu{t dfu ePsf
cGo ;]jf ;d"xsf] lj1fkgdf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @! n]
Joj:yf u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cg'k
cflbjf;L, hghflt, dlxnf, blnt, dw]zLsf
lgldQ l;6 ;+Vof 5'6\ofPsf] t/ :jf:Yo ;]jf
;d"xsf] kbsf] lgldQ eg] l;6 ;+Vof pk/f]Qm
;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGTfu{t Joj:yf
ul/Psf] ;dfj]zL ;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df g5'6\ofO{ lj1fkg u/]sf] x'Fbf
;+ljwfgn] k|bQ u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
k|fKt ug]{ s'/fdf lje]b u/L ljkIfL nf]s;]jf
cfof]un] lj1fkg k|sflzt u/]af6 d]/f]
;+j}wflgs xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] 5 / of]
ljifon] b]z el/sf ;Dk"0f{ pQm kbsf nflu
of]Uotf k'u]sf dlxnf, blnt, hghflt,
cflbjf;L, dw]zL tyf lk5l8Psf] ju{ /
;d'bfosf] xsdf ;d]t cf3ft k/]sf] 5 .
cfd hg;d'bfosf] jf ju{sf] xs / lxtsf]
rf;f]sf] ljifo d]/f] klg rf;f] / ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo xf] . jiff}{b]lv cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf
z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf
/x]sf dlxnf, blnt cflbjf;L, hghflt,
dw]zL, pTkLl8t ju{, ul/a ls;fg,
dhb'/xsf] xslxtsf] ;jfn hf]l8Psf]
ljifo ;fj{hlgs xs, ;/f]sf/ / rf;f]sf]
ljifo aGb}g eg] of] nf]stflGqs k4ltsf]
7f8f] pNn3+g / nf]sNof0fsf/L Joj:yfsf]
alv{nfk x'g hfG5 .
d h:t} ;dfg x}l;ot ePsf cGo

gful/sxn] :jf:Yo ;]jfafx]s cGo ;]jf
;d"xxdf ;dfj]zL 9+uaf6 /f]huf/Ldf
;xefuL x'g] cj:yf k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ eg]
;f]xL a/fa/sf] k|fljlws ;]jfcGtu{t kg]{
c=x]=a= / c=g=dL= kbdf dfq} ;dfj]zL
l;4fGTf nfu" gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
;dfgtf / ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsdf ;d]t
cf3ft k/]sf] x'Fbf pQm lj1fkg ab/efuL
5 . :jf:Yo ;]jfsf nflu lj1fkg cfx\jfg
ubf{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf lj1fkg cfXjfg ubf{
nfu" ePsf] Joj:yf nfu" gug'{ cfkm}df
ljjfbf:kb 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! d} ;+ljwfg
d"n sfg"g / o;;+u aflemPsf] sfg"Gf
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] Joj:yf
ul/Psf], wf/f !# n] ;dfgtfsf] xs tyf
wf/f !* n] /f]huf/LnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf
Uof/]G6L u/L wf/f @! Dff cfly{s, ;fdflhs /
z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf ;d"x jf ju{nfO{
ljz]if ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf]
cfwf/df /fHosf x/]s ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL
x'g kfpg] xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] kfOG5 .
wf/f !^$ n] ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf sfg"Gf
;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf ldltn] # dlxgfkl5
aflemPsf] xb;Dd :jtM cdfGo x'g]5 eGg]
Joj:yf eO;s]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg nfu"
ePsf] em08} ! jif{ lalt;Sbf;Dd :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g ;+zf]wg gu/L ljkIfLxn]
;+ljwfgljk/Lt sfd u/]sf] k|i6 b]lvPsf] x'Fbf
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_
jt{dfg ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf]n] pQm
aflemPsf] P]g oyfzL3| ;+zf]wg u/L
;+ljwfgdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf k|j]z kfpg]
u/L Joj:yf ug{ ljkIfLxsf] gfddf
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_
adf]lhd pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z nufot hf] rflxg]
pko'Qm / cfjZos cfb]z hf/L u/L d]/f]
;+j}wflgs xs ;+/If0f ul/kfpFm . o;} u/L
ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]un] ldlt @)^$.!@.@&
df lj1fkg cfJxfg u/]adf]lhd c=x]=a= /
c=g=dL= kbsf] k/LIff lng]nufot ;f]

;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL oyfzL3|
:yug ug'{ egL ljkIfL nf]s;]jf cfof]usf
gfddf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$(
sf] bkmf $! Adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bs /d]znfn /fgf
yfsf] @)^%.&.@( df btf{ ePsf] l/6
lgj]bg .
lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L
x'g' gkg]{ xf] < of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn]
af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq ;DalGwt
ldl;n ;d]t ;fy} /fvL dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nonfO{ lbO{ lnlvt
hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd ljz]if Ohnf; ;dIf k]z
ug'{ . lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] sfg"gL k|Zgsf]
JofVof lgj]bg lsgf/f nfUbfsf avt g} x'g]
x'Fbf xfn dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul//xg' k/]g eGg] o; cbfnt Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 @)^%.*.# df
ePsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bsn] o; dGqfnosf] s] s:tf]
sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lghsf] s] s:tf] xs xgg
x'g uPsf] xf], ;f]sf] pNn]v ug{ ;Sg'ePsf]
5}g . o; dGqfnosf] s'g} sfd sf/jfxLaf6
ljkIfLsf] s'g} xs xgg ePsf] 5}g . o;
dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfPs} sf/0fn] dfq o;
dGqfnosf] gfddf s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{
x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn
;/sf/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf]
@)^%.*.@( df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( adf]lhd
;~rfng x'g] ;]jf, ;d"x jf pk;d"xsf
kbxsf] xsdf lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$(
df ePsf] bf];|f] ;+zf]wgn] v'nf
k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfln;
k|ltzt kbdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L, hghflt,
1114
dw]zL, blnt ckf / lk5l8Psf] If]qsf

pDd]bjf/x aLr dfq k|ltikwf{ u/fO{
kbk"lt{ ul/g] Joj:yf u/]sf]n] cfof]un]
;f]xLadf]lhd k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf
nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbsf] xsdf g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# n] dlxnf, cflbjf;L,
hghflt, dw];L, blnt, nufotsf]
pDd]bjf/x aLr 5'} k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf gu/]sf] x'Fbf k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f kbk"lt{
x'g] kbsf nflu Psd'i6 lj1fkg k|sfzg
ug'{k/]sf] xf] . cfof]un] sfg"Gfadf]lhd
k|ltzt lgwf{/0f u/L kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg
k|sflzt u/]sf] sfo{pk/ lagf sfg"gL cfwf/
l/6 If]qdf k|j]z u/L cfof]u ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfO{ bfo/ ul/Psf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL
5 eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf]
@)^%.(.!& df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
l/6 lgj]bsn] o; sfof{nosf] s]
s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf]
xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf], To:fsf] :ki6
lhsL/ glnO{ lagf cfwf/ / sf/0f
c;DalGWft ljifodf o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{
k|ToyL{ agfO{ l/6 lgj]bg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLsf] bfjLadf]lhdsf] s'g} sfd sf/jfxL
o; sfof{noaf6 eP u/]sf] xf]Og . g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# adf]lhd :yflkt
;+j}wflgs lgsfo nf]s;]jf cfof]un]
lghfdtL ;]jfdf sd{rf/Lsf] kbk"lt{sf]
lj1fkg ug]{, b/vf:t lng] / ;f] pk/
5fglag ug]{, of]Uo pDd]bjf/x 5gf}6sf]
nflu k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ cGtjf{tf /
lgo'lQmsf] nflu pDd]bjf/x 5gf}6 u/L
l;kmfl/z ug]{ clwsf/ Pjd\ lhDDf]jf/L kfPsf]
;+j}wflgs c+un] cfkm\gf] If]qflwsf/ leq /xL
sfg"Gf ;Ddt tj/af6 u/]sf] lg0f{o Pjd\
lj1fkg;DaGwL ljifonfO{ ljkIfLn] cGoyf
eGg ldNg] xf]Og . k|To]s ;+j}wflgs Pjd\
sfg"gL lgsfo cfkm\gf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] nflu
sfg"gsf] clwgdf /lx :jtGq /xg] / To:tf]
1115
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] sfo{ k|lt csf]{ lgsfoaf6

x:tIf]k x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# tyf k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"Gf
;d]tn] u/L zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ngsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/df ptf/]sf] 5 . ;+:fbn]
agfPsf] P]g jf P]g cGtu{t ag]sf]
lgodfjnL cdfGo ug{ tL sfg"g ;+ljwfgsf]
df}lns xssf] Joj:yf jf ;+ljwfgsf] cGo
wf/f;+u aflemPsf] x'g'k5{ / To:tf] aflemPsf]
eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]lvg' k5{ . tadfq To:tf]
aflemPsf] sfg"gnfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
cdfGo 3f]lift ub{5 . kmf}hbf/L ck/fwdf
benefit of doubt goes to the accused
eg]sf] h:tf] sfg"gnfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff

ug]{ ;DaGwdf benefit of doubt goes to the
parliament dflgG5 . h;n] ;+ljwfg;+u
aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnG5 . ;f] s'/f p;}n]
k|dfl0ft ug{ ;Sg'k5{ . ;+ljwfg cGtu{t P]g
gag];Ddsf] nflu P]gsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L
;~rfng u/]sf] sfo{ cf}lrTok"0f{ x'g] egL
xl/k|;fb pk|]tL lj?4 dlGqkl/ifb\ ;lrjfno
;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z -g]sfk @)%#,
c+s (, k[= ^&)_ sf] d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ;d]t k|:t't lgj]bg
vf/]hefuL 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] g]kfn
;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf]
sfof{nosf] @)^%.(.@$ df btf{ ePsf]
lnlvt hjfkm .
o; ljefusf] s] slt sf/0faf6
lgj]bssf] ;+j}wflgs xs xgg ePsf] xf] /
o; ljefunfO{ s] slt sf/0faf6 ljkIfL
agfpg' k/]sf] xf] < lgj]bsn] l/6df v'nfpg
;s]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hefuL 5 .
cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf P]gdf g} /xg] / P]gsf]
lgdf{0f Joj:yflksfn] ug]{ / s'g sfg"Gf
s:tf] agfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f
Joj:yflksfn] g} ug]{ x'Fbf o; ljefunfO{
ljkIfL agfpg ;fGble{s b]lv+b}g . lgj]bsn]
nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^$.!@.@& df
ePsf] lj1fkg /f]lskfpFm egL cf7 dlxgfkl5
@)^%.&.@( df l/6 lgj]bg lbg' ePsf]n]
ljnDasf] l;4fGt adf]lhd vf/]hefuL 5 .

@! Dff cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n]
kl5 k/]sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df /fHosf] x/]s c+udf
;dfj]z u/fpg] Joj:yf ePadf]lhd
;/sf/n] ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDag
u/]sf] / ;a} l;4fGtnfO{ qmd} cg';f/
sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug]{ gLlt lnPsf]n]
lgj]bssf] l/6 adf]lhd x'g'kg]{ xf]Og . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] :jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefusf] @)^%.!).^ df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
o; nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfsfnL
c~rn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/df cfkm\gf]
k|fb]lzs If]qflwsf/ leqsf sfof{noxaf6
lghfdtL ;]jfsf ljleGg ;]jf, ;d"xsf l/Qm
kbk"lt{sf nflu dfu e} cfPkZrft pQm dfu
cg'k kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg k|sflzt ug{
nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,
sf7df8f}F+df n]vL k7fOg] / nf]s ;]jf cfof]u
s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 kbk"lt{sf nflu lj1fkg
k|sflzt ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf] . k|sflzt x'g]
lj1fkgcg';f/ o; sfof{non] cfkm\gf]
c~rn sfof{no cGtu{tsf lj1fkgx
cg'k pDd]bjf/xaf6 b/vf:Tf lng] /
k|sflzt k/LIff sfo{qmdcg';f/ k/LIff
;~rfng ug]{ ul/Psf] . lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf]
:jf:Yo ;]jfcGtu{tsf] lj1fkg g+=
()#)^$.)^% sf]= c=x]=a= kbsf] nflu
k/LIff sfo{qmd k|sflzt e} ldlt @)^%.&.#)
df lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t ;DkGGf e};s]sf] 5 .
lgj]bsn] dfu u/]cg';f/ :jf:Yo ;]jf
;d"xcGtu{tsf kbk"lt{sf nflu ;dfj]zLtkm{
l;6 ;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL k|rlnt
sfg"gdf s'g} Joj:yf gePsf] / k|rlnt P]g,
sfg"gn] o; sfof{nonfO{ ;f], ;]jf, ;d"x
cGtu{tsf kbk"lt{sf nflu ;dfj]zLtkm{ l;6
;+Vof lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg
u/]sf] 5}g . o; sfof{nosf sfd
sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bssf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs
1116
tyf df}lns xsdf cf3ft k/]sf] cj:yf

gx'Fbf o; sfof{nonfO{ ;d]t ljkIfL agfO{
bfo/ ul/Psf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h
ul/kfpFm eGg] nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfsfnL,
c~rn sfof{no, dx]Gb|gu/sf] @)^%.!).*
df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
cfh o; Ohnf;;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGWft ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] k|rlnt sfg"gdf pNn]v eP
cg'k nf]s;]jf cfof]un] lj1fkg k|sflzt
u/L k/LIff ;~rfngsf] sfo{ u/]sf] x'Fbf
sfg"g pNn3+g ePsf] 5}g, sfg"Gf pNn3+g
gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf]Og
egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ /fvL
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't lgj]bgdf d"ntM
b]xfosf k|Zgxdf s]lGb|t eO{ Gofo lg?k0f
u/L lgj]bg dfu jdf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g'
kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lgisif{df
k'Ug' kg]{ ePsf] 5 M
!= nf]s;]jf cfof]usf ljleGg If]qLo
lgb]{zgfnoxaf6 ldlt @)^$.!@.@&
ut]sf] uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt lj1fkg
cGtu{tsf c=x]=j= / c=g=ld= kbsf
lj1fkgx ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGt k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
tL lj1fkgx jb/ x'g' kg]{ xf] jf
xf]Og <
@= :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * /
*-s_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ
;dfgtfsf] xs, /f]huf/L ;DaGwL xs
/ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] k|lts"n 5
jf 5}g <
@=
plNnlvt k|Zgxdf k|j]z
ug'{ cl3 lgj]bsn] :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%#
sf] bkmf * / *-s_ n] Joj:yf u/]sf]

kbk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/
u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ gckgfO{ pQm
Joj:yf ;+ljwfg;+u aflemPsf] eGg] bfjL
u/]sf]
;Gbe{df
P]gsf
plNnlvt
k|fawfgxsf] l;+xfjnf]sg ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g]
b]lvG5 . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf *
tx
v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f
-s_ rf}yf]
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-v_ kfFrf}
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/ *-s_ df /x]sf] k|fjwfg x]bf{ lgDg Joj:yf

/x]s]f b]lvof] M
*= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] kbk"lt{ M
-!_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] b]xfosf txsf
tf]lsPsf kbx b]xfoadf]lhd v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutf jf a9'jff/f k"lt{ ul/g]5M
j9'jff/f
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
sfo{Ifdtfsf d"Nofg
k/LIff
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-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd kbk"lt{ x'g]

kbafx]s cGo kb / txsf] k"lt{ bkmf (
adf]lhd :t/j[l4f/f ul/g]5 .
*s= kbk"lt{df aGb]h M
-!_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] s'g} klg kbdf o;
P]gdf Joj:yf ePb]lv afx]s cGo s'g}
klg tl/sfaf6 kbk"lt{ ul/g] 5}g .
-@_ :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] s'g} kb s'g} tl/sfaf6
l/Qm ePdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L kb l/Qm
ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq ;DalGwt
lgsfon] nf]s;]jf cfof]unfO{ lbg'kg]{5,
;f]
cjlwleq
;"rgf
glbg]
kbflwsf/LnfO{ ljefluo sf/jfxL
x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd n]vL cfPdf ;f]
cjlw;Dd l/Qm x'g cfPsf] kb / rfn'
cfly{s jif{leqdf cjsfz jf
1117
j9'jfaf6 l/Qm x'g] kb ;d]t osLg

u/L dfu ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-$_ kb k"lt{sf] dfu;GaGwL cGo Joj:yf
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ dGqfno,
ljefu,
s]Gb|
tyf
pkTosfleq /x]sf sfof{nodf sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf
lghfdtL
lstfjvfgf / lhNnfl:yt sfof{nosf
sd{rf/Lsf] xsdf ;DalGwt sf]if tyf
n]vf lgoGqs sfof{noaf6 tnjL
k|ltj]bg kf; gu/fO{ tnj v'jfpg
x'Fb}g .
-^_ pkbkmf -!_ ljk/Lt s;}n] sd{rf/L
lgo'lQm u/]df jf pkbkmf % adf]lhd
tnjL k|ltj]bg kf; gu/L tnj
v'jfPsf] kfO{Pdf To:tf] sd{rf/Ln]
kfPsf] tnj, eQf / cGo
;'ljwfjfktsf] /sd lgo'lQm ug{] /
tnj v'jfpg] kbflwsf/Laf6 ;/sf/L

afFsL;/x c;"npk/ ul/g] 5 .
#=
g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gs]f
pko'{Qm k|fjwfgn] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbxdf
ul/g] lgo'lQmsf k|lqmofnfO{ lglZrt u/]sf]
b]lvg cfof] . pko{'Qm k|fjwfgxdf
;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] / df}lns xsdf
;d]t ;dfj]z u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofcGtu{t ;dfj]z
u/]sf] kfOPg . ;fy} lgj]bsn] lgj]bg;fy
k]z u/]sf] nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
sdnkf]v/Laf6 k|sflzt /f=k= cg+lst
ltLo >]0fL -k|fljlwsck|fljlws_ / :jf:Yo
;]jfsf rf}yf] txsf cf=k|= ;fdfj]zL / v'Nnf
kbsf] k|ltof]lutfTds lnlvt k/LIffsf]
lj1fkg cGtu{tsf] ;"rgf g+= (#.)^$^%
sf] 5f+ofk|ltdf vl/bf/, ;=n]=kf=, cldg,
gf=k|f=;=, l8f nufotsf kbxdf
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL cfwf/df kbk"lt{ ug]{
u/L kb;+Vof 5'6\ofOPsf] b]lvG5 . t/
lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]sf c=g=dL= / c=x]=j=
kbsf nflu To; cfwf/df l;6;+Vof lgwf{/0f
u/L lj1fkg u/]s]f ;d]t b]lvPg .
tx
-s_ >]0fL ljlxg /f=k=cglt
kfFrf} >]0fL
-v_/fhkqcg+lt rt'y{ >]0fL
-u_ /fhkqcg+lt t[tLo>]0fL]
-3_/fhkq cg+lt llto >]0fL
-_/fhkq cg+lt k|yd >]0fL
-r_ /fhkqf+lt t[tLo >]0fL
-5_ /fhkqf+lt llto >]0fL
-h_ /fhkqf+lt k|yd >]0fL
v'Nnf
k|ltof]lutff/f
$=
lgj]bsn] bfjL u/]sf g]kfn
:jf:Yo ;]jfsf kbxdf lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofdf
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGt cg'k l;6
;+Vof lgwf{/0f gu/]sf] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLxsf]
lnlvt hjfkm cjnf]sg ubf{, ljkIfL
nf]s;]jf cfof]un] g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g,
@)%# n] dlxnf cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL,
blnt, nufotsf pDd]bjf/x aLr 5'f5'}
k|ltikwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug{'kg{] Joj:yf
gu/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 eg]
:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefun] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ qmd}cg';f/ sfg"gdf
kl/0ft ug{] gLlt lnPsf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . o;} ;Gbe{df d'n'ssf] lghfdtL
k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng / lgodg ug{ ag]sf]
lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfnfO{ klg
x]g'{ kg]{ x'G5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf & n] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwdf b]xfo jdf]lhdsf]
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 M
-!_ lghfdtL ;]jfsf] /fhkqflt
ljlzi7 >]0fLsf] kbdf bkmf !( adf]lhd /
b]xfosf] kb b]xfo adf]lhd k"lt{ ul/g]5 .
j9'jff/f
sfo{Ifdtfsf]
d"Nofgf/f
cfGtl/s k|ltof]lutfTds
k/LIfff/f
sfo{ ;Dkfbg tyf cg'ejsf]

d"Nofgaf6 x'g a9'jfsf]
;dfof]hgf/f
!))
x
^)
^)
&)
!)
!)
!))
@)
@)
!)
^)
^)
pQm bkmf s} pkbkmf & df lgDg

Joj:yf b]lvG5M
pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf]
eP tfklg lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL
@)
!)
@)
@)
@)
!)
!)
!)
agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutff/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo]

k}+tfln; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{
;t
k|ltzt
dfgL
b]xfoadf]lhdsf
pDd]bjf/x aLrdf dfq 5'f5'} k|ltikwf{
u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ul/]g]5 .
1118
-s_ dlxnf
-v_ cflbjf;Lhghflt
-u_ dw]zL
-3_ blnt
-_ ckf
-r_ lk5l8Psf] If]q
t]QL; k|ltzt
;QfO{; k|ltzt
afO{; k|ltzt
gf} k|ltzt
kfFr k|ltzt
rf/ k|ltzt
%=
o;/L lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn]
;+j}wflgs k|fawfgcg'k ;dfj]zL tyf
;dfg'kflts l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f u/L tbg'?k
kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{ / k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf ;DalGwt b]lvPsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf
ljefu h:tf lgsfon] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ qmd}cg';f/ sfg"gdf
kl/0ft ug{] gLlt lnPsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]
cj:yfdf /fHosf ;a} ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a} ju{ /
If]qsf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt u/fpg] u/L
sfo{qmdx cl3 a9fOg] / ;DalGwt sfg"gdf
tbg'?k ;+zf]wg / kl/dfh{g ul/g] s'/fdf
ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 . hxfF;Dd ljjflbt
lj1fkgsf] ;Gbe{ 5, lgj]bsn] g]kfn :jf:Yo
;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * / *-s_ sf]
Joj:yfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtsf]
Joj:yf geO{ lj1fkg g+= ()#)^$.)^% df
dxfsfnL c~rndf c=x]=a= kbsf nflu %*
hgfsf] l;6 vf]lnPsf]df ;dfj]zL tl/sfaf6
l;6 lgwf{/0f gul/Psf] egL pQm lj1fkgaf6
cfJxfg u/]sf] c=g=dL= / c=x]=a= kbsf]
k/LIff lng] nufotsf sfd sf/jfxL :ylut
ug{ cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf]df
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] cj:yf 5}g .
nf]s;]jf cfof]u s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] ;"rgf g+=
(#)^$)^% sf] ldl;n ;+nUg lgj]bsn]
k]z u/]sf] 5fFofk|ltdf lgj]bsn] k|Zg p7fPsf]
kb ;d]tsf] lnlvt k/LIffsf] sfo{qmd ldlt
@)^%.@.* df k|sflzt ul/g] eGg] b]lvPsf]
tyf nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] dxfsfnL c~rn
sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkmdf ldlt @)^%.&.#)
df lnlvt k/LIff ;d]t ;DkGg eO;s]sf]
egL pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvFbf To;/L lj1fkg

cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg e} t];|f] kIfsf]
xs ;d]t l;h{gf e};s]sf] cj:yf ;d]tnfO{
b[li6ut ubf{ pQm lj1fkg ab/ ug{ ldNg]
cj:yf b]lvPg .
^=
ca, :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf
* / *s= sf] Joj:yf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !#, wf/f !* / wf/f @! ;Fu
aflemPsf] egL bfjL lnPsf] ;Gbe{df k|ydtM
;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt k|fawfgxnfO{ klg x]g'{
kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f wf/f !#= df
;dfgtfsf] xs cGtu{t b]xfosf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 M
-!_
-@_
-#_
;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg

x'g]5g\ . s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg
;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf s'g} klg
gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt,
ln, pTklt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf
jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf] cfwf/df
e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
/fHon] gful/sxsf aLr wd{, j0f{,
hft, hflt, ln, pTklt, efiff jf
j}rfl/s cf:yf jf tL dWo] s'g} s'/fsf]
cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g .
&=
t/ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw]zL jf ls;fg, dhb'/ jf cfly{s,
;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf] ju{
jf afns, j[4 tyf ckf jf zf/Ll/s jf
dfgl;s ?kn] czQm JolQmsf] ;+/If0f
;zlQms/0f jf ljsf;sf] nflu sfg"Gff/f
ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g .
*=
To;}u/L, wf/f !* df
/f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs
cGtu{t b]xfo jdf]lhd pNn]v ul/Psf]
b]lvG5 M
-!_
1119
k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf

ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xs x'g]5 .
-@_
-#_
dlxnf, >lds, j[4, ckf, tyf czQm

/ c;xfo gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs
x'g]5 .
k|To]s gful/nfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd vfB ;Dk|e"tfsf] xs
x'g]5 .
wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs

cGtu{t cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n]
kl5 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/La ls;fg /
cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs
x'g]5 elgPsf] 5 .
(=
o;/L wf/f !# sf] pkwf/f
-#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zdf ;sf/fTds
lje]b;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] wf/f
!* df ;a} gful/snfO{ sfg"gadf]lhd
/f]huf/Lsf] xs k|bfg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . wf/f
@! n] ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df /fHosf] ;+/rgfdf ;xefuL x'g] xs
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgdf df}lns xssf
?kdf k|Tofe"t plNnlvt Joj:yfcg'k
lqmofzLn x'g' /fHosf] st{Jo aGb5 /
To;k|lt /fHo pbf;Lg ePsf] kfO{Pdf
;/sf/nfO{
emSemSofpg]
lhDd]jf/L
Gofokflnsfn] lgjf{x ub{5 . ;+ljwfgn] g}
;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ To:tf] clwsf/ k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ df o;
;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ df}lns xspk/ cg'lrt
jGb]h nufOPsf]n] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g}
sfg"g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;f]
sfg"g To;sf] s'g} efu jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm
egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 / ;f]cg';f/
s'g} sfg"g ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f]
sfg"gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf]
ldltb]lv cdfGo / jb/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f
clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g]5 elgPsf]
5.
!)= plNnlvt
;+j}wflgs
Joj:yfsf] /f]xdf ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{
x]bf{ :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf * n] :jf:Yo
;]jfsf] ljleGg kbdf kbk"lt{ ubf{ ckgfOg]
k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L To;sf nflu k|ltzt
;d]t lglZrt ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 eg] P]= bkmf
*s= n] bkmf * n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] afx]ssf]
k|lqmof cjnDjgdf lgif]w ub}{ kbk"lt{sf
;Gbe{df vfnL kbsf] hfgsf/L lbg] / To:tf]
hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df kb;+Vof osLg u/L
lj1fkg k|sflzt ug]{ nufotsf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . plNnlvt cfwf/df x]bf{
ljjflbt b'a} bkmf kbk"lt{;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf
/ tL b'a} bkmfdf ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
kbk"lt{ ug]{ u/L k|ltzt 5'6\ofOPsf] b]lvFb}g .
lnlvt ;+ljwfg nfu" ePsf] k|hftflGqs
zf;g k|0ffnLdf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf jf
/fHosf cGo s'g} lgsfo ;jf{]Rr x'g ;Sb}gg\,
;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf sfod x'G5 . To;}n]
;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg"g dflgG5 . d"n
sfg"g;Fu ljk/Lt x'g] cyf{t\ aflemg] sfg"g
aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] wf/0ff :jLsf/
ul/Psf] x'G5 / of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ xfd|f]
;+ljwfgn] klg wf/f ! df :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 .
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf
c+lusf/ u/L ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf]
cfwf/df /fHo ;+/rgfsf ;a} c+uxdf
dw]zL, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf,
dhb'/ ls;fg, ckf, lk5l8Psf ju{ / ;a}
If]qnfO{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df
;xefuL u/fpg] /fHosf] bfloTj x'g] s'/fnfO{
wf/f ## df cf}+NofPsf] cj:yfdf /fHon] ;f]
adf]lhdsf] Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg]
Joj:yf sfod u/fpg]tkm{ ;lqmotf b]vfpg'
kg{] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgn]
gful/snfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/L
/fHosf] bfloTjs} ?kdf ;'lDkPsf] s'/fnfO{
/fHon] cgb]vf u/L To;df lg/k]If /xg'
k|hftflGqs / sfg"gL zf;g k4ltdf ;'xfpFbf]
dflgb}g .
1120
!!=
k|:t't
lgj]bgdfkm{t
lgj]bsn] cfkm"nfO{ dfq ge} cfkm" h:t}
x}l;ot ePsf cGo gful/sxn] cGo
;]jfxdf ;dfj]zL 9+uaf6 ;xefuL x'g]
cj;/ kfP klg :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;f] cj;/
gkfPsf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ phfu/ u/L JolQm
ljz]ifsf] nflu ge} ;du| ;dfj]zL l;4fGtdf
c6fpg] ju{ s} k|ltlglwTj u/L lgj]bg lbg
cfPsf] / ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df
;fdflhs Gofosf] axfnL x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8
lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
!@=
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,
@)^# n] b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo
n}ls ;d:ofxnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf]
cu|ufdL k'g;+/rgf ug]{ k|:tfjgfdf ;+sNk
ub}{ cu|ufdL cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{gnfO{
cfTd;fy u/]sf] b]lvG5 . d'n'ssf] cu|ufdL
cfly{s / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g k'/fg} 9/f{ /
z}nLaf6 ;Dej x'g g;Sg] dx;"; ePsf] 5 .
cfly{s, ;fdflhs / z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5 k/]sf
ju{ ;d"xnfO{ cufl8 j9]sf cGo ju{ ;d"xsf
JolQm ;/x ;dfg?kdf /fvL p:t} Jojxf/
u/]df ;dfhdf cufl8 k/]sf] ju{ ;Fw} cufl8
kg]{ / k5fl8 /x]sf] ju{ k5fl8 g} /xg]
kl/l:ylt pTkGg x'g hfg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgdf
k|Tofe"t ;dfgtfsf] xsdf vf; cj:yfsf
k5fl8 k/]sf ju{ ;d"x tyf ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n]
;lhn} hf]lvddf kg]{ ;d"x / To:t} vf;
cj:yfsf JolQmnfO{ 5'} sfg"g agfO{ Jojxf/
ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg /fVg yflnPsf] xf] . xfd|}
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] wf/f !# df klg
;dfgtfsf] xscGtu{t pkwf/f # sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zdf To:t} Joj:yf u/L
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yfdf z}lIfs, cfly{s
jf ;fdflhs cflb b[li6n] k5fl8 k/]sf] ;d"x
jf ju{ tyf vf; zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
cj:yfn] kl5 k/]sf JolQmxnfO{ ljz]if 5'6
jf Joj:yf u/L cGo ju{ jf ;d"x ;/x
;dfg u/fpg] gLlt lnOG5 . o;/L k5fl8
k/]sf] ;d"x jf ju{nfO{ ;dfhdf cGo ju{ jf
;d"x;/x ;dfg x}l;ot / cj:yfdf Nofpg]

jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f k|d'v nIo
klg xf] . To;f] t wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf
;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL xs cGtu{t pkwf/f
-!_ df k|To]s gful/snfO{ sfg"gdf Joj:yf
ePadf]lhd /f]huf/Lsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/L
wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t
cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf z}lIfs b[li6n] kl5
k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw]zL ;d'bfo, pTkLl8t ju{, u/Lj ls;fg
cfwf/df df}lns xs s} ?kdf cf/If0f;DaGwL
Joj:yf u/]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;dfgtfsf] xs
cGtu{tsf] pkwf/f -#_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds
Joj:yf, wf/f !* df /f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs
;'/Iff;DaGwL xscGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ sf]
Joj:yf tyf wf/f @! df ;fdflhs Gofosf]
xsnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf ge} Pscsf{df ;fk]lIft
?kdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf] nflu ;+ljwfg
lgdf{0f ePkl5 ;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'k
sfg"gL ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f jf ljBdfg sfg"gdf
cfjZos kl/dfh{g cfjZos x'G5 . cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ## sf] /fHosf] bfloTj
cGtu{t b]xfo -3!_ df d'n'ssf] /fHo
;++/rgfsf ;a} c+uxdf dw]zL blnt,
cflbjf;L hghflt, dlxnf, dhb'/, ls;fg,
ckf, lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]q ;a}nfO{
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] cfwf/df ;xefuL
u/fpg] s'/fsf] Joj:yf klg o; ;Gbe{df
plQs} dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .
!#=
;+ljwfgdf
ul/Psf
plNnlvt k|fjwfgx ;fdflhs / cfly{s
kl/jt{g NofO{ ;a} ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmx
/fHosf x/]s ;+/rgfdf ;dfg?kdf ;xefuL
x'g] jftfj/0f tof/ ug{] tkm{ kl/nlIft x'Fbf
jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ u/]sf] ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGt tyf ;dfgtfsf] xsdf
lglZrt ju{ jf ;d"xsf] nflu ul/Psf]
;sf/fTds
lje]b
;DaGwL
Joj:yf
;dfgtfjfbL l;4fGtsf k|d'v kf6fx x'g\ .
;dfgtfjfbL l;4fGtdf /fHosf ;a} ju{
1121
;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt ug{] /

pkef]u ug{] kl/l:ylt tof/ ul/G5 . To;sf]
nflu ;a}nfO{ ;dfg agfpg sfg"gf/f kl5
k/]sf] vf; ju{ jf ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if ;'ljwf jf
;x'lnot jf 5'6 jf cj;/ lbO{ dfly p7fpg]
/ ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ultnfO{ ;Gt'lnt
agfpg] k|oTg ul/G5 .
!$= o;/L ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
ca sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;a} ;dfg /
sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 s;}nfO{ al~rt
gul/g] eGg] ;Lldt / cf}krfl/s ;dfgtfdf
dfq ;Lldt ge} ;Gt'lnt Pj+ ;du| ;fdflhs
pTyfg Pj+ ;fdflhs Gofo;Dd lj:tfl/t
e};s]sf] 5 . sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;j} ;dfg eGg]
Joj:yfnfO{ lg/k]If ?kdf /flv+bf ;dfhdf
jlu{o c;dfgtf x6\g g;s]sf], ;j} ju{sf
;d"xsf JolQmnfO{ ;dfg?kdf ;f/e"t?kn]
Jojxf/ x'g g;s]sf] ljutsf] ;+ljwfgsf]
Joj:yfsf] cg'ej af]wuDo ?kdf /Xof] .
;j}nfO{ ;dfg cj;/ eGg] ;dfgtfsf]
l;4fGtn] klg vf; ju{ jf ;d"xsf JolQmnfO{
cufl8 a9]sf] ju{ jf ;d"x;/x ;dfg:t/df
;Gt'lnt ?kdf /fVg g;s]sf] sf/0f cS;/
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sxdf vf; ju{ jf ;d"xsf
JolQmx ;LdfGts[t ?kdf /x]sf] dx;";
ePsf] 5 . ;LdfGts[t ju{sf] ?kdf /x]sf
ju{nfO{ sfg"gsf] cufl8 ;dfgtf / ;j}nfO{
;dfg cj;/ eGg] ;dfgtfsf] Pp6} 3]/fdf
/flv+bf jlu{o c;dfgtf x6\g g;s]sf]
oyfy{tfnfO{ x[bo+ud u/L jt{dfg ;+ljwfgn]
;fdflhs Gofosf] xs cGtu{t ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtnfO{ :yfg lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zLsf] l;4fGtn] wf/f !#
sf] ;dfgtfsf] xs / wf/f !* sf] /f]huf/L
tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnfO{ kl/k"/s
?kdf /fvL ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ ;f/e"t
-Substantive_ ;dfgtf k|bfg ug{ /
;dGoflos -Equitable_ pknAwL xfl;n ug{
d2t ub{5 . lsgeg] o;df ;dfhsf
;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d"x -Marginalised group_
g} nlIft ju{sf] ?kdf /x]sf x'G5g\ .
!%=
x/]s dfgj rfx] tL h'g;'s}
pd]/, wd{, j0f{, ln, hfthftL, efiffefifL,
;Ifd jf c;Ifd x'g\, ;j} ;dfhsf c+u x'g\
/ ;j}nfO{ ;dfg ?kdf / ;dfg x}l;otdf
/fHon] /fVg ;s]df dfq plrt ;dfh -Just
Society_ sf] lgdf{0f x'g;Sg] x'Fbf hgtfk|ltsf]
pQ/bfloTj
af]w
ug]{
s'g}
klg
nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHon] b]zdf pknAw cfly{s
;|f]t;fwgsf] ljt/0f, gful/snfO{ pknAw
u/fpg] /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf tyf cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfsf s'/fxsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{
;fdflhs Gofosf] d"No dfGotf;Fu cfa4 ub}{
n}hfg'k5{ .
!^=
Dff}lns
xssf]
?kdf
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf s'/fx ;+ljwfgsf]
k':tsdf 6fFl;P/ ;lhg] uxgf xf]Ogg\ /
ltgnfO{ :j0fL{d cIf/sf] ?kdf ;+ljwfgd}
;Lldt u/fpg'sf] cf}lRfTo klg /xFb}g .
;+ljwfgn] gful/snfO{ pknJw u/fPsf] xs
;j} x}l;otsf gful/sn] ;dfg ?kdf pkef]u
ug{ gkfPdf Tof] dxjxLg x'ghfg] x'Fbf To:tf
df}lns xssf] pkef]usf] Joj:yfaf6
gful/snfO{ nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo Joj:yfsf]
cg'e"lt lbnfpg' /fHosf] k|d'v st{Ao x'g] x'Fbf
To:tf] kl/l:yltsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ ;/sf/sf]
k|d'v bfloTj xf] . ;+ljwfgn] /fHonfO{ lgb]{z
u/]sf] st{Jo / bfloTj ;/sf/n] k'/f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 . /fHo jf o;sf c+u tyf lgsfox
To;f] ug{ ;lqmo x'g ;s]gg\ jf cfkm\gf]
st{Jo / bfloTj k|lt pbfl;g x'g k'u]sf]
v08df To:tf] st{Jo / bfloTj kfngf u/fpg
;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'k Gofokflnsf ;lqmo
/xg] Goflos kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
Gofkflnsfsf] ;lqmotf ;Gt'lnt ;fdflhs
pTyfg / ljsf;sf] ;f/yL xf] . :jtGq
Gofokflnsfsf] d"No / dfGotfnfO{ ;+ljwfgn]
cfTd;ft u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfgf] st{Ao /
bfloTj k|lt pbf;Lg x'g k'u]sf] jf ;'if'Kt
ePsf] /fHo ;+oGq / o;sf cjojxnfO{
ltgsf] st{Ao / bfloTj kfngf ug{ cfb]z
1122
lbg] clwsf/ k|hftflGqs sfg"gL zf;g

k4ltdf Gofokflnsfdf cGtlg{lxt x'G5 .
!&=
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]
wf/f @! Dff Jojl:yt ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs
ljutdf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\ lgld{t
jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] pkh
xf] . of] xsn] Psftkm{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs jf
z}lIfs b[li6n] jf vf; zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s
cj:yfn] kl5 k/]sf ju{ jf ;d"xxnfO{ dfly
psf:g / /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg?kdf
;xefuL u/fpg] lglZrttf k|bfg u/]sf] 5
eg] csf{tkm{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)) sf]
pkwf/f -@_ df g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn]
:jtGq Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL cjwf/0f /
d"NodfGotfnfO{ cg'z/0f u/L nf]stGq /
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ o;
;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/L
;+ljwfgn] GofokflnsfnfO{ nf]stGq /
hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf k|lt pQ/bfoL agfPsf]
5 . To:t} wf/f !))-!_ df g]kfnsf] Gofo
;DaGwL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg"g
tyf Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt cg';f/ cbfnt
tyf Goflos lgsfoxaf6 k|of]u ul/g]5
eGg] ;+j}wflgsJoj:yf ePaf6 ;d]t pNn]lvt
;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] lqmofzLntf k|lt
;+j}wflgs efjgfcg'k ljBdfg sfg"gL
;+oGqn] tfnd]n g/fv]sf] egL GofofnonfO{
u'xf/]sf] cj:yfdf Gofokflnsf cfgf] bfloTj
k|lt lg/k]If /xg ;Sb}g .
!*= bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft\
hf/L eO{ nfu" ePsf] jt{dfg g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] df}lns xssf]
?kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsdf
cGt/lgxLt ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf
cfwf/df g]kfn :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf]
bkmf * df Jojl:yt :jf:Yo ;]jfsf]
kbk"lt{;DaGWfL Joj:yfdf ljleGg kbxdf
l;6 lgwf{/0f u/]sf] gb]lvPsf] / pQm bkmf *
df plNnlvt tl/sf afx]s cGo tl/sfaf6
kbk"lt{ ug{ bkmf *s= n] aGb]h nufPsf]
;d]t b]lvFbf pQm Joj:yfnfO{ jt{dfg
cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yfcg'k

kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLdWo]sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefusf] lnlvt
hjfkmdf klg ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ qmd}
cg';f/ sfg"gdf kl/0ft ug]{ gLlt lnOPsf]
eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] kl/k|]Iodf To;k|lt
;/sf/ k"/} pbf;Lg ePsf] cj:yf ge} qmdzM
;'wf/ / kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg k|lta4 /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvg cfpF5 . ;+ljwfgdf ;jf{lws hf]8
lbOPsf] /fHo ;+/rgfdf ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf
;'lglZrt u/fpg] ljifonfO{ /fHosf ;a}
c+un] k|fyldstfdf /fVg} k5{ . ;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cjnDjgsf] Pp6f
dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ /fHo ;+/rgfleqsf
lgsfoxdf kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yf klg
xf] . :jf:Yo ;]jf P]g, @)%# sf] bkmf * /
*s= n] u/]sf] kbk"lt{ ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf
cem};Dd klg To; lsl;dsf] ;dfj]zL
l;4fGtsf] cg'z/0f u/]sf] b]lvPGf .
!(=
t/ o; ;Gbe{df kbk"lt{
;DaGwL pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfdf qmd} cg';f/
;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cjnDjg ug]{ gLlt
lnOPsf] egL ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf
k|lta4tf JoQm ePsf] / P]gsf] plNnlvt
Joj:yfnfO{ k"/} cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ubf{
pTkGg x'g] sfg"gL l/Qmtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ klg
u+eL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ k'ofpg' kg]{ x'G5 .
Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] l;4fGt cGtu{t s'g}
klg sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ubf{ To;
sfg"gn] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kf/]sf] k|efj,
To;sf] cefjdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL
l/Qmtfsf] l:ylt, To; sfg"gn] ;d]6]sf] If]q /
To;sf] k|fljlws kIf ;d]tsf] ;du| d"Nofg
ug'{ kb{5 . sfg"g klg ;dfhsf] ljsf;qmd
;Fu;Fu} ljsl;t / kl/dflh{t x'Fb} hfg]
;fdflhs pkh x'Fbf sfg"g hlxn] klg ;dfh
;fk]If x'G5 / x'g'k5{ . d"n sfg"gsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xsnfO{
df}lns xssf] ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] /
;dfg'kflts
;dfj]zLsf]
l;4fGtnfO{
1123
;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] d'Vo cfwf/

agfPsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf cGo ;fdfGo jf
ljz]if sfg"gn] ;+ljwfgsf] cg'z/0f /
cjnDjg ug}{k5{ .
@)= :jf:Yo ;]jf P]gsf] bkmf *
/ *s= df /x]sf] ljjflbt sfg"gL Joj:yfdf
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ ug'{ cfjZos
b]lvPsf] 5 / To;sf] cg'e"lt ;DalGwt
lgsfonfO{ klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n]
d'n'ssf] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;~rfng /
lgodg ug{ ag]sf] lghfdtL ;]jf P]gn] u/]sf]
kbk"lt{;DaGwL Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
:jf:Yo ;]jf h:tf] ljz]if of]Uotf, bIftf /
ljz]if1tf cfjZos kg]{ ljlzi6 cj:yf,
To;sf] k|fljlws kIf, To;sf] ;fdflhs
Gofosf] kIf / /fHon] c+lusf/ u/]sf]
;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] cg'lzng
;d]tsf ljljw kIfxnfO{ b[li6ut u/L
:jf:Yo ;]jf P]gdf /x]sf] kbk"lt{;DaGwL
ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfdf ;d;fdlos
;'wf/sf nflu tTsfn} k|lqmof k|f/De ug'{ egL
ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\\sf] sfof{no
/ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfnosf gfddf
lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 .
o;sf]
hfgsf/L
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljkIfLxnfO{ lbO{ ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .
lg0f{o g+= *!*(
sflQs, @)^^
;af]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/LzrGb| nfn
;+jt\ @)^% ;fnsf] ==WS=== ))!*
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.!!.%
d'2f pTk|]if0f .
lgj]bsM
sfe|]knfGrf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s

uf=lj=;= j8f g + $ v/]nyf]s a:g]
lj?4
ljkIfLM sfg"g Gofo tyf ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf
dGqfno sf7df8f}F+ ;d]t
pSt /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof= lu/LzrGb| nfn
Gof= k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !! ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM bLkss'df/ bfxfn
1124
s'g} JolQm dfly sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t

u/]sf] st{Josf] bfloTj lghn] jxg
ug'{kg]{ afWotf eP klg, xssf] k|of]u
wf/ssf] :j}R5fdf lge{/ x'g] x'G5 /
wf/sn] cfkm\gf] xssf] k|of]u ug]{
gug]{ jf slt xb;Dd ug]{ s'/f
:jefljs?kn] lghdfg} cGtlglx{t
/xg] .
:jf:gLdflg;n] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2f
bfo/ ubf{, hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s
vr{ jf c+ztkm{ ;d]t bfjL ug]]{ jf
ldnfkq ug]{ jf bfjL 5f8\g ;Sg]
s'/f lgh :jf:gLdflg;sf] lgtfGt
:j}R5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo ePsfn]
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf]
Joj:yfaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug{, d'2f
bfo/ ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ k|fKt
pQm xsdf k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bs

cRo"tk|;fb v/]n
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmfo >L
o'j/fh ;'j]bL / >L ls/0f kf}8]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
lhNnf cbfntL lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf]
lgod *%s-#_
nf]Ug]:jf:gL dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+=
cfb]z
Gof=lu/LzrGb|
nfnM
g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_
adf]lhd bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lgj]bgsf] ljj/0f
/ cfb]z lgDg adf]lhd 5M
;f/jfg sfg"gf/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf
xsnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"Gfn] lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf
pQm xsnfO{ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{ ;Sb}g .
sfo{ljlw sfg"gsf] d'Vo sfd ;f/jfg
sfg"gf/f ;'lglZrt ul/Psf xsnfO{ s;/L
k|fKt ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf
ug]{ ;Dd xf] . d'n'sL P]g, @)@) df @)%*
;fndf ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf]
dxndf $-s_ $-v_ / $-u_ g+= sf] Joj:yf
u/L dlxnf dfgj clwsf/sf] lbzfdf
dxjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf]
$s= gDa/n] ;DAfGw ljR5]b x'Fbf ;DAfGw
ljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;n] lghsf] nf]Ug]af6
c+zkfpg] c+z ;DaGwL ;f/e"t xssf]
;'lglZrtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . To:t}
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $v= gDa/df
;DaGwljR5]b x'g] dlxnfn] c+z glnO{
;f]afkt dfl;s jf jflif{s ?Kfdf vr{ e/fO{
lng rfx]df cbfntn] klg To:tL
:jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL ;d]tsf]
Vofn u/L vr{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{ s'/fsf] pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $u= gDAf/n]
;DAfGw ljR5]b x'Fbf ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{
:jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]sf] j08f ug'{kg]{ s'g}
;DklQ g} gePsf] cj:yfdf klg lgh c+z
gkfPsL :jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]af6 vr{ e/fpg

rfx]df / o:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL cfo:tf
ePdf cfDbfgL / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg
nfpg vr{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOG5 . o;/L nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=,
v / $u= n] nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b
x'Fbf ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ dlxnfn] nf]Ug]af6 c+z
kfpg] ;f/e"t xsnfO{ ;'lglZrttf k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@
df @)^) ;fn d+l;/ ! ut] ePsf] rf}yf]
;+zf]wgaf6 lgod *%-s_ yk u/L b]xfo #
sf] Joj:yf :jf:gLdflg; jfbL e} bfo/ ePsf]
;DaGwljR5]b ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf jfbL
kIfn] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+z
glng] u/L ldnfkq ug{ jf hLljsfsf] lgldQ
dfl;s vr{ jf c+z tkm{sf] bfjL 5f8L
;DaGwljR5]b tkm{ dfq af]nL lg0f{o ug{ afWo
kfg]{ 5}g eGg] Joj:yfdWo] jfbL kIfsf]
d~h"/Ln] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf
c+z tkm{sf] bfjL 5f]8L ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{
dfq af]nL lg0f{o ug{ afWff kg]{ 5}g eGg]
Joj:yfn] d'n'sL P]g, @)@) sf] P3f/f}+
;+zf]wgaf6 nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxndf yk
ul/Psf]
$s=, $v= / $u= gDj/sf]
Joj:yfnfO{ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{] ;Ddsf]
Joj:yf u/L ;DaGwljR5]b ePsL dlxnfsf]
cj:yf ;DaGwljR5]b e} ;s]kl5 3/sf] g
3f6sf] gxf];\ egL Joj:yf ul/Psf] ;f/e"t
xsnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] Pjd\ z"Godf kl/0ft ug{]
sfo{ljlwut Joj:yf lje]bsf/L /xL g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !#-!_-@_-#_
f/f k|bQ ;dfgtfsf] xs / k|ltjGwfTds
jfSof+zsf] ;sf/fTds lje]b ;DaGwL Joj:yf,
wf/f @) f/f k|bQ dlxnfsf] xssf] pkwf/f
! df plNnlvt dlxnf ePs} sf/0faf6 s'g}
klg lsl;dsf] lje]b ul/g] 5}g eGg] Joj:yf
/ wf/f !( f/f k|bQ ;DklQsf] xssf]
pkwf/f ! df plNnlvt k|To]s gful/snfO{
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL ;DklQ cfh{g
ug{], ef]u ug{] a]rljvg ug{] / ;DklQsf] cGo
sf/f]jf/ ug{] xs x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf;Fu
1125
aflemG5 . lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@

sf] lgod *%-s_ sf] b]xfo # sf] Joj:yfn]
;+ljwfgf/f k|bQ log} df}lns xssf] pkef]u
ug{ cg'lrt aGb]h nufPsf]n] g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_
adf]lhd 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zf/f cdfGo / ab/
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf
cRo"tk|;fb v/]nsf] @)^%.!).* df btf{
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df lgj]bsn] d'Vo ?kdf lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%-s_
df ePsf] Joj:yf ;DaGwdf bfjL lnPsf]
b]lvof] . bfjLsf] lgodfjnL ;jf{]Rr
cbfntaf6 hf/L eO{ nfu' ePsf] b]lvFbf
lgod hf/L ug{] sfo{df c;Da4 cGo
lgsfoxnfO{ lgj]bsn] ljkIfL agfPsf] eP
klg ;f] lgsfosf] gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z
hf/L u/L lnlvt hjfkm dfu u/L /xg'kg{]
b]lvFb}g . ;jf{]Rr cbfnt lgodfjnL hf/L
ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd
x'g'kg{] gkg{] s] xf] < o; ;DaGwdf ePsf] ;j}
Joxf]/fxnfO{ lnlvt hjfkm ;/xsf] k|ltj]bg
k]z ug{ >L /lhi6f/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{
hfgsf/L lbO{ k]z eP kl5 ;'g'jfO{sf] lglDfQ
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug{' eGg] o; cbfntsf]
@)^%.!).( sf] cfb]z .
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnLsf] lgod
*%s sf] b]xfo -#_ sf] plNnlvt Joj:yf
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, $v= / $u= Pj+
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf plNnlvt
wf/f;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/
lg/fwf/ / skf]nslNkt dfq xf] . plNnlvt
Joj:yfn] lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/] em}
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=, $v= / $u=sf]
dlxnfn] c+z, dfl;s vr{ Pj+ vfg nfpg
vr{ k|fKt ug]{ xsnfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] geO{
dlxnfsf] :j}R5fn] nf]Ug];Fu ;DaGwljR5]b ug{
kfpg] sfg"gL xsnfO{ ;'/lIft / ;'ud
agfPsf] 5 . nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s=,
$v= / $u=n] nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf]
;DaGwljR5]b x'g] ePdf ltgLx aLr
c+zj08f ug{ nufP/ dfq ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]

lg0f{o
ug'{kg]{,
;DaGwljR5]b
x'g]
:jf:gLdflg;n] c+z glnO ;f]afkt nf]Ug];Fu
aflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lng rfx]df
cbfntn] To:tL :jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf]
;DklQ / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df aflif{s jf
dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lbg'kg]{, j08f ug'{kg]{ s'g}
;DklQ geO{ vfg nfpg vr{ e/fpg rfx]df
/ To:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL cfo:tf ePdf
cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df vfg nfpg vr{ e/fO{
lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] / lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod *%s n] plNnlvt
sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd cbfntn] c+z e/fO{
lbg] ;DaGwdf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]sf]
kfOG5 . ;DaGwljR5]b ug{ rfxg]
:jf:gLdflg;sf] OR5fnfO{ dxTj lbO{ To:tL
:jf:gLdflg;n] c+z glng] u/L Pj+ hLljsfsf]
lgldQ dfl;s vr{ tkm{sf] bfjL 5f8L
ldnfkq ug{ jf To:tf] bfjL 5f]8]df
;DaGwljR5]b tkm{dfq lg0f{o ug{ ;Sg] u/L
Joj:yf u/L nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s=, $v= /
$u= adf]lhdsf] sfg"gL xs, clwsf/ pkef]u
ug]{ ;DaGwdf dlxnfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf :jtGq /
;Ifd agfOPsf] kfOG5 . To;af6 jfbL
dlxnfn] sfg"gadf]lhd c+z jf dfl;s vr{
k|fKt ug]{ sfg"gL Joj:yfdf c'z nufOPsf]
xf]Og . :jf:gLdflg;n] c+z / dfl;s vr{sf]
bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug]{ k|fjwfg tkm{
lgj]bsn] cfklQ gu/L s]jn To:tf] ljifosf]
bfjL 5f]8]sf]df cbfntn] lg0f{o ug]{ eGg]
k|fjwfg tkm{ dfq rf;f] JoQm u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
o;/L c+z / dfl;s vr{sf] bfjL 5f8L
ldnfkq ug{ ;lsg] t/ ;f]xL ljifodf
cbfntn] lg0f{o ug{ afwf kg]{ eGg] lgj]bg
lhsL/ :jo+ lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ ;d]t b]lvG5 .
dlxnfn] c+z jf dfl;s vr{ lng grfx]df jf
To; tkm{sf] bfjL 5f]8]df ;DaGwljR5]b tkm{
dfq lg0f{o ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfaf6 dlxnf kIf
ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2fdf ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]
b]lvPsf] cj:yfdf c+z jf dfl;s vr{ lng]
1126
glng] ;DaGwdf :jo+ dlxnfnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/L

/ k"0f{ clwsf/ ;DkGg agfO{Psf] Joj:yf
;+ljwfg / sfg"g;Fu aflemPsf] eGg ldNg]
xf]Og . dlxnf jfbL ePsf] ;DaGwljR5]b
d'2fdf dlxnfsf] :jtGq ;xdlt / d~h"/LnfO{
r'gf}tL lbg] k|s[ltsf] l/6 lgj]bssf] p7fg
sfg"g;Ddt / cf}lrTok"0f{ dfGg g;ls+bf
lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod
*%-s_ sf] b]xfo -#_ df plNnlvt Joj:yf
s'g} sfg"g Pj+ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu
aflemPsf] Pj+ df}lns xsdf cg'lrt aGb]h
nufPsf] eGg] lgj]bg lhsL/ cfwf/lxg x'Fbf
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g'kg]{ geO{
l/6 lgj]bg g} vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf] tkm{af6 /lhi6f/ 8f=/fds[i0f
ltdN;]gfsf] @)^%.!!.^ df btf{ ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L cfh
o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't
lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog u/L lgj]bs clwjQmf
cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] d'n'sL P]gdf @)%*
;fndf ePsf] P3f/f}+ ;+zf]wgn] ;DaGwljR5]b
x'g] dlxnfn] ;DaGwljR5]b kl5 3/sf] g
3f6sf] x'g] cj:yf gcfjf];\ egL
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxndf $s=, $v= / $u= yk
u/L ;DaGwljR5]b ug'{ k"j{ cbfntn] c+z
5'6\ofO{ lbg'kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]df lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)%@ df @)^) ;fndf
;+zf]wg u/L lgod *%s-#_ yk u/L ;f]
jfWofTds Joj:yfnfO{ c'z nufO{ c+z glnO{
;DaGwljR5]b ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]af6
;f/jfg sfg"gnfO{ sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] lgoGq0f
u/]sf] 5, sfo{ljlw sfg"gn] ;f/jfg sfg"gnfO{
cem ;/n agfpg' kg]{df ;f/jfg sfg"gs}
k|fjwfgnfO{ x:tIf]k u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn]
agfPsf] ;f] lgodn] dlxnfju{sf] xs clwsf/
s'l07t u/]sf] x'Fbf pQm k|fjwfg ab/ 3f]lift
x'g'k5{ egL tyf ;xGofoflwjQmfo o'j/fh
;'j]bL / ls/0f kf}8]nn] lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnLsf] lgod *%-#_ sf] Joj:yf d'n'sL
P]g, nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s=, $v= / $u= g+=;Fu

aflemPsf] 5}g, dlxnfsf] d~h"/L lagf cbfnt
cfkm}+n] c+z glbnfO{ ;+aGw ljR5]b ug{] u/L
ldnfkq ug{ jf lg0f{o ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf pQm
$s=, $v= / $u= g+=n] dlxnfsf] :j}R5fdf
cbfntn] sfd ug'{kg]{ u/L Joj:yf u/]sf] xf],
lgodfjnLn] t P]gsf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;/nLs/0f
dfq u/]sf] xf], dlxnfsf] OR5fg';f/ c+zsf]
bfjL 5f8]df cbfntn] c+z lng'kg]{ u/L jfWo
u/fpg g;Sg] x'Fbf ;f] afwf c8sfp km'sfpg]
lgodfjnLsf]] Joj:yfnfO{ aflemPsf] eGg
ldNb}g egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
@=
pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\
ldl;naf6 b]lvPsf] tYonfO{ b[li6ut u/L
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ug]{ ;Gbe{df, lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%s sf]
pklgod -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf d'n'sL P]g
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+=
sf] Joj:yf ljk/Lt ePsf] x'Fbfn] ab/
ul/kfpFm egL dfu bfjL ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg ;DaGwdf x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] $s g+=
o; dxnsf] !gDa/ adf]lhd nf]Ug] /
:jf:gLsf] ;DaGwljR5]b x'g] ePdf cbfntn]
lghxaLr c+zj08f ug{ nufP/ dfq
;DaGwljR5]b x'g] lg0f{o ug'{ k5{ .
;DaGwljR5]b x'g] nf]Ug]dflg;n] g} c+z lnO{
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf cbfntn] tfobftL dfu
u/L c+lzof/xaLr c+zj08f ug{ cfb]z lbO{
To:tf] nf]Ug]dflg;sf] efudf kg]{ c+z / ;f]
c+zaf6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;n]
kfpg] c+zsf] cGhfd u/L c+zj08f
geP;Ddsf] nflu To:tL :jf:gLdflg;sf]
hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s ?kn] vr{ e/fO{ lbg'
k5{ . c+zj08f e};s]kl5 ;DaGwljR5]b ePsL
:jf:gLdflg;sf] c+z efudf k/]sf] ;DklQdf
lghsf] xs x'g]5 . To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n]
csf]{ ljjfx gu/]df jf csf]{ ljjfx u/]sf] eP
klg s'g} ;Gtfg gePdf lghsf] z]ifkl5
lghn] kfPsf] To:tf] ;DklQ cl3Nnf] nf]Ug]n]
kfpg]5 eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . To:t} $v
g++= df o; dxnsf] $s= gDa/df h'g;'s}
1127
s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]

:jf:gLdflg;n] c+z glnO{ ;f]afkt nf]Ug];Fu
aflif{s jf dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lng rfx]df
;DklQ / cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df jflif{s jf
dfl;s vr{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ . nf]Ug]n] To:tf]
vr{ To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx
gu/];Dd dfq eg'{ k5{ eGg] / $u= g+= df
o; dxnsf] ! g+= adf]lhd ;DaGwljR5]b
ePsf]df bkmf $s= adf]lhd a08f ug'{kg]{ s'g}
;DklQ geO{ nf]Ug]af6 c+z gkfPsL
:jf:gLdflg;n] nf]Ug]af6 vfg nfpg vr{
e/fpg rfx]df / To:tf] nf]Ug]sf] cfDbfgL
cfo:tf
ePdf
cbfntn]
To:tL
:jf:gLdflg;nfO{ nf]Ug]sf] cfo:tfsf] cfwf/df
vfg nfpg vr{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ . nf]Ug]n]
To:tf] vr{ To:tL :jf:gLdflg;n] csf]{ ljjfx
gu/];Dd dfq eg'{ k5{ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]
kfOG5 .
#=
lj=;+= @)%* ;fndf d'n'sL
P]gdf ePsf] P3f/f}F ;+zf]wgsf] ;Gbe{df ;f]
P]gdf n}+lus Gofo (Gender Justice) nfO{
Wofgdf /fvL ul/Psf k|fjwfgxsf] efjgf
tyf agf}6tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, :jf:gLdflg;n]
cfkm\gf] nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug'{kg]{
l:yltdf, c+z hLljsf / ;DklQ ;DaGwL
ljjfbx p7g ;Sg] / To:tf ljjfbsf
ljGb'xsf] ;+of]hg / lg/fs/0f Ps} k6sdf /
;Dej eP;Dd yf]/} ;do leq xf];\ eGg]
p2]Zon] pQm Joj:yfx ul/Psf] b]lvg'sf
;fy} xfd|f] ;fdflhs Pj+ kfl/jfl/s
kl/l:yltdf, :jf:gLdflg;x cfly{s ?kn]
;fdfGotof lghsf] nf]Ug] dfly lge{/ /xL
/xg] ;d]tn], nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b x'g]af6
pTkGg x'g] kl/l:yltdf, :jf:gLdflg;sf]
e/0fkf]if0fdf k|lts"n cj:yfsf] l;h{gf gxf];\
eGg] b[li6n] ;f] Joj:yfx ul/Psf] xf] eGg]
s'/fsf] cg'dfg ;xh} ug{ ;lsG5 .
$=
pko'Qm
k[i7e"ldnfO{
dWogh/ /fvL lhNnf cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)%@ sf] lgod *%s sf] pklgod -#_ df
:jf:gLdflg; jfbL eO{ bfo/ ePsf]

;DaGwljR5]b ul/kfpFm eGg] d'2fdf jfbL
kIfn] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf
c+ztkm{ bfjL 5f8L ldnfkq ug{ rfx]df
lghsf] d~h"/Ln] hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s
vr{ jf c+z glng] u/L ldnfkq ug{ jf
hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztk{msf]
bfjL 5f8L ;DaGwljR5]btkm{ dfq pkrf/
vf]h]df ;DaGwljR5]btkm{ dfq af]nL lg0f{o
ug{ afwf kg]{ 5}g egL ePsf] Joj:yfnfO{
l/6 lgj]bgsf] dfusf] ;Gbe{df x]g'{kbf{,
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] $s, $v / $u sf] Joj:yf
:jf:gLdfl;n] nf]Ug]af6 ;DaGwljR5]b ug{
d'2f bfo/ ug]{ cj:yfdf lghsf] c+z, hLljsf
tyf dfl;s vr{ ;DaGwdf lghsf] xsdf
JolQm ljz]if cyf{t\ lghsf] nf]Ug]n] jxg
ug'{kg]{ ;f] xs;Fu ;Da4 st{Josf] Correlated Duty_ tfTko{sf] nflu nf]Ug] dfly
lghsf] sfg"gL xssf] -Right in Personam_
l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . ;f] Joj:yfaf6
;DaGwljR5]b d'2f bfo/ ug]{ :jf:gLdflg;sf]
xsdf sfg"gL xssf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 eg], ;f]
xssf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL st{Josf] jxg ug'{kg]{
lhDd]jf/L lghsf] nf]Ug] dfly x'g] b]lvg
cfpF5 .
%=
sfg"gL xssf] k|of]u / ;f];Fu
;DalGwt st{Josf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, s'g}
JolQm dfly sfg"gn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] st{Josf]
bfloTj lghn] jxg ug'{kg]{ afWotf eP klg,
xssf] k|of]u wf/ssf] :j}R5fdf lge{/ x'g] x'G5
/ wf/sn] cfkm\gf] xssf] k|of]u ug]{ gug]{ jf
slt xb;Dd ug]{ s'/f :jfefljs?kn] lghdfg}
cGtlglx{t /xg] x'G5 . To;sf/0f
:jf:gLdflg;n] pQm sfg"gL xssf] pkef]u jf
k|rng s'g} sf/0fn] cf+lzs?kn] fdq ug]{
u/fpg rfx]df jf gug]{ gu/fpg rfx]sf]
cj:yfdf klg lghnfO{ sfg"gf/f tf]lsPsf]
st{Jo -Duty_ h:tf] ug]{ u/fpg} kg]{ u/L ;f]
sfg"gL Joj:yfn] afWo u/]sf] eGg ;lsb}g .
:jf:gLdflg;n] ;DaGwljR5]b d'2f bfo/ ubf{,
hLljsfsf] lgldQ dfl;s vr{ jf c+ztkm{
1128
;d]t bfjL ug]]{ jf ldnfkq ug]{ jf bfjL

5f8\g ;Sg] s'/f lgh :jf:gLdflg;sf] lgtfGt
:j}R5fdf lge{/ /xg] ljifo ePsfn] lhNnf
cbfnt lgodfjnLdf ePsf] ;f] Joj:yfaf6
;DaGwljR5]b ug{, d'2f bfo/ ug]{
:jf:gLdflg;nfO{ k|fKt pQm xsdf k|lts"n
c;/ k/]sf] eGg ldng] . t;y{ lhNnf cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)%@ sf] lgod *%s sf]
pklgod -#_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yf,
nf]Ug]:jf:gLsf] dxnsf] $s, $v / $u g+=
sf] ljk/Lt ePsf] jf To;n] ubf{ ;f] dxnsf]
pQm Joj:yfaf6 l;lh{t :jf:gLdflg;sf]
sfg"gL xsdf k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] gb]lvg'sf
;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf bfjL ug]{ jf ldnfkq ug]{
gug]{ s'/fnfO{ lghsf] :j}R5fdf lge{/ x'g] egL
cem :ki6 u/]sf] gb]lvgfn], l/6 lgj]bgdf
dfu ul/Pcg';f/ cfb]z hf/L x'g] cf}lrTo
b]lvPg . ctPjM k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g]
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{lbg" .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf7df8fF} lhNnf, sf7df8fF}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @^ g/b]jL
a:g] s[i0fs'df/L esf] d'=;=ug]{ P]=P]=
a:g] /Tgk|;fb e
lj?4
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf:sL lhNnf kf]v/f pk
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+=!! 3/ eO{
xfn sf7df8fF}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}F+
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( a:g]
lrqfs'df/L u'?
z'? km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof=>L xl/s'df/ kf]v/]n
k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug]{M
df=Gof= >L a'4/Tg zfSo
df=Gof= >L ljgf]bk|;fb 9'+u]n
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
Gof=k|sfz j:tL
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} !! ut] /f]h % z'ee\
Ohnf; clws[t bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o g+= *!()
sflQs, @)^^
=
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k"0f{ Ohnf;
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/
dfggLo GofofwLz >L tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
k'g/fj]bg g+===)^%===DF==))$
km};nf ldltM @)^^.%.$.%
d'2f lnvt ab/ .
1129
;fljs lsQf gDa/x gofF gfkLdf

kl/jt{g x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ;fljssf
tLg lsQf olt w]/} lsQf s] s;/L eP
vf]Hg kb{Yof] egL s'g} klg JolQmdfly
st{Jo nfb\g g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
hfgsf/L lbg'k"j{ g} hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf]
eGg] b]lvg] k|Dff0fsf] cefjdf cg'dfgs}
e/df klxnf g} hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGg
gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
d"ntM hUufdf xs :jfldTj x'g]
JolQmdf g} ;f] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug]{
clwsf/ /xG5 . :jfldTj g/x]sf]
JolQmn] lnvt ul/lbg ;Sb}g . lnvt
ul/lbFbfsf] cj:yfdf :jfldTjsf]
kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{df gfd
hUufwgLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq
;f] ;DklQsf] xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmof
;Dej x'g] .
kl5 ;f] :jfldTj cj}w /x]sf] clwsf/
k|fKt lgsfon] ljlwjt 7x/ u/]sf]
cj:yfdf ;f] bftfsf] x}l;ot

:jfldTjljxLg ;/x x'g k'Ub5 .
:jfldTjsf]
kl/rfos
hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ gx'g' / xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{
;f] /x]sf] eP klg kl5 ;f] cf/Deb]lv
g} ab/ x'g' sfg"gsf cfFvfdf ;dfg
cj:yf x'g] .
hUufsf] :jfdL g} g/x]sf] JolQmn]
u/]sf] xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ j}w dfGg
g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
;Ifd cbfntn] ljlw;Ddt dfWodn]
u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cbfntn] g} cfkm"v'zL
cdfGo ul/lbg] xf] eg] of] Goflos
c/fhstfsf] ;"rs x'g k'Ug] .
-k|s/0f g+=!)_
d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= #% g+=sf] cfzocg';f/
s]jn
-s_ sfg"gn] clwsf/} glbPsf] lgsfon]
u/fPsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o,
-v_ sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf] clwsf/Lafx]s
cGon] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf u/fPsf]
ldnfkq,
-u_ ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfn] ljjfbn] d'2fsf]
?kdf hGd glnPsf] cj:yfdf
ePsf] ldnfkq jf lg0f{o /
-3_ sfg"Gff/f
lgwf{l/t
k|lqmof
cjnDag gu/L ePsf ldnfkq jf
lg0f{o lg/y{s, lgliqmo / z"Go
x'G5g\ .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
5nsk6, hfn;fh, s[lqd cfwf/,
gSsnL k|df0f, cfk;L ldnf]dtf] /
;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf sAhf h:tf
dfWodaf6 ePsf btf{af6 s;}sf] xs
k|fKt gxf];\ eGg] g} b"lift btf{sf] d"n
dd{ xf] . lagf ;|f]t, lagf cfwf/ / ;|f]t
lnvt jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n x'g k'u]sf
btf{nfO{ klg b"lift btf{s} bhf{df
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n]
;do;Ldfsf sf/0fn] dfGotf kfpg]

l:ylt g/xf];\ eg]/ g} b"lift btf{ ab/
u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg] l;4fGt sfod
ePsf] xf] . h'g s'/f k|ToIf ?kdf
;Dej 5}g, Tof] k/f]If ?kdf klg
;Dej x'g gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!$_
d"n ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm Tof] ;|f]taf6
pAh]sf cGo lnvtx? klg cbfnts}
lg0f{oaf6 z"Godf kl/0ft eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf ;|f]tsf ;j} s8Lx? w/fzfoL
ePsf] :ki6 l:ylt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kl5Nnf]
lnvtnfO{ k/f]If ?kdf ;b/ dflglbg'
Gofo;+ut gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!^_
k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfx?
>L ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n, t]haxfb'/
s6'jfn / jfns[i0f g]pkfg]
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L Zofdk|;fb v/]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
g]sfk
@)@(, lg0f{o g+= ^%$, k[i7 #

@)#), lg0f{o g+= &*%, k[i7 #$%
@)$@, lg0f{o g+= @#@), k[i7 #!*
@)$#, lg0f{o g+= @^^^, k[i7 @^%
@)$#, lg0f{o g+= @&#(, k[i7 %)$
@)$$, lg0f{o g+= #)!(, k[i7 @*(
@)%*, lg0f{o g+= ^(&$, k[i7 %$
@)^), lg0f{o g+= &!^^, k[i7 %*
@)^! lg0f{o g+= &#$%, k[i7 @(!
@)^$, lg0f{o g+= &*&#, k[i7 !)*%
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= #%, *^ g+=

Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(
!!^
km};nf
Gof= k|sfz j:tLM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
lgodfjnL, @)$( sf] lgod #-!_ -s_
1130
adf]lhd o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df

dfggLo GofofwLzx aLr @)^%.!.@$ df
ePsf] km};nfdf dt}So x'g g;sL k"0f{
Ohnf;df k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKtdf
tYo / 7x/ lgDgadf]lhd 5
klt dx]Zj/ esf gfdsf] kf]tf
nut g+= $(( sf] hUuf;Fu le8L btf{ x'g]
sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-s_ ls=g+=
!!$, !##, !#% g+= sf] hUufnfO{ sf=lh=c=sf]
@)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df
df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}+sf] @)$$.@.@* sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] btf{ u/L
nu]sf] sfo{ b"lift ePsf] 5 . pQm ldnfkq
Pj+ lg0f{o ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'2f lbPF . pQm tLg lsQfsf] xb;Dd ldnfkq
Pj+ ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ eO{
lkm/fbLsf] gfddf btf{;d]t x'g] 7x/ u/L
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)$(.!@.!
df km};nf eof] . pQm km};nf k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gaf6 ;b/ e} clGtd ePsf] 5 .
pQm clGtd km};nfadf]lhd d]/f] gfddf btf{
u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ kfpmF egL dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf d}n] lgj]bg u/]sf]df
pQm sfof{noaf6 ljleGg ldltsf lnvtn]
dfu u/]sf hUufx cGo JolQmsf] gfddf uO{
;s]sf]n] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg
hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] ldlt @)%@.!!.( sf]
lg0f{osf] ldlt @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L k|fKt
u/]sf]n] hfgsf/L Dofb Pj+ h=ld= sf] !*
tyf h=k= sf] !& g+= sf] cfwf/df of] lkm/fb
ug{ cfPsf] 5' . lkm/fbLsf] xs sfod e}
btf{;d]t x'g] hUufdWo] sf=lh= uf]+uj'
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $-s_ ls=g++ !#% sf] If]=km=
!@) hUufdWo] ls=sf= x'Fbf sfod ls=g++
(#& If]=km= )%) hUuf ljkIfLx cfk;df
ldn]dtf] u/L df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}af6 /=g+=
*!!!-s_ ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ df /lhi6]zg u/L
lng' lbg' u/]sf] lnvt ab/ u/L Gofo kfpmF
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] @)%#.$.@* sf] lkm/fb
kq .
bfjLdf plNnlvt hUuf b'uf{b]jL

l;Fv8f ;d]tn] O{Zj/dfg >]i7;Fu @)$^.(.$
df /fhLgfdf kf/Lt u/L lnO{ btf{ x'g
cfPkl5 k|= dWo]sf] d lrqfs'df/L u'?nfO{
xs 5f8L kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] xf] . ljkIfLsf]
lkm/fb n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= Pjd\ bfg
as;sf] % g+= f/f lglb{i6 b'O{ jif{ xbDofb
g3fO{ bfo/ ePsf] 5 . d"n ls= g+= !#% ls=
sf= e} btf{ x'g cfPsf] / pQm ls= g+= !#%
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{on]
gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{ u/]sf] s'/fnfO{
ljkIfLn] :jLsfg'{ ePsf] 5 . ;f] lg0f{o
btf{pk/ ljkIfLsf] lkm/fb @)$*.&.# df k/]sf]
/ ;f] lkm/fb kg'{ cufj} btf{jfnf gfgL5f]/L
t08'sf/n] ljleGg JolQmxnfO{ x:tfGt/0f
u/]sf] x'Fbf ljkIfLn] cfgf] hUuf cGoq
JolQmnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] ldltn] d'n'sL
P]g, n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= / bfg as;sf]
% g+= sf] xbDofbleq gfn]; gu/]af6
ljkIfLnfO{ lnvt ab/ ug]{ xs g} gx'Fbf
xsb}of / xbDofbsf] cfwf/df lkm/fb bfjL
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|=
lrqfs'df/L u'?sf] @)%#.!!.!& sf] k|ltpQ/
kq .
k|ltjfbL zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL
l;+v8fsf] Dofb ldlt @)%$.(.!*.^ df tfd]n
ePsf]df lgh b'j}n] z'? Dofb} u'hf/L k|ltpQ/
kq glkm/fO{ a;]sf .
k|ltjfbLsL bftfdWo]sf klxnL bftf
gfgL5f]/Ln] v8\udfgnfO{ ul/lbPsf] lnvt g}
ab/ x'g] 7x/L b]= ld= g+= &@$ sf] lnvt
ab/ d'2f cfh} o; Ohnf;af6 km};nf
ePsfn] ;f] d'2fsf] km};nfdf plNnlvt cfwf/
k|df0f;d]tsf cfwf/df k|= zfGtf clwsf/L /
b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fn] k|= lrqfs'df/L u'?nfO{
ul/lbPsf] /=g+= *!!! ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ sf]
xf=a= sf] lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ldlt
@)%^.^.%.$ sf] sf7df8f}F+ lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf .
@)$$.#.# b]lv km/skm/s ldltdf
xs x:tfGt/0f ePsf lqmofnfO{ cGoyf eGg
1131
g;s]sf], n]gb]g Jojxf/sf] $) g+= / bfg

as;sf] % g+= sf xbDofb;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{
r'gf}tL lbg g;s]sf], @)$$.#.# sf lnvtx
oyfjt /x]sf] cj:yfdf z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntn] u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gdf @)%^.!).& df k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df k|ToyL{ s[i0fs'df/L en] ldlt
@)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 g} gfgL
5f]/L t08'sf/af6 txtx xs x:tfGt/0f xF'b}
gfkLdf gofF lsQf sfod ePsf] eGg] s'/f
yfxf kfO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . cGo JolQmsf
gfpFdf u};s]sf] s'/f dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
@)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/ @)%#.#.@& df
yfxf kfPsf] egL d'n'sL P]g, hUuf ldRg]sf]
!* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+= adf]lhd
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] lkm/fbjf6 lnvt ab/ x'g]
7xofPsf] xbDofb / sfg"gsf] k|of]udf ;d]t
km/s kg{ ;Sg] xF'bf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd
ljkIfL lemsfpg' eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
@)%&.%.@* sf] cfb]z .
o;df k|ToyL{ s[i0fs'df/L en] ldlt
@)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] lgj]bgaf6 g}
gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/af6 txtx xs x:tfGt/0f
ePsf] p;} avt yfxf kfO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
cGo JolQmsf gfpFdf u};s]sf] s'/f dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] @)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ocg';f/
@)%#.#.@& df yfxf kfPsf] egL d'n'sL P]g,
hUuf ldRg]sf] !* g+= / hUuf khgLsf] !& g+=
adf]lhd bfo/ x'gcfPsf] lkm/fb xbDofbsf]
cfwf/df vf/]h ug'{kg]{df lnvt ab/ x'g]
7xofPsf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf
pN6L x'g] 7x5{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] @)%&.!).@% sf] km};nf .
cfTdlgi7 cfwf/df s[lqd xbDofb
sfod u/L cbfntsf] txtxaf6 km};nf eO{
d]/f] xs :yflkt ePsf] hUufdf cbfntsf]
km};nf;d]tnfO{ lgliqmo x'g] u/L ePsf]
km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 . Ps} ldltdf bfo/ ePsf]
Ps} xbDofb sfod ul/Psf] lkm/fb kqsf]
cfwf/df Ps} ;fy bfo/ ePsf nufpsf

lnvt ab/ d'2fx?df lnvt ab/ e} clGtd
?kdf /x]sf] Joxf]/f ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f
ldl;naf6 k|i6 x'FbfxF'b]} tL clGtd ?kdf
/x]sf d'2fdf ePsf] km};nf k|lts"n x'g] u/L
k|:t't d'2fdf ePsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nf ab/ u/L OG;fkm kfpmF eGg] jfbLsf]
tkm{jf6 o; cbfntdf @)%*.(.@$ df
kg{cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df d'2f kbf{kb}{sf] cj:yfsf] lnvt
ab/tkm{ gfln; lbg xbDofbn] c;/ gug]{
x'Fbf ;d]t lkm/fb vf/]h ug]{ 7xofPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg]{ x'Fbf
c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd ljkIfL lemsfpg' eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.*.!) sf] cfb]z .
gfgL5f]/Lsf] xs g} :yflkt x'g
g;Sg] hUuf lghsf GffpFdf btf{ u/L cGo
JolQmnfO{ xs x:tfGt/0f u/L lbPsf] lnvt
ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] z'? sf7df8fF} lhNnf
cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ ug'{kg]{df xbDofbsf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ pN6L ug]{ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pN6L
x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df
df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7sf] /fo .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] cfkm"n] cbfnt
k|j]z ubf{sf] cj:yfdf g} hUuf c? JolQmdf
u};s]sf], cGo JolQmsf] gfpFdf hUuf u};s]sf]
w]/} ;dokl5 lkm/fb k/]sf] / ldlt
@)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] gfkLsf] lgj]bgaf6 g}
gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/af6 xs x:tfGTf/0f eO{
ljleGg lsQf sfod ePsf] eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu
k'g/fj]bs jfbLn] p;} avt yfxf kfPsf]
cj:yfdf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] xbDofbleq
;DalGwt cbfntdf lkm/fb bfo/ u/L
;Sg'kg]{df s]jn ldlt @)%#.#.@& df dfq
dfnkf]t sfof{no dfkm{t yfxf kfPsf] egL
bfo/ ePsf] lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L bfo/ x'g
cfPsf] b]lvFbf z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntn]
lnvt ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ u/]sf] km};nfnfO{
xbDofbsf] cfwf/df pN6L ug]{ u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] km};nf ldn]s}
1132
b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] o; cbfnt ;+o'Qm

Ohnf;df df=Gof= >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{sf]
/fo .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2f;Fu ;DAflGwt ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n
sfuhftx cWoog u/L kIf ljkIfsf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn] ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL k]z ug'{ ePsf]
ax;gf]6 ;d]t cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmfx ljZjk|sfz l;Ub]n, t]haxfb'/
s6'jfn / afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] jfbL bfjLsf]
hUuf k|ltjfbLsf k/bftf gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n]
@)$$.@.@* df ldnfkqcg'k k|fKt u/]sf
hUuf btf{ u/] klg ;f] hUufsf] jf:tljs
xsbf/ jfbLsf :juL{o klt dx]Zj/ e x'g\,
@)#^ ;fnd} ;fljs ls=g+= !!$, !##, !#% /
^^^ sf] hUuf /}=k= u/L kfpg sf/jfxL
rnfPsf] cj:yfdf btf{ x'g gkfpFb} lgh
k/nf]s ePsf] sf/0f jfbLn] @)$* ;fndf
lgj]bg lbO{ sf/jfxL rnfpFbf pQm lsQfx
dWo] ls= g+= !!$, !## / !#%sf] hUuf
@)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqaf6 gfgL5f]/L
t08'sf/df uPsf] eGg] hfgsf/L ePsf] / ;f]
ldnfkq ab/df d'2f rnL @)$( ;fndf
ldnfkq;d]t ab/ x'g] 7x/L ePsf] km};nf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 @)%!.(.!! df ;b/ e}
clGtd ePsf] 5, k|ltjfbLsf k/bftf
gfgL5f]/Lsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
ldnfkq g} ab/ ePsf] cj:yfdf kl5 hUuf
vl/b ljqmL u/]sf] Jojxf/ klg b"lift g} x'Fbf
kl5sf] lnvt sfod /xg ;Sb}g, gfgL5f]/Ln]
ldnfkqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf a]rlavg
x:tfGt/0f u/]sf] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L kl5
dfq ePsf] xf], ldnfkq ab/ ;d]tsf d'2fdf
ljjflbt hUuf;d]t cGoq uPsf] eGg] pNn]v
gePsf] / ;f]sf] hfgsf/Lsf] s'g} ;|f]t g}
gePsfn] gfgL5f]/L kl5sf JolQmxn] hUuf
lnPsf] yfxf gx'Fbf z'? cj:yfaf6} xbDofb
nfUb}g, ldnfkq ab/ tyf xs sfod d'2fsf]
km};nfadf]lhd bf=vf= ug{ hfFbf dfq ljleGg
JolQmdf uPsf] egL hgfp lbPsf] / xbDofb

yfxf kfPsf] cj:yfaf6} z'? x'g] x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ x'g] cj:yf
5}g egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;'lgof] .
k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?sf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf Zofdk|;fb
v/]nn] @)$* ;fndf lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yf
x'Fbf nfdf] cjlwkl5 ;sf/ ug{ kfpg] sfg"g
5}g, @)$* ;fndf gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/;Fu
jfbLn] d'2f u/]sf] ePklg ;f] d'2f kg'{ cufj}
gfgL5f]/Laf6 hUuf cGoq u};s]sf] e} z"Go
l:yltdf bftfn] d'2f xf/]sf] ePkl5 To:tf]
km};nf ab/ u/fO{ /xg' kb}{g, gfgL5f]/Ln]
ldnfkqaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] hUuf ljleGg
JolQmnfO{ laqmL u/]sf] cj:yf eP klg Ps}
ljifo k|s[ltsf] d'2f x'Fbf c=j+= &@ g+=
adf]lhd Pp6} gfln; lbg'kg]{df 5'f5'} gfn];
lbPsf] klg q'l6k"0f{ 5, jfbLn] klxnf] d'2fsf]
?k ljrf/ u/L kl5sf] d'2f lbPsf] ;d]t
q'l6k"0f{ 5, ljkIfLsf kltn] z'? sf/jfxLdf
/}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm eg]sf]df Tof] clxn];Dd
x'g;s]sf] 5}g, ;fljs lsQf ljleGg lsQfdf
lsQfsf6 ePsf] /f]Ssf u/L kfpg
@)$*.!@.@# lgj]bg lbPsf] cj:yfdf tL
lsQf s;/L lsQfsf6 e} uPsf] eGg] s'/f
yfxf gePsf] eGg ldNb}g, cGfGt sfn;Dd
d'2f ug]{ xbDofb x'Fb}g, xbDofbsf] cfwf/df
bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
OG;fkm ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; k|:t't
ug'{eof] .
pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ Pjd\ ldl;naf6
b]lvPsf] tYo;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut u/L cfh
lg0f{o ;'gfpg k|:t't d'2f k]z ePsf] 5 .
o;df jfbLsf] bfjLdf klt dx]Zj/ esf]
gfpFsf] kf]tf g+= $(( sf] hUuf;Fu le8L btf{
x'g] sf=lh= uf]+uj' uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+=$-s_
ls=g+= !!$, !## / !#% sf] qmdzM If]qkmn
!%@), )!))) / !@)) hUufnfO{
gfgL5f]/L / uf]kfndfgaLr ldlt @)#(.!@.!*
df lkm/fb ldlt @)$).@.!%df k|ltpQ/ eO{
ldlt @)$).@.@^sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf
1133
cbfntsf] ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df df=kf]=sf=

sf7df8f}Fsf] @)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd
gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/n] btf{ u/L nu]sf] sfo{
b"lift btf{ xf] . pQm ldltsf] ldnfkq Pjd\
btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'2fdf pQm tLg lsQfsf] xb;Dd ldnfkq
Pjd\ ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{ ab/ e}
lkm/fbLsf] gfpFdf btf{ x'g] 7x/L sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf] 5 . ;f]xL
km};nf ;b/ x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gaf6 km};nf eof] . tb\kZrft
h=w=k|=k"hf{ kfpg dfnkf]t sfof{no
sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg lbFbf lgj]bsn] dfu u/]sf
hUufx cGo JolQmxsf] gfddf u};s]sfn]
cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg' eGg]
@)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L k|fKt ePsfn] lkm/fb
ug{ cfPsL eGb} lkm/fbLsf] xs sfod e} btf{
x'g] ls=g+= !#% sf] !@) hUufdWo]
lsQfsf6 u/L ls=g+= (#& sf] )%) hUuf
ljkIfLx? ldn]dtf] u/L df=kf]=sf= sf7df8fF}sf]
/=g+= *!!!-s_ ldlt @)%!.!!.!^ df
/lhi6]zg kf/Lt ePsf] lnvt ab/ u/L kfpFm
eGg] lkm/fb bfjL kfOG5 . z'? lhNnf
cbfntn] jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g]
7x/fPsf] 5 eg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] xbDofb
gf3L bfo/ x'g cfPsf] eGg] cfwf/df vf/]h
ug'{kg]{ eGb} z'? km};nf pN6L u/]sf] 5 .
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
km};nfpk/ jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df ;+o'Qm
Ohnf;df k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L
u/L z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g]
df=Gof= >L zf/bf >]i7af6 /fo JoQm / ;f]
/fodf c;xdlt hgfpFb} z'? km};nfnfO{
xbDofbsf] cfwf/df pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ;b/ x'g] df=
Gof= >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{af6 /fo JoQm e}
dt}So x'g g;sL o; Ohnf;df k]z ePsf]
k|:t't d'2fdf ldl;n ;+nUg tYo Pjd\ ljfg
sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; gf]6 tyf ax;
lhsL/ ;d]tsf] ;Gbe{df lgDg k|Zgxsf]
lg?k0f x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5
!=
@=
lkm/fb xbDofb gf3L bfo/ ePsf] 5,

5}g < k|:t't btf{ b"lift xf] xf]Og <
jfbL bfjLadf]lhd lnvt ab/ x'g] xf]
xf]Og <
Kflxnf] k|Zgsf] ;Gbe{df ljrf/ ubf{

@=
sf7df8f}F lhNnf uf]u+a'
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $s= sf] ls=g+= (#& sf] )
%) -kfFr cfgf_ hUuf k|ltjfbL zfGtf
clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;+v8fn] k|ltjfbL
lrqfs'df/L u'?nfO{ /=g+= *!!! Aff6 ldlt
@)%!.!!.!^ df xfn}b]lvsf] js;kq kf/Lt
ul/lbPsf] b]lvof] . ;f] lnvtpk/ jfbLn]
@)%#.$.@* df lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ k|ltjfbLf/f xbDofb gf3]sf] egL
k|f/Deb]lv g} uDeL/ ?kdf p7fOPsf] 5 .
xbDofbs} dfWodaf6 cbfntn] OG;fkmsf]
/f]xdf k|j]z ug]{ xf] . xbDofb gf3L lkm/fb
bfo/ ePsf]df d'2fsf] tYoleq k|j]z u/L
lg?k0f ug]{ cj:yf x'Fb}g . To;}n] xbDofb
gf3]sf] egL k|Zg p7]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf
;j{k|yd xbDofbsf ;Gbe{df o; cbfntn]
cfgf] Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o; k|Zgsf]
lg/f]k0f ug]{ k|of]hgfy{ ljjflbt lnvt;Fu
;DalGwt hUufsf] ;fljsb]lv xfn;Ddsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
#=
k|ltjfbLsf]
ljjflbt
lnvt;Fu ;DalGwt ls=g+= (#& sf] hUuf
;fljsdf d"n ls=g+= !#% sf] hUuf /x]sf]
eGg]df ljjfb b]lvPsf] 5}g . pQm hUuf
;d]tsf] ;DaGwdf uf]kfndfg >]i7n]
gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/pk/ @)#(.!@.!* df
lbPsf] b]=ld=g+= !$%% sf] lvrf]nf d]6fO{ xs
sfod d'2fdf sf7df8f}+F lhNnf cbfntaf6
@)$).@.@^ df gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf] gfddf
bf=vf= btf{ x'g] u/L ldnfkq ePsf] kfOG5 .
o;/L btf{ ePsf] hUuf lsQfkmf]8 x'Fb} ls= g+=
(#& sf] )%) hUuf @)$$.#.# df lgh
gfgL5f]/Laf6 v8\udfg zfSon] /=g+= *@*#s_ sf] xfn}b]lvsf] as;kqaf6 kfO{ ldlt
1134
@)$%.@.@$ sf] /fhLgfdff/f uLtf

lwtfnnfO{ -/=g++ &%&&-s__, lgh uLtf
lwtfnn] klg xfn}sf] as;kqf/f zfGtf
clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL l;Fv8fnfO{ -/=g+= !)@s__ ldlt @)$%.$.& df lbPsf] kfOG5 .
lghx?af6 @)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+= *!!! sf]
xfn}b]lvsf] as;kq lnvtaf6 oL k|ltjfbL
lrqfs'df/L u'?df cfPsf] ;DalGwt
sfuhftxaf6 b]lvG5 .
$=
csf]{tkm{ jfbL bfjLsf]
;Gbe{df x]bf{ ljjflbt lnvtsf] ls=g+= (#&
sf] hUufsf] d"n lsQf g+= !#% ;d]tsf
hUufx /}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm egL jfbLsf
klt dx]Zj/ en] dfnkf]t sfof{no
sf7df8fF}df @)#^.(.!! df lgj]bg lbPsf]
kfOG5 . tb\kZrft\ jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] @)$*
;fndf dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg
lbPsf]df ls= g+= !#% ;d]tsf] df]7 le8fpFbf
@)$$.@.@* sf] lg0f{on] gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf
gfddf uPsf]n] sf/jfxL ul//xg k/]g eGg]
dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8fF}af6 @)$*.&.!&
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
%=
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm
lg0f{okl5 gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/sf] xssf] ;|f]tsf]
?kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntaf6
@)$).@.@^ df ePsf] ldnfkq / ;f]
ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{
ug]{ lg0f{ocg'k ePsf] btf{ ab/ ul/kfpmF
egL jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] gfgL5f]/L t08'sf/
;d]tpk/ @)$( ;fnsf] b]= ld= g+= @%$&
sf]] ldnfkq ab/ / b]= ld= g+= @%%! sf]
lg0f{o btf{ ab/ d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL
d'2faf6 ls=g+= !#% ;d]tsf xsdf ePsf]
pQm ldnfkq / ;f]sf] cfwf/df ePsf] btf{
ab/ eO{ jfbLsf] gfddf btf{ ul/lbg' kg]{
7x/L sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntaf6 @)$(.!@.!
ut] km};nf ePsf] kfOG5 . ;f]xL km};nf ;b/
x'g] 7x/L k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 @)%!.(.!!
ut] km};nf e} clGtd ePsf] kfOG5 .
pQm km};nfsf] cfwf/df ls=g+= !#%
;d]tsf] hUufsf] btf{jfnf gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfd
vf/]h u/L cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ ul/kfpFm egL

jfbL s[i0fs'df/Lsf] @)%!.!!.!$ df dfnkf]t
sfof{no sf7df8f}Fdf lgj]bg k/]sf] b]lvG5 .
of] lgj]bgkl5 ljleGGf ldltsf] lnvtn] pQm
hUufx cGo JolQmsf] gfddf u};s]sf]n]
cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/ u/fO{ Nofpg
hfgsf/L lbg] eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
@)%@.!!.( sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ #% lbgleq
cbfnt uO{ lnvt ab/ u/L Nofpg oL
jfbLnfO{ @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L lbPsf]
kfOG5 . ;f]xL hfgsf/Lsf cfwf/df ljjflbt
lnvtsf] @)%#.$.( df gSsn lnO{
@)%#.$.@* df jfbLsf] k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf]
cj:yf 5 .
^=
k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmfn] jfbLn] @)$*.!@.@# df
gfkL6f]nLdf lsQfsf6 ePsf hUufx /f]Ssf
ul/kfpmF eGfL lgj]bg lbFbf g} k|ltjfbLsf
gfddf hUuf cfO;s]sf] / ;f] s'/f ;f]xL
cj:yfdf yfxf hfgsf/L kfP/ klg
@)%#.$.@* df bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't lkm/fb
xbDofb gf3]sf] egL lhsL/ lng' ePsf] 5 .
;f] ;Gbe{df jfbL s[i0fs'df/Ln] @ g+= gfkL
6f]nL afnfHo"df @)$*.!@.@# df lbPsf] b=g+=
#! sf] lgj]bgsf] Joxf]/fdf ;fljs lsQf geO{
gofF lsQfxsf] pNn]v ub}{ ;f] ljifodf
5fgjLg ul//x]af6 cfkm"n] sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntdf bfo/ u/]sf d'2fxsf] clGtd
lsgf/f gnfu];Dd emu8f hgfO{ btf{ /f]Ssf
ul/kfpg dfu u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm lgj]bgaf6
;fljs lsQfx ldnfkqsf] cfwf/df
gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf btf{ ug]{ dfnkf]t
sfof{non] lg0f{o u/]sf], lsQfsf6 ePsf]
gS;faf6 b]lvPsf] / s] s;/L lsQfsf6
ePsf] xf] ;f] ljifodf 5fgjLg ul//x]sf] eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf k|ToyL{
k|ltjfbL ;d]tsf] gfddf lsQfkmf]8 e} uPsf]
lghnfO{ hfgsf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]v ePsf]
kfOPGf . lgj]bgdf 5fgjLg ub}{5' eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v
ePkl5sf]
cj:yfnfO{
lsQfkmf]8;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ j[tfGtsf] hfgsf/L
1135
ePsf] egL cg'dflgt ?kdf lgisif{df k'Ug'

Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . gfgL5f]/L lj?4 log} jfbLn]
bfo/ u/]sf] d'2fdf k|ltpQ/ lbFbf tyf
k'g/fj]bg ubf{ ;d]t cfkm"n] hUUff x:tfGt/0f
u/]sf] s'/f k/f]If ?kdf ;d]t pNn]v u/]sf]
kfOGg . ;fljs lsQf gDa/x gofF gfkLdf
kl/jt{g x'g' :jfefljs xf] . ;fljssf tLg
lsQf olt w]/} lsQf s] s;/L eP vf]Hg
kb{Yof] egL s'g} klg JolQmdfly st{Jo nfb\g
;lsGg .
&=
ljjflbt hUuf k|ltjfbLsf]
gfddf xs x:tfGt/0f e} cfPsf] eGg]
jfbLnfO{ klxn] g} hfgsf/Ldf cfO;s]sf]
x'g'k5{ eGg] s'/f 7f]; k|df0fsf] cefjdf
cg'dfg ug'{ Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . o; cj:yfdf
dfnkf]t sfof{non] cbfntaf6 lnvt ab/
u/fO{ Nofpg' egL @)%#.#.@& df hfgsf/L
lbg'k"j{ g} jfbLsf] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] eGg]
b]lvg] k|Dff0fsf] cefjdf cg'dfgs} e/df
jfbLn] klxnf g} hfgsf/L kfPsf] eGg ldn]g .
*=
hxfF;Dd s:tf] cj:yfnfO{
yfxf kfPsf] dflgg] eGg] sfg"gL k|Zg 5
To;sf xsdf g]=sf= k= @)%* k[i7 %$ lg=
g+= ^(&$ tyf g]= sf= k= @)^!@(!&#$%
df o; cbfntn] s]xL dfGotf :yflkt
ul/;s]sf] 5 . oL lg0f{oxdWo] klxnf]df
lnvtsf] gSsn glnO{ n]vs, ;fIfL, kf/Lt
ldlt / hUufsf] ljj/0f yfxf kfpg g;Sg]
x'Fbf lnvt ePsf] yfxf ePs} cj:yf dfgL
lkm/fb ug'{kg]{ ts{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .
o;} u/L kl5Nnf] lg0f{odf lg0f{o ldlt yfxf
kfP/ gx'g] lg0f{osf] gSsn k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq
oyfy{ ljj/0f yfxf kfO{ pkrf/sf] vf]hL
;Dej x'g] x'Fbf of] ldlt g} cbfnt k|j]zsf]
cf/DeljGb' x'g] ljZn]if0f ljlglZrt ul/Psf]
5 . k|:t't ljjfb o; cbfntn] klxn] g}
sfod u/]sf l;4fGteGbf k[ys wf/sf] /x]sf]
b]lvPg .
(=
d"ntM hUufdf xs :jfldTj
x'g] JolQmdf g} ;f] ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f ug]{
clwsf/ /xG5 . :jfldTj g/x]sf] JolQmn]
lnvt ul/lbg ;Sb}g . lnvt ul/lbFbfsf]

cj:yfdf :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL
k|df0fk'hf{df lghsf] gfd hUufwgLsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] cj:yfdf dfq lghaf6 ;f] ;DklQsf]
xs x:tfGt/0fsf] lqmof ;Dej x'g] xf] . t/
kl5 ;f] :jfldTj cj}w /x]sf] clwsf/ k|fKt
lgsfon] ljlwjt 7x/ u/]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]
bftfsf] x}l;ot :jfldTjljxLg ;/x x'g k'Ub5
. :jfldTjsf] kl/rfos hUufwgL k|df0fk'hf{
gx'g' / xs x:tfGt/0f ubf{ ;f] /x]sf] eP klg
kl5 ;f] cf/Deb]lv g} ab/ x'g' sfg"gsf
cfFvfdf ;dfg cj:yf x'g\ . k|:t't ljjfbdf
d"nbftfn] ljjflbt ;DklQdf cbfntsf] h'g
ldnfkqaf6 xs k|fKt u/]sf] 5, ;f] ldnfkq
g} ab/ ul/kfpg / ;f]xL hUufdf xs sfod
ul/kfpg log} jfbLsf] cnucnu d'2f kbf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;Ddsf Goflos lgsfoaf6
ePsf km};nfxn] d"nbftfsf] xs k"0f{ ?kn]
;dfKt ul/lbPsf] 5 . o;/L hUufsf] :jfdL g}
g/x]sf] JolQmn] u/]sf] xs x:tfGt/0fnfO{ j}w
dfGg;lsFb}g .
!)= Goflos tyf cw{Goflos
lgsfosf lg0f{osf] dof{bf /xg' kb{5 . Goflos
lg0f{o jf}l4s Jofofdsf nflu ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\
tL sfof{Gjogsf nflu ul/Psf x'G5g\ .
Goflos lg0f{o cf}krfl/stf lgjf{xsf nflu
ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ ljjfbsf] lgK6f/fsf ;fy}
s;}sf] xs bfloTjsf] lgwf{/0fsf nflu
ul/Psf x'G5g\ . ;Ifd cbfntn] ljlw;Ddt
dfWodn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cbfntn] g}
cfkm"v'zL cdfGo ul/lbg] xf] eg] of] Goflos
c/fhstfsf] ;"rs x'g k'Ub5 .
!!=
ljlwjt ab/ x'g g;s] tL
lg0f{o dfGo x'g] l;4fGtnfO{ o;} cbfntsf]
g]sfk @)@( k[i7 # lg=g+= ^%^, g]sfk
@)#)#$%&*%
/
g]sfk
@)^$!)*%&*&# df c+uLsf/ ul/;s]sf]
5 . Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !(
tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]
wf/f !!^ ;d]tn] Goflos lg0f{osf]
;j{dfGotfsf] pb\3f]if u/]sf 5g\ . s]jn-s_
1136
sfg"gn] clwsf/} glbPsf] lgsfon] u/fPsf]

ldnfkq jf lg0f{o, -v_ sfg"gn] tf]lslbPsf]
clwsf/Lafx]s cGon] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf u/fPsf]
ldnfkq, -u_ ljlw;Ddt t/Lsfn] ljjfbn]
d'2fsf] ?kdf hGd glnPsf] cj:yfdf ePsf]
ldnfkq jf lg0f{o / -3_ sfg"Gff/f lgwf{l/t
k|lqmof cjnDag gu/L ePsf ldnfkq jf
lg0f{o lg/y{s, lgliqmo / z"Go x'G5g\ . d'n'sL
P]g, c=j+= #% g+=sf] cfzo oxL xf] .
!@=
k|:t't ljjfbdf d"nbftfsf]
xssf] ;|f]tsf ?kdf /x]sf] ;fljs hUuf
/f]kgL
)^) btf{sf] kf]tf le8fP/ hUuf
/f]kgL #!@ hUuf ldlt @)#(.!@.!* sf]
lkm/fb tyf To;df ldlt @)$).@.!% sf]
k|ltpQ/ k/L ldlt @)$).@.@^ df ePsf]
ldnfkqnfO{ r'gf}tL lbg] JolQm oL jfbLdf
xsb}of /x]sf] 5 . sf/0f btf{ dfu ul/Psf]
hUuf dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;f]xL ldnfkqsf
cfwf/df k|ltjfbLsL d"nbftfsf gfddf btf{
eO;s]af6 cbfntdf hfg ;'gfPsf] 5 . /,
log} jfbLsf tkm{af6 ;flwsf/ lgsfo
sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntdf b'O{ cnu lkm/fb
bfo/ ePsf 5g\ . d"nbftfsf] k|ltjfb ePsf]
5 / ;a"b k|Dff0f a'g] sfo{ ;DkGg eO{
lhNnf GofofwLzaf6 lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . of]
lg0f{olj?4 d"nbftfsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gdf k'g/fj]bg k/L ;f]xL lg0f{o ;b/
eOa;]sf] 5 . tL lg0f{osf] cf}lrTosf ljifodf
c=j+= *^ g+= adf]lhd cbfntdf k|j]z
ug{;Sg] sfg"gL dfu{ oL k|ltjfbLaf6
cjnDag ePsf] 5}g . of] d'2fsf] k|ltjfbsf
hl/ofaf6 tL clGtd eP/ a;]sf lg0f{oxdf
s'g} klg lsl;dsf] 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug'{ jf ;j"b
k|df0fsf] ;xL d"Nof+sg eof] ePg egL x]g'{
Goflos cg'zf;gsf] pNNf+3g x'g hfG5 .
o:tf sfo{ cgflwsf/ dfq geO{ plNnlvt
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !( /
!!^ k|lts"n ;d]t x'g k'Ub5 . t;y{
cbfntsf clGtd lg0f{ocg'k ug'{ u/fpg'df
g} sfg"gsf] ;jf]{kl/tfsf] l;4fGt ;kmlne"t

x'g k'Ub5 .
!#=
z"Goaf6 xssf] l;h{gf x'Fb}g
. ;|f]tljxLg ;DklQ x'g} ;Sb}g . ha
k|ltjfbLn] ;DklQsf] d"n;|f]t dfg]sf]
cfwf/nfO{ g} cbfntn] cj}w 3f]lift u/L ab/
eO;s]sf] / ;f] hUufdf oL jfbLsf] xs
sfod ul/lbO{ clGtd ePsf] 5 eg] ab/
eO;s]sf] btf{nfO{ o; d'2faf6 k/f]If ?kdf
dfGotf lbg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g . ljlw;Ddt
t/Lsfaf6 ab/ eO;s]sf] btf{ jf:tjdf btf{
g} xf]Og . o:t} btf{nfO{ b"lift btf{ eGg'kg]{
x'G5 . b"lift btf{nfO{ o; cbfntn] cfkm\gf
ljleGg lg0f{odf kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . o;
;Gbe{df b"lift eGg] zAb g} sltko lg0f{odf
k|of]u geP klg d'2f rNbfrNb} u/fOPsf] btf{
-g]sfk @)$@, k[i7 #!* lg=g+= @#@)_,
xssf] ;|f]t gb]vfO{ ePsf] btf{ -g]sfk
@)$#@^%@^^^_, bftfs} xs sfod
g/x]sf]
cj:yfsf]
btf{
-g]sfk
@)$#%)$@&#(_, cs}{ hUuf le8fO{
;s]sf] /;Lb le8fO{ jfj'sf] gfd ;d]t 9fF6L
ePsf] btf{ -g]sfk @)^)%*&!^^_ /
;|f]tljxLg btf{ -;=c=a' @)^@ c !@, k[i7
!%_ nfO{ d'Vo ?kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
vf;u/L g]sfk @)$$@*(#)!( sf]
lg0f{o k"0f{ Ohnf;s} ePaf6 oxfF ljz]if ?kdf
pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . o; lg0f{on] klg
hUufsf] :jfldTj g} z"Gosf] l:yltdf k'u]kl5
lghn]
ul/lbPsf]
lnvtaf6
;[lht
kl/0ffdnfO{ z"Go 3f]lift u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't
d'2fdf ;d]t d"nbftfsf] xs g} z"Gosf]
l:yltdf k'u]kl5 z"Goaf6 ;[lht lnvtn]
a}wtf k|fKt ug{;Sg] l:ylt /x]g .
!$= 5nsk6, hfn;fh, s[lqd
cfwf/, gSsnL k|df0f, cfk;L ldnf]dtf] /
;fj{hlgs ;DklQdf sAhf h:tf dfWodaf6
ePsf btf{af6 s;}sf] xs k|fKt gxf];\ eGg] g}
b"lift btf{sf] d"n dd{ xf] . lagf ;|f]t, lagf
cfwf/ / ;|f]t lnvt jf k|df0fsf] k|lts"n x'g
k'u]sf btf{nfO{ klg b"lift btf{s} bhf{df
1137
/fVg'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf sfo{n] ;do;Ldfsf

sf/0fn] dfGotf kfpg] l:ylt g/xf];\ eg]/ g}
b"lift btf{ ab/ u/fpg xbDofb gnfUg]
l;4fGt sfod ePsf] xf] . h'g s'/f k|ToIf
?kdf ;Dej 5}g, Tof] k/f]If ?kdf klg ;Dej
x'g'x'Fb}g . k|:t't ljjfbdf klg cbfntn] ab/
ul/;s]sf] b"lift btf{nfO{ dfGotf lbg] u/L
lkm/fb vf/]h ul/Psf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
lg0f{o ;f/tM q'l6k"0f{ 5, sfg"g / Gofo
k|lts"n 5 .
!%=
ca, o; ljjfbdf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ bf];|f] k|Zgsf ?kdf /x]sf] jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd ls=g+= (#& sf] hUufsf] lnvt
ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;Gbe{df ljrf/
ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
!^=
ljjflbt lsQfsf] d"n lsQf
;fljs ls=g+= !#% xf] eGg] tYodf ljjfb
5}g . pQm ls=g+= !#% ;d]tsf] hUuf
@)$).@.@^ sf] ldnfkqsf cfwf/df gfgL5f]/L
t08'sf/df uPsf]df klg s'g} b'ljwf 5}g . ;f]
ldnfkq / ;f]sf] cfwf/df gfgL5f]/Lsf] gfddf
ePsf] btf{ ;d]t ab/ e};s]sf] s'/fdf klg
s'g} ;+zo 5}g . pQm ls=g+= !#% af6
lsQfkmf]8 e} jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= (#& sf]
hUuf gfgL5f]/Laf6 v8\udfg zfSo, lgh
v8\udfgaf6 uLtf lwtfnnfO{ / lgh uLtf
lwtfnaf6 zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL
l;Fv8fdf cfO{ lghx?af6 k|ltjfbL
lrqfs'df/L u'?nfO{ @)%!.!!.!^ df
x:tfGt/0f ePsf] s'/f klg lglj{jfb 5 .
k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf] xsef]usf] ;|f]tsf]
lnvteGbf cufl8sf v8\udfgsf] lnvtpk/
k/]sf] @)%^)%& sf] b]= ld= g+=&@$%)&#
sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f, v8\udfgaf6 uLtf
lwtfnsf] lnvtpk/ k/]sf] @)%^)%& sf]
b]= ld= g+= &@^%)&% sf] lnvt ab/ d'2f /
uLtf lwtfnaf6 zfGtf clwsf/L / b'uf{b]jL
l;Fv8fsf] gfddf cfPsf] lnvt;d]t pk/
log} jfbL k'g/fj]lbsfn] lbPsf] @)%^)%&
sf] b]= ld= g+= &@&%)&^ sf] lnvt ab/
d'2fxdf @)%^.^.% df sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntaf6 pQm lnvtx Afb/ x'g] 7x/L

clGTfd ePsf] k|df0fsf ldl;nxaf6
b]lvG5 . d"n ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm Tof] ;|f]taf6
pAh]sf cGo lnvtx? klg cbfnts}
lg0f{oaf6 z"Godf kl/0ft eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf
;|f]tsf ;j} s8Lx? w/fzfoL ePsf] :ki6
l:ylt ljBdfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg kl5Nnf] oL
k|ltjfbLsf] lnvtnfO{ k/f]If ?kdf ;b/
dflglbg' Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .
!&=
o;/L k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf]
gfddf x:tfGt/0f e} btf{ x'g cfPsf] ljjflbt
hUufsf] ;fljssf] d"nbftf gfgL5f]/Lsf] btf{
g} ab/ ePsf] / lgh kl5sf btf{jfnxaf6
qmdzM x:tfGt/0f x'Fb} cfPsf bfjLsf] hUufsf
ljjflbt lnvt eGbf cufl8sf ;a} lnvtx
Afb/ e};s]sf] cj:yf x'Fbf kl5Nnf] k6s
k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/Lsf] gfddf btf{ x'g
cfPsf] xssf] ;|f]tsf] ?kdf /x]sf] lnvt klg
sfg"gL cl:tTjljxLg b]lvg cfof] . ljjflbt
hUuf b"lift ?kdf btf{ e} btf{jfnfaf6 xs
;b}{ cfPsf cl3Nnf bftfxsf lnvtx Gf}
sfg"gcg'k dfGo x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
kl5Nnf] lnvtn] a}wtf k|fKt ug{;Sg] cj:yf
gb]lvFbf k|ltjfbLx zfGtf clwsf/L /
b'uf{b]jL l;+Fv8fn] @)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+=*!!!
Aff6 k|ltjfbL lrqfs'df/L u'?nfO{ xfn}b]lvsf]
as;kq egL kf/Lt ul/lbPsf] jfbL bfjLsf]
ls=g+= (#& sf] h= /f]=)%) hUufsf] lnvt
sfod /xg ;Sg] b]lvg cfPg . pQm lnvt
ab/ ug]{ u/]sf] sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf]
@)%^.^.% sf] km};nf ;b/ ug'{kg]{df pN6L x'g]
7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf]
@)%&.!).@% sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf pQm
km};nf pN6L x'g] /fo JoQm ePsf] o;
cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf df=Gof= >L zf/bf
>]i7sf] /fo dgfl;a e} jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf]
@)%!.!!.!^ df /=g+=*!!! af6 kf/Lt
xfn}b]lvsf] as;kq lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x5{ .
c? tk;Ln adf]lhd ug{" .
1138
tkl;n
dfly 7x/ v08df n]lvPadf]lhd
jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] lnvt ab/ x'g]
7x/fPsf] z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfntsf]
km};nf pN6L x'g] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gsf] km};nf pN6L e} jfbL bfjLadf]lhd
lnvt ab/ x'g] 7x/ ePsfn] lnvt ab/
ePsf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt dfnkf]t sfof{no
sf7df8fF}nfO{ lbg"======!
z'?
km};nfn]
k|ltjfbLxaf6
jfbLnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] egL tk;Lndf pNn]v
u/]sf] sf]6{kmL ? !)). k|ltjfbLn] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gdf @)%^.!).& df /;Lb g+=
))@)( af6 w/f}6L /fv]sf] / pQm sf]6{kmL
jfbLnfO{ e/fpg' kg]{ ePaf6 ;f] sf]6{kmL
lbnfO{ kfpmF egL jfbLsf] b/vf:t k/]df
lgodfg';f/ lbg' egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gdf n]vL k7fpg" ==@
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n
lgodfg';f/ a'emfO{ lbg" =====#
lgj]bsM lhNnf sf7df8f}F, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+

@% OGb|rf]sdf sfof{no eO{ kf6g
cf}Bf]lusIf]q l:yt ;+3O{ Knfli6s
O{08li6h
k|f=ln=sf]
tkm{af6
clwsf/k|fKt ;~rfns kjgs'df/
;+3O
lj?4
ljkIfLM kf6g cf}Bf]lus If]ql:yt ;+3O{
Knfli6s O{08li6h -k|f=_ ln=sf]
sfdbf/ d}of a8fn ;d]t
k|To]s pBf]u jf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ Go"gtd
tnj:s]n / eQfsf] Joj:yf
ul/;s]kZrft\ lagfsf/0f Ps k6s
sfod ul/;s]sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n
36fpg' Gofo;+ut x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+= %_
cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj
eQf eGbf sd x'g]u/L lbg kfOg] 5}g
eGg'sf] cy{ s'g} pBf]un] cfkm"n]
cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] cfly{s cj:yf,
sfdsf] k|s[lt, >lds;Fusf] cfk;L
;Demf}tfaf6
;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf]
Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf j9L lbg
gkfOg] eGg] cy{ nufpg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+= ^_
pSt /fodf ;xdt 5f}F .

Gof= tkaxfb'/ du/
Gof= tflx/ cnL cG;f/L
Olt ;Djt @)^^ ;fn ebf} $ ut] /f]h % z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t bLkss'df/ bfxfn

lg0f{o g+= *!(!
sflQs, @)^^
=
;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;
;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] l/6 g+ ===== ##)#
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.%.@.#
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmfo >L

k|;Ggs[i0f bf; / ;ltzs'df/ emf
ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L
lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6, ljfg clwjQmf
>L /d]z j8fn
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf]
wf/f !!-!_, !@-!_-@_-_
ljifoM pTk|]if0f .
1139
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @!-!_, -^_, -5_,

@%-!_
ldlt @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt ;"rgf

adf]lhdsf]
yk
kfl/>lds
/
dxFuLeQfafktsf] /sd lghxn] c:yfoL
;]jf ubf{sf] cjlwdf g} kfO;s]sf] x'Fbf
cltl/Qm /sd oyfjt\ /xg] u/L ldlt
@)%&.*.$ df ljkIfLxn] tna eQf
a'lem;s]sf 5g\ . o;/L tna eQf / cltl/Qm
eQf ;d]tsf] zt{ ljk/Lt yk kfl/>lds /
eQfdf bfjL u/]sf]df To:tf] bfjLpk/ ljrf/}
ug'{ gkg]{df k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf #$-!_
sf] ljjGwgsf] l;4fGt ljk/Ltsf] bfjLdf
bf]xf]/f] ;'ljwf kfpg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o :ki6
q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfn] @ j6f
ljsNksf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|ydtM @)%$
;fndf tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ kfl/>lds tyf
dxFuLeQfdf a[l4 ePsf] b/sf] /sd
;dfof]hg ug]{ / bf];|f] @)%$ ;fndf
tf]lsPsf] Go"gtd\ b/eGbf a9L vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] eP ;f]df gk'u /sd ;dfof]hg ug]{ .
@)%% ;fn kf}ifb]lv vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
kfl/>lds Pj+ dxFuLeQfdf ldlt @)%&.!.!#
sf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf] a[l4 /sd ;dfof]hg
u/]sf] b]lv+Psf] egL pNN]v ubf{ ub}{ k'gM
bf]xf]/f] cfly{s ef/kg]{ lsl;dn] k'g M ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] ldltb]lv e/fO{ lbg] 7x5{ egL
ePsf] >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{o / ;f] lg0f{o
;b/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] km};nf sfg"gL
q'l6k"0f{ 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @!-^_ adf]lhd
kfl/>lds 36fpg] jf sf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
gePsf] x'Fbf g} P]gsf] bkmf @%-!_ df To:tf]
ljjfb k/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgfleq ph"/ ug'{kg]{
xbDofbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . @)%% ;fn
kf}ifdf 36fpg gldNg] x'Fbf tna eQf
36fOPsf], kl/0ffd:j?k ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf]
;"rgfadf]lhdsf] yk kfl/>lds / eQf
;dfof]lht e} ;s]sf]df k'gM lbg' egL ePsf]
km};nf k"0f{tM u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] ;f] lg0f{ox
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt @)^).!).& sf] l/6
lgj]bg .
cfb]z
Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# / **-@_
adf]lhd o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M
ljkIfL d}ofF a8fn ;d]tsf JolQmx
o; pBf]usf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx x'g\ . ldlt
@)%&.!.!#sf] g]kfn /fhkq efu # v08 %)
cltl/Qmf % df k|sflzt >d dGqfnosf]
;"rgfadf]lhd lbPsf] ?=!%). kfl/>lds yk
/ ?=!^^. dxFuLeQf gkfPsf] egL lghxn]
ljkIfL >d sfof{nodf ph"/L lbPsf]df o;
k|lti7fgn] ;f] adf]lhdsf] yk tna / eQf
;d]t lbPsf] egL >d sfof{nonfO{ hjfkm
lbPsf] lyof] . k'gM ldlt @)%*.%.!$ df ;f]xL
ljifodf
lghxn]
jl/i7
sf/vfgf
lg/LIfs;dIf bf]xf]/f] dfu u/]sf] / ljkIfL
sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%*.%.@* df ldlt
@)%&.!.!#
sf]
/fhkqdf
k|sflzt
;"rgfcg';f/ ;f]xL ldltb]lv kfl/>ldsdf
?=!%). / dxFuLeQf ?=!^^.yk u/L
lgj]bsxnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' egL lg0f{o
ul/of] . ;f] lg0f{opk/ P]gsf] bkmf @^
adf]lhd >d cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg u/]sf]df
ldlt @)%*.%.@* sf] >d sfof{nosf] lg0f{o
;b/ e} ldlt @)^).&.@) df lg0f{o eof] . ;f]
cbfntsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug]{ cGo pkrf/sf]
dfu{ gePsf]n] k|:t't l/6 btf{ ug{ cfPsf] 5'
. >d cbfntsf] km};nf afbL bfjLeGbf aflx/
uO{ ePsf] 5 . ldlt @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt
;"rgfadf]lhd a[l4 ePsf] kfl/>lds /
dxFuLeQf @)%% ;fndf vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
kfl/>ldsdf ;dfof]hg ;Dd u/]sf]n]
;f]xLcg';f/ e'QmfgL lbO{ cfPsf] egL o;
k|lti7fgn] >d sfof{nodf lnPsf] lhsL/ tkm{
ljrf/} ul/Psf] 5}g . ljkIfLx @)%&.*.$
eGbf cufl8;Dd c:yfoL ;]jfdf /x]sf]df
ldlt @)%&.^.$ df ePsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
1140

dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{
xf] < af6fsf Dofb afx]s !% lbg leq lnlvt
hjfkm k]z ug'{ egL ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf
k7fO{ lbg' eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).!).* sf] cfb]z .
>d cbfntaf6 tna, eQf ;d]tsf]
;dfof]hg ug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ d'2fsf] tYosf]
ljj]rgf u/L lg0f{o u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] lg0f{o ab/
ug{ tYosf] ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf l/6 If]qaf6
x]g{ ldNb}g . >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @%-@_
adf]lhd ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] xbDofb leq} ldlt @)%&.^.!! df
lgj]bg btf{ u/]sf]nfO{ xbDofb g3fO{ lgj]bg
btf{ u/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . cbfntn] @)%%
;fnb]lvsf] tna eQf e/fPsf] klg 5}g .
ljkIfLn] lbPsf] egL bfjL u/]sf] /sd xfdLn]
g} vfO{kfO{ cfPsf] /sd xf] . vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
/sd ldlt @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhdsf]
yk /sd xf]Og . t;y{ ;kmfxft lnO{ gcfPsf]
k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
ljkIfL d}ofF a8fn ;d]t !% hgfsf] ;+o'Qm
lnlvt hjfkm .
ldl;n ;+nUg tYo k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
u/L k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd o; cbfntaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)^).&.@) sf] km};nfaf6
lgj]bssf] s'g} klg xsdf cf3ft k'u]sf]
cj:yf gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg]
>d cbfntsf] ldlt @)^).!!.@& sf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
>d cbfntn] u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ l/6
If]q cfslif{t x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf a]Unfa]Un}
lg0f{o ePsf] b]lv+O{ ;f] ;DaGwdf Ps?ktf
sfod x'g af~5gLo eO{ k"0f{ Ohnf;;dIf
k]z ug]{ u/L @)%( ;fnsf] l/6 g+ @%!(
lgj]bg ?kHof]lt lj?4 >d cbfnt;d]t
ePsf] lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^!.!@.@# df cfb]z
ePsf] b]lvFbf k|:t't lgj]bgdf klg ;f]xL k|Zg
;dfj]z ePsf]n] pQm lg0f{osf] clGtd 6'f]
nfu]kl5 km};nfsf] k|ltlnlk ;fy} /fvL k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^@.!.#) sf]

cfb]z .
>d P]g, @)$* n] >d cbfntsf]
km};nfpk/ o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lv+b}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf tNnf]
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf 7Ls a]7Ls s] xf]
egL hfFRg kfpg] / ;lx Gofo kfpg] sfg"gL
xs ;d]t s'l07t x'ghfg] x'Fbf >d cbfntsf]
lg0f{opk/ o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg nfUg
;Sg] / lgj]bssf] l/6 lgj]bg lbg kfpg]
xsb}of /x] ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] tYoleq
k|j]z u/L lg0f{o ug{ ;+o'Qm Ohnf;df k]z
ug"{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6
Hof]lt kmfd{; k|f=ln=lj?4 >d cbfnt;d]t
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bgdf ldlt @)^#.$.* df
ePsf] cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg /x]sf] .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] b}lgs d'2f
k];L ;"rLdf r9L Ohnf;;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bssf]
tkm{af6 ljfg clwjQmfo k|;Ggs[i0f bf; /
;ltzs'df/ emfn] ljkIfLxn] cfkm\gf] s'g
sfg"gcg';f/ k|bfg ePsf] xs xgg\ ePsf] xf]
eGg / v'nfpg ;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . ljkIfLxn]
ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leqdf
pkrf/sf] af6f] vf]Hg' kg{]df ;f] vf]h]sf]
gb]lvPsf], lgj]bs pBf]un] ljkIfLxnfO{
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd j]tg eGbf j9L
/sd lbO{ cfPsf] 5 . ;fljsdf lbOPsf]
kfl/>lds c:yfoL x'Fbfsf] ;dodf lbOPsf]
lyof] . ljkIfLxn] @)%% ;fndf lsg < s]
slt sf/0fn] cfkm\gf] s] slt /sd 36fO{Psf]
xf] ;f] ;DaGwdf ;dodf g} pkrf/ gvf]h]sf]
x'Fbf sfg"gn] tf]s]sf] Dofb leq pkrf/ vf]Hg
cfpg'kg{]df gcfPsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg hf/L
x'g ;Sb}g . k|lti7fgn] ljkIfLxnfO{
;/sf/n]
tf]s]adf]lhdsf]
kfl/>lds
lbO;s]sf] x'Fbf kl5 yk Joo ef/ kg{] u/L yk
/sd lbg ;Sb}g . >d cbfntn] yk /sd
lbg] u/L u/]sf] lg0f{o sfg"gadf]lhdsf]
gePsf] x'Fbf pQm lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
1141
ab/ x'g'kb{5 egL ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t

;'lgof] .
To;} u/L ljkIfL >d sfof{nosf]
tkm{af6 pkGofoflwjQmf lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6n]
lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf g]kfn clw/fHosf]
;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f !!-!_, !@-!_-@_-_
f/f k|bQ k|fs[lts JolQm gful/sxn] dfq
df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ kfpg] xs
clwsf/ sfg"gL JolQmnfO{ k|of]u ug{af6
jl~rt ul/of] egL dfu bfjLlnO{ cfPsf]
ldn]g . lgj]bssf] lgj]bgdf s] dfu bfjL
lnO{ cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] ;f] s'/f :ki6
gb]lvPsf], >ldsxsf] xslxtsf] lgldQ
ag]sf] >d P]gn] u/]sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ g}
>ldsxsf] dfuadf]lhd >d sfof{non]
lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . cfkm"n] vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
Go"gtd kfl/>lds 36]sf] yfxf kfPsf] $
dlxgf @* lbg leqdf >ldsx >d
sfof{nodf cfPsf] x'Fbf xbDofb leq k|j]z
gu/]sf] eGg ldNb}g . ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg vf/]h
x'g' kb{5 egL / ljkIfLxsf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf /d]z j8fnn] g]kfn ;/sf/n]
@)%&.!.!# sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
s'g} klg k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] >ldsxsf]
Go"gtd tnjdfgdf ?=!%). / vfO{kfO{
cfPsf] dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^. yk u/L lbg]
Joj:yf ePsf]df lgj]bs Knfli6s O08l6hn]
ljkIfLxn] @)%# ;fn d} vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
tnj:s]nnfO{ @)%$ ;fndf a9]sf]
tnj:s]ndf 36fO{ ;dfof]hg u/]sf] / @)%&
;fndf a9]sf] tnj:s]n / dxLeQf @)%%
;fndf ldnfg ul/Psf] :s]ndf dfq yk
ul/Psf] 5 . s'g} klg k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{]
sd{rf/Lxn] Go"gtd ?kdf kfO;s]sf]
kfl/>lds 36fpg sfg"gtM ldNb}g . lgj]bs
pBf]un] ljkIfLxnfO{ klxn] lbO{ cfPsf]
Go"gtd tnjdfgdf @)%&.!.!# sf] g]kfn
;/sf/sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd yk ePsf] ?=!%).
yk u/L Go"gtd kfl/>lds / lghxn]
vfOkfO{ cfPsf] dxL eQfdf ?=!^^ yk u/L
lbg'kg{] g} b]lv >d sfof{non] sfg"gadf]lhd
>ldsxnfO{ yk lbg'kg{] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o

;b/ u/]sf] >d cbfntsf] lg0f{o ab/ ug'{
kb{}g . lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kb{5 egL ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bs /
ljkIfLxsf] tkm{af6 ljfg sfg"g Joj;foL
/ pkGofoflwjQmfn] ug'{ ePsf] ax; ;d]t
;'gL ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf sfuhftxsf]
cWoog u/L lgj]bssf] lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf]
cfb]z hf/L x'g] gx'g] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg'kg{]
x'g cfof] .
@=
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, >d
sfof{non] k|liti7fgdf ;+nUg sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxn] @)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgf eGbf
klxn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnj @)%% kf}ifdf
36fpg] clwsf/ Joj:yfksnfO{ gePsf] egL
>d cbfntn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{owf/df pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 . >d P]gsf] bkmf @!-5_ n]
kfl/>lds 36fpg] jf sf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/
gePsf] sf/0fn] g} P]gsf] bkmf @%-!_ df
To:tf] ljjfb k/]sf] ldltn] ^ dlxgf leqdf
ph"/ gfn]z ug'{kg{] xbDofbsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ul/Psf] xf] . ljjfbsf] lg/f]k0f ePsf] kfFr jif{
ljlt;Sbf;Dd lrQ a'emfO{ j;L ;s]sf]
cj:yfdf lagfcfwf/ sf/0f lglj{jflbt
tYonfO{ ljjflbt t'NofO{ @)%% ;fn kf}ifdf
36fpg gldNg] tnj:s]n 36fPsf] sf/0fsf]
kl/0ffd :j?k @)%&.!.!# sf] ;"rgfadf]lhd
j[l4 /sd ;dfof]lht eO;s]kl5 klg k'gM
lbg'kg{] egL ePsf] km};nf, k"0f{tM xr'jf,
lg/fwf/ u}/sfg"gL Pj+ ljifout x'g'sf] ;fy}
P]gsf] bkmf @!-5_ / @%-!_ sf] sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] dg;foljk/Lt /x]sf]n] ab/efuL
5 . ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] lgj]bssf] lgj]bg
dfu bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
#=
lgj]bsn] cfkm\gf] lgj]bgdf
d}of j8fn ;d]tsf !& hgf sfdbf/
sd{rf/L cfk\mgf] pBf]usf sd{rf/Lx ePsf
/ lghx @)%# ;fn eGbf cl3 g} pBf]udf
/xL sfd u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb gp7fPsf],
pBf]un] cfkm\gf sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{
1142
@)%% ;fn dfu{ dlxgf;Dddf tnj

e'QmfgLlbbf k|To]s sd{rf/Lsf] dfl;s
tnj:s]n slDtdf ?=!#)). / j9Ldf
?=@&)). ;Dd sfod u/L e'QmfgL lbPsf]
s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg @)%% ;fn d+l;/
dlxgfsf] dfl;s tnj ljj/0f kmf/fdaf6
b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ldl;n ;+nUg /x]sf]
lgj]bs pBf]un] cfk\mgf sd{rf/LxnfO{
ljt/0f u/]sf] @)%& ;fn j}zfv dlxgfsf]
dfl;s tnj ljj/0f kmf/d x]bf{ ljkIfL
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] dfl;s tnjsf] ?kdf
Go"gtd ?=!#)). / j9Ldf ?=!$^). ;Dd
dfq k|fKt u/]sf] b]lvg cfof] .
$=
g]kfn /fhkq efu # v08
%) cltl/Qmf % df @)%&.!.!# df k|sflzt
;"rgf / >d ljefusf] r=g+= $$*$ ldlt
@)%&.%.@# sf] kl/kqcg';f/ k|lti7fgdf sfd
ug{] sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf]
dfl;s Go"gtd tnjdf ?=!%). / vfOkfO{
cfPsf] dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^. yk ug]{ u/L
Joj:yf ePsf]df lgj]bs ;+3O{ Knfli6s
O08li6h k|f=ln= n] cfkm\gf sfdbf/
sd{rf/LxnfO{ klxn]b]lv vfO{kfO{ cfPsf]
tnjeQfdf s]jn ;dfof]hg;Dd dfq u/]sf]
b]lvof] . g]kfn /fhkq / >d sfof{nosf]
kl/kqadf]lhd vfOkfO{ cfPsf] Go"gtd
tnjdf ?=!%). / dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^. yk
u/]sf] b]lvg cfPg . lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf]
lgj]bgd} @)%% kf}ifdf 36fpg gldNg]
tnj:s]n 36fOPsf] egL cfkm} :jLsf/ u/]sf]
b]lvg cfpFb5 .
%=
s'g}
klg
sfdbf/
sd{rf/LxnfO{ k|lti7fgdf sfd u/]afkt
k|fKt ug{] Go"gtd kfl/>lds tf]lsg'sf]
cf}lrTo / cy{ lghn] cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg ug{
;sf];\ / cfkm\gf] / kl/jf/sf] plrt :jf:Yo
lzIff lbg ;lsof];\ eg]/ g} lgwf{/0f ul/Psf]
x'G5 . plrt Hofnflagf sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lxn] cfkm\gf] hLjgofkg ug{ g;Sg]
x'Fbf /fHon] cfkm\gf] b]z leq /x]sf pBf]u
k|lti7fgdf /x]sf sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf]
Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ug{] u/]sf] x'G5 .

k|To]s pBf]u k|lti7fgn] cfkm\gf] pBf]u
k|lti7fgdf sfd ug{] sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{
pBf]usf] cfly{s cj:yf cg';f/ cfkm\gf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ hLjgofkg ug{ ;Sg]
lsl;dn] tnj eQf / ;'ljwf lbg] u/]sf]
x'G5 . k|To]s pBf]u jf ;+:yfn] cfkm\gf
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ Go"gtd tnj:s]n /
eQfsf] Joj:yf ul/;s]kZrft\ lagf sf/0f
Ps k6s sfod u/L ;s]sf] Go"gtd
tnj:s]n 36fpg' Gofo;+ut x'g cfpFb}g .
^=
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf @!
sf] pkbkmf -!_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n] Go"gtd
kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf
k|lti7fgsf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/Lxsf] Go"gtd
kfl/>lds, dx+uL eQf / ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug{
;Sg]5 / To;/L lgwf{/0f u/]sf] b/;DaGwL
;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sfzg ul/g]5 eGg]
sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] ;f]xL
bkmfsf] pkbkmf -^_ df g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] Go"gtd kfl/>lds, dx+uL eQf /
;'ljwfeGbf sd x'g] u/L Joj:yfks /
sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/L aLr s'g} ;Demf}tf ug{
;lsg] 5}g eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf ePsf]df pQm
sfg"gLJoj:yfsf] dg;fo s'g} klg k|lti7fgn]
cfkm\gf sfdbf/ jf sd{rf/LnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj eQf eGbf
sd x'g] u/L lbg kfO{g] 5}g eGg'sf] cy{ s'g}
pBf]un] cfkm"n] cfkm\gf] pBf]usf] cfly{s
cj:yf, sfdsf] k|s[lt, >lds;Fusf] cfk;L
;Demf}tfaf6 ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd tnj
eQf eGbf j9L lbg gkfO{g] eGg] cy{ nufpg
ldNb}g . lgj]bs pBf]un] cfkm\gf sfdbf/
sd{rf/LxnfO{ @)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgf eGbf
klxn] k|bfg u/]sf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n /sd
@)%% ;fn kf}if dlxgfaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/n]
sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lxsf] Go"gtd tnj:s]n
lgwf{/0f u/]kZrft\ 36fO{ klxn] k|fKt u/]sf]
eGbf 36L u/fpg' Gofof]lrt Pj+ sfg"g;+ut
x'g gcfpg] x'Fbf sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ >d
sfof{non] g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%&.!.!# df
1143
k|sflzt u/]sf] /fhkqsf] v08 %)

cltl/Qmf % adf]lhdsf] ldl;s kfl/>ldsdf
?=!%). / dx+uL eQfdf ?=!^^. yk u/L
sfdbf/ sd{rf/LxnfO{ lbg] u/L u/]sf] >d
sfof{nosf] lg0f{onfO{ ;b/ u/]sf] >d
cbfntsf] lg0f{o sfg"gcg's"n g} ePsf] x'Fbf
To:tf] sfg"g cg's"n ePsf] lg0f{o cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]qaf6 ab/ x'g ;Sb}g .
t;y{ lgj]bssf] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} @ ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM df]xg/fh e/fO{

lg0f{o g+= *!(@
sflQs, @)^^
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'tm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
;Djt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=#$%^
km};nf ldltM @)^^.%.&.!
d'2f M ha/h:tL rf]/L .
hL/x ubf{ ;fdfGo s'/fdf s]xL km/s

Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] eGg] cfwf/af6 dfq}
jf/bftdf ;+nUgtf /x]g5 eGg gldNg] .
Ps} 7fpFsf JolQmn] k|ltjfbLnfO{ :ki6
klxrfg u/L hfx]/jfnfsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL
l5gfO{ efu]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf] df}sfsf]
sfuh / cbfntsf] askqsf] Joxf]/fnfO{
l5b|fGj]if0f u/L ;fdfGo s'/fdf n]vfOsf]
Ps?ktf ePg eGb}df k|ltjfbLsf]
lgbf]{liftf :yflkt x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
jf/bftsf] ;+nUgtfnfO{ ls6fgL u/L
hfx]/L lbO;s]kl5 cg';Gwfg kIf cyf{t\
;DalGwt k|x/L sfof{non] cfgf] sfg"gL
st{JocGtu{t
df}sfdf
cg';Gwfg
ug'{kg]{df gu/L l9nf] cg';Gwfg u/]sf]
b]lv+b}df k|rlnt sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf]
cg'';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt k|df0fxsf]
k|fdfl0fs d"No :jtM 36\g] xf]Og . To:tf
k|df0fxn] jf/bftnfO{ l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf
k'li6 ub{5g\ eg] tL k|df0fxsf]
k|fdfl0fs dxjdf s'g} z+sf ug{ gldNg] .
jf/bftsf] ldlt eGbf l9nf] u/L df}sfsf]
sfuh u/fOPsf] eGb}df To:tf] sfuhsf]
dxTjnfO{ gsfg{ g;lsg] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lhNnf ;nf{xL, l;d/f

uf=lj=;=j8f g+=@ a:g] pd]zs'df/
l;Fx
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM k|df]bs'df/ l;Fxsf] hfx]/Ln]
g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6Mjl/i7 clwjQmf

>L sdngf/fo0f bf;
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L k|]d/fh sfsL{
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] !@ / !$-@_
z'? k}m;nf ug]{M

df=lh=Gof >L b]j/fh >]i7
k'g/fj]bg k}m;nf ug]{M
df=Gof=>L lji0f'k|;fb 9sfn
df=Gof=>L Clif/fh ld>
km};nf
Gof= /fdk|;fb >]i7M k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@$ sf]
km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tk{maf6 Gofo k|zf;g
1144
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ adf]lhd o;

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg btf{ ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
tYo / lg0f{o o;k|sf/ 5 M
ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ljxfg ^
ah]sf] ;dodf d hfx]/jfnf lhNnf ;nf{xL
l;d/f uf=lj=;= j8f g++ @ l:yt /fdhfgsL
d7dlGb/glhs /x]s]f kfgL kf]v/Ldf 57
kj{sf] pkf;gf a|t ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbL eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/n]
PSsf;L cfO{ d}n] 3fF6Ldf nufO/fv]sf] d"No
?=!*,))). kg]{ @ tf]nsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL
efUg nfu]sf] cj:yfdf lghnfO{ kqmfp ug{
vf]Hbf lghn] ;fydf af]sL NofPsf] 5'/fn] d
hfx]/jfnfnfO{ k|xf/ u/L 3fOt] t'NofO{ km/f/
/x]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ kqmfp u/L sf/jfxL
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .
ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf]
;dodf hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;Fx 57
k"hfsf] pkf;gf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltjfbL
pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/n] PSsf;L cfO{
hfx]/jfnfn] 3fF6Ldf nufPsf] @ tf]nfsf]
;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL 5'/f ;d]t k|xf/ u/L km/f/
/x]sf] eGg] Joxf]/fsf] 36gf:yn d''r'Nsf .
kLl8t hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf]
bfofF xftsf] xTs]nfdf ljleGg gfk ;fOhsf]
rf]6 /x]sf] eGg] 3fp hfFr s]z kmf/fd
k|ltj]bg .
ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf]
;dodf hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;Fx 57 kj{sf]
k"hf ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf hfx]/Ldf pNn]lvt
k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/
pQm ;'gsf] l;qmL l5gL efUg nfUbfsf]
cj:yfdf hfx]/jfnfn] lgh k|ltjfbLnfO{ kqmg
vf]Hbf 5'/fn] k|xf/ u/L ;Vt 3fOt] t'NofO{
pd]zs'df/ l;Fx km/f/ /x]sf / lghsf]
rfnrng ufpF3/df ;d]t /fd|f] g/xL lgh
JolQm ck/fwL k|s[ltsf] x'g\ eGg] Joxf]/f
pNn]v u/L a'lemPsf rGb|]Zj/ kf08] e"ldxf/,
>LgGbg kf08], e"ldxf/, /fh]Gb| d08n vTj]
;d]tn] ul/lbPsf] Ps} ldnfg Joxf]/fsf]
sfuh .
ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ^ ah]sf]

;dodf hfx]/jfnfsf] 3fF6Ldf nufPsf] ;'gsf]
l;qmL rf]/L ePsf] eGg] ;'g]sf] x'F . lgh aAn'
eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fx e"ldxf/n] nu] nu]gg\
v'nfpg ;lSbg eGg] Joxf]/fsf] a]rg ;fx,
ljGb]Zj/k|;fb xhf/Ln] u/L lbPsf] sfuh .
;+slnt ;a'b k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fxn]
hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf] tf]nf @ sf]
;'gsf] l;qmL ha/h:tL rf]/L u/L nu]sf]
jf/bft k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] rf]/Lsf] dxnsf]
! / $ g+= cg';f/sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf]n] ;f]
s;"/df ;f]xL P]gsf] ;f]xL dxnsf] !$-@_ g+=
cg';f/ ;hfo x'g / rf]/L u/L nu]sf] wgdfn
? !*,))). k|ltjfbLaf6 hfx]/jfnfnfO{ P]gsf]
!) g+=/ @! g+= cg';f/ lbnfO{ e/fO{ lbg] dfu
bfjL lnO{ km/f/ k|ltjfbLsf xsdf Dofb hf/L
x'g dfu ub}{ cleof]ukq ;fy ;Ssn ldl;n
k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 eGg] Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u
bfjL .
ldlt @)%&.&.( ut] sf7df8f}F uPF .
ltxf/ sf7df8f}Fdf dfgL d]/f] bfh' /fh]zs'df/
l;Fx gf/fo0f3f6, lrtjg e/tk'/df a;]sf]
x'Fbf )%& sflt{s !( ut] gf/fo0f3f6 cfOk'u]F
. tLg lbg ToxLF a;L @)%& ;fn sflt{s @@
ut] ;fFemdfq ufpF3/df cfPsf] x'F . d pk/sf]
kf]n ph'/L ;a} em'f xf] . hfx]/jfnfsf] bfh' /
hfx]/jfnf;Fu ufpFsf] hjfx/ /fo;Fu >d
;DaGwL d'2f o; cbfntdf btf{ e} ;h{ldg
;d]t ug{ cbfntaf6 8f]/ sd{rf/L hfFbf ;f]
;h{ldgdf em'f s'/f n]vfO{ b]pm eGbf d}n]
gdfg]sf] sf/0f l/;fO{ d;Fu 8f]/ sd{rf/L
;fd'Gg] 7Ls kf5'{ eg]sf lyP . ;f]xL
/L;OjLaf6 em'f d'2f bfo/ u/]sf x'g\ . d
/fi6;]js sd{rf/L e} cfgf] Odfgbf/L /
akmfbf/L ;fy sfd u/L xfn pkbfg lnO{ 3/
a;]sf] 5' . rf]/L ug]{ dflg; d xf]Og /
hfx]/jfnf @ tf]nfsf] ;"gsf] l;qmL nufpg]
dflg; klg xf]Og . d pk/sf] hfx]/L ;a}
em'f xf] . s] s;/L s;n] l;sfO{ of] d'r'Nsf
tof/ u/] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . ;f] lbg d
1145
sf7df8f}Fdf 5' . lghnfO{ 3fp s] s;/L agfP

< dnfO{ yfxf 5}|g . d}n] rf]/L u/]sf] 5}g egL
z'? cbfntdf cfO{ k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg]
pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] u/]sf] aofg .
pQm ldlt ;dodf cfgf] ufpF3/df
lyPF . pQm ldlt ;dodf k|ltjfbL ufpF3/df
lyPgg\ . ldlt @)%&.&.( ut] lgh sf7df8f}F
uO{ ;f]xL sflt{s @@ ut] dfq ufpF 3/df
cfPsf lyP . hfx]/jfnf / d ;Fusf] hUuf
hldg;DaGwL d'2fdf lgh k|ltjfbL ;h{ldg
d'r'Nsfdf gj;]sf] sf/0faf6 of] d'2f lbPsf]
xf] . jf/bft ePsf] d}n] b]lvg egL
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL ;+lhj l;Fx e"ldxf/n] u/]sf]
askq .
v';L/fhL;fy yfgfdf ;lx5fk u/]sf]
x'F . ;f] sfuh Joxf]/f ;fFrf] xf] . k|df]bs'df/
l;Fx ufpF3/sf] em'f s'/fu/L lx8\g] jf c?nfO{
b'Mv lbg] JolQm xf]Og . hfx]/L Joxf]/f ;fFrf]
xf] . aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] k|df]bsf]
3fF6Laf6 ldlt @)%&.&.!* ljxfg ^ ah]sf]
;dodf ;'gsf] l;qmL vf];L efUg nfUbf
pd]zn] 5'/L eF"8Ldf k|xf/ ug{ vf]Hbf bflxg]
xftdf 5'/Ln] sfl6Psf] xf] . k|ltjfbLsf] s'/f
em'f xf] . d}n] cfgf] cfFvfn] 36gf:yndf
b]v]sf] x'F . %))^)) eGbf a9L JolQmx
pQm 36gf x'Fbf pkl:yt lyP . cufl8af6
b]v]sf] x'F eGg] hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn]
u/]sf] askq .
hfx]/jfnfsf] askq / lghsf
;fIfLxsf] askqaf6 log} k|ltjfbL
pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] hfx]/jfnfsf] l;qmL
ha/h:tL rf]/L u/L nu]sf] xf] eGg]
ljZj;gLo b]lvFb}g . ;fy} l9nf] u/L a'lemPsf
sfuhx k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf !)
ad]flhd k|df0fdf nfUg] cj:yf ;d]t gx'Fbf
z+sf/lxt k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbL pk/sf]
cf/f]lkt s;"/ sfod ug{ Gofo;+ut gx'Fbf
k|tljfbL pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] cf/f]lkt s;'/af6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
;nf{xL lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.!% sf]
km};nf .
kLl8t k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] k|ltjfbLn]

g} jf/bft 36fO{ km/f/ /x]sf] egL ls6fgL
hfx]/L b/vf:t lbPsf x'g\ . h'g 36gf:yn
k|s[lt d'r'Nsf Pj+ 3fF hfFr s]z kmf/fdaf6
k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . jf/bftsf ;dodf
k|ToIfbzL{ /fh]Gb| d08n, >LgGbg kf08] a]rg
;fx ;d]tn] cg';Gwfgsf s|ddf ls6fgL
sfuh u/L lbPsf 5g\ . t/ k|ltjfbL jf/bft
:ynaf6 36gf 36fO{ km/f/ /xL ! jif{kl5
kqmfp k/]kl5 jf/bftdf OGsf/L aofg u/]sf]
5 . h;df cfkm" jflx/ ePsf] s'g} o'lQm;+ut
tYo k]z ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . ctM xr'jfsf]
cfwf/df k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO kfpg] u/L ePsf]
z'? km};nf ab/efuL 5 . ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fs]f k'g/fj]bgkq .
ls6fgL hfx]/L b/vf:t, hfx]/jfnfsf]
askq, rZdlbb JolQmsf] k|x/Ldf ePsf]
sfuh / cbfntdf ePsf] askq,
hfx]/jfnfsf] xftdf nfu]sf] 3fp /
k|ltjfbLsf] PlnjL lghsf] ;fIfLaf6 k'li6
gePsf] cj:yfdf z'?af6 k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L
u/]sf] g7x/L ePsf] km};nf pk/f]Qm cfwf/
k|df0faf6 km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'Fbf c=a+= @)@ g++
adf]lhd k|ToyL{nfO{ lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%(.!@.# sf] cfb]z .
k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn]
ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvFbf lgh
k|ltjfbLnfO{ ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/bf/
7xofpg' kg]{df g7xofO{ ;kmfO lbO{ u/]sf]
km};nf gldn]sfn] ;f] km};nf pN6L eO{
k|ltjfbL aAn' eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;Fxn] cf/f]lkt
ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt
@)^).!@.@$ sf] km};nf .
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nfdf lrQ
a'em]g . ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] ck/fw :yflkt x'g]
s'g} klg k|df0f ldl;ndf ;+slnt ePsf
5}gg\ . rZdbLt elgPsf JolQm Pj+
hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{ Psfk;df lj/f]wfefifk"0f{
5g\ . hfx]/L b/vf:t :jod\ k|df0f x'g ;Qm}g
1146
. rf]/Lsf] jf/bft ldlt @)%&.&.!* df ePsf]

elgPsf] 5 t/ jf/bft b]Vg] JolQmsf] sfuh
ldlt @)%*.&.!$ df dfq} u/fOPsf] 5 .
o:tf] sfuh df}sfsf] sfuh xf]Og . jf/bft
ldltdf d cGoq} /x]sf] eGg] hLls/ -Plea of
Alibi _ nfO{ d]/f] ;fIfLsf] askq ;d]taf6
k'li6 eO/x]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{ cf/f]lkt s;"/df
;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] ;f] q'l6k"0f{
km};nf ab/ u/L z'?n] ;kmfO lbPsf] km};nf
oyfjt\ sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbLsf] ldlt @)^!.!!.!& sf] k'g/fj]bg
kq .
hfx]/jfnf / k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfLxsf]
askq km/s km/s ePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod u/L ;hfo ug]{
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf km/s kg{
;Sg] b]lvFbf c=a+ @)@ g+= adf]lhd k|ToyL{
lemsfO{ cfPkl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^$.%.#) sf] cfb]z .
Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf >L sdngf/fo0f bf;n] k|:t't
d'2fdf jf/bft ePsf] ldltb]lv ;ftlbg kl5
dfq hfx]/L b/vf:t k/]sf] 5 . 36gfsf
k|ToIfbzL{ elgPsf JolQmsf] s/La ! jif{ kl5
sfuh ePsf] 5 . jf/bftsf] Psjif{kl5
u/fPsf] sfuhsf] s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No /xg
;Qm}g . h;sf] sfuhsf] cfwf/df
k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ sfod ul/Psf] xf] .
To:tf] sfuhsf] k|fdfl0fs d"No g} g/x]sf]
l:yltdf TolQs} cfwf/df s;"/ sfod x'g
;Qm}g . jf/bftsf] ;dodf k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}F
ePsf] s'/f lghsf] ;fIfLsf] askq ;d]taf6
k'li6 ePsf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn]
lagf sfg"gL cfwf/ ha/h:tL rf]/Lsf] s;"/
sfod u/L ;hfo ug]{ u/]sf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf ;f] km};nf ab/ u/L z'?n] ;kmfO lbg]
7x/ u/]s]f km};nf oyfjt\ sfod ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ afbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6

ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L k|]d/fh sfsL{n]
hfx]/L xbDofb leq} k/]sf] 5 . hfx]/jfnfsf]
3f hfFr kmf/fdn] klg ha/h:tL rf]/L ePsf]
k'li6 eO/x]sf] 5 . k|ltjfbL df}sfdf km/f/ /xL
kl5 cbfntdf pkl:yt ePsf 5g\ .
k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL ;+hLj l;Fx e"ldxf/n]
jf/bftsf] lbg k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}Fdf lyP
eg]klg lgh ;fIfL cfkm}+ ;nf{xL lhNnf, l;d/f
uf=lj=;=j8f g+= @ sf] cfg} 3/df /x]af6
lghn] jf/bft :yndf k|ltjfbL lyPg egL
u/]sf] askq :jo+df cfwf/xLg b]lvG5 .
jf/bft ldlt ;dodf k|ltjfbLn] cGoq lyPF
egL lnPsf] lhsL/ kTof/nfos 5}g . t;y{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;a'b k|df0fsf] d"Nofg
u/L s;"/bf/ sfod u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] x'Fbf
;b/ x'g'k5{ egL ax; ug'{eof] .
pko'{Qm ax; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'gL
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o lbg'
kg]{ b]lvof] .
@=
lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/
ubf{
hfx]/jfnfn] nufPsf] b'O{ tf]nf ;'gsf] l;qmL
r'F8fnL oL k|ltjfbLn] rf]/L nu]sf] / ;dfpg
vf]Hbf 5'/fn] k|xf/ u/L efu]sf] eGb} k|ltjfbL
pk/ ls6fgL hfx]/L k/]sf] b]lvG5 . hfx]/jfnf
k|df]bs'df/ l;+xsf] 3fp hfFr k|ltj]bgaf6
lghsf] bflxg] xftsf] xTs]nfdf wfl/nf] j:t'n]
! a/fa/sf] sf6]sf] 3fp /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . df}sfdf sfuh ug]{ >L gGbg kf08]
e"ldxf/, r08]Zj/ kf08] e"ldxf/ / /fh]Gb|
d08nn] k|ltjfbL pd]zs'df/ l;+xn]
hfx]/jfnfn] nufPsf] ;'gsf] l;qmL r'F8fO{
nu]s]f / hfx]/jfnfn] kqmg vf]h]sf]df
lghnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] 5'/f k|xf/ u/L efuL
uPsf] egL df}sfdf v'nfO{ sfuh ug'{sf] ;fy}
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ askq ubf{ ;d]t
;f]xL Joxf]/fnfO{ k'li6 u/L askq u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . hfx]/jfnf k|df]bs'df/ l;+xn] ;d]t
cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ hfx]/L Joxf]/fnfO{
;dy{g u/L askq u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L
1147
36gfsf] k|ToIfbzL{ ;fIfLsf ?kdf /x]sf

JolQmxsf] df}sfsf] sfuh / askqsf]
Joxf]/faf6 hfx]/L b/vf:tsf] Joxf]/fnfO{
;dy{g ul//x]sf] b]lv+g cfof] .
#=
lgh k|ToIf ;fIfLxn]
df}sfdf u/]sf] sfuh / cbfntdf cfO{ u/]sf]
askqdf jf/bft ePsf] eGg] d"n tYonfO{
:yflkt u/]sf] / ;f] jf/bftdf oL k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLs} ;+nUgtf /x]sf] eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg
k'li6 ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . lghxsf] df}sfsf]
sfuhsf] Joxf]/f / cbfntdf ePsf] askqdf
k|ltjfbLnfO{ jf/bft:ynaf6 efUb} ubf{ cufl8
jf k5fl8 stfklaf6 b]v]sf] eGg] h:tf]
s'/fdf hL/x ubf{ ;fdfGo s'/fdf s]xL km/s
Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf] eGg] cfwf/af6 dfq}
jf/bftdf k|ltjfbLsf] ;+nUgtf /x]g5 eGg
ldn]g . 36gfsf k|ToIfbzL{ JolQmx /
k|ltjfbL Ps} 7fpFsf afl;Gbf ePsf] s'/fdf
s'g} ljjfb 5}g . Ps} 7fpFsf JolQmn]
k|ltjfbLnfO{ :ki6 klxrfg u/L hfx]/jfnfsf]
;'gsf] l;qmL l5gfO{ efu]sf] egL v'nfO{ lbPsf]
df}sfsf] sfuh / cbfntsf] askqsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ l5b|fGj]if0f u/L ;fdfGo s'/fdf
n]vfO{sf] Ps?ktf ePg eGb}df k|ltjfbLsf]
lgbf]{liftf :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g .
$=
hxfF;Dd jf/bft ldlt
;doeGbf Psjif{ kl5 u/fPsf] df}sfsf]
sfuhsf] s'g} k|fdfl0fs d"No /xFb}g eGg]
k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmfsf]
hLls/ 5, ;f] tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ k|:t't
jf/bftsf] ldlt @)%&.&.!* eGg]df s'g}
ljjfb 5}g . hfx]/jfnfn] ldlt @)%&.&.@$
df g} ls6fgL hfx]/L lbO{ k|ltjfbL pk/ kf]n
u/]sf] l:ylt 5 . df}sfdf k|ltjfbL km/f/ /xL
kl5 cbfntdf pkl:yt eO{ OGsf/L aofg
lbPsf 5g\ . lgh k|ltjfbL k|x/L ;]jfdf sfd
u/L ;s]sf k"j{ k|x/L sd{rf/L eGg] tYo
lghs} aofgaf6 v'n]sf] 5 . jf/bftdf oL
k|ltjfbLs} ;+nUgtfnfO{ ls6fgL u/L hfx]/L
lbO{ ;s]kl5 cg';Gwfg kIf cyf{t\ ;DalGwt
k|x/L sfof{non] cfgf] sfg"gL st{Jo cGtu{t
df}sfdf cg';Gwfg ug'{ kg]{df gu/L l9nf]

cg';Gwfg
u/]sf]
b]lv+b}df
k|rlnt
sfg"gadf]lhd ePsf] cg'';Gwfgaf6 ;+slnt
k|df0fxsf] k|fdfl0fs d"No :jtM 36\g] klg
xf]Og . To:tf k|df0fxn] jf/bftnfO{
l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf k'li6 ub{5g\ eg] tL
k|df0fxsf] k|fdfl0fs dxTjdf s'g} z+sf ug{
ldNb}g . t;y{ jf/bftsf] ldlt eGbf l9nf]
u/L df}sfsf] sfuh u/fOPsf] eGb}df To:tf]
sfuhsf] dxTjnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsb}g .
%=
To:t} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLn]
jf/bft ldlt ;dodf cfkm" cGoq /x]sf] egL
lhsL/ lnO{ -Plea of Alibi _ To;}nfO{ cfgf]
lgbf]{liftfsf] cfwf/ b]vfPsf]df ;f]tkm{ ljrf/
ubf{ lghsf] pQm lhsL/nfO{ cGo :jtGq
k|df0faf6 k'li6 ug{ ;s]sf] b]lv+b}g . lghsf]
;fIfL ;+hLjl;+x e"ldxf/n] cbfntdf pkl:yt
eO{ askq ubf{ ldlt @)%&.&.!* df k|ltjfbL
sf7df8f}Fdf lyP egL askq u/]sf] eP
tfklg lgh ;fIfL cfkm}+ jf/bft ldlt ;dodf
;nf{xL lhNnf l;d/f uf=lj=;=j8f g+= @ l:yt
lghsf] cfg} 3/df /x]sf] eGg] lghsf]
askqaf6 v'n]sf] 5 . t;y{ jf/bft ldlt
;dodf k|ltjfbL sf7df8f}Fdf lyP eGg] lgh
;fIfLsf] askq kTof/nfos b]lvFb}g . o:tf]
l:yltdf k|ltjfbLn] cGoq lyPF, jf/bftdf
;+nUg lyOg egL lnPsf] lhsL/ k'li6 x'g
;Qm}g .
^=
o;k|sf/ ldl;n ;+nUg ;a"b
k|df0fxaf6 oL k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL aAn'
eGg] pd]zs'df/ l;+xn] cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf]
k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf]n] z"?n] ;kmfO lbg] 7x/
u/]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L hj{h:tL rf]/Lsf]
s;"/ sfod u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g,
rf]/Lsf] dxnsf] !@ / !$-@_ g++ adf]lhd !
dlxgf !% lbg s}b / ljuf] ?=!*,))). sf]
8]9L ?=@&,))).hl/jfgf u/L ;f] hl/jfgf
jfkt ;d]t s}b x'g] 7x/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt, hgsk'/sf] ldlt @)^).!@.@$ sf]
km};nf ldn]sf] b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
cf/f]lkt s;"/af6 ;kmfO kfpFm eGg]
1148
k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg hLls/ k'Ug ;Sb}g .

bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L lgodfg';f/ ldl;n
a'emfO{ lbg" .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
Gof= df]xgk|sfz l;6f}nf
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn ebf} & ut] /f]h ! z'ed===
Ohnf; clws[t M ljb'/ sf]O/fnf

lg0f{o g+= *!(#
sflQs, @)^^
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= (^@&
;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=(^@(
km};nf ldltM @)^^.@.!).!
d'2fM xs sfod rng .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+= !( Kofkmn a:g] rGb|axfb'/
>]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=
!( 9f]sf6f]n a:g] zfGtnfn >]i7
Pj+
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf=
j8f g+= !( Kofkmn a:g] lbuDa/nfn
>]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM lh=sf7df8f}+, sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+=
!( 9f]sf6f]n j:g] zfGtnfn >]i7
z'? km};nf ug]{M
df=lh=Gof=a]b/fd kf]v/]n
df=d'=Gof=>L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL
df=Gof= >L af]w/L/fh kf08]
1149
;k{6 gfkLsf] gS;fdf rf/ lsNnf

vf]lnPsf] dfq geO{ df}hf ;d]t
hgfO{ k"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t ;/sf/L
lgsfoaf6} ePsf] kfOG5 . hUuf
Joj:yfkgsf] of] P]ltxfl;s /
cfwf/e"t s8LnfO{ nfu" x'g g;s]sf]
sf/0fn] lg/y{s / lgik|of]lht dflgg'
GofoF;+ut x'+b}g . cfh klg ;/sf/L
lgsfo;Fu} ;'/lIft oL gfk gS;f
;fljs / xfnsf hUufsf] :jfldTjsf]
s8L hf]8\g] cfwf/e"t k|df0fsf] ?kdf
u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg] vfnsf
b]jfgL d'2fdf klg k|df0fxsf]
dfnff/f g} ;DklQdf :jfldTj
lgwf{/0f ul/g' Goflos x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
cfjfbL hUuf 5 eg] To;nfO{
vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkL x'Fbf
lkmN8j'sdf ;f]xL a]nf n]vfPsf]
Joxf]/fnfO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/s Pp6f
k|df0fsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt
x'g] .
hUuf vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkLsf]
a]nfdf hUufsf] :jfldTj cfkm\g} eGg
jf cGo hf] sf]xLsf] gfd klg
n]vfpg ;Sg] ePsfn] cfk"mnfO{
s]jn df]xL / cGo JolQmnfO{ :jfdL
b]vfO{ gfkL If]qLo btf{ lstfa cyf{t\
lkmN8a'sdf d'2f kg'{ eGbf bzsf}+
cufl8 n]vfOPsf] l:yltdf o;nfO{
k|dfl0fs d"Nofgdf lglZrt ef/
lbg'kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=&_
cflwsfl/s lgsfodf df]xLn] g}
lbPsf] k|f/lDes lgj]bg sygnfO{
;d]t To:tf] hUufsf] jf:tljs
hUufwgL sfod ug]{ dxjk"0f{ k|df0f

dfGg'kg]{ .
kl5 cfP/ s'g} Ps hgfdfq
hUufwgL xf] eGg] sygn] k|df0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf #$ df plNnlvt
ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g}
k|fdfl0fs an /fVg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
>L ;ltz emf
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf
>L ljZjsfGt d}gfnL Pj+ ljfg
clwjQmf >L ;f]dsfGt d}gfnL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
c=j+= !&! g+=
km};nf
Gof=k|sfz j:tLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt,
kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!# sf] km};nfpk/ d'2f
bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm egL k|ltjfbLxsf] tkm{af6
5'f5'} lgj]bg k/L o; cbfntaf6 Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_
adf]lhd lg:;f k|bfg eO{ k'g/fj]bgdf bfo/
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] tYo Pj+ lg0f{o o;k|sf/
5 M
df]7 (.@^)@ nut df}hf afnfh'
xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf g+= @ df]7 (.@^)#
df}hf :joDe' xf=g+= ^(^ sf] Ovf8f]n lsQf @
;d]tsf] hUuf d]/f] lktfhL j]vfnfn >]i7sf
gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] gfkL x'Fbf hUuf df]xL e}/j
dxh{gn] xf=g+= *!( sf] uf=lj=;=;LtfkfOnf
j8f g+= ( s ls=g+= ^)( df hUufwgLsf]
dxndf j]vfnfn >]i7;d]t / xf=g+= ^(^ sf]
P]=P]=j8f g+= ( u ls=g+= %^ df hUufwgL
j]vfnfn >]i7, jb|L/fh,/fhefO{, ;GtjL/, nfv]
dxh{g , bfgd'gL , /Tgaxfb'/ ;d]tsf gfpFm
n]lvlbPsf] / pQm b'j} lsQf ljtf{ hUuf
ePsf]n] /}s/df kl/0ft u/L cfkm\gf] gfpFdf
btf{ u/L hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL

sf7df8f}F dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbO{
sf/jfxL x'Fbf Dofbdf d]/f] lktfhL a]vfnfn
xflh/ e} ;f] bfjLsf] hUuf ljtf{ xf]Og . vf;
d]/f] xsef]u lt/f]leqsf] /}s/df btf{ e} rng
u/l/cfPsf] hUuf x'Fbf c:yfoL hUufwgL
k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t kfO;s]sf]n] btf{ u/L
hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL lgj]bg lbO{
sf/jfxLdf a:g' ePsf] lyof] . sf/jfxL
rln/x]sf] ca:yfdf df]xL e}/a dxh{gsf]
xsflwsf/ g/x]sf]n] df]xLn] dafx]s
c?=hUufwgL egL b]vfPsf]df cGo
k|ltjfbLxn] Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] x'Fbf pQm @
lsQf hUufsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL
@)$&.!).!) df d]/f] lktfhLsf] c=jf=e} d
zfGtnfnn] lgj]bg lbPkl5 pQm hUufwgL
btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ dnfO{ lbg'kg]{df Dofb} u'hf/L
a:g] k|ltjfbLxnfO{ k'gM Dofb lbO{ xflh/ x'g
cfPsf /fhefO{, lbuDa/;d]tn] xfd|f] xs;d]t
ul/kfpFm eGg] bfjL ePsf] b]lvFbf ls=g+= %^ /
^)( sf] hUuf ;DaGwdf :jfldTj xs
lx:;fdf t]/f] d]/f] b]lvFbf cbfntdf u} xs
sfod u/L Nofpg' egL ldlt @)%).!.!% df
dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}F, sn+sL zfvfn]
;'gfO{ lbPsf]n] of] lkm/fb ug{ cfPsf] 5' . ab|L
>]i7sf] 5f]/f lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] xsdf
lghn] k]z ug'{ ePsf] k|df0fdf xL/fnfn >]i7
sf=O=Kofkmn eGg] b]lvG5 . ;fljsdf s] s'g
slt g+=sf] hUufaf6 xfnsf] oL hUuf slt
x'g cfof] / lghn] s] sltdf bfjL lng' ePsf]
xf] ;f] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5}g . df]xLn]
hUufwgL dxndf ab|Lsf] gfd n]lvlbPsf]
sf/0fn] dfq e"mf bfjL ug{ cfpg' ePsf] xf] .
bfgd'gLsf] gflt g/]Gb| d'gL;d]tsf] xsdf
lghn] d]/f] lktf wd{d'gL zfSosf] gfpFdf
:joDe" xf=g+= !!@$ sf] e08f/ Jof;L ...!
dWo]df gfk ePsf] egL pNn]v u/]sf] t/ d]/f]
afnfh'sf] xf=g+= *!( / :joDe"sf] xf=g+= ^(^
ePsf]n] oL k|ltjfbLn] bfjL lnPsf] hUufsf]
gfd, /=g+= ;d]t km/skm/s b]lvPsf] xF'bf
df]xLn] lghsf] jfh]sf] gfd lkmN8j'sdf
1150
n]vfPsf] sf/0fn] dfq e"mf bfjL ug{ cfPsf]

k'li6 x'G5 . /fhefO{ eGg] rGb|axfb'/sf] xsdf
lghn] bfjL lnPsf] df}h] sf7df8f}+ d?=nut
g+= *() ljtf{ hUuf egL bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
d]/f] bfjLsf] hUuf klxn] b]lvsf] /}s/ xf] . ;f]
cfwf hUufdf hutaxfb'/ >]i7n] ph"/ ug{
;s]sf] 5}g . df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] pQm b'j}
lsQf hUufsf] hUufwgL j]vfnfn >]i7 dfq
xf] . hUuf lghs} gfpFmdf hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
lbPdf /fhL 5' egL ldlt @)$&.!@.!# df
lgj]bg lbPsf] 5 . d]/f] lktfn] s'tafnL
a'emfPsf] e/kfO{;d]t lghn] k]z u/]sf] 5 .
oL k|ltjfbLxn] dfnkf]t sfof{non] lbPsf]
Dofb} u'hf/L k'gM lbPsf] Dofbdf pkl:yt e}
lhsL/ bfjL;d]t lnPsf] hUuf / d]/f] pQm
bfjLsf] hUuf ldNg le8\g gcfPsf] / oL
hUuf j]vfnfn dfqsf] xf] egL df]xLn]
ls6fg;fy df=kf]=sf=df lgj]bg lbPsf] lghn]
s't sj'lnot u/L lbPsf] j]vfnfn >]i7n]
dfnkf]t a'emfPsf] hUuf ljtf{ ge} /}s/
ePsf]n] hUufsf] c:yfoL hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
a]vfnfnn] g} kfpg' ePsf] ;d]t k|df0faf6
pQm ;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;=j8f g+= (-s_ ls=g+=
^)( sf] If]=km= !*) / P]=P]=j8f g+= ( -u_
ls=g+= %^ sf] If]=km= %!) d]/f] lktfhL
a]vfnfn >]i7sf] dfq btf{ xsef]u lt/f]leqsf]
ePsf]n] lktfsf] k/nf]s ePsf] x'Fbf d]/f] xs
k'Ug] x'Fbf pQm b'j} lsQf k"/} hUuf d]/f] xs
sfod u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k"hf{ d]/f] gfpFmdf
lbg' eGg] dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}+ nut
zfvf / sn+sLsf] gfpFmdf k"hL{ ;d]t ul/kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb kq .
df=kf]=sf=af6
@)%).!.!%
df
;DalGwt lgsfodf u} cfkm\gf] cfkm\gf] xs
lx:;f sfod u/fO{ Nofpg' egL ;'gfpg'
ePsf]n] d]/f] o; cbfntdf xs sfod u/fO{
kfpFm egL @)%).@.!& df lkm/fb bfo/ e}
;s]sf] 5 . d]/f] lkm/fbdf d]/f] afh] xL/fnfn
>]i7sf] gfdsf] ;fljs o6\vf @%$ g+= af6
j08f e} cfPsf] xfn sf=o6\vf **@ sf]
nutdf btf{ e} ;fljs Ovf8f]n eGg] v]t
/f]kgL !*@ sf] xfn sf=lh=;LtfkfOnf

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= ( -u_ df}hfsf] cjn
lsl;dsf] If]=km= /f]kgL %!@) dWo]
bfgd'gLsf] ef]u )$) s6fO{ afFsL /f]kgL
%*) dWo]sf] cfwf d]/f] v]t /f]kgL @!@)
hUuf d]/f] xs sfod ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf]
k|ltpQ/ kq .
dfnkf]t sfof{no, sf7df8f}F sn+sLn]
cbfntAff6 xs sfod u/fO{ cfpg' egL ldlt
@)%).!.!% df ;'gfPkl5 d}n] log} jfbL;d]t
pk/ o;} cbfntdf @)%).@.!* sf lbg xs
sfod /}s/ kl/0ft lvrf]nf d]6fO{ btf{ ;d]t
u/fOkfpFm egL lkm/fb kq bfo/ ul/;s]sf]
x'gfn] ;f] lkm/fb kqdf d}n] lnPsf]
lhsL/xnfO{ o; k|ltpQ/ kqsf] cleGg
c+usf] ?kdf nufO{ kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] k|ltpQ/ kq .
k|ltjfbL g/]Gb|d'gL zfSosf] gfpFmsf]
lbg #) sf] Otnfogfdf Dofb ldlt
@)%).$.!$ df tfd]n ePsf]df k|ltpQ/
glkm/fO{ z'? Dofb} u'hf/L a;]sf] .
o;} d'2fsf k|ltjfbLxn] bfo/ u/]sf]
nufpsf] xs sfod d'2fx ;fy} k]z ePsf] .
jfbL bfjLadf]lhdsf] hUufdf jfbLsf]
xs sfod x'g] 7x5{ . ;f] 7xgf{n] jfbLsf
gfpFdf btf{ u/L lbg' eGg];d]t Joxf]/fsf]
sf7df8f}+
lhNnf
cbfntsf]
ldlt
@)%$.!.@$.# sf] km};nf .
k|df0fsf] d"Nofg g} gu/L d]/f] xs
sfdo x'g g;Sg] egL z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ ePsf]n]
pQm km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf]
k'g/fj]bg kq .
3/;f/df a08f ePsf] cGo
;DklQxsf] ;fy} plNnlvt hUuf;d]t d]/f]
c+z efudf k/]sf], ldlt @)!#.!@.@ sf] kf]tf
/l;b ePsf] ;d]t k|df0fx df}h'bf 5Fbf5Fb}
;f]tkm{ ljrf/ g} gu/L z'? sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfntn] dnfO{ x/fO{ u/]sf] km};nf c=j+=
1151
!*$ -s_, !*% / !*( tyf k|df0f P]g,

@)#! sf] bkmf %$ ;d]tsf cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{
ePsf]n] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L d]/f] k|ltpQ/
lhsL/adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
e}/j 8Fuf]nsf gfdsf] nut
k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/ >]i7, lbuDa/nfn
>]i7sf] nut;Fu gle8fO{ jfbL k|ltjfbLsf]
k|df0f c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd Ps csf{nfO{
gb]vfO{ g;'gfO{ u/]sf] lg0f{o km/s kg{ ;Sg]
e} ljrf/0fLo x'Fbf c=j+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd
ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%$.*.!@ sf]
cfb]z .
ldlt @)!#.!!.!! sf] a08fkqdf
;"o{nfn >]i7;d]tsf] gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] Ko"vf
^(^ g+= sf] ^.$!@ hUufdWo] #*@ hUuf
;"o{nfnsf] efudf a08faf6 lbFbf df]xL
gb]lvPsf] t/ fl/sfnfnnfO{ ;f]xL hUufaf6
@@) hUuf lbFbf ;f]xL g+= ;f]xL df]xL e}/rf
dxh{g egL pNn]v ePsf] k|dfl0ft
k|ltlnlkaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f] hUufdf pQm
j08fkqcg';f/ e}/rf dxh{g df]xL 5Fb} lyP
eGg] @)@).$.!$ df k'gM lgh;Fu
df]xL;DaGwL sj'lnot u/fO{ lbg'kg]{ /
a]vfnfnaf6 k]z x'g'kg]{ sf/0f lyPg . xf=g+=
*!( sf] ;DaGwdf d]/f] ;DaGw g/xg] x'gfn]
jofg ug'{ gkg]{ / lbuDa/nfnn] k]z u/]sf]
o6vf **@ g+= sf] /l;b k]z ug'{kg]{df
k|ltlnlk k]z u/]sf] x'gfn] k|ltlnlk x]/L c=j+=
&* g+= cGtu{t aofg ug'{ k/]g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] jf=
dxfb]j kl08tn] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf]
jofg .
rGb|axfb'/ >]i7n] o; cbfntdf k]z
u/]sf] kf]tf /l;b g+= *() d]/f] j'jf j]vfnfn
>]i7sf] xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ df le8\g] xf]Og .
pQm ljjflbt @ lsQf hUuf (-s_ ls=g+=
^)( / (-u_ ls=g+= %^ xf=g+= *!( / ^(^
af6 le8\g] hUuf x'g\ . pQm ljjflbt @ lsQf
hUuf lglj{jfb ls;fg e}/j dxh{g, e}?rf
dxh{g e}/j 8+uf]n Ps} JolQm xf] . dfnkf]t

sfof{nodf cfkm\gf] aofg lbFbf lgh ls;fgn]
pQm b'O{ lsQf hUuf (-s_ ls=g+= ^)( / ( u
ls=g+= %^ xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ df le8\g] hUuf
x'g\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ljkIfL zfGtnfn
>]i7n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
/l;b g+= *!( Ovf8f]nsf] /l;b
xf]Og . ufFsf] nut /l;b / Ovf8f]nsf]
df}hfsf]
-afnfh'sf]_
/l;b
ljjflbt
;LtfkfOnfsf] hUuf;Fu gldNg] ePsf]n] Psf
uf=lj=;= Psf df}hfsf] hUufaf6 csf]{ df}hf
csf]{ uf=lj=;=sf] hUuf xf=g+= hfn;fhL /l;b
k]z ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs
lbuDa/nfn >]i7n] c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .
k|ToyL{ zfGtnfn >]i7n] k|df0fdf
lbPsf] xf=g+= ^(^ Ovf8f]nsf] /l;b k'g/fj]bs
rGb|axfb'/, lbuDa/nfnnfO{ c=j+= &* g+=
adf]lhd ;'gfO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt @)%%.(.#.% sf]
cfb]z .
zfGtnfnn] k]z u/]sf] :joDe'
df}hfsf]
xf=g+=
^(^
sf]
/l;b
sf=lh=;LtfkfOnf j8f g+= ( -s_ ls=g+= ^)(
sf] !*@ / P] j8f g+= ( -u_ ls=g+= %^ sf]
%!@) hUuf;Fu le8\g] hUuf xf]Og .
plNnlvt b'j} hUuf sf=O{=d?=*() g+= sf]
kf]tf nutsf] $!)# ;Fu le8\g] hUuf xf]
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs rGb|axfb'/
>]i7sf] jf= dxfb]j kl08tn] c=j+= &* g+=
adf]lhd u/]sf] jofg .
of] ljjflbt ;LtfkfOnfsf] hUuf;Fu
gldNg] ePsf]n] Psf uf=lj=;=,Psf df}hfsf]
hUufaf6 csf]{ df}hf csf]{ uf=lj=;=sf] hUuf
vfg hfn;fhL /l;b k]z u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs lbuDj/nfn >]i7n] c=j+=
&* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] jofg .
@)%%.(.& sf] cfb]zsf] ;Gbe{df
ldlt @)%%.(.@) df dxfb]j kl08tn] jofg
ubf{ ;Ssn sfuh k]z gePsf] egL pNn]v
u/]sf] b]lvFbf k"j{cfb]zfg';f/sf] ;Ssn} sfuh
1152
bflvn u/fO{ c=a+= &* g+= adf]lhd

k"jf{b]zfg';f/ aofg u/fO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z
ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)%^.!.#! sf] cfb]z .
@)!# ;fnsf] kf]tf /l;baf6 sxfF
s'g df}hfsf] slt gDj/sf] slt If]qkmn
ePsf] hUufsf] /l;b xf] eGg] s'/f v'Nb}g .
e"mf k|df0fsf] cfwf/df d]/f] ;DklQdfly bfjL
u/]sf] x'gfn] hfn;fhLdf ;hfo ;d]t
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf]
jf= dxfb]j kl08tn] ldlt @)%^.#.#! df
c=j+= &* g+= adf]lhd u/]sf] aofg .
jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7n] df]7 (.@^)@
nut df}hf afnfh' xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf @,
df]7 (.@^)# df}hf :joDe" xf=g+= ^(^ sf]
Ovf8f]n lsQf @ ;d]t d]/f] lktfhL a]vfnfn
>]i7sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] / xfn lktfhL
k/nf]s ePsf]n] ;f] hUufdf cfkm\gf] xs k'Ug]
egL bfjL u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; kl/k|]Iodf
k|:t't ljjfbsf] hUuf s'g nut;Fu le8\g] xf]
eGg]tkm{ k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] nut
sf=d?sf] ePsf] / k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn
>]i7sf] nut sf= o6\vfsf] ePsf] b]lvFbf
;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;=sf] k|:t't hUuf;Fu le8\g]
gb]lvg] / jfbLsf] nut afnfh' / :joDe"sf]
eO{ ;f] df}hf;Fu ;LtfkfOnf glhs kg]{
ePsf]n] jfbLsf] nut;Fu ljjfbsf] hUuf
le8\g] b]lvof] . of] cfwf/af6 ;d]t jfbL
bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)(/ %^ sf] hUufdf jfbLsf]
xs sfod x'g] egL sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%$.!.@$ df ePsf]
km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg]
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!#
sf] km};nf .
a'em]g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] afnfh', :joDe"
df}hf glhs kg]{ ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df lg0f{o
u/]sf] q'l6k"0f{ 5 . s'g} klg kf]tf nutsf]
hUuf ;f] kf]tf ePs} 7fpFdf x'G5 eGg] x'Fb}g .
kf]tfsf] :yfgb]lv 6f9f / glhs eGg]
cfwf/df u/]sf] km};nf g]sfk @)#&, lg=g+=
!#^$ k[i7 $* df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt Pj+

c=j+= !*$s= !*% / k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf ^-_ / %$ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf k|lts"n
5 . jfbLsf] btf{ k|df0fsf] afnfh' df}hfsf]
xf=g+= *!( sf] )!@# / :joDe' df}hfsf]
xf=g+= ^(^ sf] !%! ;d]t hDdf @@)
hUuf le8fO{ df]xL e}/a dxh{gn]
@)@).$.!$.@ df sa'lnot u/]sf] ;d]tsf
cfwf/df hUufwgL btf{ k|df0fk"hf{ kfpFm egL
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ;d]t
v'n]sf] 5 . ;f] sa'lnotdf o6\vf df}hf
Ovf8f]n v]t !%! / P] ufFdsf] v]t /f]kgL
)!!# / @@) hUuf df]xLdf hf]Tg lbPsf]
eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 o6\vf df}hfsf] hUuf
afnfh' / :joDe' df}hfsf] nut;Fu le8\g
;Qm}g . dfnkf]t sfof{no sf7df8f}Fsf] ldlt
@)%#.!!.@) sf] kqaf6 afnfh'sf] xf=g+= *!(
sf] hUuf le8fO{ btf{ u/fO{ ;s]sf], btf{ ug{
afFsL g/x]sf] egL n]vL k7fPsf] tyf :joDe"
df}hfsf] ;fljs btf{ ;DaGwdf s'g} hjfkm g}
cfpg g;s]sf] egL lhsL/ lnOFbf lnOFb} klg
To;tkm{ s'g} ljrf/ gu/L :j]lR5s ?kdf
lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf]
;f] km};nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 ljBdfg /x]sf]n]
Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ sf]
-s_ / -v_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f
k|bfg ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/
>]i7sf] ldlt @)%*.@.$.% sf] lgj]bg kq .
o;} nufpsf] lg=g+= ^#)& sf] xs
sfod rng d'2fdf bf]xf]ofpg] lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] x'Fbf k|:t't d'2fdf klg ;f]xL cfwf/
k|df0faf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
!@-!_ -s_ adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f
k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .
a'em]g . ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ sf] hUuf
;DaGwdf jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7 / k|ltjfbL d
ePsf] o;} nufpsf] cfh} btf{ u/]sf] xs
sfod d'2fdf pNn]v ePsf] aF'bf k|df0f
lhsL/xnfO{ g} cfwf/ lnO{ k|:t't d'2fdf
1153
klg d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ u/L lg:;f kfpFm eGg]

k|ltjfbL
lbuDa/nfn
>]i7sf]
ldlt
@)%*.!.!@ sf] lgj]bg .
;e]{ gfkL x'Fbf ls=g+= %^ sf] h=/f]=
%!@) sf] s}lkmot dxndf a]vfnfn >]i7,
jb|L >]i7, /fhefO{ >]i7nufot cGo
JolQmxnfO{ s't a'emfPsf] egL df]xL
e}/adfg dxh{gn] n]vfO{ lbPkZrft\\ kl5
cfP/ a]vfnfnnfO{ dfq} ;a} s't a'emfPsf]
eGg' jf a]vfnfnsf] Psnf}6L hUuf eGg
kfpg'df ljjGwgsf] l;4fGtadf]lhd klg
gldNg] Pj+ o; d'2fsf kIf ljkIf cfk;df
e}ofb gftfsf eGg] kl/k|]Iodf btf{eGbf w]/}
a9L hUuf k|ltjfbL a]vfnfnn] Psnf}6L kfpg]
sfg"gL cfwf/;d]t gb]lvFbf lghsf] dfq
Psnf}6L
sfod
u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt,kf6gsf] lg0f{odf k|df0f P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf ^-_ / %$ ;d]tsf] q'l6 b]lvFbf Gofo
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !@-!_ -s_
adf]lhd d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 eGg] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).#.!! sf] cfb]z .
lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] tkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf ;ltif emfn] ljjfbsf] ls=g+= ^)( /
%^ sf] hUufdf jfbLsf] xs sfod ubf{
afnfh' tyf :joDe" df}hfsf] nutaf6 jfbLsf]
hUuf glhs kg]{ eO{ le8\g] egL lnOPsf]
lg0f{ofwf/ q'l6k"0f{ 5 . nut /x]sf] 7fpFsf]
gfpFaf6 glhs / 6f9f /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
nut le8\g] / gle8\g] eGg] x'Fb}g . ljjflbt
hUuf ;fljsb]lv g} /}s/ eO;s]sf] / jfbLsf]
nutaf6 klxn] g} hUuf btf{ eO;s]sf] eGg]
s'/f a]vfnfnsf] clws[t jf zfGtnfnn] hUuf
btf{ ;DaGwdf ldlt @)$&.!).!) df
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf lbPsf] lgj]bgdf pNn]v
u/]sf] Joxf]/faf6 klg jfbLsf] hUuf btf{ afFsL
5}g eGg] k'li6 x'G5 . ldlt @)%#.!).& df
sf7df8fF} lhNnf cbfntaf6 xf=g+= **@ tyf
*!(.^(^ af6 s] slt hUuf btf{ eof] / slt
afFsL 5 egL btf{ ;|]:tfsf] ptf/ ;d]t

lemsfpg] u/L cfb]z ePsf]df ;f] adf]lhdsf]
btf{ ;|]:tf g} glemsfO{ jfbL bfjLadf]lhd xs
sfod u/]sf] ldn]sf] 5}g . dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] ldlt @)%#.!!.@) sf] kqaf6
xf=g+= *!( af6 hUuf afFsL gb]lvPsf] eGg]
:ki6 hjfkm cfPsf]df ;f]nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L
ePsf] z'? tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf pN6L u/L k'g/fj]bssf] xs
sfod ul/kfpFm egL ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf]
tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf ljZjsfGt
d}gfnL Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf ;f]dsfGt
d}gfnLn] ljjfbsf] hUufdf k|ltjfbLsf] xssf]
;|f]t g} 5}g . lkmN8a'sdf /fhefO{ eGg]
n]lvb}Fdf lglj{jfb xs :yflkt x'Fb}g . /fhefO{
eGg] dflg; rGb|dfg g} xf] eGg] s'g}
k|df0faf6 klg v'Nb}g . @)$@ ;fndf df]xL
e}/adfgn] /}s/ kl/0ft ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg
lbFbf k|ltjfbLn] k|ltjfb ug{ ;s]sf] klg 5}g .
z'? cbfntn] k|df0fsf] plrt d"Nofg u/L
u/]sf] km};nfnfO{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] ;d]t
plrt 7x/ u/]sf] / xfn o; cbfntaf6
bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ lg:;f k|bfg ubf{ e}ofb
gftfleqsf] eGg] cfwf/ lnPsf]df k|df0faf6
jfbL k|ltjfbL e}ofb eGg] v'Nb}g . df]xLn] g}
k|:t't hUufsf] wgL jfbL xf] egL v'nfO{
lbPsf]df df]xLsf] egfO{ cflwsfl/s x'G5 egL
s}of}+ k6s k|ltkflbt l;4fGtaf6 klg k'li6
x'G5 . t;y{ k|:t't d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ x]g]{ u/L
k|bfg ePsf] lg:;f g} tYout ?kdf q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;d]taf6 jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd xs sfod x'g] egL ePsf]
km};nf sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf ;b/ x'g'k5{ egL
ax; ug'{eof] .
b'j} kIfaf6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf Pj+ ljfg clwjQmfxn] ug'{ePsf]
pko'{Qm Joxf]/fsf] ax; a'Fbf ;d]tnfO{ dgg\
ub}{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 ePsf] km};nf ldn]
gldn]sf] s] /x]5 < ;f]xL ljifodf lg0f{o
lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
1154
@=
lg0f{otkm{
ljrf/
ubf{
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf, ;LtfkfOnf uf=lj=;=j8f g+=
( -s_ ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !*@ / P]=
j8f g+= (-u_ ls=g+= %^ sf] If]=km= %!@)
sf] hUuf xf=g+= *!( / ^(^ sf] nutaf6
le8\g] eGb} jfbLn] bfjL u/]sf]df z'?n] jfbL
bfjLadf]lhd xs sfod x'g] 7x/ u/]sf]
km};nf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;d]taf6 ;b/
ePsf]df ;f] km};nfpk/ k|ltjfbLsf] tkm{af6
5'f5'} btf{ ePsf] d'2f bf]xf]ofO{ kfpFm eGg]
lgj]bgdf lg:;f e} k'g/fj]bg btf{ eO{
lg0f{ofy{ k]z ePsf] b]lvof] .
#=
ljleGg ;fljs nut b]vfP/
gofF gfkLsf lsQf gDj/ cfkm\gf gfpFdf btf{
ul/kfpg bfjL ul/Psf]df s'g nut s'g
lsQf;Fu le8\5 eGg] Goflos cfwf/sf]
lgSof}{n ug'{ g} o; ljjfbsf] d"n ljifo /x]sf]
5 . vf;u/L ;fljs nut jf kf]tf /;Lbdf
hUufsf] df}hf, gfd / If]qkmn pNn]v ePsf]
x'G5 . cj}1flgs cfwf/df pNn]v ePsf
If]qkmn :jfefljs ;Ldf;Dd 36a9 x'g' /
o;nfO{ dfGotf lbg' Gofo;+ut g} x'G5 .
nut jf kf]tf /;Lb jf k"hf{df hUufsf]
rf/lsNnf n]lvPsf] eP Pp6f lg0ff{os cfwf/
aGg ;Sb5 . t/ clwsf+z nut jf kf]tf
/;Lb jf k"hf{df rf/ lsNnf hlgPsf] kfOFb}g .
c=j+= !&! cg';f/ gfk gS;f u/L lsNnf
osLg u/L hUufsf] :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ul/g'
;jf]{Qd Goflos k|lqmof xf] . t/, rf/ lsNnf
gn]lvPsf o:tf lnvtsf sf/0fn] xfn
;fljs le8fpg] sfo{sf nflu cGo k|df0fsf]
vf]hL ul/g' cfjZos x'G5 . rf/ lsNnf
n]lvPsf /fhLgfdf tyf js;kq ;d]tsf
kfl/t lnvtdf ;d]t rf/lsNnf pNn]v x'Fbf
/}s/ jf ljtf{ eGg] clglZrt lsNnf pNn]v
ePsf x'G5g\ . rf/ lsNnfdf vf]nf, af6f], eL/
/ d7 dlGb/ h:tf k|fo ckl/jt{gzLn lsNnf
n]lvPsf] /x]5 eg] kf]tf nut jf k"hf{sf]
hUuf osLg ug]{ Pp6f ljZjfl;nf] cfwf/ x'g
;Sb5 . ;f]xL gfdsf] hUufsf] kf]tf nut
le8fP/ ;fFwsf] hUuf btf{ ul/Psf] /x]5 eg]
of] klg Goflos ljj]rgfsf] Pp6f cfwf/ aGg

;Sb5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf jfbL tyf k|ltjfbLn]
b]vfPsf cfkm\gf ;fljs kf]tf tyf nutaf6
ljjflbt hUufsf] :jfldTj lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg]
dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf cfwf/x e]l6Pgg\ .
$=
d'2fsf kIfn] xssf] ;|f]tsf
?kdf b]vfPsf nutdf plNnlvt gfdnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL xfnsf] 7fFpsf] gfd;Fu le8fO{
hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg] sfo{ Pp6f
lg0ff{os cfwf/ aGg ;Sb5 . t/, df}hfsf]
;Ldf osLg gx'Fbf o;nfO{ Psdfq lg0ff{os
cfwf/ agfpg ldNb}g . df}hf jf hUufsf]
gfdaf6 s'g 6f9f / s'g glhs eGg] cfwf/df
dfq lgisif{ lgsfNg Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .
sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf ;fljsdf k|rlnt e"ld
Joj:yfdf hUufsf] kl/ro lbg To; hUufnfO{
cd's gfd lbOg] ul/GYof] . o;n] ubf{ jNnf]
lsQf Pp6f gfdsf] / kNnf] lsQf csf]{
gfdsf] x'g' klg s'g} c:jfefljs x'Fb}g . t;y{,
;fljsdf lbOPsf] hUufsf] gfd / xfn hUuf
/x]sf] 7fpFmsf] gfd;Fu ;DaGw ufF;]/ lgisif{
lgsfNg] cj:yf klg ;xh 5}g . nut jf
kf]tf /;Lb jf k"hf{ / ltgdf plNnlvt rf/
lsNnf, cbfntdf k/]sf d'2fx tyf ltgdf
plNnlvt Joxf]/f, gfk gS;fsf] cfwf/df
;d]t ;fljs nut le8fO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/0f
ug{ ;lsG5 .
%=
o;}u/L @))! ;fnk"j{ ePsf]
;k{6 gfkL gS;f / ;f] ;Dj4 k"hf{sf]
canf]sg u/L Pp6f Goflos wf/0ff agfpg
;lsg] x'G5 . ;f] gfkL tyf To;sf] ;|]:tf nfu"
x'g g;s]sf] ePtfklg s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf]
lxt jf clxtsf] nflu tL gfk gS;f t}of/
gePaf6 Goflos lgisif{ lgsfNg' kbf{ tL 5'g}
gx'g] / x]g}{ gx'g] lnvt xf]Ogg\ . a?
;/sf/af6} ;fj{hlgs tj/n] ;DkGg gfkLsf
oL ;|]:tf hUufsf] xfn ;fljs le8fpg]
ljZjfl;nf cfwf/ x'g\ . of] ;k{6 gfkLsf]
gS;fdf rf/ lsNnf vf]lnPsf] dfq geO{
df}hf ;d]t hgfO{ k"hf{ lbg] sfo{ ;d]t
;/sf/L lgsfoaf6} ePsf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] hUuf
1155
Joj:yfkgsf] of] P]ltxfl;s / cfwf/e"t

s8LnfO{ nfu" x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] lg/y{s /
lgik|of]lht dflgg' GofoF;+ut x'+b}g . cfh klg
;/sf/L lgsfo;Fu} ;'/lIft oL gfk gS;f
;fljs / xfnsf hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] s8L
hf]8\g] cfwf/e"t k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ul/g'
Gofof]lrt x'G5 .
^=
vf;u/L
sf7df8f}F
pkTosfsf hUufsf ;DaGwdf ljljw
cfwf/af6 s'g kf]tf nut jf k"hf{ gofF
gfkLsf] s'g lsQf;Fu le8\5 eGg] osLg ug{
k|df0fxsf] s8L cWoog u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg
kg]{ x'G5 . kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf k|ToIf k|df0fsf]
cefjdf kl/l:ylthGo k|df0fxsf] dfnfsf
cfwf/df lgisif{ lgsflnP h:t} hUufsf] xfn
;fljs le8fpg] vfnsf b]jfgL d'2fdf klg
k|df0fxsf] dfnff/f g} ;DklQdf :jfldTj
lgwf{/0f ul/g' Goflos x'G5 . jf:tjdf
ljleGg k|df0fxsf] s8Lsf] ;xof]un] g} s'g
nut s'g hUuf;Fu le85\ eGg] k|Zgsf]
lgwf{/0f x'g ;Sb5 . k|:t't d'2fdf o:tf
s8Lx / k|fdfl0fs ;[+vnfx ;Lldt 5g\ .
df}hfsf] k|rlnt gfd / btf{ dfu ePsf]
hUufsf] :yfg lglZrt?kn] ldn]df hUufsf]
:jfldTjsf] Pp6f lgwf{/s k|df0f aGg ;Sb5 .
t/, ljjfbdf ;+nUg b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L
kIfn] bfjLsf nflu k|:t't u/]sf kf]tf
nut;d]tsf] ljZn]if0f gu/L lgisif{df k'Ug'
Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . hUufsf] :jfldTjsf] lgwf{/s
k|df0fsf ?kdf kfl/t lnvtxdf n]lvPsf]
hUufsf] gfdsf cfwf/df of] o;} 7fpFsf] hUuf
xf] eGg] osLg ug{ klg ;lsGg . ;dosf]
cGt/fnn] :yfg jf hUuf ljz]ifsf] gfd
kl/jlt{t ePsf x'G5g\ . sltko cj:yfdf tL
gfd g} nf]k eO;s]sf x'G5g\ .
&=
t;y{, o:tf] cj:yfdf
cfjfbL hUuf 5 eg] To;nfO{ vghf]t ug]{
JolQmn] gfkL x'Fbf lkmN8j'sdf ;f]xL a]nf
n]vfPsf] Joxf]/fnfO{ :jfldTj lgwf{/s Pp6f
k|df0fsf ?kdf u|x0f ul/g' Gofof]lrt x'G5 .
hUuf vghf]t ug]{ JolQmn] gfkLsf] a]nfdf
hUufsf] :jfldTj cfkm\g} eGg jf cGo hf]

sf]xLsf] gfd klg n]vfpg ;Sg] x'G5 .
cfk"mnfO{ s]jn df]xL / cGo JolQmnfO{ :jfdL
b]vfO{ gfkL If]qLo btf{ lstfa cyf{t\
lkmN8a'sdf d'2f kg'{ eGbf bzsf}+ cufl8
n]vfOPsf] l:yltdf o;nfO{ k|dfl0fs
d"Nofgdf lglZrt ef/ lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . of]
:jfldTj lgwf{/0f ug]{ ljljw k|fdfl0fs
;[+vnfx dWo] cbfntn] ljZjf; ug{ ;Sg]
cfwf/ xf] . o;n] s'g} k|fdfl0fs jn /fVb}g
eGg' plrt x'Fb}g . sf/0f, hUufwgL b]vfOPsf
JolQm;Fu kf]tf nut klg 5 / of] To;
hUufsf] x'b} xf]Og eGg ;lsg] cfwf/ gePdf
lkmN8a'ssf] cleJolQm cfwf/e"t k|df0f xf] .
*=
gfkLk"j{ sf7df8fF} pkTosfdf
kf]tf nut g} xfnsf] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{
;/xs} x}l;ot /fVg] lnvt k|df0f xf] . @)@!
;fn cyf{t\ w]/}cl3 eljiodf ljjfb knf{ eGg]
cg'dfg u/L To;sf nflu k|df0f v8f ul/lbg]
clek|fo gfkLdf n]vfO lbg] JolQmsf] 5 eGg]
cGoyf k|dfl0ft g} ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s
To; lnlvt cleJolQmnfO{ cGoyf dfGg
;lsFb}g . t;y{, k|:t't ljjfbdf hUufsf]
:jfldTj osLg ug{ df]xLn] hUufwgL egL
n]vfOlbPsf] tyf cfk"mn] s;nfO{ s] slt s't
a'emfOcfPsf] eGg] Joxf]/fnfO{ Pp6f
lgZrofTds k|df0fsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug'{kg]{
x'G5 .
(=
ljjfbsf] ls=g+= %^ / ^)(
sf] gfkLsf] If]qLo btf{ lstfa x]bf{ ls=g+=
^)( sf] hUufwgL a]vfnfn >]i7 ;d]t /
df]xL e}/a dxh{g pNn]v ePsf] / ls=g+= %^
sf] hUuf gfkL x'Fbf hUufwgL a]vfnfn, jb|L
>]i7, /fhefO{ >]i7, cGtjL/ pbf;,
/Tgaxfb'/, nfv] dxh{g, bfgd'gL ;d]t
pNn]v eO{ df]xLdf e}/a dxh{g g} hlgPsf]
b]lvG5 . ;f] lkmN8 a'saf6 s'g hUufwgLsf]
s] slt xs lx:;f xf] eGg] g5'lPsf] / xfn
bfjL ubf{ cfcfkm\gf] kf]tf nutsf] ;fljs
k|df0f ;d]t k]z u/L a]vfnfn, lbuDa/nfn,
/fhefO{ eGg] rGb|axfb'/ >]i7 ;d]tsf] tLg
1156
hgfn] cnucnu bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm

hUufsf] df]xL e}/a dxh{gn] k|:t't ljjfbsf]
hUufx /}s/ kl/0ft ug]{tkm{sf] bfjL ubf{
ldlt @)$@ ebf}df lbPsf] lgj]bgdf ls=g+=
%^ sf] hUuf a]vfnfn, ab|L >]i7, /fhefO{
;d]tsf] hUuf xf] egL n]vfOlbPsf] b]lvG5 .
ls=g+= ^)( sf] lkmN8a's Pj+ hUufwgL btf{
;|]:tfdf klg hUufwgL a]vfnfn;d]t eGg]
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . ls=g+= %^ sf] lkmN8a'sdf
g} a]vfnfn, jb|L / /fhefO{nfO{ df]xL e}/a
dxh{gn] a'emfpg' kg]{ s'tsf] xs lx:;f ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] 5 . t/, ls=g+= ^)( df
a]vfnfnafx]s cGo sf]sf] hUufwgL x'g\ /
df]xLn] ;f] lsQfsf] s] slt afnL s'g s'g
hUufwgLnfO{ a'emfpg] u/]sf] eGg] v'Nb}g .
ljjflbt hUufsf] df]xLn] k|fKt u/]sf] df]xLofgL
xssf] c:yfoL lg:;f ;d]tdf ls=g+= %^ sf]
hUufdf a]vfnfn ;d]tsf ^ hgf
hUufwgLx /x]sf] tYo pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5
. hUufwgL btf{ ;|]:tf ;d]tdf klg hUufwgL
a]vfnfn ;d]t eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v ePsf]
b]lvG5 . ljjflbt hUuf gfkL x'Fbf v8f ePsf]
lkmN8a'sd} a]vfnfnnfO{ ! d'/L, /fhefO{nfO{
% kfyL Pj+ ab|LnfnnfO{ % kfyL s't a'emfpg'
kg]{ eGg] Joxf]/f ;f] hUuf sdfpg] df]xL e}/a
dxh{gn] n]vfPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ;f]
lkmN8j'ssf] Joxf]/f Pj+ df]xL e}/a dxh{gn]
cf/Dedf k6sk6s lbPsf] lgj]bg;d]taf6
ljjfbsf] ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUufwgL jfbL
zfGtnfnsf :juL{o lktf a]vfnfn dfq
/x]5g\ eGg] gb]lvFbf pQm ls=g+= %^ / ^)(
sf] hUufdf lgh zfGtnfnsf] dfq Psnf}6L
xs k'Ug] l:ylt b]lvPg .
!)= hxfF;Dd k|ToyL{ jfbLsf
lktf a]vfnfn / k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxsf]
ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ / ^)( sf] hUufdf s]
slt xs lx:;f sfod x'g] eGg] k|Zgtkm{
ljrf/ ubf{, b'j} lsQf hUufdf cfcfkm\gf]
xs ePsf] eGb} ljleGg JolQmxn] dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbPsf]df dfnkf]t sfof{no
sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%).!.!% sf] lg0f{o ;'gL
pQm ls=g+= %^ / ^)( df hUufwgL egL

pNn]v ePsf hUufwgLx dWo] a]vfnfnsf]
xs vfg] 5f]/f zfGtnfn >]i7sf] tkm{af6
k|:t't lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] nufpsf]
b]=k'=g+= (^@*. (^#! df /fhefO{ eGg]
rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] lkm/fb bfjL / b]=k'=g+=
(##) df ab|Lnfn >]i7sf] xs vfg]
lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] tkm{af6 5'f5'} lkm/fb
k/]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fsf k|ToyL{
jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf afa' a]vfnfn >]i7nfO{
ljjflbt lsQf hUufsf] ;flnGbf ! d'/L s't
a'emfpg] u/]sf] / cGo hUufwgLx dWo]
/fhefO{
eGg]
k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL
rGb|axfb'/nfO{ % kfyL / ab|Lnfn >]i7nfO{ %
kfyL s't a'emfpg] u/]sf] egL df]xL e}/a
dxh{gn] lkmN8j'sdf pNn]v u/]sf] x'Fbf oL
tLg} hgf JolQmxsf] ljjflbt hUufdf
a/fj/L xs lx:;f /x]sf] geO{ 36L a9L /x]sf]
eGg] b]lvof] . plNnlvt hUufwgLafx]ssf
cGo hUufwgLxn] ljjflbt hUufdf bfjL
ug{ cfPsf] gb]lvFbf bfjL ug{ gcfpg] cGo
hUufwgLxsf] xsdf k|:t't d'2faf6 ljrf/
ul//xg' k/]g .
!!=
jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7n] df]7
g+= (.@^)@ sf] nutaf6 df}hf afnfh'sf]
xf=g+= *!( ufFsf] lsQf @ / df]7 g+= (.@^)@
s} nutaf6 df}hf :joDe"sf] xf=g+= ^(^ af6
Ovf8f]n lsQf @ ;d]t d]/f] lktf a]vfnfn
>]i7sf gfpFdf btf{ ePsf] hUuf;Fu le8\g]
eGb} k|:t't ls=g+= ^)( / %^ df bfjL u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . To:t} k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/
>]i7n] pQm b'j} lsQf hUuf sf7df8f}+
d?=kf]tf g+= *() af6 bfh' rGb|axfb'/ / d
;d]tsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ ?=!.^& kf]t a'emfpg'
kg]{ $.$# v]t;Fu le8\g] eGb} bfjL u/]sf]
cj:yf 5 . To:t} csf{ k|ltjfbL lbuDa/nfn
>]i7n] :j= afh] xL/fnfn >]i7sf gfddf
sf7df8f}F o6\vf **@ g+= sf] nutaf6 le8L
btf{ ePsf] eGb} bfjL u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Pp6}
hUufdf ljleGg JolQmxn] cfk"mnfO{
hUufwgL b]vfO{ bfjL u/]sf] o:tf] l:yltdf
1157
hUuf hf]tef]u u/L ;DalGwt hUufwgLnfO{

afnL a'emfpg] df]xLn] cfk"mn] sdfPsf] oL
hUufsf] hUufwgL b]vfO{ @)@! ;fnsf]
gfkLsf] lkmN8j's n]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 . o;sf
cltl/Qm { dfnkf]t sfof{noh:tf] cflwsfl/s
lgsfodf df]xLn] g} lbPsf] k|f/lDes lgj]bg
sygnfO{ ;d]t To:tf] hUufsf] jf:tljs
hUufwgL sfod ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|df0f dfGg'
kg]{ x'G5 . kl5 cfP/ s'g} Ps hgfdfq
hUufwgL xf] eGg] sygn] k|df0f P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf #$ df plNnlvt ljjGwgsf]
l;4fGtadf]lhd s'g} k|fdfl0fs an /fVb}g\ .
:jfefljs / ;xh ?kdf n]vfO{ lbPsf]
sygnfO{ lagfcfwf/ / sf/0f kl/jt{g ug{
gkfOcf];\ / o;f] ul/of] eg] Tof] s'g} klg
k|fdfl0fs d"No g/fVg] lg/y{s / lgik|of]lht
cleJolQm agf];\ eGg] g} ljjGwgsf]
l;4fGtsf] d"n dd{ xf] . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf]
bkmf #$ n] cl3Nnf] cleJolQm;Fu j]d]n /fVg]
df]xLsf] kl5Nnf] sygnfO{ cfwf/ lng' kg]{
eGg] jfbL k'g/fj]bssf] sygn] s'g} dxTj
/fVb}g\ .
!@=
k|:t't ljjfbdf df]xL e}/a
dxh{gn] a]vfnfn afx]ssf cGo % hgf
hUufwgLxsf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v u/L cfk"mn]
sdfPsf] ls=g+= %^ sf] hUufsf] hUufwgLnfO{
j'emfpg' kg]{ afnLsf] kl/df0f ;d]t v'nfO{
n]vfO{ lbPsf] lkmN8j's Joxf]/fnfO{ ;fljs
btf{
;|]:tfnufotsf
ldl;n ;+nUg
k|df0fxaf6 k'li6 eO/x]sf] b]lvFbf pQm
hUufxsf] hUufwgL k|ToyL{ jfbLafx]ssf
cGo JolQmx ;d]t /x] ePsf] k'li6 ePsf]
5 . oL jfbL;d]tsf tLg hgfn] bfjL u/]sf]
cj:yf ePaf6 ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ sf]
hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf]
Psnf}6L xs k'Ug] geO{ jfbLsf] ;fljs kf]tf
nutdf hlgPsf] If]qkmn tyf cGo
bfjLstf{sf] kf]tf nutdf hlgPsf] If]qkmnsf
;fy} df]xLn] lkmN8j'sdf n]vfOlbPsf] s'tsf]
cfg'kflts lx;fa ;d]tsf cfwf/ k|df0faf6
tLg efusf] b'O{ efu;Dddf jfbL zfGtnfnsf]
xs k'Ug] b]lvg cfof] . ljjflbt ls=g+= %^ df

If]qkmn %!@) hUuf /x]sf]df ;f]sf] tLg
efusf] b'O{ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn #!#@@
;Dddf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs k'Ug] b]lvFbf Tolt
xb;Ddsf] hUufdf lghsf] xs sfod x'g]
b]lvg cfof] . afFsL If]qkmn !!$@@
hUufdf k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLx rGb|axfb'/
>]i7 / lbuDa/nfn >]i7sf] a/fa/L xs sfod
x'g] u/L o;} nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^@* / (^#)
sf] xs sfod d'2fxdf cfh} o;}
Ohnf;af6 km};nf eO;s]sf] x'Fbf To;tkm{
o; d'2faf6 yk ljj]rgf ul//xg' k/]g .
!#=
hxfF;Dd ls=g+= ^)( sf]
hUufsf] k|Zg 5 , ;f] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
nufpsf] b]=k'=g+= (^#) sf] xs sfod d'2fsf
jfbL lbuDa/nfn >]i7n] pQm ls=g+= ^)(
;d]tdf xs sfod ul/kfpFm egL ;f] d'2fsf]
z'? lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf] ePtfklg lghn]
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bgdf kl/jlt{t bf]xf]ofO{
kfpFm eGg] lgj]bg btf{ ubf{ ;f] lsQf hUufdf
oL k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn >]i7sf] dfq} xs
sfod ePdf cfkm\gf] s'g} cfklQ gePsf] egL
z'? lkm/fbdf bfjL lnPsf] s'/fnfO{ xfn cfP/
kl/Tofu ul/;s]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o:tf]
ca:yfdf ;f] ls=g+= ^)( df jfbL zfGtnfn
/ k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf]
;DaGwdf dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug' kg]{ b]lvof] .
ls=g+= ^)( sf] lkmN8j'sdf hUufwgL
a]vfnfn ;d]t eGg] pNn]v eO{ csf]{ ls=g+=
%^ sf] lkmN8a'sdf eg] ljleGg
hUufwgLxsf] gfd Pj+d\ lghxnfO{
a'emfpg' kg]{ afnL ;d]tsf] kl/df0f ;lxtsf]
ljj/0f pNn]v eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{af6 ;d]t
ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !*@ dWo] # efusf]
@ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn !)@ tyf afFsL !
efusf] If]qkmn )*! af6 cfwf efu cyf{t
If]qkmn )$)@ ;Dddf nufpsf] b]=k'=g+=
(^#) sf] d'2fsf jfbL lbuDa/nfnn] bfjL
5f8L ;s]sf] ca:yf x'Fbf ;f] If]qkmn )$)
@ ;d]t u/L ls=g+= ^)( sf] hUufdWo] If]=km=
!$@@ hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbL zfGtnfn
1158
>]i7sf] xs sfod x'g] b]lvof] . afFsL

If]qkmn )$)@ hUufdf k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL rGb|axfb'/ >]i7sf] xs sfod x'g]
u/L b]=k'=g+= (^@* ;d]tsf] d'2fdf ljj]rgf
eO;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ;DaGwdf klg ljZn]if0f
ul//xg'k/]g .
!$= t;y{ z'? sf7df8f}+ lhNnf
cbfntn] jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( / %^ sf]
k"/} hUufdf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g]
7xofPsf] km};nf ;b/ u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg
cbfnt kf6gsf] ldlt @)%&.*.!# sf] km};nf
;f] xb;Dd ldn]sf] gb]lvFbf s]xL pN6L eO{
jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( sf] If]=km= !*@ sf]
hUuf dWo] h=/f]= !$@@ / ls=g+= %^ sf]
If]=km= %!@) af6 # efusf] @ efu cyf{t
If]=km= #!#@@ ;Dddf k|ToyL{ jfbLsf] xs
sfod x'g] 7x5{ . c?df tkl;n
adf]lhdug"{ .
tkl;n
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf s]xL
pN6L e} jfbL bfjLsf] ls=g+= ^)( If]qkmn !
*@ dWo] If]=km= !$@@ / ls=g+= %^ sf]
hUufdf # efusf] @ efu cyf{t\ If]qkmn #
!#@@ ;Dddf jfbLsf] xs sfod x'g] 7x/L
km};nf ePsf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd hUuf btf{
ul/kfpFm egL P]gsf Dofbleq bvf{:t lbg
cfP g/du/d ldnfO{ jfbLsf gfpFdf hUuf
btf{ u/L lbg' egL ;DalGwt dfnkf]t
sfof{nodf n]vL k7fO{ lbg' egL z'? sf7df8f}F
lhNnf cbfntdf nut lbg"!
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg"@
lg0f{o g+= *!($
sflQs, @)^^
;jf]{Rr cbfnt,;+o'Qm Ohfn;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL
dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|]d zdf{
;+jt\ @)^^% ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+=)#$*, )#$(
km};nf ldltM @)^^.#.#!.$
d'2fM e|i6frf/ .
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= !# tfxfrn
;f]N6Ldf]8 jfkmn a:g] g]kfn /fi6
a}+s s]GbLo sfof{no afn'af6f/sf
ue{g/ ljhogfy e/fO{
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM /~hgs[i0f cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn]
g]kfn ;/sf/
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}F lhNnf sf7df8f}F
dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @( 7d]n
a:g] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf
lgodg laefusf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfg
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM /~hgs[i0f cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn]
g]kfn ;/sf/
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7
;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn h]7 !) ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ =
Ohnf; clws[tM p=;=ljb'/ sf]O{/fnf
1159
cfjZos ;+Vofdf eGg] jfSofFzn]

cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps jf Ps eGbf
j9L cfo'Qmx /xg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgn] Olt u/]sf] b]lvPsf]
l:yltdf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps
hgf dfq cGo cfo'Qm x'g ;Sg]
cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g /
k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf cfo'Qm
dfq /x]ePsf] cj:yfdf b'j} hgfaLr
dtleGgtf ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
/fonfO{ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg' kg]{
cj:yf b]lvg cfpF5 . olb o;f] gx'g]
egL cy{ ug]{ xf] eg] ;j}wflgs

lgsfosf] ;+/rgf g} lg/y{s Pj+
lgliqmo x'g hfg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;n] ljz]if cbfntsf] cWoIf
cyjf s'g} Ps hgf ;b:osf]
/fonfO{ ;dYf{g dfq ug'{kg]{ u/L
clwsf/ lglZrt jf ;Lldt u/]sf]
kfOb}g . j:t'tM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
Ohnf;nfO{ lg0f{o lb+bf dftxtsf
cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] /fo ;dy{g
dfq ug]{ u/L ;Lldt ul/g' Gofo /
sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=$_
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ ck/fw 7xg{sf]
nflu To:tf] sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf]
ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . /fi6
a}+sn] ljZj a}+saf6 k|fKt ug]{
;xof]u /sd cfk"mv';L cfk}m vr{
u/]sf] geO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd
ljZja}+saf6 :jLs[t eO{ ;f]wegf{
cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf ;+:yfsf] /sd
b'?kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] eGg]
tYo k|dfl0ft x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=*_
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df s'g} sfd s'/f
ug]{ u/fpg] jf lbg] / kfpg] b'j}
JolQm jf lgsfo bf]ifL x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbL tkm{af6M lafg jl/i7
clwjQmf u0f]z/fh zdf{ Pj+
clwjQmfx /f3jnfn j}B, zDe'
yfkf, nj d}gfnL / s[i0f ;fksf]6f,
8f= /+lhteQm k|wfgf, /dgs'df/
>]i7 / lzjk|;fb l/hfn
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{af6M ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf
lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6
cjnlDjt ghL/M
g]sfk )^% lg=g+ &(!! k[i7 ! k'i7 !

g]sfk @)%$ lg=g ^$$* k[i7 %%#
;Da4 sfg"gM
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g,
@)$* sf] bkmf @) / @!
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-#_ / -$_
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-!_
ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^ sf]
pkbkmf %, ^ / &
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *#_, pkbkmf -!_ / -@_
cfb]z
Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM ljz]if cbfnt
sf7df8f}Fsf] cWoIf / ;b:o ;d]t tLg} hgf
GofofwLzsf] /fo gldnL ljz]if cbfnt
P]g,@)%( sf] bkmf ^sf] pkbkmf -%_-&_
adf]lhd o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;df k]z eO{ Ps GofofwLzsf] ldlt
@)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfpk/ ljz]if cbfnt
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf !& adf]lhd o;
cbfntdf k|ltjfbLxsf] tk{maf6 k'g/fj]bg
kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
7x/ o;k|sf/ 5 M
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f
;DaGwL sfdsf] ;'lb|9Ls/0fsf]nflu g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s / IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA
in Association of KPMG, Srilanka aLr
ljZja}+ssf] o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*)
;xof]udf ldlt ^ k|]mj'c/L @))^ df ;DkGg
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k/fdz{bftfn] k"/f
gu/]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ;Demf}tf
e u/]sf] / To;f] ubf{ k/fdz{bftf;Fu
xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd dfubfjL
ug'{kg]{df ueg{/n] JolQmut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df
k/fdz{bftf kIf;Fu /sd n]gb]g u/L sl/a
tLg s/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}of xhf{gf 5'6 u/fO{
clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]n] cfjZos
sf/jfO{ ul/kfpFm egL clVtof/ b'?kof]u
1160
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ldlt @)^#.!!.!# df

k/]sf] ph"/L .
ljZja}+s tyf j]nfotL ;xof]u ;+:yf
8L=Pkm=cfO=8L= sf] C0f tyf cg'bfgdf
;~rflnt ljQLo If]q k|fljlws ;xof]u
kl/of]hgf cGtu{t g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] Reengineering d'Vot ".. aims at improving
the prudential regulatory framework and
strengthening the supervisory function, as
well as developing a bank crisis
management and restructuring unit"
;DaGwL sfdsf]nflu ljZja}+saf6 pknAw

;xof]u /sd o'=P;= 8n/ @^,%(,%*) sf]
nfutdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / k/fdz{bftf IEF
INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association
of KPMG, Srilanka aLr ldlt ^ k|]mj'c/L
@))^ df ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] .

;Demf}tfsf] Appendix D sf] Key
Personnel and Sub consultants df Bank
Examination Expert df rf/hgf, Non Bank
Examination Expert df b'O{hgf / Off-Site
Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t u/L ;d'Rrf
kl/of]hgfsf]nflu & hjfg Key Personnel
/xg] Joj:yf /x]sf] . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd
z'? ug{sf] nflu & hgf Key Personnel
g]kfn cfPsf h;dWo] b'O{ hjfg ;Demf}tfsf]
Appendix C, Key Personnel and Sub
df plNnlvt JolQmeGbf
Consultants
afx]ssf ePsf]n] lghxnfO{ sfddf gnufO{

lkmtf{ k7fOPsf] . af+sL % hjfg ljz]if1af6
ldlt @^ dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^
;Dd sfd u/L tof/ u/]sf] INCeption
Report df g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6
k|fKt /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L
k|ltj]bg kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]
adf]lhd kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ u/]sf]
k|ltj]bgdf pQm b'a} ;+:yfaf6 k'gM k|fKt
k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^
df tof/ u/]sf] INCeption Report Final
Version klg yk kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL
lbgdf kl/dfh{g ug]{ egL g]kfn /fi6 a}+s /

k/fdz{bftf aLr ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] .
Key Personnel k"/f gePsf]n] sfd
z'? ug{ c7\of/f] k/]sf] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/L
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] !% dfr{df JoQm u/]sf]
k|ltlqmofsf] ljifodf k/fdz{bftfn] oyfzSo
l56f] b'O{hgf Replace ug]{ Joxf]/fsf] hjfkm
!^ dfr{df k|fKt ePsf] / ;f]adf]lhd k7fPsf]
b'O{hgfsf] CV cg';f/ Replace ug{ Pshgf
dfq originally appoint ePsf] JolQm;Fu
Equal or Better ePsf] / csf]{ gePsf]n] k'gM
Pshgf JolQmsf] gfd k7fpg cg'/f]w ub}{
Replace ePsf JolQm g]kfn /fi6 a}+s /
ljZja}+s b'a}af6 cg'df]bg x'g'kg]{ Joxf]/fsf]
hjfkm # clk|n, @))^ df k7fPsf] .
# clk|n, @))^ df k7fPsf]
k|ltlqmofsf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftfn] k7fPsf]
Key Personnel originally appoint JolQmsf]
:yfgdf Replace ug]{ Equal or Better
gb]lvPsf]n] kl/of]hgfsf] sfd sf/jfO{
cgfjZos ?kdf 9Lnf x'g uPsf]n] oyfzSo
l56f] Equal or Better Key Personnel sf]
Replace ug{ !* h'nfO{, @))^ df g]kfn
/fi6 a}+sn] cg'/f]w u/]sf] . Originally
appoint ePsf kfFrhjfg dWo] klg b'O{hgf
k'gM g]kfn cfpg grfx]sf]n] s"n rf/hgf
Key Personnel sf] Replace ug'{kg]{ eGg]
To; k|of]hgsf] nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] 6f]nL
Key Personnel 5gf}6sf]nflu Srilanka
cjl:yt World Bank Office df cGt/jftf{
lng uPsf], lghxsf] 5gf}6 k|lqmof ;dfKt
gePsf], lghx cfk\mgf] sfof{no dfkm{t cGo
;+:yfdf sfd ul//x]sf] ;Gbe{df lghx
5gf}6 ePdf kl/of]hgf cjlwe/sf] nflu
g]kfndf sfd ug{sf] nflu ;Da4 sfof{noaf6
No Objection Letter / lnlvt cfZjf;g
k|fKt x'g'kg]{ Joxf]/fsf] kq g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6
ldlt !( ;]K6]Dj/, @))^ df k/fdz{bftfnfO{
n]v]sf] . o; aLr @!, @^ / @* ;]K6]Dj/,
@))^ df b'a} kIfaf6 k|:t't ljifosf]
1161
;DaGwdf Od]n tyf lr7Lkqsf] sf/f]jf/

ePsf] .
Nepal Implementation Support
Mission of Financial Sector Technical
Assistance Project (FSTAP) and Financial
Sector Restructuring Project (FSRP)
September 18-29, 2006 ljZja}+ssf] ld;g
;d]tn] k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfn] k/fdz{bftfsf] k"0f{

;FVof pknAw u/fpg Hofb} g} l9nf u/]sf],
sfd ug{ g]kfn cfPsf k/fdz{bftf klg
d'n's 5f]8L efu]sf] / lghxsf] ;fdf goFf
k/fdz{bftf k7fpg' kg]{ ljifo;Fu ljjfb
cNem]sf] b]lvPsf]n] k/fdz{bftf kIfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f u/fpg
c;kmn ePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd pkrf/ k|flKtsf] nflu
cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ld;gsf] 7x/
dGtJo There has been considerable delay
in full commissioning of the consulting firm

of IEF INC. (in association with KPMG of
Sir Lanka) on supervision task as outlined
in the TOR. The issue at hand relates to
replacing consultants who have left the
country abruptly. The mission concurs that
NRB should to invoke remedies under its
contract if NRB considers IEF INC, to have
failed to fulfill its obligations. egL cy{
dGqfnosf] ;lrj tyf /fi6 a}+ssf] ue{g/nfO{

!# cS6f]j/, @))^ df Aide memoir
k7fPsf] .
k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df
k/fdz{bftf;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause
2.6.1 adf]lhd ;Demf}tf e ug]{ / To;sf]
#) lbg] ;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg] egL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@#
df ePsf] lg0f{osf] ;"rgf ;Demf}tfsf] ;f]xL
k|fjwfg adf]lhd g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] gf]e]Dj/
!%, @))^ sf] kqaf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbPsf]
b]lvof] . ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1 adf]lhd
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;Demf}tf e u/]sf] tL; -#)_
lbg] ;"rgf lbg] lg0f{o ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
geGg] ueg{/af6 ePsf], k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn
/fi6 a}+ssf] pQm kqnfO{ /]:kf]G; ub}{ ldlt @

l8;]Dj/, @))^ df a}+snfO{ k7fOPsf] Od]ndf
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
rfx]sf] o;sf] nflu klxn] lgwf{/0f ePsf &
hgf Key Personnel dWo] Pshgf ;fljss} /
afFsL ^ hgf goFf Key Personnel sf]
gfd / pgLxsf] JolQmut ljj/0f (CV)
;+nUg u/L k7fPsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v
u/]sf] . k/fdz{bftfn] k7fPsf] pQm Od]ndf
plNnlvt Joxf]/f ;d]tnfO{ cWoog u/L a}+s
/ k/fdz{bftf ljrsf] ;Demf}tf e ug]{
;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] #) lbg]
Dofb ;dfKt eO;s]sf] / k/fdz{bftfaf6
k|fKt hjfkmpk/ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm ;Demf}tf e ug]{ egL
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^#.(.^ df a;]sf] (*) cf} j}7sn] u/]sf]
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df gf]e]Dj/ !%, @))^ df
k7fPsf] kqsf] l/k|m]G; lb+b} ! k|m]j'c/L @))&
df k7fPsf] kqdf ;Demf}tf e ePsf] jf/]df
k'gM ;"rgf lbPsf] .
k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] cfwf/df ;Demf}tfsf]
Clause 2.6.1 adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{
;Demf}tf e u/]sf] tL;lbg] ;"rgf lbg] u/L
ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ueg{/af6 lg0f{o x'Fbf /
@)^#.(.^ df a;]sf] (*) cf} j}7s ;d]tn]
k/fdz{bftf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf e ug]{ ljifonfO{
cg'df]bg ubf{ ;d]t ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;Sg] k/fdz{bftf;Fu
xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL ug]{ jf
gug]{ ljifodf lg0f{odf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gu/L
df}g /x]sf] . ;ft hjfg Key Personnel sf]
e"ldsfaf6 INCeption Report sf] tof/L
x'g'kg]{df Bank Examination Expert / Non
Bank Examination Expert b'a}If]qaf6 Ps
Pshgf u/L hDdf b'O{hgf Key Personnel
z'? b]lvg} cg'kl:ylt ePsf] sf/0fn] % hjfg
Key Personnel sf] ;xeflutfdf dfq
INCeption
Report
tof/ ePsf] .
1162
k/fdz{bftfn] k]z u/]sf] INCeption Report

df g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt
/fo k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L
k|ltj]bg kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]
adf]lhd b'O{ k6s k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{ cWoog
tyf ;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^ df tof/
u/]sf] INCeption Report Final Version tof/
u/]sf] / yk kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL
lbgdf ug{ ;lsg] egL g]kfn /fi6 a}+s /
k/fdz{bftf aLr ;xdlt ePsf] elgPsf] .
The First payment of an amount
equal to a month of remuneration will be
paid on the submission INCeption Report
and work plan for two years of assignment
accompained by a monthly progress report
of accomplishment during month versus
work plan. eGg] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause ^=$ df
plNnlvt k|fjwfg n] INCeption Report
;Fu;Fu} b'O{jif{;Dd ;Dkfbg ug'{kg]{ dlxgfjf/L

sfo{ ljj/0f Monthly Work Plan ;d]t k]z
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] . ;Demf}tfsf] pk/f]Qm
Joj:yfsf] afah'b k/fdz{bftfn] INCeption
Report k]z u/]sf] t/ Work Plan k]z
gu/]sf] . Consulting Team sf & hgf
k/fdz{bftf hDdf ePkl5 Work Plan,
a'emfpg] Joxf]/f hgfO{ k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s;Fu klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds
e'QmfgLsf] nflu ldlt !( h'g, @))^ df
Od]n dfkm{t cg'/f]w u/]sf] . ;a} k/fdz{bftf
cfPkl5 dfq Work Plan tof/ ug{ pko'Qm
x'g] cfwf/df INCeption Report :jLs[t u/L
;f] afkt k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds tyf
Reimbursable Expenxes sf] ljn ef}r/sf]
cfwf/df o'=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&=$( a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zstxaf6 e'QmfgL lbg] u/L ldlt
@)^#.#.!( df lg0f{o ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgeGbf
:ki6 ?kdf km/s kg{ uPsf] .
IEF INC.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA in
Association of KPMG Srilanka n] k6s
k6s ;Demf}tfsf] a'+bfxsf] pNn+3g u/L
sfd sf/jfO{ ;'rf?=?kn] ;~rfng gu/s]f]n]

;+:yfsf] lj:j;lgotfdf uDeL/ k|Zg p7L
ljZja}+s ;d]tsf] ;xdlt lnO{ ;Demf}tf e
ug{ #) lbg] ;"rgf lbPsf] / To;df k|fKt
hjfkmdf lj:jf; ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg
gePsf]n] ;~rfns ;dltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
lgh;Fusf] ;Demf}tf e ug]{ lg0f{odf
;~rfns ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] x}l;otn] d]/f]
klg ;xdlt ePsf] xf] . ;Demf}tf e ePsf]
sf/0fn] KPMG IEF g} kLl8t ePsf]n]
Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{ ljifodf ljefuLo
k|:tfj df}g /xsf] x'g ;S5 . g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
h:tf] df}lb|s clwsf/Lsf] ;~rfns ;ldltn]
c;n lgotn] sfd sf/jfxL u/]sf]n] clVtof/
b'?kof]u u/]sf] 5}g egL g]=/f= a}+s ;~rfns
;ldltsf] cWoIf tyf ue{g/ ljhogfy
e/fO{n] cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf lbg' ePsf]
lnlvt jofg .
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
sfd
;DkGg ug{sf] nflu & hjfg k/fdz{bftf
pknJw u/fpg'kg]{df % hjfg dfq pknJw
u/fPsf] / ltgLx klg Ps dlxgf kl5 lkmtf{
uPsf] tt\kZrft\ s'g} klg k/fdz{bftf
pknJw u/fpg g;s]sf]n] ;+:yfsf]
lj:jzgLotfdf k|Zg v8f eGg] ljZja}Fs
;d]tsf] ;xdltdf ;Demf}tf /4 u/]sf]
sf/0fn] IDA sf] ;xof]u tyf g]kfn
;/sf/af6 Joxf]g]{ /sd gf]S;fg x'gaf6
ar]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{
;+:yf k|of;/t /xsf]n] Defulter eGg gldNg,]
;Demf}tf e u/sf] sf/0fn] pQm ;+:yfnfO{ g}
dsf{ kg{ uPsf] / dsf{ kg]{ kIf;Fu bfjL gug]{
/ dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] g} Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{
k|rng /x]sf] eGg] 8]k'6L ueg{/ tyf
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;b:o jL/ljqmd
/fodfemLn] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u ;dIf lbPsf] lnlvt jofg .
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
sfd
ug{
cfjZos ;+Vofdf k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg
g;sf]sf]n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg
1163
dgfl;j gb]lvPsf]n] ;Demf}tf e ul/Psf] xf]

. g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tf /4 ug]{
;DaGwdf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:tfj / 5nkmnsf]
bf}/fgdf ;d]t s]xL s'/f gp7]sf] ;fy} To:tf]
cj:yfdf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL ;DaGwdf
;Demf}tfdf s'g} s'/f pNn]v gePsf], dfu
bfjL gu/]sf] eGg] 8]k'6L ueg{/ tyf
;~rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o s[i0faxfb'/
dfgGw/n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u ;dIf lbPsf] lnlvt jofg .
k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f gu/sf] jf Performance sf]
sf/0fn] ;Demf}tfdf x'b} gePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{
dg;fo;Fu cfj4 u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu
bfjLsf] ljifo ;Demf}tf / sfg"g;Ddt
gePsf]n] xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{ h:tf]
;Dj]bgzLn ljifopk/ s'g} ;f]r agfpg
dgfl;j gePsf], xhf{gf u0fgfsf] cGo cfwf/
;d]t cd't{ ?kdf /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ s/f/sf]
;fdfGo lgod;Fu cfj4 ug{ Gofof]lrt
gb]lvPsf], ;Demf}tf e u/]sf] sf/0faf6
g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL kg{
guPsf], Aggrieved Party g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
geGg] k/fdz{bftf g} ePsf]n] Ifltk"lt{ dfu
ug]{ ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug{ cfjZos gePsf] .
;Demf}tf
sfof{Gjogsf]
l;nl;nfdf
;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt s'g} zt{ jf cGo ljifo
pk/ ljjfb l;h{gf ePsf] v08df PskIfn]
p7fPsf] ljifo jf dfusf ;DaGwdf
Amicable Settlement x'g ;Sg] / ;f] gePsf]
cj:yfdf Arbitration ;d]t x'g ;Sg]
k|lqmoftkm{ pGd'v ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
k|fjwfgn] xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfjLsf]
;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5}g . k|:t't ;Demf}tfdf s'g}
ljjfb l;h{gf gePsf] / g]kfn /fi6 a+}+ss}
k|of;af6 ;Demf}tf /4 ul/Psf] / To;
ljifodf csf]{ kIfaf6 k|ltjfb gu/]sf] x'Fbf
Amicable Settlement Arbitration k|fjwfg
cfslif{t gePsf] . DTT sf] s]zdf
k/fdz{bftf kIfaf6 ;Demf}tf e ePsf] 5
eg] o;df g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 ePsf]n] oL b'O{
s]z df}lns ?kdfg} leGg 5g\ . o;f] ubf{

o;f] x'GYof] eGg] cd's s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ lnO
7f]; cfwf/ lagf xhf{gf bfjL ug]{ h:tf
ljifodf lg0f{o ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;fv
tyf cGt/f{li6o ;DaGwdf ;d]t gsf/fTds
c;/ kg{ ;Sg] ;Defjgf ePsf] .
k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tf adf]lhdsf] sfd
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf s] s'g cfwf/df s] slt
Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ s'/f ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
gePsf], g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]IfsLo
e"ldsfdf olt g} /sd x|f; x'g cfPsf] egL
u0fgf ug{ ;lsg] cfwf/ gePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL x'g uPsf] s'/fdf
;xdt x'g ;lsPg . /fli6o afl0fHo a}+sdf
pko'Qm Joj:yfkg x'g g;sL lbg k|ltlbg
3f6fdf u}/x]sf], tTsfnLg cj:yfdf /fli6o
afl0fHo a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg k|foM z"Go
cj:yfdf /x]sf] l:yltnfO{ cf+sng u/L
IfltnfO{ /sddf ?kfGt/ ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf] KPMG sf] s]zdf ;Demf}tf
e ubf{ / g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefu z"Go cj:yfdf g/x]sf], k/fdz{bftfn]
;dod} sfd u/s]f] eP ;'kl/j]If0f ljefusf]
Ifdtfdf clej[4L x'g ;Sg] ePklg o:tf]
cd't{ sfo{sf] Ifltk"lt{ u0fgf ug{ ;Dej
gePsf] / To;sf] cfwf/ ;Dem}tfdf
gn]lvPsf]n] DTT sf] s]zaf6 Lesson learn
ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf c;xdt /x]sf] . k/fdz{bftfn]
;DkGg ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] k|s[lt / ;Demf}tfsf]
k|fjwfgsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg
gf]]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] ls6fgL ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
/x]sf] 5}g . ;Demf}tfdf x'Fb} gePsf] k|fjwfg
adf]lhd ljjfb v8f u/]df g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
cfkm}df ljjfbdf kg{ uO{ cGt/f{li6o If]qdf
a}+ssf] 5jL tyf a}+sn] ug{ cf+6]sf ;'wf/sf
sfo{df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;Sg] l:yltsf]
d"Nofg u/L ;Demf}tf e ug]{ u/L ;~rfns
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/sf]n] sfNklgs xflg
gf]]S;fgLsf] dfu bfjL ug]{ k|Zg} gp7g]
ePsf]n] g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g} xflg
gf]]S;fgL k'Ug guPsf]n] ;f] /sd c;"n pk/
1164
ug'{ gkg]{ / ;f] af/]df lg0f{o ubf{ s'g}

lhDd]jf/L / clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u gu/]sf] egL
cy{ dGqfnosf] ;lrj tyf ;~rfns
;ldltsf] ;b:o ljBfw/ dlNns, ;~rfns
;dLltsf] ;b:o k|bLks'df/ >]i7, k/f;/
sf]O/fnf / ljZjs]z/ df:s]sf]] Ps} ldnfgsf]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf
lbPsf] jofg .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
:jLs[t ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{
g;s]sf] eGg] cfwf/df clause 6.2.1(a)
adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{ Defulter 7x/ ub}{
;Demf}tf e ug]{ u/L u/]sf] lg0f{on] g]kfn
/fi6 a}snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g guO{
k/fdz{bftf kIfnfO{ g} xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g
uPsf] / o:tf] cj:yfdf k/fdz{bftf;Fu
xhf{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL ug]{ Joj:yf
;Demf}tfdf gePsf]n] k/fdz{btf;Fu xflg
gf]]S;fgL dfubfjL gu/]sf] xf] . o:t}
INCeption Report ;Fu;Fu} sfo{ of]hgf k]z
ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 6.4.df
/x]sf] / ;f] ad]lhd sfo{ of]hgf k]z ug{
g;s]sf] tYo k/fdz{bftf / sfd afkt
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o stf{ cfkm}n]
:jLsf/ ubf{ub}{ gu/]sf] sfd ;d]tsf] nfuL
kfl/>lds afkt o"=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&.$(
e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o clgoldt ab\lgotk"0f{ /
e|i6frf/o'Qm eP gePsf] ljifodf s/f/
cGtu{t sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf] cj:yfdf
;Dkflbt sfo{sf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{
k|fjwfg leq /xL e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf] .
INCeption Report afktsf] e'QmfgL ubf{sf]
cj:yf;Dddf s/f/ /4 ug]{ jf s/f/
cGtu{tsf] sfo{ gug]{ eGg] cj:yf cfO;s]sf]
lyPg . s/f/ cg'k lg/Gt/ sfo{;Dkfbg
ul//x]sf] tTsfnsf] l:yltdf xhf{gfsf] s'g}
;jfn g} p7fg x'g] cj:yf gePsf] .
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfn] ;DkGg
u/]sf] sfd h'g a}+sn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] sfd
afkt ;Demf}tfs} zt{leq /xL e'QmfgLsf] nflu
l;kmfl/z u/]sf] xf] . ck"0f{ sfdnfO{ k"0f{
dflgPsf] 5}g . ck"0f{ sfdsf af+sL sfd

cfufdL k|ltj]bgdf ;dfof]hg ug]{ ;xdlt
eP cg'k ;DalGwt JolQmx;Fusf] 5nkmn
a}}7s dfkm{t INCeption Report final ul/Psf]
xf] . Work Plan sf] ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ & hjfg
pkl:yt ePkl5 k]z ug]{ ;xdlt ePsf]n]
Payment clause cg'k k|lqmof k"/f u/L
;DkGg ePsf] sfdsf] nflu e'QmfgLsf]
l;kmfl/z ul/Psf] xf] egL g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf
sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs
;'/]Gb|dfg
k|wfg,
pklgb]{zs, dx]Zj/nfn >]i7, ;xfos lgb]{zs
jL/]Gb|bQ cj:yL, ;xfos lgb]{zs lgef >]i7
/ k|wfg ;xfos lji0f'k|;fb u'/fufO{n]
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u;dIf
lbPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf jofg .+
cg';Gwfgaf6 b]lvPsf] ljj/0f / cleof]ubfjLM
;Demf}tfsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ kIf IEF INC.

n] lrL, kq Jojxf/ ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf ubf{
IEF INC. k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] t/ Letter-head
df IEF Solutions pNn]v u/L To;sf] nf]uf] /
info@iefsolutions.com Od]n 7]ufgf k|of]u
u/]sf]5 . hasL ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 1.4 df
adf]lhdsf] ;Dks{ JolQmsf] gfd / 7]ufgf
;DaGwL k|fjwfgdf Od]n 7]ufgf pNn]v ePsf]
kfO{b}g . ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v gePsf] Od]nsf]
k|of]uaf6 ePsf] s'g} klg kq Jojxf/nfO{
sfg"gtM dfGotf lbg ldNb}g . Internet df
Website vf]hL ubf{ IEF INC. sf] s'g}
Website b]lvFb}g eg] IEF Solutions sf]
http://www.iefsolutions.com/index.htm
Website /x]sf] kfOG5 t/ To;df ;f] ;+:yfsf]
d'Vo sfof{no, kbflwsf/L nufotsf

Partner tyf ;Dks{ clwsf/Lsf] jf/]df
s'g} hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5}g . IEF INC. tyf
IEF Solutions b'a} ;+:yf Ps} xf] jf cnu
cnu x'g eGg] ljifo cfkm}df ljjfb:kb dfq
geGg] e'mSofpg] jf e|d l;h{gf ug]{
ab\lgotn] agfOPsf] b]lvG5 . :ki6 klxrfg
gePsf] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjdf !( s/f]8 %) nfv
?k}ofeGbf a9Lsf] k/fd{z{ pknAw u/fpg]
1165
;DaGwL ;Demf}tf ug'{ / To;nfO{ g]kfn /fi6

a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 cg'df]bg ug]{
u/fpg] sfo{df k|ToIf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ueg{/ ljhogfy e/fO{
tyf ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfd sf/jfO{
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ xf] . IEF INC. sf] tkm{af6
;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/kq k|fKt
elgPsf] JolQm Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj / lghsf]
tkm{af6 ;fIfLsf] ?kdf ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/
ug]{ JolQmxsf] gfd nufot lghx s'g
d'n'ssf] gful/s x'g eGg] ;d]t v'Ng
g;s]sf]n] lghxsf] klxrfg cfkm}df
;6fkGg cj:yfdf /x]sf]5 . h'g ;+:yfn]
;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{ k7fPsf] xf] ;f] ;+:yf
/ To:tf] ;+:yfn] ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug{
lbPsf] clwsf/kq jfxss} klxrfg ;6df
/x]sf] cj:yfdf To:tf] ;+:yf / To:tf] ;+:yfn]
v6fPsf] JolQmsf] klxrfgsf] vf]hLg} gu/L
To:tf JolQmx;Fu g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf]
tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug'{ sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfd sf/jfO{
cfkm}df ab\lgot k"0f{ /x]sf] / To:tf] ab\lgot
e|i6frf/hGo sfo{ tkm{ pGd'v ePsf] s'/fdf
s'g} ljjfb 5}g . ^ k|]mj'c/L, @))^ df
sf7df8f}Fdf ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ to
ePsf] elgPsf] Ps lbgcl3 % k|]mj'c/L,
@))^ df IEF INC. sf] tkm{af6 ;Demf}tfdf
x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/kq k|fKt JolQm Mr. S.V.
Bharadwaj sf] JolQmut h?/Lsf] sf/0fn]
ubf{ p8fgaf6 sf7df8f}F cfpg g;Sg] eGg]
cfk"mn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ;Demf}tf k|lt
x:tfIf/sf]nflu s'g} cd's JolQm dfkm{t
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf k7fPsf] kqaf6 b]lvPsf] .
oBlk kqjfxs /d]z eGg] JolQmn] pQm
;Demf}tfkq s'g d'n'ssf] s'g zx/af6 sf]
JolQmdfkm{t slxn] sxFf / s;/L k|fKt u/sf]
xf] tT;DaGwL ljj/0f v'Ng cfpFb}g / g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s ;d]tn] To;sf] ljj/0f lbg ;s]sf]
5}g . ^ k|]mj'c/Ldf g]kfn cfpg g;Sg] eP
csf]{ ldlt to ug'{kg]{df cd's :yfgaf6
cd's JolQmdfkm{t\ k7fPsf] ;Demf}tfdf g]kfn

/fi6 a}+ssf] ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn]
k|ltx:tfIf/ ug'{kg]{ jfWotfdf e|i6frf/ ug]{
ab\lgot /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o'=P;= 8n/
@^,%(,%*)
nfutsf]
kl/of]hgfdf
k/fdz{bftf kIfaf6 g]t[Tj ug]{ kIfsf] tkm{af6
;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ clwsf/ k|fKt JolQm
:j+o / ;xof]uL kIf / lghxsf] ;fIfL
;d]tsf] cg'kl:yltdfg} ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/
ePsf] tYonfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ ;Demf}tfsf
kIfxg} sfNklgs jgfj6L ePsf] / ;d'Rr}
;Demf}tfg} e'mf, sLt]{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf]
cfwf/df ag]sf] egL k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] .
k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
tf]s]sf] zt{sf] clwgdf /xL cfg} d"Nodf
aLdf u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf General Condition
of Contract sf] Clause 3.4 df / To:tf] aLdf
s/f/ cjlwe/;Ddsf] nflu
lg/Gt/tf
lbg'kg]{ / tT;DaGwL k|df0f sfuh / aLdf
lk|ldod afktsf] d"No e'QmfgL u/]sf] /l;b
;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ePsf] / ;f]
k|of]hgsf] nflu cGo ljifosf] cltl/Qm
Jofj;flos bfloTj afkt ;d]tsf] nflu
sDtLdf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt 7]s c o'=P;=
8n/ @^,%(,%*) sf] a/fa/sf] /sd Joxf]g]{
u/L aLdf u/fPsf] x'g'kg]{ zt{ Special
Condition of Contract sf] Clause 3.4 (iii) df
tf]s]sf] kfOG5 . k|:t't Joj:yf ;Demf}tfdf
/fVg'sf] p2]Zog} s'g} sf/0fn] k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf k/fdz{bftf -ljldt_ n] aLdf
sDkgL;Fu /sd k|fKt u/L SnfO{G6nfO{
Ifltk"lt{ afktsf] /sd a'emfpg ;'ud /
Uof/]06L u/fpg] Pp6f dfWod xf] .
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ sfd z'? ug]{ cg'dlt lbg /
To;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgsf]nflu lgoldt ?kdf
aLdf lk|ldod lt/]sf] /l;b k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6
k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfdf x'Fbf x'Fb} g]kfn /fi6
a}+s;Fu aLdf ;DaGwL sfuhft / To;sf]
lk|ldod lt/]sf] /l;b cfof]u af6 dfu ubf{
1166
aLdf u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L k/fdz{bftfsf]

ePsf]n] To:tf] k|sf/sf] sfuhft g]kfn /fi6
a}+s;Fu gePsf] egL k|fKt hjfkm cWoog
ubf{ To:tf] zt{ kfngf gx'Fbf gx'Fb}
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ sfddf nufpg' g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] lhDd]jf/ clws[taf6 uDeL/ q'l6 dfq
ge} k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf 5gf}6 ePsf]
;+:yfsf] x}l;ot :ki6 ePsf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / k/fdz{bftf M/S
IEF INC. Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in
Association of KPMG, Srilanka aLr ldlt ^
k|]mj'c/L @))^ df ePsf] egLPsf] ;Demf}tfdf

IEF INC. sf] tkm{af6 Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj n]
/ KPMG, Srilanka sf] tkm{af6 Mr. A.N
Fernando n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . Mr.
S.V. Bharadwaj nfO{ ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/
ug{ clwsf/kq lbOPsf] t/ ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf]
;xof]uL kIf KPMG, Srilanka sf] tkm{af6
x:tfIf/ ug]{ Mr. A.N Fernando nfO{ To:tf]
clwsf/kq k|bfg ul/Psf] gb]lvPsf] ;Gbe{df
jf:tljs hfgsf/Lsf] nflu cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf cfof]un] ;Da4 ;+:yf KPMG Ford,
Rhodes, Thornton & Co. 32A, Sir Mchamed
Macan marker Mw, Colombo sf] Senior
Partner Mr Rajan Asirwatham ;Fu ldlt !%
h'g, @))& sf] kqaf6 lnlvt hfgsf/L dfu

ubf{ xfdLn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] pQm
kl/of]hgf ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu k|:tfj k]z
ug{ ;xdlt ;lxt ;+:yfsf] skf]{/]6 k|f]kmfO{n
;Dd IEF INC. nfO{ pknAw u/fPsf xf] .
k|:tfj k|:t't u/]kZrft\ xfdLn] g]kfn /fi6
a}+s;Fu jf JolQmut / IEF INC. ;Fu ;+o'Qm
pkqmddf s'g} ?kdf klg sfd u/]sf 5}gf} .
xfd|f] ;+:yfn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / IEF INC. ;Fu
cfhsf] ldlt;Dddf s'g} e'QmfgL k|fKt u/]sf]
5}g . g]kfn /fi6 a}+s;Fu xfdLn] s'g}
lsl;dsf] ;Demf}tf u/]sf 5}gf} . xfd|f] ;+:yfsf]
clws[t k|ltlglwdWo] s'g} klg Partner n]
nfdf] ;dob]lv g]kfn e|d0f u/]sf] 5}g .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s;Fu ePsf] pQm ;Demf}tfdf
xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ul/Psf]
elgPsf] Mr. A.N Fernando slxn] klg g]kfn

cfPsf 5}gg\ / ;Demf}tfsf] k[i7 # df ePsf]
b]lvPsf] x:tfIf/ lghsf] xf]Og eGg] Joxf]/f
ldlt !( h'g, @))& df k7fPsf] hjfkmL
kqdf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm Joxf]/f
cWoog ubf{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ueg{/ /
;Da4 sfdsf]nflu lhDd]jf/ sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] sfo{nfO{ ab\lgot,
b'/fzok"0f{ / e|i6frf/L ePsf] tYonfO{ k'li6
u/]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ k/fdz{ ;]jf
pknAw u/fpgsf]nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
SnfO{G6 tyf IEF INC. / KPMG, Srilanka
b'O{ cnu cnu sDkgL k/fdz{bftfsf]
x}l;otdf tL b'O{ ;+:yf aLrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmd
;Demf}tf Joint Venture Agreement sf]
cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ePsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf]
zL/ Joxf]/fdf pNn]v ePsf] . tL b'O{ ;+:yf
aLr ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tf pknAw
u/fpg g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ cg'/f]w ubf{
KPMG, Srilanka sf] Partner Reyaz Mihular
n] IEF INC. sf] Mr. S.V. Bharadwaj nfO{
;Daf]wg u/]sf] ldlt # d], @))$ sf] kq
k|fKt ePsf] / ;f] kqdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf]
kl/of]hgfdf sfd ug]{ ;DaGwdf xfdL aLrsf]
;Demf}tf kSsf ePsf] hfgsf/L u/fpFb}
SnfO{G6 cyf{t g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;d]tnfO{ ;f]
s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lbg ;d]t cg'/f]w u/sf]
b]lvof] . pQm kqsf] jf:tljstfsf] jf/]df
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]un] ;Da4 ;+:yf
KPMG SriLanka sf] Senior Partner Mr
Rajan Asirwatham ;Fu ldlt !% h'g, @))&
sf] kqaf6 lnlvt kqaf6 hfgsf/L dfu ubf{
xfd|f] kf6{g/ Reyaz Mihular sf] x:tfIf/
ePsf] letter head xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] h:tf]
b]lvPtfklg Tof] xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] letter head
xf]Og, xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] letter head sf] tn
j6ddf xfd|f] ;+:yfsf] kf6{g/xsf] gfd
n]lvPsf] x'G5 ;fy} pQm # d], @))$ sf]
kqdf ePsf] x:tfIf/ jf:tjdf xfd|f] kf6{g/
Reyaz Mihular sf] xf]Og egL ldlt !( h'g,
1167
@))& df k7fPsf] kqsf] 5}7f} k|s/0fdf

pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . pk/f]Qm kl/k|]Ifdf h'g
kqsf] cfwf/df IEF INC. / KPMG, Srilanka
aLr ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tf ePsf]
elgPsf] xf] ;f] kq g} ;Da4 ;+:yfaf6 verify
u/fpFbf em"7f egL k|dfl0ft eGg] cfPsf]
cj:yfdf b'O{;+:Yff ljrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf]
cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ePsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf]
zL/ Joxf]/fdf n]lvPsf] h:tf] u/L k|:t't
;Demf}tf ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] cfwf/df ge}
;+o'Qm ?kdf sfd ug]{ Joxf]/fsf] agfj6L,
e'mf, sLt]{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf] cfwf/df
tof/ u/]sf] ;xdlt kqnfO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
h:tf] ;+:yfn] ;+o'Qm pkqmdssf] ;Demf}tf
;/xsf] dfGotf lbO{ b'a} ;+:yf;Fu ;+o'Qm
pkqmddf cfwf/df ;Demf}tf ug'{ cfkm}df
e|i6frf/ ug]{ ab\lgotaf6 clek|]l/t ePsf]
tYo k'li6 x'g cfPsf] 5 .
;Demf}tfsf] Appendix D sf] Key
Personnel and Sub consultants df Bank
Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t u/L ;d'Rr}
/xg] Joj:yf ;Fu;Fu} lghxsf] gfdfjnL

;d]t
pNn]v
ePsf]
kfOG5
.
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd z'? ug{sf] nflu &
hgf Key Personnel !% dfr{, @))^ df
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sdf ;Dks{df cfPsf h;dWo]
b'O{ hjfg ;Demf}tfsf] Appendix C, Key
Personnel df plNnlvt JolQmeGbf afx]ssf
ePsf]n] lghxnfO{ sfddf gnufO{ lkmtf{
k7fOPsf] egL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]uaf6
dfu ePadf]lhd g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 pknAw
u/fO{Psf] kmfon ;fy ;+nUg kqdf pNn]v
ePsf] / af+sL % hjfg ljz]if1af6 ldlt @^
dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^ ;Dd
sfd u/L tof/ u/]sf] INCeption Report df
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f tyf ljQLo
;+:yf ;'kl/j]If0fsf] ljefuaf6 k|fKt /fo
k|ltlqmof ;d]tnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/L k|ltj]bg
kl/dfh{g ug{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] / ;f]adf]lhd

kl/dfh{g u/L tof/ u/]sf] k|ltj]bgdf pQm
b'a} ;+:yfaf6 k'gM k|fKt k|ltlqmofnfO{
;dfof]hg u/L % h'g, @))^ df tof/ u/]sf]
INCeption Report Final Version klg yk
kl/dfh{g ug{ k/]df cfufdL lbgdf kl/dfh{g
ug]{ egL g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLr
;xdlt ePsf] egL klxnf] dlxgfsf]
kfl/>ldsafktsf] /sd e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{odf
pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;Demf}tfsf] Appendix
D df plNnlvt Key Personnel sf
JolQmxsf] /fli6otf nufotsf cGo klxrfg
gv'n]sf]n] tT;DaGwL ljj/0f / lghxsf]
kl/rokq
pknAw
u/fpgsf]
nflu
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cfof]uaf6 g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ cg'/f]w u/]sf]df g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6
lghxsf] JolQmut ljj/0f CV ;Dd pknAw
u/fPsf] . kl/rokq pknAw gu/fPsf]n]
k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf g]kfn cfPsf elgPsf
JolQmx jf:tjdf g]kfn cfP gcfPsf]
jf/]df z+sf pTkGg x'g uO{ lghx sfdsf]
nflu g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;Dks{df cfPsf]
elgPsf] !% dfr{, @))^ eGbf !% lbg cufj}
/ sfd u/]sf] elgPsf] Ps dlxgfsf] ldltaf6
!% lbg kl5 cyf{t ! dfr{, @))^ b]lv #)
clk|n, @))^ ;Dd lghx g]kfn k|j]z tyf
k|:yfg u/] gu/]sf] jf/]df osLg ljj/0f
pknAw u/fpg cfof]uaf6 cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf cWofudg ljefunfO{ ldlt @)^$.#.$
sf] kqaf6 cg'/f]w ul/Psf]df pQm ljefusf]
ldlt @)^$.#.% sf] kqaf6 pQm b'O{ dlxgfsf]
cjlwdf plNnlvt ljb]zL gful/s g]kfn
k|j]z tyf g]kfnaf6 aflx/ k|:yfg u/]sf]
sDKo'6/ clen]vaf6 km]nf gk/]sf] hjfkm
k|fKt
x'g
cfPsf]
;Gbe{df
x]bf{
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ;DkGg ug{ klxnf]
dlxgfdf % hgf k/fdz{bftf cfPsf] elgPsf]
Joxf]/f ;d]t em"7f ;fljt x'g uPsf] 5 .
k|To]s k/fdz{bftfn] kfl/>ldssf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu cfk"mn] sfo{;Dkfbg u/]sf] ;dofjlw
Time Sheet df hgfO{ ;Da4 ljefuaf6
1168
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;Demf}tfsf] Clause

^=$ sf] a'n]6 $ df plNnlvt Joj:yf
adf]lhd tof/ u/]sf] clen]v cg';Gwfgsf]
qmddf cfof]uaf6 ldlt @)^$.#.^ sf] kqaf6
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s;Fu dfu ePsf] / ;f]
;DaGwdf ;f]xL ldltdf k|fKt ;Da4 clen]v
cWoog ubf{ % hgfsf] gfdaf6 clen]vdf
xflh/ hgfPsf] b]lvG5 . k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s a}+sdf pkl:yt eGg] sfd
u/]sf JolQmxsf] kl/rokq cfof]uaf6 dfu
x'Fbf g]kfn /fi6 a}+saf6 pknAw x'g g;s]sf]
/ g]kfndf cfO{ sfd u/]sf] elgPsf] cjlwdf
To:tf ljb]zL k/fdz{bftf g]kfndf k|j]z
u/]sf] / g]kfnaf6 k|:yfg u/]sf] sDKo'6/
clen]vaf6 gb]lvPsf] egL cWofudg
ljefuaf6 k|dfl0ft eGg] cfPsf] tYo Ps
cfk;df ldNg uPsf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{
ltg} JolQmx Ps dlxgf;Dd lgoldt xflh/
/xL sfd u/]sf] eGg] ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] tof/ u/]sf]] clen]v Time Sheet
Record sLt]{, hfn;fhL / agfj6L ePsf]
tYo cfkm} k|dfl0ft x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
k/fdz{bft[n] INCeption Report
;Fu;Fu} sfo{ of]hgf ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{ :ki6
k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfsf] Clause ^=$ df /x]sf] 5
. ;Demf}tfsf] pQm k|fjwfg cg';f/ k]z ePsf]
Inception Report cToGt cgf}krfl/s ?kdf
tof/ u/L k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h;Dff tof/
ug]{ k/fdz{bftfxsf] gfd ;d]t pNn]v
ePsf] 5}g . k|ltj]bgdf s'g} k/fdz{bftfsf]
gfd pNn]v gx'g'sf] cy{ ;f] k|ltj]bg tof/
ug]{ sfdsf]nflu ;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgo'Qm eGg]
kfl/>lds lng] k/fdz{bftf :j+odn] ;f]
k|ltj]bg / To;df plNnlvt ljifoj:t'sf]
jf/]df lhDd]jf/L lng grfxg' xf] . k/fdz{
;]jf pknAw u/fpg] ljifodf g]kfn /fi6
a}+s;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf IEF INC. Lloyd Hill
Oakton, USA in Association of KPMG,
Srilanka aLrsf] ;+o'Qm pkqmdsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
cfwf/
pNn]v
ug]{
t/
;f]xL
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug]{ qmddf
INCeption Report k]z

kIf Lead Partner sf]
;xof]uL Partner sf]
ubf{ s]jn g]t[Tj ug]{

gfd dfq k|:t't u/L
gfd pNn]v gug'{sf]
k5fl8 jf:tljstfnfO{ n'sfpg] b':k|of; dfq
ePsf] tYo v'Ng cfPsf] 5 . ;Demf}tfdf
;Lldt JolQmsf] dfq kx'Fr x'G5 eg] k|ltj]bg
:jefj}n] ;fj{hlgs x'g] ljifo ePsf]n] To:tf]
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ / k|:t't ug]{ qmddf
;xefuL g} gePsf] kIf KPMG SriLanka
;d]tnfO{ ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L ePkZrft\ :j+o
KPMG SriLanka af6g} lj/f]w, Ifltk"lt{ dfu
bfjL nufotsf ljljw k|sf/af6 p7\g ;Sg]
sfg"gL k|Zg p7\g ;Sg] ;+efjgnfO{ k"jf{g'dfg
u/]/g} slyt IEF INC n] cfgf] dfq gfd
;dfj]z u/]sf] s'6Lnrfn cfof]usf]
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf KPMG SriLanka af6
ldlt !% h'g, @))^ df k7fPsf] kqaf6
kbf{kmf; x'g k'u]sf] 5 . INCeption Report
;Fu;Fu} sfo{ of]hgf k]z x'g g;s]sf] tYo
k/fdz{bftfn] !( h'g, @))^ df klxnf]
dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL dfu u/]sf]
Od]ndf
:j+o
:jLsf/
u/]sf]
/
;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfo{ of]hgf a'emfpg' kg]{df
ga'emfPsf] eGg] s'/f ;f] sfdafktsf]
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{ostf{ g]kfn /fi6
a}+s a}+s ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfg cfkm}n]
:jLsf/ u/]sf] Joxf]/f lg0f{oaf6g} b]lvg
cfpF5 .
INCeption
Repport
;Fu;u}
sfo{of]hgf k]z ug'{kg{] k|fjwfg ;Demf}tfdf
/x]sf] / sfo{ of]hgf k]z ug{ g;s]sf] tYo
k/fdz{bftf / kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg]
lg0f{ostf{ b'j} kIfn] :jLsf/ ubf{ub{} gu/]sf]
sfd ;d]tsf] nflu o"=P;= 8n/ ^*,@&&=$(
g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^ e'QmfgL lbg] lg0f{o
clgoldt dfq geO ab\lgotk"0f{ /
e|i6frf/o'Qm ePsf] / ;Demf}tfadf]lhd k'/f
ug'{kg{] sfd ub{} gu/]sf] tYo :jod
k/fdz{bftf / g]kfn /fi6 a}+s b'a} kIfn]
:jLsf/ ubf{ ub{} k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds
1169
tyf Reimbursable Expeness sf] ljn

ef}r/sf] cfwf/df o"=P;=8n/ ^*,@&&=$(
tTsfn k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ ?=&#=$$ sf]
b/n] x'g cfpg] g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^ e'QmfgL
lbg] lg0f{o clgoldt dfq geO ab\lgotk"0f{
/ e|i6frf/o'Qm x'g uPsf] b]lvg cfpF5 .
k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf]
Clause 2.6.1 (a) adf]lhd ;Demf}tf e ug]{ /
To;sf] #) lbg] k"j{;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg]
g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@#
df ePsf] lg0f{o{g} k|fylds lg0f{o xf] / ;f]xL
lg0f{o tyf ;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd
g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] " We hereby give you
this 30 days notice for the termination of
the said Contract agreement in pursuant to
the Clause 2.6.1 of the contract dated
February 6, 2006 entered between this
Bank and M/S IEF INC. in association with
KPMG, Srilanka egL !% gf]e]Dj/, @))^ sf]
kqaf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvG5 .

a}+s / k/fdz{bftf aLrsf] ;Demf}tf e ug]{
;DaGwdf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbOPsf] #) lbg]
Dofb ;dfKt eO;s]sf] / k/fdz{bftfaf6
k|fKt hjfkmpk/ ljZjf; ug{ g;lsg] cj:yf
ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm ;Demf}tf e ug]{ eGg]
@)^#.(.^ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd " .. We would
like to inform you that Nepal Rastra Bank
has decided to terminate the Contract
dated February 6, 2006 between Nepal
Rastra Bank And M/S IEF INC. in
association with KPMG, SriLanka egL !
k|m]j'c/L, @))& df ;Demf}tf e ePsf] jf/]df

k'gM ;"rgf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ue{g/af6 ldlt
@)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{osf] cg'df]bg;Dd
ePsf]n]
;~rfns
;ldltsf]
lg0f{o
sfg"gLb[li6df uf}0f dxTjsf] 5 . ue{g/af6
ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf] lg0f{o ;~rfns
;ldltn] cg'df]bg u/] jf gu/]sf] b'a}
cj:yfdf g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] !% gf]e]Dj/,
@))^ df ;Demf}tf e ug]{ egL ;Demf}tfsf]
Clause 2.6.1 (a) adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfnfO{

lbOPsf] ;"rgfsf] sfg"gL cl:tTjdf c;/ kg{
;Sg] cj:yf /xb}g . ;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug]{ /
;Demf}tf e ug]{ ;f/jfg dxTjsf gLltut
ljifo ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf :jLs[t ug]{
clwsf/Ldfg}
;Demf}tf
;dflKt
ug]{
clwsf/lglxt /xG5 . k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn
ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1 (a)
adf]lhd ;Demf}tf e ug]{ lg0f{o ;Fu;Fu}
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f gug]{ kIf;Fu
;Demf}tfsf] k|fjwfgadf]lhd xhf{gfafktsf]
Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ;d]t ug]{ ;"rgf lbO{
ljjfb v8f ug'{kg]{df ;f] gu/L cfk"mnfO{
kmfObf / g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL
x'g] u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
:jLs[t ;Demf}tf ;~rfns ;ldltsf] k"j{
:jLs[ltlagf ;dfKtL ug]{ u/L ue{g/n] k|fKt
gePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L :j}R5frf/L /
ab\lgotk"0f{ tl/sfaf6 u/]sf] lg0f{o e|i6frf/
ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 clek|]l/t ePsf] s'/fdf s'g}
ljjfb 5}g . ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f
ug{ g;s]sf] cfwf/df s'g} kIfn] ;Demf}tf e
u/]sf] ;a} cj:yfdf xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{
dfubfjL ug'{g} k5{ eGg] jfWofTds cj:yf
/xb}g . t/ xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL
gug]{ xf] eg] s] slt sf/0fn] xhf{gfafkt
Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL gug]{ xf] ;f] jf/]df :ki6
lg0f{o x'g eg] cfjZos x'G5 . k|:t't
lg0f{odf s] s'g sf/0f / cfwf/df
xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug]{ jf gug]{ b'a}
ljifodf lg0f{o df}g /x]sf]n] k|:t't lg0f{o
ljjfbf:kb aGg k'u]sf] b]lvG5 .
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;s]sf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ bf];|f] kIf;Fusf] ;Demf}tf e ug'{
Pp6f kIf xf] eg] To:tf] kIf;Fu Ifltk"lt{ dfu
ug'{ csf]{ kIf xf] . h'g kIfn] ;Demf}tf e
uof] ;f] kIf Aggrieved Party gdflgg] /
To;n] xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug{
gkfpg] eGg] xf]Og . ;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu
ug]{ d"n cfwf/ eg]sf] Defaulter nfO{ b08
1170
lbg' Ps xf] eg] bf];|f] cfk"mnfO{ x'g uPsf]

xflg gf]]S;fgL dfubfjL ug'{ xf] . Default sf]
cfwf/df ;Demf}tf e u/]sf] sf/0fn] e ug]{
kIfnfO{ dsf{ gkg]{ / Ifltk"lt{afkt bfjL ug{
gkfO{g] eGg] ts{ s/f/;DaGwL sfg"gsf]
l;2fGt;Fu d]n vfg] xf]Og . ;Demf}tfsf] s'g}
kIfn] bfloTj k"/f gu/]df jf kIfsf] sfd
sf/jfO{ / cfr/0faf6 ;Demf}tfsf] kfng
gu/]df ;Demf}tf pNn+3g u/]sf] dflgg] /
To;/L ;Demf}tf pNn+3g ePsf] cj:yfdf
jf:tljs xflg gf]]S;fgL dfu ug{ kfpg]
sfg"gL xs dsf{ kg]{ kIfnfO{ x'g] s/f/sf]
;fdfGo lgod ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf e ug]{ kIf
Aggrieved Party gdflgg], Ps kIfn]
;Demf}tf e u/]sf] cj:yfdf csf]{ kIf
Aggrieved Party dflgg] / ;f]xL kIfnfO{ dfq
xhf{gf dfubfjL ug]{ clwsf/ /xG5 . g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s cfkm}n] ;Demf}tf e u/]sf]n]
Aggrieved Party k/fdz{bftf :jod ePsf]n]
cfkm} ;Demf}tf e ug]{ / cfkm} xflg
gf]]S;fgLafkt Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjLdf hfg]
s'/f sfg"g;Ddt gePsf] eGg] ;a} kbflwsf/L
tyf sd{rf/Lsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] wf/0ffdf
;xdt x'g ;Sg] sfg"gL cfwf/ b]lvFb}g .
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f gu/]sf]
sf/0faf6 Defaulter 7xl/Psf] kIfnfO{ b08
lbg] ;d]tsf] p2]Zon] Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug'{
Pp6f kIf xf] eg] cfk"mnfO{ k'Ug uPsf] xflg
gf]]S;fgLsf] d"Nofg u/L Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL
ug'{ csf]{ kIf xf] . ;a} cj:yfdf jf:tljs
xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] d"Nofg quantify x'g ;Sg]
cj:yf /xb}g . ;Demf}tf e u/]sf] sf/0faf6
g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] xflg
gf]S;fgL k'u]sf] 5}g, jNsL ;Demf}tf e
u/]sf] sf/0faf6 g]kfnnfO{ k|fKt !# s/f]8
?k}ofF a/fa/sf] cfly{s ;xof]u Iflt x'gaf6
/f]lsPsf] 5 eGg] clwsf+z kbflwsf/L tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] wf/0ff;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsg]
cj:yf 5}g . g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'k/Lj]If0f
ljefunfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg] kl/of]hgfnfO{
k/fdz{ ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] bfloTj jxg
u/]sf k/fd{bft[ ;F:yfn] bfloTj k"/f ug{

g;s]sf] sf/0fn] kl/of]hgf 9Lnf x'g uO{
To;af6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g} xfgL
gk'u]sf] eGg] ts{nfO{ ;xh ?kdf :jLsf/ ug{
;lsg] cfwf/ b]lvFb}g . s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k'Ug
uPsf] jf:tljs / ;+efljt xflg gf]]S;fgLsf]
d"Nofg u/L Defaulter kIf;Fu dfu bfjL
ug'{kg]{ /fi6 a}+ssf] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsfl/n]
cfkm\gf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;s]sf] b]lvof] .
j:t'tM ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj
kfngf ug{ c;kmn kIf;Fu xhf{gfafktsf]
Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ s/f/Lo
lnvtsf] dxjk"0f{ kIf xf] . h;sf] cefadf
s/f/Lo lnvtsf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt ug{
;Sb}g . ;Demf}tfsf kIfxn] o; ;Demf}tfsf]
ljifodf pTkGg ePsf jf o;;Fu ;Da4 jf
o;sf] JofVofsf] qmddf p7]sf ljjfbsf]
cfk;L ;dfwfgsf] nflu pko'Qm k|of;sf]
pkof]u ug]{5g\ . of] ;Demf}tf;Fu ;Da4
ljifosf] ;DaGwdf kIfx aLr p7]sf] s'g}
klg ljjfb cfk;L ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df
;dfwfg ug{ Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ cg'/f]w
u/]sf] tL; lbgleq cfkl;s ;dembf/Lsf]
cfwf/df ;dfwfg x'g ;s]g eg] s'g} klg
kIfn] Special Condition of Contract df
Joj:yf ePadf]lhd ;dfwfgsf] nflu k|:t't
ug{ ;Sg]5g\ . o; ;Demf}tfsf] jf/]df jf
;f];Fu ;Da4 s'g} klg ljjfb, dtleGgtf, jf
bfjL cyjf cj}wflgstf nufot o;
;Demf}tf;Fu ;Da4 tyf tT;DaGwL ljjfb,
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] xfn nfu" /x]sf] dWo:ytf
;DaGwL lgod4f/f lgwf{/0f ePadf]lhd
;dfwfg ul/g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg k|:t't
;Demf}tfsf] General Condition of Contract
sf] Clause 7.1 / 7.2 df :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v
ePsf] s'/f g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf kbflwsf/L tyf
sd{rf/Ln] :jLsf/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{
;Demf}tfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug{ ;Sg]
k|fjwfg gePsf], Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjLsf]
ljifo ;Demf}tf / sfg"g;Ddt gePsf],
;Demf}tfdf x'Fb} gePsf] k|fjwfgnfO{
1171
dg;fo;Fu cfj4 u/L xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{

h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifo pk/ s'g} ;f]r
agfpg dgfl;j gx'g], xhf{gf jf Ifltk"lt{
u0fgfsf] cfwf/ ;Demf}tfdf gePsf], xhf{gf
u0fgfsf] cGo cfwf/ ;d]t cd"t{ ?kdf /x]sf]
cj:yfnfO{ s/f/sf] ;fdfGo lgod;Fu cfj4
ug{ Gofof]lrt gb]lvPsf], ;Demf}tfdf xhf{gf
jf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfubfjLsf] ;'lglZrt gu/]sf]
eGg] wf/0ff c:ki6, bf]xf]/f]kg / Ps cfk;df
aflemPsf] b]lvof] . ljZja}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf
;~rflnt ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf
cGtu{t /fli6o jfl0fHo a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg
;~rfng ;DaGwL sfdsf]nflu 5gf}6 ePsf]
Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, USA nfO{
k/fdz{bftf lgo'Qm ug]{ ;DaGwdf g]kfn /fi6
a}+s / Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, USA
aLr ldlt hgj/L #!, @))@ df ePsf]
Joj:yfkg s/f/ ;DaGwdf b'O{ jif{] ;Demf}tf
ePsf] . g]kfndf ljBdfg Gsf] sf/0fn]
;'/Iff l:ylt k|lts"ntsf] cfwf/df Force
b]vfO{ k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tf
Majeure
adf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ g;Sg] egL
lbPsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
k/fdz{bftfpk/ 7]s d"No o'=P;=8n/
%&,((,&() jf ;f] sfo{ cGo s;}af6
nufpFbf nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ k/fdz{bftf;Fu
Ifltk"lt{ afkt dfu u/]sf]df ;Demf}tfsf]
Amicable Settlement sf] k|fjwfgcg';f/
jftf{ eGg] k/fdz{bftfn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{
o'=P;= 8n/ ^,))))) xhf{gfafkt Ifltk"lt{
k|bfg u/]sf] . DTT sf] k|;df IEF INC.
Lloyd Hill Oakton, USA in Association of
KPMG, Srilanka ;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf
adf]lhdsf] kl/of]hgf / sfdsf] :j?k To;sf]

cfotg Volume df s]xL cGt/ b]lvP tfklg
;Demf}tfsf] k|s[lt / xhf{gf Ifltk"lt{ dfubfjL
;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf] d"ne"t k|fjwfgdf df}lns
cGt/ gx'Fbf gx'Fb} Pp6fsf] xsdf clwstd
;Ldfdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL ug]{ / csf]{sf]
xsdf Ifltk"lt{ dfu bfjL gug]{ g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] ue{g/n] ldlt @)^#.&.@#df u/]sf]
lg0f{odf ab\lgot /x]sf] 5 . ;Demf}tf

adf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu
xhf{gfafkt s/f/ d"No o'=o;= 8n/ @^,%(,
%*) tTsfn k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ &#=$$ n]
x'g cfpg] g]=?=!(,%#,!(,%%%.@) sf] sDtLdf
bzk|ltztsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] Ifltk"lt{
?=!,(%,#!,(%%.%@
cIf?kL
Pss/f]8
kGrfgAa] nfv Pslt; xhf/ gf};o krkGg
k};f afpGg dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf]
sf/0faf6 ;f] a/fa/sf] /sd g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug uPsf] b]lvG5 .
dfly plNnlvt tYo / ljj/0fsf]
cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf ueg{/ ljhogfy
e/fO{ / sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;'/]Gbdfg k|wfgn]
;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ab\lgotk"j{s xflg
gf]S;fgL u/L u/fO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f
P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf -#_
adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] cg';Gwfgaf6
b]lvg cfPsf]n] ;f] cf/f]kdf dfly sfod
ul/Psf] ljuf] ?=%),!$,@(*.*^ -cIf?kL
krf; nfv rf}wxhf/ b'O{;o cG7fgAa] k};f
5of;L dfq_ / ?=!,(%,#!,(%%.%@ -cIf?kL
Pss/f]8 kGrfgAa] nfv Pslt;xhf/ gf};o
krkGg k};f afpGg dfq_ ;d]t hDdf
?=@,$%,$^,@%$.#* b'O{s/f]8 k}tfln;nfv
5ofln; xhf/ b'O{;o rjGg k};f c7tL;
dfq_ ljuf] sfod u/L e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf
adf]lhd b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf ljuf]adf]lhd
h/Ljfgf ;hfo dfu bfjL ub}{ z'? cbfntdf
bfo/ x'g cfPsf] cf/f]k kq .
d g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] a}+s tyf
ljQLo ;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs e} sfd ub{5' . /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefu ;'b[9Ls/0f nufotsf k/fdz{ ;DaGwL
sfo{df ePsf] q'l6n] b]znfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'Ug
uPsf]n] ljuf] ?=!,(%,#!(%%.%@ ;d]t hDdf
?=@,$%,$^,@%$.#* lbnfO{ e/fO e|=lg=P]g, @)%(
sf] bkmf * adf]lhd ;hfo+ ul/kfpFm eGg]
cf/f]kbfjL unt xf] . a}+sleq s'g} klg k|lqmof
d]/f] PSn}sf] clVtof/Ln] x'g] xf]Og . d]/f] tkm{af6
1172
;DalGwt 8]k'6L ueg{/dfkm{t\ >Ldfg\ ueg{/;dIf

k|:t't u/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns ;ldtsf]
lg0f{oaf6 lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o u/L bft[ ;+:yf, ljZj
a}]+ssf] ;d]t ;xdlt lnO{ k/fdz{ bftfx
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf], o;/L ljZja}+saf6 ;xdlt
k|bfg ubf{ lgo'lQm ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ Joxf]/f tyf
ljj/0f ljZj a}+saf6 dufO{ 5fgljg u/L lgo'lQm
ug]{ :jLs[t lbOPsf] xf] . lgo'lQm ug]{ lg0f{o
eO;s] kZrft\ s/f/kqdf x:tfIf/ ug{ cfJxfg
ubf{ ;DalGwt sDkgLsf clVtof/ k|fKt clws[t
tf]lsPsf] lbg :jf:Yosf] sf/0fn] sf7df8f}+ cfpg
c;dy{tf hgfO{ s/f/df lghsf] sfof{nodf k7fO{
cg'/f]w u/]sf] x'Fbf cg'/f]wadf]lhd s/f/kq
x:tfIf/ cfO{;s]kl5 x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltn]
tf]lsPsf] ldltleq sfo{ z'? ug{ cfpg' kg]{
;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fOPsf], tt\kZrft\ s/f/df
pNn]v ePcg';f/sf & hgf k/fdz{bftfx
cfpg' kg]{df s/f/df pNn]v ul/Psf % / gofF
JolQm @ hgf ;d]t & hgf k/fdz{bftfx sfo{
z'? ug{ cfPsf]df lg0f{o eGbf jflx/sf yk @
hgfnfO{ ljZja}+ssf] k|fjwfgcg'k sfo{ ug{ lbg
pko'Qm x'g] gx'g] osLg u/]/ dfq sfo{ z'? ug{
lbg'kg]{ ePsf] sf/0f lt b'O{ afx]ssf af+sL cGo
% hjfg g]kfndf sfd ug{ cfO/x]sf] kl/k|]Iodf
sfd z'? ug{ lbg g]=/f= a}+s sf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf] :jLs[lt tyf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltdf
lgh % hjfgnfO{ sfo{ nufPsf], lghxn] Ps
dlxgf;Dd s/f/df plNnlvt TOR sf] bfo/fleq
/xL klxnf] dlxgfsf] nflu tof/ u/L k]z ug'{kg]{
INCeption Report tyf @ jif{sf] nflu sfo{
of]hgf ;d]t k]z ug'{kg]{df INCeption Report
dfq k]z u/s]f] / Work Plan k]z ug]{ ;DaGwdf
@ jif{sf] s/f/ cjlw /x]sf] x'Fbf cfufdL
dlxgfleq tof/ u/L k]z ug]{ eGg] ;DalGwt
k/fdz{bftfx, ;DalGwt ;'kl/j]If0f, ljefusf
k|ltlglwx / d]/f] ;d]t pkl:yltdf 5nkmn u/L
INCeption Report pk/sf] /fo k|ltlqmof ;d]t
;dfj]z u/L kl/dflh{t INCeption Report k]z
u/]sf] tyf ;xdlt cg'k Work Plan cfufdL
dlxgfdf k]z ug]{ u/L s/f/df ePsf] k|fjwfg
cg'k ! dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ul/Psf]
xf], o;df d]/f] s'g} ab\lgot g/x]sf] Joxf]/f

cg'/f]w ub{5' . ljuf]sf] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt
kf6L{;Fu ePsf] ;Demf}tf, ljZja}+ssf] ljZjJofkL
?kdf dfGotf k|fKt Prescribed Proceurement
Guideline sf] k|fjwfg leq /xL ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f]
s/f/gfdf leqsf k|fjwfgx ;]jf;DaGwL k/fdz{
cfJxfg ubf{ s'g} lsl;dsf] Ifltk"lt{ bfjL ug{
kfpg] tyf xh{gf nufpg] k|fjwfg ;d]t /fVg
gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'k s/f/sf]
bfo/f leq /xL s/f/ /4 u/L Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL
gul/Psf] xf] . o;sf] ;fy} of] s/f/ /4 ubf{
g]=/f=a}+snfO{ s] s:tf] xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5
eGg] s'/f ul0flto ?kdf osLg ug{ ;lsg]
cj:yf g/x]sf], lghxn] cfP/ ug'{kg]{ Ps
dlxgfsf] sfd ;DkGg u/L INCeption Report
;d]t k]z u/L ;s]sf] kl/k|]Iodf lghxsf] s/f/
/4 ubf{ s] slt xflg gf]]S;fgL eof] ;f] olsg ug{
;Sg] cj:yf g/x]sf] tyf lghxsf] k/fdz{
;]jfaf6 ul/g] elgPsf sfo{x g]kfn /fi6 a}+s
leq}af6 ;kmntfk"j{s k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkfbg
eO/x]sf] cj:yf /xsf] x'+bf s'g]} xflg gf]]S;fgL
k'Ug guPsf] tyf ljuf]sf] /sd klg s'g}
cfwf/lagf xr'jfsf] e/df tf]lsPsf] b]lvG5 .
ljQLo If]q ;'wf/ sfo{qmd cGtu{t g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] Re-Engineering ug{sf] nflu g]=/f= a}+s
sf] ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{qmd k|efjsf/Ltf Unf]jn
6]08/ dfkm{t IEF INC Lioyd Hill Oakin, USA in
Association of KPMG, Srilanka ;Fu ;Demf}tf
ePsf] xf] . o;/L ;Demf}tf ubf{ Firm ;Demf}tf
ePsf] x'Fbf Firm n] cfkm\gf] k|:tfjdf pNn]v
u/]sf] & hjfg ljleGg If]qsf bIf JolQmxnfO{
lgo'lQm ul/Psf] xf] . k/fdz{bftfx !! dfr{
@))^ df g]kfn cfO{ @^ dfr{ @))^ b]lv
tf]lsPsf] sfo{ k|f/De u/L sfo{/t /x]sf ;fy}
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ubf{ s/f/gfdf ePsf]
k|fjwfgxsf] bfo/fleq /xL e'QmfgL ul/Psf] xf] .
;f] e'QmfgL ul/Psf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 ;d]t
:jLs[t eGg];s]sf] 5 . k/fdz{bftf lgo'lQm ug]{
;DaGwL k|lqmof d To; ljefudf ;?jf e} hfg'
eGbf cufl8 g} ;DkGg eO;s]sf], d ToxfF
uPkl5 s/f/sf] 9f+rf clGtdLs/0f ug]{ tyf
1173
k/fdz{bftf;Fu g]uf]l;o;g ug]{ l;nl;nfdf dfq

;+nUgtf ePsf], To; eGbf cufl8sf] sfo{
k|lqmofdf d]/f] ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] . h'g Firm ;Fu
;Demf}tf ePsf] xf] ljZja}+s tyf g]=/f=a}+s sf]
;~rfns ;ldltsf] :jLs[lt lnP/ dfq ;f]xL
Firm n] k|:tfj u/]sf JolQmxnfO{ sfddf
nufPsf] xf] . k/fdz{bftfx g]kfn cfP
gcfPsf af/] cWofudg sfof{nodf /]s8{ /x]
g/x]sf] s'/f g]=/f=a}+s nfO{ hfgsf/L /x]g . t/
o;/L sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ cfPsf % hgf
;Nnfxfsf/xsf] gfd ;lxt ldlt @)^@.!@.@(
sf] k=;+= a}+ lj=;=lg=lj l;=P;=l6= @@@.@)^@ af6
tTsfn g]kfn ;/sf/ cy{ dGqfno cf=sf=ljefu
tyf lg=lj= dxfzfvfnfO{ kq n]vL lghxnfO{
eL;fsf] nflu cfjZos l;kmfl/z u/L lbg x'g
cg'/f]w ul/Psf] lyof] . o;af6 tL JolQmx
ckl/lrt / g]kfn gcfPsf eGg ldn]g .
cf/f]kkq em"7f xf], ;f] adf]lhd d}n] ab\lgotk"j{s
s'g} e|i6frf/hGo s;"/ gu/L ;+:yfut lxtnfO{
dWogh/ u/L cfk\mgf] lhDd]jf/L jxg u/L c;n
lgotn] klbo lhDd]jf/L k"/f u/]sf] x'Fbf dnfO{
;hfo x'g'kg]{ xf]Og cf/f]k bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn]
o; cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .
cf/f]kkqdf d k|lt nufOPsf] cf/f]k;Fu
d k"0f{tM c;xdt 5' . of] cf/f]k ljz'4 ?kdf
skf]nslNkt e|fds / em"7f ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df
k"jf{u|xL9+un] tof/ kfl/Psf] x'Fbf s'g} ;Totf
5}g . KPMG IEF n] ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePsf]
cfwf/df $ hgf a}+s ;'k/lehg PS;k6{ @ hgf,
! a}+s ;'k/lehg PS;k6{ / ! hgf ck;fO6
;'k/lehg ;lxt & hgfsf] 6f]nL agfpg' kg]{df
pQm 6f]nL slxNo} klg agfpg g;lsPsf] /
l6ddf k|:tfljt Consultant x k6sk6s
kl/jt{g u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ g;s]sf],
Consultant x cfO{ Inception Report a}+sdf
k]z u/] tfklg tt\ kZrft\ cfk\mg} d'n's kmls{
uPsf] / sfd k|lt Seriousness gb]lvPsf]
o;} aLr World Bank Mission n] ue{g/ / cy{
;lrjnfO{ ;Djf]wg u/L pQm Consultant nfO{
;Demf}tfadf]lhd sf/jfxL ug{ l;kmfl/z
u/]sf] kl/k|]Iodf ljefluo l6Kk0fL / ljefluo

8]k'6L
ue{g/
;d]tsf
l;kmfl/zdf
;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;Demf}tf lsg e gug]{ egL
#) lbg] ;"rgf hf/L ul/Psf,] pQm
;"rgfkZrft\ klg ;DalGwt sG;N6]06af6
lrQ j'e\mbf]\ hjfkm k|fKt gePsf]n] pQm
k|:tfjnfO{ ;~rfns ;ldltdf nuL ;~rfns
;ldltsf] lg0f{o kZrft\ ljZj a}+ssf] ;xdlt
lnO{ ;Demf}tf e ul/Psf] xf] . Ifltk"lt{
;DaGwdf pQm Consultant kmd{n] ge} g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s cfk}mn] e u/]sf], ;Demf}tfdf
Ifltk"lt{ bfjf ug]{ s'g} Clause gePsf] /
;~rfns ;ldltn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ s'g}
xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] dx;"; gu/]sf]
sf/0faf6 o;k|sf/sf] Ifltk"lt{sf] bfjL
gul/Psf] xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] ue{g/sf] x}l;otn] d]/f] sfd ;~rfns
;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] ;d]t
x'Fbf ;f]xLadf]lhd ul/Psf] xf] . k|:tfljt
sG;n6]G;L lng] jf/]sf] g]kfn /fi6 a}+s /
IEF aLr ;g\ @))^ km/j/L ^ df ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf] xf] . pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
dfr{ !%, @))^ df & hgf sG;N6\of06x
g]kfn cfPsf x'g\ . h;sf] k|df0f :j?k yfO{
Po/j]hsf] pQm ldltsf] Kof;]Gh/ lni6df
pNn]v ePsf] k|df0f cbfnt;dIf k]z u/]sf
5f}+ . oL & hgf sG;N6\of06 dWo] @ hgf
z'?df k|:tfljt & hgf ;fy} % hgf k'/fgf
/x]sf] / b'O hgf z'?df k|:tfljt JolQm
afx]ssf] ePsf]n] lghnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/L
lkmtf{ k7fO{ a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg / jN8{ a}+s
;d]tsf] ;xdlt lnO{ sfd z'? u/fOPsf]
Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 . Joj;foLs aLdf gePsf]
eGg] ;DaGwdf pk/f]Qm Joj:yf 7]s]bf/sf]
;+/If0fsf] nflu xf] . t/ of] ;Demf}tf k|f/lDes
cj:yfdf g} ePsfn] g]=/f=a}+s n] dfUg
cfjZos g7fg]sf] x'Fbf gdfluPsf] xf] .
cfjZostf x]/L h'g;'s} j]nf dfUg ;lsG5 .
g]=/f= a}+s / IEFINC aLr ;'kl/j]If0f
-g]=/f=a}+s_ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf cGtu{t lg/Gt/
1174
kqfrf/ eO/x]sf] / ;j} sf/f]jf/ IEFINC ;Fu

eO/x]sf] t/ Od]ndf pQm 7]ufgf pNn]v
gePsf] Mail h'g;'s} 7]ufgfaf6 cfP klg
;DalGwt kIfn] kfO/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvPsf] x'bf
;f] d]naf6 ;Dks{ gePsf] eGg ldNb}g .
g]=/f=a}+s / IEFINC aLr ePsf] ;Demf}tf jfO{
;s'{n];gaf6 ePsf] xf] . s'g} klg ;Demf}tf
ubf{ ;j} kIfsf] lglZrt 7fp+df pkl:yt x'g'
k5{ eGg] s'g} sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5}g jfO{
;s'{n];g ;lx ug]{ cGt/fli6o k|rng 5 .
g]=/f=a}+s sf] d'Vo ;Demf}tf IEF INC ;Fu
ePsf] xf] . IEF INC / KPMG SriLanka aLr
;+o'Qm sfd ug]{ ;xdlt ePadf]lhd KPMG
;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] xf] . IEF INC sf]
sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwn] ;lx u/L ;Demf}tf
;DkGg ePsf] 5 . ;f] ;Demf}tfnfO{ IEF INC /
KPMG b'j}n] :jLsf/ u/L ;s]kl5 sf] JolQmn]
;Demf}tfdf ;lx u/] eGg] s'/f ljjfbsf] ljifo
xf]Og . g]=/f=a}+sn] ;Demf}tf ubf{ IFF INC ;Fu
u/]sf]n] ;Demf}tf ;DaGwL kqfrf/ ubf{
KPMG ;Fu u/]/ hjfkm kfOg] cj:yf gx'g'
:jefljs} xf] . KPMG af6 hjfkm k7fpg]
JolQmsf] ljZj;gLotf ;d]t s'g} k|df0faf6
v'Nb}g . cWofudg ljefusf] ldlt )^$.#.%
ut] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
k|]lift kqsf] ;DaGwdf cWofudg ljefusf]
r=g+= !&## ldlt @)^$.#.@) sf] g]=/f=
a}+snfO{ k|fKt kqdf dflg; cfPsf] /]s8{ /
a}+sssf7df8f}+sf]
p8fgsf]
Kof;]Gh/
DofgLk]m:6f Disembarkation Card ;d]tsf]
k|df0f k7fPsf] x'gfn] ;f] k|df0f jofg ;fy
k]z u/]sf] 5'+ . d'Vo ;Demf}tf IEF INC ;Fu
ePsf]n] Report ;f]xLadf]lhd k]z ePsf] xf] .
KPMG sf] s'g lsl;dsf] ;+nUgtf /xg] eGg]
s'/f KPMG / IEF INC aLrsf] ;/f]sf/sf]
ljifo xf] . INCeption Report d'Vo k|df0f xf],
of] Report / ;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df ;ft} hgf
ljz]if1 cfP kl5 s;n] s'g sfd lhDdf lng]
egL tof/ x'g] s'/f xf] . k"/} l6dsf]
Completion kl5 sfo{ ljefhg;lxtsf] Work
Plan lbg] df}lvs k|ltj4tfsf] cfwf/df d'Vo
;Demf}tfsf] kIf IEF INC nfO{ s/f/sf]

zt{adf]lhd ljefluo lg0f{osf] cfwf/df
e'QmfgL lbOPsf] xf] . o:tf] e'QmfgL j}+ls
Rofgnaf6 ;f]xL ;+:yfsf] vftfdf uPsf] / ;f]
/sd a}+sn] ;xof]u stf{ ljZj a}+saf6 ;f]w
egf{ k|fKt u/L g]=/f=a}+ssf] vftfdf hDdf e}
;s]sf] 5 . s/f/df plNnlvt zt{ cg';f/ ;f]
s/f/ e ug{ #) lbgsf] cu|Ld ;"rgf
lbg'kg]{ ePsf], To; cfwf/df ue{g/sf]
lg0f{on] s/f/adf]lhd sfd ;DkGg gePdf
#) lbg leq ;f] s/f/ e ug]{ ul/
;"rgf;Dd lbPsf] xf] . o; cfwf/df IEF INC
n] sfd ug{ d~h"/ u/]sf] eP s/f/ e
x'b}+gYof] t/ To;f] ug{ d~h"/ ge} km/s
kqfrf/ u/]sf] ;f]pk/ ;~rfns ;ldltn]
5nkmn u/L lghsf] hjfkm lrQ j'e\mbf]
gePsf] tyf s/f/ e ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]n]
ue{g/n] s/f/ e uof] eGg] cf/f]k em"7f
xf] . s/f/ x'Fbf / e ubf{sf] b'j} cj:yfdf
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{on] u/]sf] 5 . o;df
klg ljZj a}+ssf] klg ;xdlt 5 . ;Demf}tfdf
Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu ug]{ Joj:yf gePsf],
;Demf}tf a}+sn] e u/]sf] / To;af6 a}+snfO{
Iflt k'u]sf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] dx;"; gu/]sf]
tyf Ifltk"lt{ /sd lgwf{/0f ug]{ s'g} cfwf/
gePsf]n] sfNkgLs cfwf/df Ifltk"lt{ lgwf{/0f
ubf{ ;f] Ifltsf] k'li6 ug{ c;Dej ePsf]n]
o:tf] lg0f{o gu/LPsf] x'Fbf d dfly nufOPsf]
cf/f]k cfwf/xLg / em"7f 5 . g]kfn /fi6
a}+sn] DTT sf] k|;Fudf Ifltk"lt{sf] dfu bfjL
u/]sf] / IEF INC ;Fu ;Demf}tf e ubf{
Ifltk"lt{ bfjL gug'{sf] sf/0fdf DTT ;Fusf]
;Demf}tf /f=jf a}+ssf] Joj:yfkg;Fu
;DalGwt /x]sf]n] of] / Tof] s/f/ km/s
ePsf], Tof] s/f/df DTT n] cfk}m s/f/ e
u/L Amicable Settlement sf] nflu cg'/f]w
u/]af6 Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug]{ kl/l:ylt l;h{gf
ePsf] t/ k|:t't ljifodf xfdLn] s/f/ e
u/]af6 To:tf] kl/l:ylt l;h{gf gePsf], ;fy}
/f=jf=a}+ssf] b}lgs 3f6f u0fgf of]Uo ePsf]n]
To;df Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;d:of gePsf],
1175
o;df Ifltdfkgsf] cfwf/ klg gePsf] x'Fbf

dfu gul/Psf] xf] . !) k|ltzt Ifltk"lt{ bfjL
ug'{kg]{ ;DaGwdf To:tf] Ifltk"lt{ u0fgfsf]
s'g} l;4fGt / cfwf/ 5}g . a}+sn] IEF nfO{
lbPsf] ;Dk"0f{ /sd ;f]wegf{ b:t"/ ;+:yf jN8{
a}+saf6 k|fKt e} ;s]sf] 5 egL Ifltk"lt{ dfu
ug]{ s'g} Joj:yf / cfwf/ tyf a}+snfO{ s'g}
jf:tljs Iflt ;d]t gePsf]n] dpk/
nufPsf] cf/f]k lg/fwf/ ldYof tyf
jb\lgotk"0f{ 5 . cf/f]kkq adf]lhd d}n] s'g}
unt dg;fon] k|]l/t e} /fi6nfO{ xfgL k'Ug] /
cfk"mnfO{ kmfObf k'Ug] sfd gu/]sf] / g]=/f=a}+s
P]g, @)%* / cGo k|rlnt P]gadf]lhd
tf]lsPsf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTj lgi7fk"j{s
lgjf{x u/]sf] x'Fbf cf/f]k adf]lhd s'g} ;hfo
x'g' gkg]{ d]/f] bfjL 5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
g]=/f=a}+ssf ue{g/ ljhogfy e/fO{n] o;
cbfntdf u/]sf] jofg .
k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf ;fIfL
/fdx/L Gof}kfg]sf] jskq eO{ ldl;n ;fd]n
/x]sf] .
b'O{ hgf cfo'Qm dfq axfn /x]sf]
cj:yfdf dt}So} x'g g;s]sf] ljifodf
a}7ssf] lg0f{o g} lgliqmo x'g] u/L
lgodfjnLdf ;d]t eGg] zAb /flvPsf]
eGg ldNb}g . To;sf/0f b'Ohgf cfo'Qm
pkl:yt /x]sf] cfof]usf] a}7sdf s'g} ljifodf
dt}So sfod x'g g;sL dt a/fa/ ePsf]
cj:yfdf a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ sfo{jfxs
k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fo 7x/ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o
x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf k|:t't cf/f]kkq cfof]usf]
lg0f{o lagf bfo/ u/]sf]n] vf/]h x'g' kb{5
eGg] ljfg clwjQmfxsf] ax; lhsL/ ;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
k|ltjfbL eGbf klxn]sf kbflwsf/Lxaf6
5gf}6 ln:6df kl/;s]sf] k/fdz{bftf
;+:yf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]lvg] k|ltjfbLxn]
k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 k|lqmofdf ;+nUg e}
k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf 5gf}6 u/]sf] eGg :jo+d
jfbLn] g;s]sf], k/fdz{bftf 5gf}6 k|lqmofnfO{
cGoyf eGg] bfjL klg gePsf] cj:yfdf
k|ltjfbLxn] :ki6 klxrfg gePsf] sfNklgs

;+:yf;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] eGg] k|ltjfbLx
pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .
ljjflbt kqdf plNnlvt Aoxf]/fsf]
cfwf/df dfq # d] @))$ sf] kq / ^
km]a'|c/L @))^ sf] ;Demf}tfdf ePsf] KPMG
sf Partners sf] x:tfIf/ ;lxnfO{ cGoyf eGg
gldNg] x'Fbf ^ February @))^ sf] ;Demf}tf
em"7f sLt]{ / hfn;fhL sfuhftsf cfwf/df
ePsf] eGg] k|ltjfbLx pk/sf] cf/f]k k'li6
x'g cfpFb}g .
klxn]g} 5gf}6 ln:6df kl/;s]sf]
k/fdz{bftf ;+:yf;Fu bft[ ;+:yf ljZja}+ssf]
;xdlt / g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf :jLs[ltdf cfjZos k|lqmof k"/f
u/L ;Demf}tf u/]sf] b]lvPsf] ;d]tsf cfwf/
sf/0f / ldl;n ;+nUg cGo s'g} ;a'b
k|df0faf6 klg k|ltjfbLxn] cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf
/ d'n'snfO{ gf]S;fgL k'ofpg] ab\lgotn]
;Demf}tf u/]sf] eGg] k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .
;Demf}tf k|f/lDes cj:yfdf g} /x]sf] /
k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfn] Joj;flos aLdf u/fPsf]
k|df0f g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] hlxn];'s} klg dfu
ug{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf To:tf] k|df0f dfu gu/]sf]
eGg] sf/0fn] dfq k|ltjfbLxn] e|i6frf/sf]
s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] ldNg] b]lvFb}g . jfbL kIfaf6
ax;sf] qmddf ;d]t k/fdz{bftfx g]kfndf
gcfPsf] eGg g;s]sf] x'Fbf plNnlvt xflh/L
clen]v Pj+ kqxnfO{ k|df0fdf lng'kg]{ e}
;f]sf] cfwf/df k/fdz{bftfx g]kfndf
gcfPsf]df k|ltjfbLxn] sLt]{ hfn;fhL
xflh/L clen]v tof/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k klg
k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L k]z ug]{
k/fdz{bftfx g]kfndf gcfPsf] eGg] jfbLsf]
bfjL g} k'li6 x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf
k/fdz{bftf JolQmx g]kfndf cfO{ :ynut
?kdf cWoog u/L k]z u/]sf] k|ltj]bgnfO{
tYoo'Qm k|df0fsf] cefjdf k|ltjfbLxn]
cgf}krf/Ls ?kdf tof/ u/]sf] eGg] cf/f]k
k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .
1176
;Demf}tf cg';f/sf k/fdz{bftfxsf]

l6d k"/f ePkl5 sfo{ ljefhg ;lxtsf]
Work Plan tof/ ug]{ u/L ;Demf}tfsf b'O{
kIfxsf aLrdf cfk;L ljZjf;sf cfwf/df
df}lvs ;xdlt x'g'nfO{ :jfefljs dfGg'kg]{
x'G5 . To;df k|ltjfbLxsf] ab\lgot /x]sf]
eGg ;lsg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g . ab\lgotk"j{s
e'QmfgL lbPsf] elgPsf] /sd a}+s 6fG;km/
dfkm{t e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ ;+:yf M/S IEF INk
sf cflwsf/Ls k|ltlglw Mr. S.V Bharadwaj
pk/ eg] s'g} bfjL lng ;s]sf] kfOb}g .
ab\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL lbPsf] eg]sf] /sd
c;"npk/ tkm{ s;}pk/ klg bfjL lnPsf] klg
b]lvFb}g . o:tf] l:yltdf ;Demf}tfdf ePsf
zt{adf]lhd k/fdz{bftfx g]kfn cfO{ u/]sf]
sfdsf] cg'kftdf klxnf] dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds
e'QmfgL ubf{ k|ltjfbLxn] jb\lgotk"j{s
e'QmfgL u/]sf] eGg] tYo k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g
cfpFb}g .
;Demf}tf e ug]{ ;DaGwdf #) lbg]
k"j{ ;"rgf lbg] sfo{;Dd k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf]
ePklg ;Demf}tf e ug]{ lg0f{o k|ltjfbL
ljhogfy e/fO{ :jodn] u/]sf] ge} g]kfn
/fi6 a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltn] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tf e ug]{ ;~rfns
;ldltsf] pQm lg0f{onfO{ cGoyf eGg] jfbLsf]
bfjL klg 5}g .
;Demf}tfsf] zt{a]u/ ts{sf] cfwf/df
cg'dfg u/L sfod u/]sf] xflg gf]]S;fgLsf]
ljuf]nfO{ ;Demf}tf e ePafkt g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ jf:tljs xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] dfGg
ldNg] b]lvFb}g . ctM k|ltjfbLxn]
ab\lgotk"j{s ;Demf}tf e u/L / Ifltk"lt{
dfubfjL gu/L cfkm"nfO{ kmfObf / /fi6
a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL k'ofPsf] eGg] cf/f]k
;a'b k|df0faf6 k'li6 x'g cfpFb}g .
t;y{ k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e/fO{ tyf
;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhd
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] k'li6 x'g gcfPsf]
x'Fbf lgh k|ltjfbLxn] k|:t't cf/f]kaf6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ . clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 yk k|df0f a'em\g] u/L

ePsf] df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{sf] /fo /
k|ltjfbLxn] cf/f]kkq dfu bfjLadf]lhd
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] 7xofO{ ;hfo u/]sf]
df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/ h=a=/f= sf] /fo;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg eGg] df=Gof= >L e"kWjh
clwsf/Lsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.% sf] /fo 7x/ .
k|:t't d'2fsf] lg0f{odf cWoIftf ug]{
cfo'Qmn] d'2f rnfpg] egL lg0f{o u/]sf] /
To;df csf{ cfo'Qmsf] dt gldn] klg
cWoIftf ug]{ cfo'Qmsf] dt g} cfof]usf]
lg0f{o dflgg] lgoddf Joj:yf ePsf] b]lvFbf
cWoIftf ug]{ cfo'Qmsf] dt g} cfof]usf]
lg0f{o dfGg'kg]{ l:yltdf ;f] lg0f{o ldn]s}
b]lvof] .
k/fdz{bftfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] IEF INC
sf] tkm{af6 / /fi6 a}+s aLr ePsf]
;Demf}tfdf cfkm\gf] ;xsfo{ / ;+nUgtf ePsf]
eGg] KPMG Srilanka sf] kq ;+sf:kb /
ljjfbf:kb ;d]t /x]sf] eGg] ;Gbe{df o;
cbfntn] ;f] ;+:yf ;Fu kqfrf/ ubf{ k"j{ kq
adf]lhd g} ;f] sfo{df cfkmgf] ;+nUgtf /
;xsfo{ gePsf] eGg] Joxf]/f pNn]v u/]sf]
x'Fbf ;f] ;Demf}tfsf KPMG Srilanka sf]
k|ltlglwTj ePsf] gb]lvg] ;fy} ;Demf}tfdf
;lx ug]{sf] JolQmut x}l;ot /xg] l:ylt klg
gb]lvO{ sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf gePsf] sfo{sf]
kl/0ffd klg sfg"g;Ddt gx'g] ljlwzf:qLo
b[li6sf]0f / dfGotf ;d]taf6 ;f] sfo{df
KPMG sf] ;xdlt, ;+nUgtf / ;xsfo{
ePsf] egL lhsL/ lng] kIfn] g} k|dfl0ft
ug'{kg]{ k|df0f ;DaGwL sfg"gsf] ;fdfGo
k|rng klg ePsf]n] ;xsfo{ u/]sf] eGg] IEF
INC sf] ;fy} k|ltjfbLx ;d]tn] To;nfO{
k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
cfof]un] lg0f{o ubf{ KPMG sf] kq
k|fKt gePsf] eGg] s'/fn] dfq cfk/flws sfo{
gePsf] eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'Fb}g ;fy}
ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltn] klg ePsf] cfk/flws
sfo{af6 pGd'lQm klg ldNg ;Sb}g .
1177
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s / IEF/INC Lioyd Hill

Oakton, USA In association of KPMG
Srilanka sf] aLrdf ^ Febrary @))^ df
ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf KPMG >Ln+sf ;Fu ;Fu;Fu}
sfd ug]{ u/L ;xdlt k|fKt ePsf] s'/f pNn]v

u/L IFF.Inc ;f] ;Demf}tf kq g]kfn /fi6
a}+sdf k]z ePsf]df ;Demf}tfdf ePsf]
elgPsf] lnlvt ;xdlt / ;f] ;Demf}tfsf]
k|ltdf ePsf] Mr.A.N. Fernando sf] ;lx5fk
lghsf] gePsf], ;xsfo{ ;d]t gePsf] eGg]
KPMG Srilanka sf] h'g k'gM @))& sf]
kqsf] cfwf/df ;f] sfo{ cfk/flws sfo{
cGt{ut kg]{ eGg] ePkl5 o; cbfntn]
a'em\bf bfjLsf] Joxf]/f ;dly{t e} ;Demf}tfsf]
d"n kIf IEF.INC af6 ljZjf; lbnfPsf]
KPMG Srilanka ;Fu;Fu} sfd ug]{ eGg] s'/f
klg ;To b]lvg gcfO{ ;Fu} sfd u/]sf] eGg]
egfO{ klg c;To ePkl5 ;f] s'/f cfk/flws
sfo{ cGt{ut kg]{ klg b]lvG5 .
ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
&-s_ n] o; cbfntn] a'em\g ;Sg] cj:yf
/x]klg ;f] lgsfo g]kfn clw/fHo jflx/ /x]sf]
x'Fbf cbfntsf] ;do ;Ldf / d'2fsf]
uDeLo{tfsf] lx;fjn] cbfntaf6 a'em\g
;Dej gx'Fbf ;f] ljifodf clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u dfkm{t tT;DaGwL tYosf]
5fgljg / cGo s'/fx ;d]t j'bf o;
;DaGwdf yk tYo k|fKt x'g] / ;fy{s kl/0ffd
;d]t k|fKt x'g] ePsf]n] o;/L k|fKt ePsf]
lgisif{sf] cfwf/df dfq lg0f{odf k'Ug
jf~5lgo b]lvPsf]n] plNnlvt ;Dj4 s'/f
a'em\g' kg]{ e} k|:t't cf/f]kaf6 k|ltjfbLxnfO{
;kmfO lbg] u/L ePsf] o; cbfntsf cWoIf
df=Gof= >L e"kWjh clwsf/Lsf] /fo / s;"/
7x/ u/L k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ u/L ePsf]
o; cbfntsf] df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/
h=a=/f= sf] /fo;Fu ;xdlt x'g g;s]sf] x'Fbf
ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_
adf]lhd lg0f{osf] nflu ;af{]Rr cbfntdf
k]z ug'{ eGg] df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy zdf{sf]
@)^$.!!.% sf] /fo 7x/ .
k|d'v cfo'Qmn] cfo'Qmx aLr km/s

dt ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq cfkm\gf] dt lbg
kg]{ eGg] Joj:yf pQm lgodfjnLdf /x]sf]
kfOGg, o;n] ubf{ k|d'v cfo'Qmn] klg a}7sdf
cfkm\gf] dt /fVg kfpg] Joj:yfn] Ps dt jf
jx'dt ePsf] km/s dt x'g uPdf k|d'v
cfo'Qm ;d]tsf] dt cfof]usf] lg0f{o
dflgg]5 eGg] pQm lgodsf] Joj:yfn] csf]{
cfo'Qmsf] klg cyf{t s;}sf] ;fy gnfuL s'g}
Ps cfo'Qmsf] dfq lg0f{onfO{ ;d]t egL cy{
ug{ ldNb}g eGg] k|ltjfbL tkm{sf ljfg sfg"g
Joj;foLsf] ax; a'Fbf;Fu ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
IEF KPMG Srilanka ;Fu sfd ug]{
KPMG Srilanka sf] # d] @))$ sf] ;xdlt
kq k]z u/L 5gf}6 lni6df ;Dddf 5flgPsf]
ePklg ^ February @))^ df ;Demf}tf ug'{
cl3 jf ;Demf}tf ePkl5 ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
sfd ug]{ :jLs[lt kq lbg' cl3 s'g} klg
dfWodaf6 KPMG Srilanka nfO{ jf:tljstf
a'em\g] sfd k|ltjfbLxaf6 eP u/]sf] kfOb}g
. s] s'g cfwf/df IEF INC nfO{ ;f] s'/fdf
ljZjf; ug'{ k/]sf] xf] egL plrt ts{ /
cfwf/ klg k|ltjfbLxn] v'nfpg ;s]sf] 5}g
.
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df k|ltjfbLxn]
u/]sf] sfg"g, ;Demf}tfsf] pNn+3gaf6 x'g
uPsf] xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] s[ofnfO{ e|i6frf/hGo
s;"/ dfGg'kb{5 . s;"/ e};s]kl5 s'g} klg
dfWodn] xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd pknAw
x'Fb}df k|ltjfbLsf] s;"/ e|i6frf/hGo gx'g] xf]
eg] ;a} s;"/bf/xn] ;s];Dd xflg gf]]S;fgL
ePsf] /sd lkmtf{ ug]{ k|of; ug]{ x'G5 .
To;sf/0f xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] /sd s'g}
;+:yf, JolQm jf k|ltjfbL :jodn] pknAw
u/fP jf lkmtf{ u/] klg e|i6frf/hGo
s;"/af6 pGd"lQm kfpg ;Sb}g . To;sf/0f
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ pknAw u/fPsf] pQm /sd
ljZja}+sn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ pknAw u/fO{
;s]sf] eGg] s'/fn] k|:t't d'2fdf s'g} ;fy{s
cy{ /xg ;Sb}g . o; l:yltdf ;Demf}tf
1178
adf]lhd g} sfd g} gu/]sf] cj:yfdf klg

pQm /sd pknAw u/fOPsf] k|ltjfbLxsf]
sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL /
IEF INC nfO{ kmfObf k'Ug uPsf] k|i6 b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 .
cg'dfgsf] cfwf/df slDtdf !)
k|ltztsf] nfuL Ifltk"lt{df hfg' kg]{ eGg]
Pp6f s'/f xf], t/ bfjL ug{ hfFb}df olt /sd
kfpg ;lsG5 eGg ;lsg] s'g} lglZrt cfwf/
/ sf/0f jfbLn] cf/f]kkqdf v'nfpg ;s]sf]
kfOb}g . o; cfwf/af6 ;Demf}tfsf] ;d'Rof
/sdsf] bz k|ltzt ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bfloTj
kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu bfjL ug'{kg]{ elgPsf]
g]=?=!,(%,#!,(@%.%@ nfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL
ePsf] /sd dfgL ljuf] sfod ug{ ;lsg]
b]lvg cfPg .
sf=d'= k|d'v cfo'Qmn] dfq d'2f
rnfpg] u/]sf] lg0f{o vf/]h x'g'kg]{ tYodf
k|j]z ubf{ klg g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg
gf]]S;fgL gePsf] tyf ;Demf}tf ubf{ ;d]t
k|ltjfbLxsf]
ab\lgot
gePsf]n]
k|ltjfbLxn] ;kmfO kfpg' kb{5 eGg]
k|ltjfbLsf] ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax;
a'Fbf ;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
pgfp JolQmn] NofPsf] ;Demf}tf
kqnfO{ k|ltjfbLxn] :jLsf/]sf] l:ylt 5 /
pQm ;Demf}tfadf]lhd Inception Report /
Work Plan a'emfO;s]kl5 dfq klxnf] ls:tf
/sd pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ ;Demf}tfsf]
jfWofTds Joj:yf lj?4 g} IEF.INC nfO{
?=%),!$,@(*.*^ a/fa/sf] cd]l/sL 8n/
^*,@&&.$( pknAw u/fPsf] b]lvG5 . o;
l:yltaf6 k|ltjfbLxn] KPMG Srilanka sf]
k|ltlglwTj g} gePsf] cj:yfdf pQm em"7f
sLt]{ hfn;fhL b]lvPsf] pQm ;Demf}tf kqs}
cfwf/df gul/;s]sf] sfdsf] ;Demf}tfkq
ljk/Lt IEF.INC nfO{ /sd pknAw u/fO{
g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL / IEF.INC
nfO{ kmfObf k'ofPsf] sfo{ k|ltjfbLxsf]
ab\lgotk"0f{ / e|i6frf/hGo /x]sf] k'li6 x'g
cfPsf]n] cf/f]kkq dfubfjLadf]lhd e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf] pkbkmf #

adf]lhd k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e/fO{ /
k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgnfO{ ;f]xL P]gsf]
;f]xL bkmf adf]lhd hgxL ! -Ps_ aif{ s}b
x'g] 7x5{ . cWoIf df=Gof= >L e"kWjh
clwsf/Lsf] k|ltjfbLxn] ;kmfO kfpg]
7x/fPsf] / ;b:o df=Gof= >L sf]dngfy
zdf{sf] yk k|df0f clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]u dfkm{t a'emg'kg]{ eGg]
/fo;Fu ;xdt x'g g;s]sf]n] ljz]if cbfnt
P]g @)%( sf] bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf % adf]lhd
lg0f{osf] nfuL ;af]{Rr cbfntdf k7fpg] eGg]
;b:o df=Gof= >L rf]n]Gb| ;D;]/ h=a=/f=sf]
@)^$.!!.%.! sf] 7x/ .
cg';Gwfg
clws[t
/~hgs[i0f
cof{nsf] k|ltj]bgn] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/
k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e/fO{ ;d]t ePsf]
e|i6frf/ -;fj{hlgs ;DklQ xflg gf]]S;fgL_
d'2fdf ldlt @)^$.!!.% df ljz]if cbfnt
P]g @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_ adf]lhd x'g] u/L
km};nf ePsf] x'Fbf km};nf ;lxtsf] z'?
ldl;n yfg ! ;lxt kmfOnx k7fOPsf]
Joxf]/f cg'/f]w 5 eGg] ljz]if cbfntsf] r=g+=
!$#% ldlt @)^$.!!.!% sf] ljz]if cbfntsf]
kq .
z+sfxsf] cfwf/df dfq pQm
;Demf}tf sk6k"0f{ jf sfNklgs xf] egL
7x/fpg' jf lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofok"0f{ x'g
;Sb}g . pQm ;Demf}tfg} ab\lgotk"0f{ /
sfNklgs JolQmxf/f x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] xf]
eGg] cleof]u bfjL z+sf/lxt k|df0faf6
k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
;fdfGo / ljz]if zt{x /fvL
ul/Psf] lnlvt ;Demf}tfdf ;Demf}tfs} zt{x
b'a} kIfsf nflu nfu" x'g] s'/f xf] . t/
ljjflbt ;Demf}tfsf] s'g} bkmf jf zt{df
Ifltk'lt{ lgwf{/0f / bfjL ;DaGwL Joj:yf
gul/Psf]n] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf] bkmf *@ /
*# adf]lhd oL k|ltjfblxn] s/f/sf] bfloTj
k"/f gug]{ kIfaf6 Ifltk'lt{sf] bfjL gu/]sf]nfO{
dfq e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg ldn]g .
1179
To; sf/0f Ifltk"lt{;DaGwL cleof]u bfjL

k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvPg .
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf *-#_ df k|o'Qm ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ eGg] zAbfjnLsf] cy{ crn hUuf
hdLg jf ;/sf/L /fh:j dfq xf]Og . bftf
/fi6 jf lgsfon] g]kfn ;/sf/ jf s'g} klg
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs lgsfo;Fu ljleGg
k|of]hgsf nflu ;Demf}tff/f k|bfg ug]{ gubL
jf lhG;Lsf] k|To]s c+z ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ leq kb{5 . To;sf/0f ^ km/j/L
@))^ df ePsf] elgPsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
zt{ljk/Lt ;Demf}tfsf] bfOTj k"/f gug]{
kIfnfO{ lbOPsf] elgPsf] e'QmfgL /sd kl5
ljZja}+sn] cg'bfg /sdaf6 zf]w egf{ u/]
klg ;f] e'QmfgLaf6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] Iflt
x'g uO{ ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] xflg
gf]S;fgL ePsf] :ki6 b]lvG5 .
;Demf}tfcg';f/ tLg dlxgf leq
Work Plan k]z} ug'{kg]{ / ;f] k]z u/]kl5
dfq ;Demf}tfsf] ljz]if zt{ Special
Condition sf] bkmf ^=$ cg';f/ k/fdz{bftf
sDkgLnfO{ e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{df To;nfO{ k"0f{
j]jf:tf ub}{ k/fdz{bftf sDkgLn] work plan
k]z gu/]klg g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns
;ldltnfO{ / ljZja}+snfO{ ;d]t hfgsf/L
gu/fO{ k/fdz{bftf sDkgLnfO{ o"=P;=8n/
%!%#*.#@ sf] e'QmfgL lbOPsf] elgPsf] 5 .
k"j{ lgof]lht vr{ tflnsf ljk/Lt lagf s'g}
cf}lrTo bzf{O{ pQm e'QmfgL lbOPsf] b]lvG5 .
o;k|sf/ pk/f]Qm 36gfs|d / sfdsf]
k|s[lt / k|ltjfbLxsf] Jojxf/af6 pk/f]Qm
o"=P;= 8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf] e'QmfgL oL
k|ltjfbLxn] g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ljZj;lgotf
sfod /fVg xf]Og, ;fdfGo nfk/jfxLk"j{s
klg xf]Og, clkt' hfgLhfgL ab\lgotk"j{s
g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]S;fgL u/],
u/fPsf] b]lvg / k|dfl0ft x'g cfPsf] 5 .
t;y{ k|ltjfbLx ljhogfy e/fO{ /
;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] o"=P;=8n/
%!%#*.#@ tTsfnLg ljlgdo b/cg';f/
?=#&*$,(&$.@@ e'QmfgL lbO{ e|i6frf/

lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/
u/]sfn] b'a} hgfnfO{ ;f]xL bkmf *-#_ cg';f/
hgxL ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x5{ . ;f]
afx]s Ifltk"lt{ nufot c?=lauf] tkm{ ul/Psf]
cleof]u bfjL k'Ug ;Sb}g eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^%.!@.% sf] k}m;nf .
k|:t't d'2fdf ;+sng ul/Psf /
ldl;ndf ;+nUg /x] ePsf ;a'b k|df0fxaf6
e'QmfgL nufot ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x /fi6 a}+ssf]
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o tyf ljZj a}+ssf]
;xdltaf6 ePsf] 5 . sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf]
kfl/>lds lx;fj ul/ e'QmfgL ul/Psf] x'gfn]
cfk/flws sfo{ Actus Reus slxst}af6
z+sf/lxt tj/af6 :yflkt / k|dfl0ft ePsf]
5}g . cfgf] lhDd]jf/L k"/fug]{ qmddf
sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf ;Demf}tf kq tyf /fi6
a}+s P]g, @)%* af6 lbOPsf clwsf/ cGtu{t
;f]xL P]gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ;d]t k"/f
u/]sf] sfdx /fi6 a}+ssf] xslxt ;+/If0f Pj+
;'/If0f ug{ ul/Psf] x''Fbf ldYof cf/f]kn] dfq
s;"/ sfod x'g ;Sg] xf]Og . ;Ddflgt
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 lji0f'k|;fb
k/fh'nL ;d]t lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ ePsf]
e|i6frf/ d'2fdf e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft
x'gsf] nflu dg;fo tTjsf] ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{
lqmofaf6 sfo{sf/0f ePsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvg'
kg]{ x'G5 . oL tTjsf] cefjdf ePsf]
lqmofnfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgLsf] cfwf/df dfq}
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL 7x/ ug'{ Goflos
b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm gx'g] egL -g]sfk
@)%$, k[i7 %%#, lg=g+= ^$$*_ e|i6frf/sf]
uDeL/ s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nfuL dg;fo
tTjsf ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{ s[ofaf6 sfo{ sf/0f
ePsf] eGg] k|i6 ?kdf b]lvPsf] x'g'kg]{ -g]sfk
@)%&, c !, k[i7 !, lg=g= ^*#^_ tyf
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ u/]sf] eGg] k|df0fsf] ef/
k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @% adf]lhd
cleof]hgstf{df /xg] / cleof]u k'i6\ofO{ ug]{
z+sf/lxt b'ljwf/lxt, 7f];, :ki6, e/kbf]{ /
1180
tYoo'Qm k|df0f g/x] cleof]udf s;"/bf/

7xofpg Gofof]lrt ;d]t gx'g] eGg] -g]sfk
@)^$, k[i7 %(*, lg=g &*$*_ ;d]tsf
d'2fxdf k|ltkflbt l;4fGtx ;d]tsf]
cfwf/df xfdLnfO{ ;hfo ug]{ul/ ePsf]
k}m;nfdf uDeL/ q'l6 x'g'sf] ;fy} kmf}hbf/L
Gofosf ;j{dfGo l;4fGtx / :yflkt
l;4fGt ;d]tsf] k|lts"n e} ab/efuL /x]sf]
5.
a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f sfo{sf] ;'b[l9s/0f
ug]{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf l9nf;':tL gxf]; eGg]
clek|fon]
tTsfnnfO{
%
hgf
k/fdz{bftfxaf6 g} ljZja}+ssf] ;d]t
;xdlt lnO{ sfo{ ;~rfngdf Nofpg] / afFsL
@ hgf k/fdz{bftfxsf] xsdf ljZja}+ssf]
procurement Guideline adf]lhd lghxsf]
CV cWoog u/L k"j{ k/fdz{bftfx ;/x Eaual of Better _ ePsf] gePsf] osLg u/L
a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldlt tyf ljZja}+ssf]
;xdlt kZrft\\ dfq IEF/Inc Lioyd Hill
Oakton, USA In association of KPMG
Srilanka n] cg'/f]w u/]adf]lhd b'O{ k|:tfljt
gofF k/fdz{bftfxnfO{ k"j{ k|:tfljt

k/fdz{bftfxsf] 7fpFdf Substitute u/L sfo{
ug{ nufpg] pk/ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt dfu
ul/Psf] / ;f] pk/ ljZja}+sn] ;xdlt k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogsf]
l;nl;nfdf k"j{ k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfx
pkAw x'g g;s]df procurement Guideline
cg';f/ k/fdz{bft[ ;+:yfsf] cg'/f]wdf k"j{
k|:tfljt k/fdz{bftfxsf] ;/x jf ;f]eGbf
j9L
of]Uotf
/
cg'ej
ePsf
k/fdz{bftfxnfO{ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt k|fKt
u/L sfo{ cufl8 j9fpg] k|fjwfg / k|rng
/x]sf] 5 .
IEF/Inc Lioyd Hill Oakton, USA In
association of KPMG Srilanka ;Fu ePsf]
plNnlvt ;Demf}tf k/fdz{ ;]jf;Fu ;DalGwt

;Demf}tf xf] . sfddf nufOPsf / g]kfndf
/x]sf Expert xn] Inception report tof/
u/L ;Demf}tfdf tf]lsPsf] cjlweGbf @ lbg
cufl8 -clk|n @$, @))^ _ df g} k]z u/L

pQm l/kf]6{sf] jf/]df /fi6 a}+ssf] a}+s
;'kl/j]If0f ljefu tyf u}x a}+s ;'kl/j]If0f
ljefu ;d]taf6 k|ltlqmof dfuL k|fKt
k|ltlqmof tyf ;'emfj ;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/
Inception report nfO{ clGtd ?k lbO{ h'g
%, @))^ df g]kfndf g} /x]sf k/fdz{bftfn]
/fi6 a}+sdf k]z u/]sf] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f kIfn] ;Demf}tf ubf{
tyf k|fljlws k|:tfj k]z ubf{ pNn]v u/]sf]
of]Uotf ePsf k/fdz{bftf pknJw u/fpg
g;s]sf] / oxL cj:yfdf g]kfndf
hgcfGbf]ng eO{ ljb]zLx g]kfndf j:g
g;Sg] cj:yf b]vfO{ ;DalGwt b]zsf]
/fhb'tfjf;n] hfgsf/L u/fPsf] sf/0f
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd ug{df sl7gfO{
cfPsf] egL ;Demf}tfsf] Pp6f kIf M/S IEF
tyf a}+ssf] ck]Iff
Inc n] eg]sf]
u/]adf]lhdsf] k/fdz{bftf ;dodf pknJw
u/fpg g;s]sf] sf/0fn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwdf
sfd ;DkGg ug]{ s'/fdf z+sf ug]{ 7fpF
ePsfn] o;af6 a}+snfO{ c;/ kg]{ eO{{
;Demf}tfsf] ;fdfGo zt{ g+ @=^=! adf]lhd
;Demf}tf e ug{ #) lbgsf] ;"rgf lbO{
lgodg ljefusf] l6Kk0fL cfb]zadf]lhd 8]k'6L
ue{g/n] ;d]t #) lbg] ;"rgf lbgsf] nflu
lgsf;fsf] nfuL l;kmfl/z u/]sf] x'gfn] ldlt
@)^#.&.@# df ;Demf}tf e ug]{ jf/]df #)
lbg] ;"rgf lbg] sfo{sf] nfuL d k'g/fjbsn]
:jLs[lt lbPsf] xf] . o; jf/]df ljZja}+sn]
cy{ ;lrj / g]=/f=a}+snfO{ ;d]t kq n]vL
tTsfn sf/jfxL ug{ eg]sf] 5 . o;
jdf]hdsf] hfgsf/L gf]e]Dj/ !%, @))^ df
u/fPkl5 klg IEF Inc n] gf]eDj/ #),@))^
df a}+snfO{ hjfkm k7fpbf ;d]t k|ltj4tfsf]
cefj g} /x]sf] kfOof] . h;sf] sf/0f
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] sfd x'g] ;Defjgf geO{
oL ;j} s'/f x]/L ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^#.(.^ sf] lg0f{oadf]lhd IEF/Inc Lioyd
Hill Oakton, USA In association of KPMG
Srilanka af6 k|fKt hjfkm pk/ ljZjf; ug{
1181
g;lsg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf]n] pQm

;Demf}tf e ul/Psf] cj:yf xf] . of]
;Demf}tf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!$ adf]lhd ul7t ;~rfns ;ldltn] bkmf
@( adf]lhdsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L e u/]sf]
s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
sfg"gtM btf{ g} x'g g;Sg] d'2f btf{
u/]sf]df o:tf] d'2f vf/]h ug'{kg]{df vf/]h g}
gu/L unt / ldYof s'/fxnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0f sfuh / sfg"gL Joj:yf
tyf d'2fsf] tYosf] j:t'lgi7 cWoog gu/L
ePsf] k}m;nf unt tyf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]5 .
d'2fsf] /f]xaf6 x]bf{ ;d]t slyt cf/f]k nufO{
cg';Gwfg k|lqmof g} unt lgotaf6 k|]l/t e}
d'2f bfo/ ePsf] cj:yf 5 . ;Demf}tf
sfof{Gjog ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf tf]8\bfsf]
cj:yfdf ;+nUg JolQmnfO{ ljkIfL gagfO{
l/;OjLsf] cfwf/df ha/h:tL xfdLnfO{ b'Mv
lbg] / km;fpg] lgotaf6 clek|]l/t eO{
d;d]t b'O{ hgfnfO{ dfq 5fg]/ bf]ifL /
;hfosf] efuLbf/ agfpg lgotj;\ unt
k|lqmofaf6 d'2f rnfO{ cleof]u nufOPsf]
s'/f k|dfl0ft e}/x]sf]df pQm s'/fnfO{ s'g}
jf:tf gu/L bf]ifL 7x/ ug'{ ;/f;/ xfdL dfly
cGofo ug'{ xf] . sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf]
sfg"gadf]lhd kfl/>lds lbPsf] / ;f] /sd
ljZja}+sn] k|rlnt k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;+nUg ljn
e/kfO{x cWoog kZrft\ ljZj a}+saf6
;d]t /fi6 a}+sdf ;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL e};s]sf]
ljifonfO{ lnP/ e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL d
;d]tnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{ u/L unt / slyt
ts{ cufl8 NofO{ cfTdlgi7 ?kdf ;=c=Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k}m;nf ePsf] 5 .
pQm k}m;nf ldl;ndf /x]sf] plNnlvt tYo,
;+slnt k|df0f, sfg"g tyf k|:t't ljifodf
;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 :yflkt l;4fGt
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt e} ;f] xb;Dd unt,
u}/sfg"gL tyf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf]n] d
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{u/L ePsf] pQm
k}m;nf ab/ u/L ljkIfLsf] em"7f bfjL tyf
ph"/Laf6 k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmfO lbO{ Gofo OG;fkm
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ljhogfy

e/fO{sf] ldlt @)^%.%.!(sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
kfl/>lds
lb+bfsf
cj:yfdf
Workplan -sfo{tflnsf_ adf]lhd ;Dk"0f{ l6d
g]kfndf cfPkl5 lbg] s'/fdf jrgj2tf
ePsf] / Inception report k]z ul/;s]sf], h'g
!(,@))^ Invoice adf]lhd klxnf] dlxgfsf]
/sd dfu u/L ;Demf}tfsf] kIf IEF Inc sf]
e'QmfgL x'g] a}+ssf] vftf g+ ;d]t pknJw
u/fPadf]lhd dfu ePsf] o'=P;=8n/
^*,@&&,$( /sddf a}+ssf] a}+s tyf ljQLo
;+:yf lgodg ljefusf] ldlt @)^#.#.!( sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd !% k|ltzt s/ tyf Eof6
/sd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] vftfdf hfg] /
k/fdz{bftfxn] sfd u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf]
lx;fjaf6 lbguGtLdf x'g cfpg] /sd
o'=P;=8n/ %!,%#*=#@ a}+s ckm cd]l/sf
dfk{mt\ e'QmfgL k7fpg ldlt @)^#.#.@) df
a}ls sfof{no yfkfynLnfO{ kqfrf/ u/L
h'nfO{ %,@))^ tbcg';f/ ldlt @)^#.#.@!
df e'QmfgL uPsf] xf] . k/fdz{bft[ ;+:YffnfO{
o'=P;=8n/ %!,%#*.=#@ sf] e'QmfgL ubf{
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]gn] lgwf{l/t k|lqmof /
sfo{ljlw lgsf;fsf nflu lbOPsf] clVtof/L
tyf ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx k"/f
u/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{
hfgL hfgL ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} xflg gf]]S;fgL
u/fPsf] 5}g . pQm k/fdz{bftf ;+:yfnfO{
lgodj4 ?kdf e'Qmfg ul/Psf] /sd World
Bank ;Fu cS6'j/ @^,@))^ df dful/ World
Bank n] gf]e]Dj/ &,@))^ df :jLs[t u/L
gf]e]Dj/ *,@))^ df g]kfn /fi6 a}+s j}ls
sfof{no yfkfynLdf ;f]wegf{ e'QmfgL e}
a}+ssf] Psfp06 g+ !$#!$) df hDdf
e};s]sf] 5 . h;sf] k|df0f ldl;n ;+nUg
/x]sf] 5 . o;/L sfd u/]afkt ;do cjlwsf]
lbguGtL u/L k/fdz{bftf ;+:Yff;u ePsf]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd e'QmfgL e} uPsf] /sd
World Bank n] ;f]wegf{ afkt e'QmfgL ;d]t
k7fO{ ;s]sf] /sd ;d]tnfO{ e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
egL u/]sf] k}m;nf cfk}m kmf}hbf/L Gofo
1182
ljk/Lt unt Pj+ u}/sfg"gL ePsfn] ab/efuL

5.
Inception Report a}ssf] ;DklQ
ePsf] / cfjZostfg';f/ o;nfO{ a}+sn]
eljiodf ;d]t k|of]u ug{;Sg] g} x'Fbf sfd
u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf] lbg uGtLsf] lx;fjn]
kfl/>ldsafkt ul/Psf] e'QmfgLaf6 a}+snfO{
s'g} Iflt x'guO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
;DklQsf] xflg gf]]S;fgL x'g uPsf] cj:yf g}
5}g . k}m;nfdf o:tf] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/
agfO{Psfn] ;Demf}tfdf plNnlvt k|fjwfg
tyf cg'bfg /sdsf] d"n dd{ / dg;fo
;d]t ljk/Lt x'g] u/L k}m;nf x'g uPsf]
eGg] s'/f k|i6 b]lvG5 .
k/fdz{bft[ ;+:Yff / g]kfn /fi6
a}+saLr ePsf] ;Demf}tfdf ;+nUg b'j} kIf
;xdt eO{ ljZja}+ssf] ;xdltdf xfnnfO{
g]kfn cfPsf % hgf k/fdz{bftfxaf6 sfd
u/fpg] eGg] lg0f{ocg';f/sf] u/fPsf] sfo{nfO{
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ ljk/Lt eGg ldNb}g .
;Demf}tf sfof{Gjogdf o;k|sf/sf] Jojwfg
cfpg' ;fdfGo k|lqmof ePsf] / o:tf]
cj:yfdf b'j} kIfn] ;xdltdf cfjZos
k|lqmof k"/f u/L To:tf Jojwfg x6fpg ;lsg]
cj:yf ;Demf}tfsf] GCC @=$ df ;d]t
/x]sf], ;Demf}tfsf] zt{cg';f/ % hgfsf]
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lb+bf ;Demf}tfsf] zt{
d'tfljs k|yd dlxgfsf] kfl/>lds pNn]v
u/L lghxsf] xflh/L /]s8{cg';f/ kfl/>lds
Pj+ Reimbursable Expenses u0fgf u/L
jf:tljs ?kdf xflh/ ePsf] lbgxsf] dfq
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbPsf] x'Fbf l6Kk0fL cfb]z
em"7f Joxf]/f pNn]v ul/Psf] kfO{Psf] 5 eGg]
k}m;nfsf] s'/fdf s'g} ;Totf j:t'lgi7 tyf
tYout cfwf/x 5}gg\ .
;Demf}tfsf] zt{adf]lhd sfddf
nufPkl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf e'QmfgL lbg'kg]{ eGg]
Joj:yf / of] /sd csf]{ kIfnfO{ dfuug]{
clwsf/ /xg] s'/f xfd|f] s/f/ P]g, @)%^ sf]
bkmf !! sf] pkbkmf -u_ tyf bkmf *$ sf]
pkbkmf -!_ df k|i6 ?kdf 5 . sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] /sd e'QmfgL ug'{kg]{ ;Demf}tf kqsf]

zt{ tyf s/f/ sfg"gsf] Joj:yfsf] g}
k|lts"nsf s'/fx k}m;nfdf pNn]v ub}{
kfl/>lds e'QmfgL ul/Psf] sfo{af6
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ b]Vg' eg]sf] s/f/ sfg"gdf
Jojl:yt k|fjwfg tyf s/f/sf] dfGo
l;4fGtnfO{ g} gj'e]msf] xf] eGg] k|i6 x'G5 .
;Demf}tfsf] zt{ tyf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/
jf:tljs eP u/]sf] sfdsf] e'QmfgL u/]sf]
sfo{af6 e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf]
bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/ :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . o;
bkmfcg';f/ s;"/ :yflkt x'gsf] nflu
ab\lgotk"0f{ sfo{ :yflkt x'g'kb{5 . ab\lgot
k|dfl0ft x'g e'QmfgL ePsf] /sd s'g} k|sf/n]
lnP vfPsf] k|dfl0ft x'g'kb{5 . of] tYo
k|dfl0ft geO{ pQm bkmfcg';f/sf] s;"/
k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sb}g . o; jf/]df ;Ddflgt
;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 w]/} d'2fxdf l;4fGt
tyf ghL/ ;d]t k|ltkfbg eO;s]sf 5g .
o;y{klg pQm k}m;nf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt Pj+ :yflkt ghL/x
;d]t ljk/Lt eO{ ab/efuL /x]sf]5 .
;Demf}tf sfof{Gog ubf{ tyf ;Demf}tf
tf]8\bfsf] cj:yfdf ;+nUg cGo JolQmxnfO{
ljkIfL ;d]t gagfO{ l/;OjLsf] cfwf/df
ha/h:tL xfdLnfO{ b'Mv lbg] / km;fpg]
lgotaf6 clek|]l/t eO{ d ;d]t @ hgfnfO{
dfq cf/f]lkt ul/Psf] tYox :yflkt /
k|dfl0ft /x] ePsf]df ;f] ;DaGwdf s'g} jf:tf
/ k|sfz g} gu/L d ;d]tnfO{ bf]ifL ;hfosf]
efuLbf/ agfpg' ;/f;/ cGofo ug'{ xf] . d
;d]taf6 s'g} uNtL u/]sf] 5}g eGg] s'/f
ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k'li6 e} /x]sf]
cj:yfdf d ;d]tn] k"0f{ ;kmfO kfpg' kg]{df
sfd u/]sf] ;do cjlwsf] ;Demf}tfsf]
zt{adf]lhd e'QmfgL u/]sf] kfl/>lds / ;f]
/sd ljZja}+saf6 ;d]t /fi6 a}+sdf ;f]wegf{
e'QmfgL e};s]sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ e|i6frf/
u/]sf] egL d ;d]tnfO{ h/Ljfgf ug]{ ul/
unt ldYof Pj+ slyt ts{ cufl8 ;f/L
cfTdlgi7
?kdf;=c= Ps GofofwLzsf]
1183
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nf plNnlvt tYo,

k|df0f, sfg"g tyf ;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr
cbfntaf6 :yflkt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljk/Lt
e} ;f] xb;Dd unt, u}/sfg"gL tyf q'l6k"0f{
/x]sf]n] pQm k}m;nf ab/ ul/ ljkIfLsf] em"7f
bfjLaf6 k"0f{?kdf ;kmfO kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] ldlt
@)^%.%.!( sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
e|i6frf/sf]
s;"/df
;+:yfnfO{
gf]S;fgL x'g'sf] ;fy} cf/f]lkt JolQmn]
u}/sfg"gL tl/sfn] gub jf lhG;L jf cGo
s'g} klg k|sf/sf] ;'ljwf lnO{ u}/sfg"gL
tl/sfn] 3";sf] ?kdf nfe lnPsf] ;d]t
b]lvg' kb{5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fdf jfbLn]
k'g/fj]bsx Benefitted ePsf] s'g} klg
k|df0f k]z ug{ ;s]sf] gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf /
ljz]if cbfntsf tLg ;b:odWo] Ps ;b:on]
d'2fdf 7x/ ug'{kg]{ ljifo;Fu ;Dj4 s'/f IEF.
Inc. sf] cl:tTj osLg u/]/ dfq lg0f{o
ug'{k5{
eGg]
/fo
JoQm
ubf{ub}{
k'g/fj]bsxnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ u/]sf]
k}m;nf km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lvFbf d=Gof=sf= nfO{
k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^^.!.@& sf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd d'2f k];L ;"rLdf r9L
k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L b'j}
tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf,
clwjQmfx Pj+ pkGofoflwjQmfn] k|:t't ug'{
ePsf] ax; ;d]t ;'lgof] .
ax;sf]
qmddf
k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbLxsf tkm{af6 ax; k|f/De ub}{
ljfg clwjQmf >L /f3jnfn j}Bn]
bfjLcg';f/ ;Demf}tfsf] cl:tTj sfNklgs xf]
eGg] k|dfl0ft 5}g . /fi6 a}+ssf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf]
lg0f{o
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cg'df]bgcg';f/ ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
To;sf] k|lqmof oL k|ltjfbLxn] cf cfkm\gf]
kbef/ ;+efNg' eGbf klxnf b]lv g} k|f/De
eO;s]sf] lyof] . cGt/f{li6o k|rngcg';f/
b'a} kIf Ps} 7fpFdf j;L ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/

ug'{ cfjZos 5}g . ;ft hgf ljz]if1 gcfP
klg kfFr hgf g]kfn cfO{ sfd u/]sf] k|dfl0ft
5 . ljZja}+sn] klg kfFr hgf af6} sfd
u/fpg] u/L cfkmgf] ;xdlt lbPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf cfO{ sfd u/]kl5 k/fdz{bftfn]
Inception report lbPsf] / ul/;s]sf] sfdsf]
e'QmfgL dfu ul/Pkl5 dfq e'QmfgL lbOPsf]
xf] . ;Demf}tf ueg{/n] e gu/L k"j{ ;"rgf
;Dd lbPsf] xf] . /fi6 a}s af]8{sf] lg0f{oaf6
dfq ljlwjt ;Demf}tf e ul/Psf] xf] . /fi6
a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf #) n] ueg{/sf]
sfd st{Jo pNn]v u/]sf] 5, To;sf] ljk/Lt
s'g} sfd ePsf] 5}g . e|i6frf/ / ab\lgot
st}af6 k'li6 gePsf] / of] d'2f bfo/ ug]{
lg0f{o g} clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]usf] lg0f{o gePsf]n] k|:t't bfjL g}
vf/]h ug'{ k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] . +
o:t} ljfg clwjQmfx zDe' yfkf,
nj d}gfnL / s[i0f ;fksf]6fn] ueg{/ h:tf]
kbdf a;]sf] JolQmn] ;w} w]/} lg0f{o ug'{kb{5,
c;n lgotn] sfd ubf{ub}{ klg obf sbf q'l6
jf sdhf]/L x'g ;Sb5 t/ To:tf] sfo{nfO{
e|i6frf/ eGg ;lsb}g . /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%*
sf] bkmf !)& n] c;nlgotn] ul/Psf]
sfdsf] hjfkmb]xL x'g] 5}g egL pGd'lQm k|bfg
u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't d'2f sfg"gadf]lhd clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] lg0f{o a]u/ /
cfof]usf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{ ToxfFsf
;lrjsf] cfb]z a]u/ btf{ ul/Psf] 5 .
;Demf}tfsf] csf]{ kIfn] c?eGbf sd d"Nodf
sfd ug]{ k|:tfj lbPsf]n] IEF ;Fu g]kfn /fi6
a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;Demf}tf
ul/Psf] xf], ;f] sDkgLnfO{ k|ltjfbL agfOPsf]
5}g / IEF nfO{ a'lemPsf] klg 5}g . jfbL
kIfn] k|ltjfbLxsf] s'g} klg sfd jf cGo
k|df0faf6 e|i6frf/sf nflu cTofjZos tTj
ab\lgot k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf 5}g .
e'QmfgL lbg] s'/fdf ljZja}+sn] cfkm\gf]
kl5Nnf] sfd af6 :jLs[lt lbPsf] 5 . /fi6
a}+saf6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{ e'QmfgL uPsf] /sd
1184
laZja}+sn] /fi6 a}+ssf] vftfdf hDdf u/L

;s]kl5 /fi6 a}+s jf g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ s'g}
cfly{s Iflt g} ePsf] 5}g . KPMG af6 k|fKt
kq elgPsf] !* h'gsf] kq k|fKt gx'Fb} tLg
tLg hgf ;x GofoflwjQmfxsf] sfg"gL /fo
ljk/Lt xtf/ u/L d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 /
bfjL k|dfl0ft gePsf]n] k|ltjfbLn] ;kmfO
kfpg' k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
ljfg clwjQmfx 8f= /+lht eQm
k|wfgf,, /dgs'df/ >]i7 / lzjk|;fb
l/hfnn] b'O{ cfo'Qm aLr dt}So x'g g;s]df
t];|f] cfo'Qmsf] /fonfO{ afWofTds ?kn] kv{g'
k5{, sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] /fon] bfo/
ul/Psf] d'2f sfg"g / :yflkt ghL/ -g]sfk
@)$( lg=g+= $%#*, k[= $^%_ ;d]t ljk/Lt
5, ab\lgot k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g . sfg"gn] g}
To;sf] lgsf; gu/];Dd ha/h:tL cWoIfsf]
/fo ;b/ u/L d'2f bfo/ ug{ ldNb}g,
k|ltjfbLxn] cfkm"n] vfPsf] eGg] bfjL /
k|df0f 5}g . /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{ofg';f/ ;a} sfd ePsf]n] 5fgL 5fgL
sf/jfxL ug{ ldNb}g eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug'{eof] .
k|ltjfbLxsf] tkm{af6 cGTodf ax;
k|:t't ub}{ lafg jl/i7 clwjQmf u0f]z/fh
zdf{n] cfof]unfO{ k|fKt sfg"gL k/fdz{
ljk/Lt k|:t't d'2f rnfOPsf] 5 . /fi6 a}+s /
k/fdz{bftf aLrsf] ;Demf}tfsf] k|To]s r/0fdf
ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt / /fi6 a}+ssf] lg0f{o 5 .
e|i6frf/ d'2fdf lg0f{fos tTj ab\lgot
k|dfl0ft x'g' cfjZos 5 To;sf] cefjdf
/fi6 ;]jsnfO{ sfdsf] ;'/Iff Safeguards
k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;df ab\lgot nufot
e|i6frf/sf cGo tTjx k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5}g
. k|ltjfbL agfpg' kg]{ ;j}nfO{ d'2f grnfO{
5fgL 5fgL oL k'g/fj]bsx pk/ lg/fwf/
cleof]u nufO{ d'2f bfo/ ul/Psf] 5 . cfkm}
jfbL x'g] u/L k|ltjfbL g} gagfOPsf]
JolQmnfO{ lemsfO{ sf/jfxL ul//xg' klg kb}{g
eGg] ;af]{Rr cbfntaf6 ghL/ ;d]t
k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . -g]sfk @)^#, lg=g+=
&&!@, k[i7 &#&_ b'ef{jgfo'Qm sf/jfxL

Malicious Prosecution af6 d'2f bfo/
ul/Psf] k|i6 5 . cf/f]lkt s;"/ bfjL k|dfl0ft
gePsf]n] k|ltjfbLxn] ;kmfO kfpg' k5{
eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf lzjaxfb'/ /fgfef6n]
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+lawfg, @)^# sf] wf/f
!!( n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qm / cfjZos ;+Vofdf
cGo cfo'Qmx /xg] Joj:yf ;Dd u/]sf] 5 .
To;sf/0f k|d'v cfo'Qm ;lxt b'O{ hgf dfq
cfo'Qm /x]sf] cj:yfdf d'2f rnfpg]
grnfpg] ljifodf b'O{ hgfsf] /fo gldn]df
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-$_ cg';f/
k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o
dfGg'kb{5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ k|:t't d'2f bfo/
ul/Psf] 5 . ;+lawfg / sfg"gsf] AofVof
;+j}wflgs Joj:yf lqmofzLn x'g] u/L ug'{
k5{, lgliqmo x'g] u/L ug'{ x'Fb}g . ;Demf}tf
cg';f/ k/fdz{bftfx g]kfn cfpFb} gcfP
klg ;Demf}tfsf] ljz]if zt{sf] bkmf ^=$+
ljk/Lt e'QmfgL lbPsf] elgPsf] /sd hfgL
hfgL g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg k'ofpg]
ab\lgot /fvL ;f] e'QmfgL lbOPsf] k'li6
ePsf]n] o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf]
Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nf dgfl;j x'Fbf ;b/
x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
j:t'tM g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f
;DaGwL sfdsf] ;'9[l9s/0fsf] nflu g]kfn
/fi6 a}+s / IEF Inc.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA in
aLr
Association of KPMG Srilanka
ljZja}+ssf]
o'=P;=8n/
@^,%(,%*).
;xof]udf ldlt ^ k]mj|c/L @))^ df ;DkGg
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k/fdz{bftfn] k"/f
gu/]sf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn] ;Demf}tf
e u/]sf] / To;f] ubf{ k/fdz{ bftf;Fu
xh{gfafktsf] Ifltk"lt{ /sd dfu bfjL
ug'{kg]{df ueg{/n] JolQmut :jfy{sf] cfwf/df
k/fdz{bftf kIf;Fu /sd n]gb]g u/L sl/j
1185
tLgs/f]8 g]kfnL ?k}of xhf{gf 5'6u/fO{

clVtof/sf] b'?kof]u u/]sf]n] cfjZos
sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg] clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k/]sf] ph"/ lgj]bgaf6
p7fg ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf]
Re engineering ;DaGwL sfdsf] nflu
ljZja}+saf6 pknJw ;xof]u /sd o'=P;=
8n/ @^,%(,%*). sf] nfutdf g]kfn /fi6
a}+s / k/dz{bftf IEF Inc.Lloyd Hill Okton,
USA in Association of KPMG Srilanka aLr
ldlt ^ k]mj|c/L @))^ df ;Demf}tf ePsf]
/x]5 . ;f] ;Demf}tf
adf]lhd Key
Personnels and Sub consultants df Bank
Supervisor df Pshgf ;d]t u/L ;d'Rr}
/xg] Joj:yf /x]sf]df % hgf ljz]if1af6 @^

dfr{, @))^ b]lv @$ clk|n, @))^ ;Dd
Inception Report tof/ u/]sf] sfo{ ;Demf}tf
ljk/Lt
/x]sf],
k/fdz{bftfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k'/f ug{ c;kmn
ePsf]n] ;Demf}tfsf] Clause 2.6.1(@)
adf]lhd ;Demf}tf e ug]{ / To;sf] #) lbg]
k"j{;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbg] g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] ueg{/af6 ldlt @)^#.&.@# df ePsf]
lg0f{oaf6 ;Demf}tf e ePsf] cj:yf 5 .
;Demf}tfadf]lhd lgo'Qm eGg] cfgf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug'{kg]{ blfoTj ljb]zL
k/fdz{bftf g]kfndf k|j]z u/]sf] k|df0f k]z
ug{ g;Sg] t/ lgoldt xflh/ k|dfl0ft u/L
Inception Report tof/ u/]sf] egL o'=P;
8/n ^*,@&&.$( sf] g]=?=%),!$,@(*.*^
/sd kfl/>lds e'QmfgL lbg] g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] ue{g/ ljhogfy e/fO{ / ;Dj4
sfdsf] nflu lhDd]jf/ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
;'/]Gb|dfgsf] sfd sf/jfxL e|i6frf/hGo
/x]sf] ;fy} ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj kfngf
gug]{ kIf;Fu xh{gfafkt s/f/ d"No
o'=P;=8n/ @^,%(,%*). sf] tTsfnLg
k|rlnt ljlgdo b/ &#=$$ n] x'g cfpg]
g]=?=!(,%#,!(%%%.@) sf] sDtLdf bz

k|ltztsf] b/n] x'g cfpg] Ifltk"lt{
?=!,(%,(%%.%@ dfu bfjL ug'{kg]{df gu/]sf]
;d]tsf sf/0faf6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+ssf ue{g/
ljhogfy e/fO{ / sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g,
@)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf]
b]lv+g cfPsf]n] ab\lgotk"j{s e'QmfgL lbOPsf]
?=%),!$,@(*.*^ / Ifltk"lt{ afkt bflj
gu/L g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL k'Ug
uPsf] ljuf] ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ ;d]t hDdf
?=@,$%,$^,@%$. #* ljuf] sfod u/L
e|i6frf/ lgj/0f P]g, @)%( sf] ;f]xL bkmfsf]
;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd @ jif{ ;Dd s}b jf
ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg]
d'Vo cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z'? ljz]if
cbfntsf cWoIf dfggLo GofofwLz >L
e'kWjh clwsf/Ln] k|ltjfbLx ljhogfy
e/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] e|i6frf/sf]
cf/f]kaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ egL /fo JoQm
u/]sf], To:t} ;b:o dfggLo GofofwLz
sf]dngfy zdf{n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]uaf6 yk tYosf] 5fgljg /
cGo s'/fx ;d]t j'g'kg]{ /fo JoQm u/]sf],
;b:o dfggLo GofofwLz >L rf]n]Gb| zDz]/
h=j=/fn] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ 7xg]{ /fo JoQm
u/L ljz]if cbfntsf tLg hgf dfggLo
GofofwLzx aLr leGgfleGg} /fo JoQm
ePsf] cj:yf e} jx'dt sfod x'g g;s]sf]n]
ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^-%_
adf]lhd lg0f{osf] nflu ldl;n ;jf]{Rr
cbfnt;dIf k]z e} o; cbfntsf] Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k/fdz{bftfnfO{
e'QmfgL lbPsf] o"= P;= 8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf]
tTsfnLg
ljlgdo
b/c'g;f/
?=#&*$,(&$.@@ /sd ;Dd e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
7x/L ldlt @)^$.!@.% df ePsf] k}m;nfpk/
k|ltjfbLxsf] tk{maf6 o; cbfntdf
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] kfOof] .
d'n'ssf] cfly{s If]q ;'wf/sf] gfddf
ljZja}+saf6 ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] !( s/f]8
1186
%) nfv eGbf j9L /fzLsf] /sd kl/rfng

ug]{ ;DaGwdf }wgfd / :ki6 klxrfg
gePsf] ;+:yf IEF Inc.Lloyd Hill Okton, USA
in Association of KPMG Srilanka ;Fu ePsf]
;Demf}tf g} ab\lgotk"0f{ / sfNklgs 5 egL
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un]
k|ltjfbLx pk/ nufPsf] cf/f]ksf] ;DaGwdf
o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
;f] cleof]u jfbL kIfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g
g;s]sf] egL / ;Demf}tfadf]lhd bfloTj
kfngf gug]{ kIf;Fu xhf{gfafkt kfpg' kg]{
Ifltk"lt{ ?=!,(%,(%%.%@ j/fj/sf] /sd bf];|f]
kIf;Fu e/fO{ kfpg k|ltjfbLxn] Ifltk"lt{df
bfjL gu/]sf] egL pQm ?=!,(%,(%%.%@
/sdnfO{ ;d]t ljuf] sfod u/L ;hfo x'g'k5{
eGg] cleof]u bfjLsf ;DaGwdf Ifltk"lt{sf]
bfjL gu/]sf]nfO{ dfq e|i6frf/hGo sfo{sf]
;+1flbg gldNg] egL o; cbfntsf] Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] lg0f{onfO{
r'gf}tL lbO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6
k'g/fjb]g k/]sf] cj:Yff gb]lvFbf To;tk{m
c?=ljrf/ ul//xg k/]g .
d'ntM k|ltjfbLxsf tk{maf6 k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg ;DaGwdf 5nkmn e} cfh lg0f{o
;'gfpg tf/]v tf]lsPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf]
plNnlvt tYout l:ylt o; cbfntsf] Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ePsf] k}m;nfpk/
jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/ tk{maf6 k'g/fjb]g gk/]sf]
cj:Yff / k|ltjfbLxsf] tk{maf6 dfq
k'g/fjk]bg k/]sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bsxsf] tk{maf6 p7fO{Psf] k|Zg /
pQm k}m;nfaf6 k|ltjfbLxnfO{ ;hfo
ePpk/ k'g/fj]bsxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/
;DaGwaf6 ljrf/ ubf{ lgDg ljifoxsf]
;DaGwdf lg?k0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvg cfPsf] 5 M
!
@
k|:t't d'2f clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Laf6

cg';Gwfg u/L clws[t JolQmaf6 bfo/
ePsf] 5, 5}g <
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf
tTsfn sfo{/t /x]sf b'O{ hgf cfo'Qm
aLr
dt}So
x'g
g;s]sf]
cj:yfdf sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
/fonfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfg]/ k|:t't
d'2f btf{ ul/Psf] sfg"g;Ddt 5 jf
5}g <
ljz]if cbfntsf cWoIf Pj+ ;b:o
aLr /fo gldnL tLg leGgleGg} /fo
ePsf]df
o;
cbfntsf]
Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 tLg /fo eGbf
leGg} k|s[ltsf] /fo 7x/ ug{ ldNg] xf],
xf]Og <
k|ltjfbLxsf] sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6
a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5, 5}g <
k|ltjfbLxn] ab\lgotk"j{s sfd u/L
cf/f]lkt s;"/ u/]sf x'g\ jf xf]Ogg\ /
lghxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;S5,
;Sb}g <
@=
k|ydtM klxnf] k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ oL k|ltjfbLxn] o;
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ cglws[t JolQmaf6
cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f bfo/ u/]sf], d'2f bfo/
ug{ cfb]z lb+bfsf cj:yfdf clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qm
g/x]sf] s]jn b'O{ hgf dfq cfo'Qm /x]sf,
sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmn] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
x}l;ot k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf ;dfg x}l;ot
/x]sf b'O{ hgf cfo'QmdWo] Ps hgf cfo'Qmsf]
lg0f{oaf6 d'2f bfo/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf
sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmn] dfq d'2f bfo/ ug]{
egL JoQm u/]sf] /fonfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o
dfGg ldNb}g . To;}n] sfo{jfxs k|d'v
cfo'Qmn] k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] x}l;ot k|fKt gug]{
ePaf6 sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmaf6 JoQm
ePsf] /fosf] cfwf/df bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't
cf/f]kkq g} k|f/DetM z"Gok"0f{ ePsf]n] o:tf]
cf/f]kkqnfO{ u|x0f u/L ePsf] OG;fkm q'l6k"0f{
x'Fbf o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzaf6 ePsf]
lg0f{o pN6L u/L z"Go cj:yfsf] cf/f]k kq
vf/]h u/L cleof]u bfjLaf6 cfk"mn] ;kmfO
kfpg'k5{ eGg] ;d]t lhsL/ lnPsf] / ;f]
1187
;DaGwdf lghxsf sfg"g Joj;foLxn]

p7fPsf] ax; j'Fbfx ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] d'2fsf]
txlssft / cGo sf/jfxL ubf{ u/fpFbf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ v6fpg ;Sg] tyf
;DalGwt ljifosf] ljz]if1 jf ljlzi6Ls[t
lgsfosf] ;]jf lng ;Sg] clwsf/ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf @) / @! n] cfof]unfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] x'Fbf
;f] adf]lhd ;x;lrj /~hgs[i0f cof{nnfO{
cg';Gwfg clws[t tf]s]sf] / d'2f rnfpg]
/fo JoQm ug]{ sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qm
nlntaxfb'/ lnDj"n] lgh /Ghgs[i0f cof{nsf]
gfdaf6 d'2f bfo/ ul/g] Joxf]/f ;d]tsf]
lg0f{o u/]sf] ;DalGwt kmfOnaf6 b]lvPaf6
cglws[t JolQmaf6 cg';Gwfg u/L d'2f bfo/
ul/Psf] eGg] k'g/fj]bs tk{maf6 p7fOPsf]
k|Zg;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg . cfof]usf] d'2f
rnfpg] lg0f{osf ;DaGwdf tn 5'} ljj]rgf
ul/Psf] x'Fbf oxfF c?=ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5}g .
#=
To:t}
bf];|f]
k|Zgsf
;DaGwdf x]bf{, k|:t't d'2f bfo/ ug]{ lg0f{o
cfof]usf] lg0f{o g} gePsf]n] z"Gosf]
cj:yfsf] cf/f]k kq vf/]hefuL 5 eGg]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ Pj+ lghtk{msf sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax;tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ clVtof/
b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%(
sf] lgod #-#_ / -$_ n] cfof]usf] lg0f{o
k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf sfg"gL Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . P]=lgod #-#_ n] cfof]usf] j}7ssf]
cWoIftf k|d'v cfo'Qmn] ug]{ / lghsf]
cg'kl:yltdf k|d'v cfo'QmnfO{ ePsf] clwsf/
jl/i7 cfo'Qmn] k|of]u ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 eg] pklgod -$_ n] jx'dt cfo'Qmsf]
lg0f{onfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . s'g} ljifodf jx'dt sfod x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf]
dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2f rnfpg] lg0f{o
ubf{sf cj:yfdf nlntaxfb'/ lnDj"
sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qm /x] ePsf] s'/fdf
ljjfb 5}g . k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cg'kl:yltdf

lghsf] clwsf/ jl/i7 cfo'Qmn] k|of]u ug]{
lgoddf Joj:yf eO{/x]sf]df sfo{jfxs k|d'v
cfo'Qm ;d]t /x]sf nlntaxfb'/ lnDj"n] k|d'v
cfo'Qmsf] clwsf/ ;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] g}
b]lvG5 . hxfF;Dd s'g} ljifodf jx'dt sfod
x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf]
dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg] 5 egL lgod
#-$_ df k|of]u ePsf] k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]t
eGg] zJbfjnLn] cfof]usf] lg0f{o x'gsf nflu
k|d'v cfo'Qm;Fu csf]{ cfo'Qmsf] klg dt
;dfj]z x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . k|:t't d'2f rnfpg]
lg0f{odf sfo{jfxs k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] dfq dt
ePsf]n] sf=jf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] lg0f{on] dfq
cleof]u bfo/ x'g g;Sg] eGg] k|ltjfbL
tk{msf ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] lhsL/sf]
;Gbe{ 5 ;f]tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!(-!_ n] clVtof/ b'?kof]u
cg';Gwfg cfof]udf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cltl/Qm
cfjZos ;+Vofdf cGo cfo'Qm /x]g] Joj:yf
u/]sf] 5 . t/ k|d'v cfo'Qmsf] cltl/Qm cGo
cfo'Qmxsf] ;+Vof olt x'g] egL lglZrt jf
;Lldt u/]sf] 5}g . cfjZos ;+Vofdf eGg]
jfSofFzn] cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps jf Ps
eGbf j9L cfo'Qmx /xg ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{
;+ljwfgn] Olt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; l:yltdf
k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf dfq cGo
cfo'Qm x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ OGsf/ ug{
;lsb}g / k|d'v cfo'Qm / cGo Ps hgf
cfo'Qm dfq /x] ePsf] cj:yfdf b'j} hgf
aLr dt leGgtf ePdf k|d'v cfo'Qmsf]
/fonfO{ g} cfof]usf] lg0f{o dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf
b]lvg cfpF5 . olb o;f] gx'g] egL cy{ ug]{
xf] eg] ;j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+/rgf g} lg/y{s
Pj+ lgliqmo x'g hfG5 . s'g} klg ;+ljwfg jf
sfg"gsf] JofVofsf] p2]Zo ;fy{stf;Fu 5,
lg/y{stf;Fu xf]Og . sfg"gsf] JofVof
p2]Zod"ns 9+un] sfg"gL k|fjwfg lqmofzLn
x'g] u/L ug'{ JofVofsf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGt klg
xf] .
To;}n] k|:t't ;Gbe{df b'O{hgf
cfo'QmdWo] Pshgf k|d'v cfo'Qm ;d]tsf]
1188
clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ sfo{jfxs cfo'Qm /x]sf]

cj:yf b]lvFbf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg
cfof]u lgodfjnL, @)%( sf] lgod #-#_ / $_ n] k|d'v ;d]tsf] dtnfO{ cfof]usf] lg0f{o
dflgg] cj:Yff b]lvPaf6 b'O{hgf aLr dt
leGgtf eO{ j/fj/df dt ljefhg ePsf]
eGg] cy{ u/L d'2f rnfPsf] u}/sfg"gL ePsf]
egL cy{ ug{ gldNg] x'Fbf ;f]xL cfwf/df
cleof]u kq g} vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg]
k|ltjfbLxsf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ Pj+ lgh
tk{msf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/;Fu
;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
$=
t];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ ljif]z cbfntsf cWoIf Pj+
;b:o aLr /fo gldnL dt}So gePsf]
cj:yf tLg lsl;dsf] /fo JoQm ePsf]
b]lvPaf6} k|i6 x'G5 . ljz]if cbfntsf cWoIf
;b:o;lxt tLg} hgfsf] tLg leGgfleGg} /fo
ePsf]df ljz]if cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
^ sf] pkbkmf %, ^ / & lqmofzLn eO{
Ohnf;af6 d'2f x]l/g] cj:yf cfpF5 . o;df
s'g} b'ljwf b]lvFb}g . hxfF;Dd ljz]if
cbfntsf tLg} hgf GofofwLzaLr dt}So
geO{ jx'dt sfod x'g g;sL 5'f5'} JoQm
u/]sf] /fo ljz]if cbfntsf] k}m;nf xf]Og .
ljz]if cbfntsf] o:tf] /fo ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf]
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;df k]z ePkl5
ljz]if cbfntsf] tLg /fodWo] Pp6f /fonfO{
;dy{g ug'{k5{ . Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n]
pQm tLgj6} /fonfO{ 5f]8]/ 5'} lg0f{o ug{
;Sb}g eGg] k|ltjfbLx tk{msf sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax;tk{m ljrf/ ubf{ ljz]if
cbfnt P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf ^ n] ljz]if
cbfntsf] clwsf/If]q / k|of]usf] Joj:yf
u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf % df
pkbkmf $ adf]lhd klxnf cg'kl:yt /xg]
;b:o ;dIf k]z ubf{ klg jx'dt sfod x'g
g;s]df lg0f{osf] nflu ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;dIf
k]z ug'{kg]{ 5 egL pNn]v ePsf] 5 . pkbkmf
^ df pkbkmf % adf]lhd k]z u/]sf] d'2fnfO{
;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cu|flwsf/ k|bfg u/L

;'gjfO{ ug]{5 eGb} pkbkmf & df pkbkmf %
adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] d'2fsf] ;'gjfO{
Ohnf;af6 ul/g]5 / ;f] Ohnf;af6 ePsf]
lg0f{o g} ljz]if cbfntsf] lg0f{o dflgg]5
egL Joj:Yff u/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] pkbkmfn]
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;n]
ljz]if cbfntsf] cWoIf cyjf s'g} Ps hgf
;b:osf] /fonfO{ ;dYf{g dfq ug'{kg]{ u/L
clwsf/ lglZrt jf ;Lldt u/]sf] kfOb}g .
j:t'tM ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] Ohnf;nfO{ lg0f{o
lb+bf dftxtsf cbfntsf] GofofwLzsf] /fo
;dy{g dfq ug]{ u/L ;Lldt ul/g' Gofo /
sfg"gsf] b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm klg x'b}g .
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf ;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf b'O{
GofofwLzaLr dt}So x'g g;sL b'O{ /fo
ePsf]df k"0f{ Ohnf;af6 x'jx' b'O{ /fodWo]
Ps /fo ;dy{g ge} j]Un} /fo lgisif{ cfPsf]
klg kfOG5 . -g]sfk @)^%, lg=g+ &(!!, k[i7
!_ t;y{ ljz]if cbfntsf # hgf
GofofwLzsf] /fo dWo] s'g} Ps hgfsf] /fo
;dy{g gu/L 5'} k|s[ltsf] lg0f{o lbPsf] o;
cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
ePsf] k}m;nf ;f] cfwf/df q'l6k"0f{ 5 eGg]
k'g/fj]bstk{maf6 lnOPsf] lhsL/ / ax;
j'Fbf;Fu klg ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
%=
cj rf}yf] k|Zgdf ljrf/ ubf{
o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6
k|ltjfbLxnfO{
jfbL kIfn] nufPsf]
cf/f]kdWo] o'=P;=8n/ %!%#*.#@ sf]
tTsfnLg
ljlgdob/
cg';f/
?=#&,*$,(&$.@@ e'QmfgL lbO{ k|ltjfbLxn]
e|i6frf/ u/]sf] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf] / ;f]
k}m;nfpk/ k|ltjfbLxsf] tk{maf6 dfq
k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] k|ltjfbLx ljhogfy
e/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgsf] pQm /sd
e'QmfgL lbg] sfo{ ab\lgotk"0f{ 5 5}g /
lghxsf] sfo{af6 g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg
gf]]S;fgL ePsf] 5 5}g < k|ltjfbLxnfO{
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ 7x/fO{ ;hfo u/]sf] k}m;nf
1189
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g eGg] ljifodf g} lg0f{o lbg'kg]{

ePsf] 5 .
^=
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tk{maf6
clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] oL
k|ltjfbLxnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf e|i6frf/
u/]sf] egL cf/f]k nufpbf d'Vo ?kdf
;Demf}tfsf kIfx sfNklgs jgfj6L /
;d'Rrf ;Demf}tf g} em"7f sLt]{ / hfn;fhL
sfuhftsf]
cfwf/df
tof/
ePsf]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd & hgf ljz]if1af6 sfd
u/fpg' kg]{df % hgf ljz]if1n] dfq sfd
u/]sf] egL sfd g} gu/sf] cj:yfdf e'QmfgL
;d]t k7fO{ g]kfn /fi6 a}+snfO{ xflg gf]]S;fgL
k'ofO{ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf
*-#_ adf]lhdsf] s;"/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]
egL ;f]xL bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhd
;hfosf] dfu bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
;Demf}tfsf kIfx sf] /x]5g\ / s] sfdsf]
nflu s] s;/L ;Demf}tf ePsf] /x]5 egL x]bf{
ljZja}+ssf] cg'bfg ;xof]udf g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] Re-engineering sfo{sf] Phase II
cGtu{t /fi6 a}+ssf] ;'kl/j]If0f Ifdtfdf
clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{sf] nfuL dfr{ @$, @^ / #!
@))$ df lj1fkg k|sflzt ul/Psf]df
cGt/fli6o :t/df hDdf @) j6f
;+:yfxaf6 Expression of interest -EOI_
k|fKt e} o;df ljZja}+ssf] k|lqmof cGtu{t
/xL EOI xsf] d"Nofg kZrft\ ^ j6f
;:yfx shortlist df k/L tL ;+:Yffxaf6
k|fKt Technical tyf Financial Proposal
xsf] d"Nofg u/L ;f] kZrft\ dfq ;f]
sfo{sf nfuL ;aeGbf sd Financial
ePsf] M/S IEF inc. in
Proposal
association with KPMG, SriLanka
;Fu
pQm sfdsf] nflu cg'bfg k|bfg ug]{ ;+:yf
ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt ;d]t lnO{ g]kfn /fi6
a}+ssf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{ocg';f/
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . M/S IEF inc
n] EOI k]z ubf{ g} o;kl5sf kqf/f IEF
Solution sf] E.mail Address dfk{mt\ ug{
;lsg] Joxf]/f tyf
M/S IEF inc in
sf]
association with KPMG, SriLanka
;Dk{s 7]ufgf ;d]t ;Demf}tf kqsf] ljz]if
zt{sf] g+ !=$=/ !=^ df Mr.S.V Bhardwaj
;Fu x'g] egL k|i6 pNn]v u/]sf] b]lvG5 . sfd
sf/jfxLsf] ;Gbe{df oxL 7]ufgfadf]lhd
kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvof] . j:t'tM z+sfxsf]
cfwf/df dfq pQm ;Demf}tf sk6k"0f{ jf
sfNklgs xf] egL 7x/fpg' jf lgisif{ lgsfNg'
Gofok"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g . pQm ;Demf}tf g}
ab\lgotk"0f{ sfNklgs JolQmx4f/f x:tfIf/
ul/Psf] xf] eGg] cleof]u bfjL z+sf/xLt
tj/af6 k|dfl0ft x'g ;s]sf] 5}g eGg] Ps
GofofwLzsf] /fo x'Fbf ;Demf}tf sfNklgs jf
sk6k"0f{ xf] eGg] s'/f :jtM l;4 ePg . o;
;+DjGwdf jfbL kIfsf] k'g/fj]bg gk/]sf]
cj:Yff x'Fbf ;Demf}tfsf] j}wtf jf/] z+sf u/L
/xg] 7fpF /x]g .
&=
hxfF;Dd % hgf ljz]if1n]
sfd u/]sf] egL ;Demf}tfadf]lhd sfd g}
gu/L e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] cf/f]k 5 ;f]
;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v
ePsf] ;+Vofdf & hgf g} k/fdz{bftf g]kfn
cfPsf] t/ @ hgf Original k|:tfjdf
plNnlvt JolQm gePsf] g]kfn /fi6 a}+sn]
5fgljg u/L z'?df g} @ hgfnfO{ dfq lkmtf{
k7fPsf] / afFsL % hgfn] dfr{ @^, @))^
b]lv sfo{ z'? u/]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . sfd
u/]afktsf]
/sd
e'QmfgL
k7fpbf
;Demf}tfcg';f/sf]
k"/}
k/fdz{bftfsf]
kfl/>lds k7fPsf] geO{ sfd ug]{ % hgf
k/fdz{bftfn] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf
k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . kfl/>lds afktsf]
/sd ljz]if1nfO{ ;Lw} e'QmfgL glbO{
;Demf}tfsf] d'VokIf g]t[Tj ug]{ ;+:Yff M/S
IEF. Inc. sf] gfddf Telegrapnic transfer
u/L Payment k7fPsf] b]lvG5 . Contract
termination x'g' eGbf cl3 g} ul/;s]sf]
sfdsf] nflu ;Demf}tfsf] Cluse 2.6.3(a)
adf]lhd /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
5 .
k/fdz{bftfxn] u/]sf] sfd
;Demf}tfadf]lhd
%
hgfsf]
;+o'Qm
1190
x:tfIf/af6 First Inception Report clk|n

@$, @))^ df j'emfO{ $ hgf k/fdz{bftfn]
cfgf] clVtof/L ;lxt afFsL ! hgf
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ lbPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|fKt
Inception Report
;DalGwt /fi6 a}+ssf]
ljefuxdf k7fO{ cfjZos /fo ;'emfjsf
nflu k]z u/L tL ljefuxaf6 k|fKt
Comments ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ! hgfsf]
x:tf/Ifo'Qm Final Inception Report % h"g
@))^ df j'emfPsf] b]lvG5 . ;Demf}tfadf]lhd
M/S IEF Inc n] & hgf k/fdz{bftf pknJw
u/fpg g;s]sf] cj:Yffdf ljZja}+ssf] ;xdlt
lnO{ % hgf k/fdz{bftfxaf6 Inception
Report tof/ u/]sf] eGg] b]lvFbf sfd geO{
e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg] cf/f]k o'lQm;+ut
b]lvPg . ;+Demf}tf adf]lhd Work plan k]z
gu/L u/]sf] sfdafkt e'QmfgL lbg gldNg]
eGg] lhsL/sf ;DaGwdf Inception Report
dfq tof/ ePsf] cj:yfdf ;Demf}tf g} e
eO{ cGo sfd cufl8 gj9]sf] cj:Yffdf
Work plan jGg] cj:y} ePg .
*=
pk/f]Qm tYout kl/k|]Iodf
k/fdz{bftfnfO{ /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf oL
k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLxn] e|i6frf/ 7xl/g] sfo{
u/]sf 5g\ 5}gg\ egL x]g'{kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ ck/fw 7xg{sf] nflu To:tf]
sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf] ljBdfgtf ckl/xfo{
x'G5 . jfbL kIfn] cleof]u nufpbf
k'g/fj]bsxn] plNnlvt /sd e'QmfgL lbO{
e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf * sf]
pkbkmf # sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] eGb} ;f]xL
bkmfsf] ;f]xL pkbkmf adf]lhdsf] ;hfosf]
dfu u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf *-#_ df
pkbkmf -!_ / -@_ df n]lvP b]lv afx]s cGo
s'g} sfd u/L ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ
ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} lsl;dn] xflg gf]]S;fgL u/]
jf u/fPdf s;"/sf] dfqf cg';f/ b'O{ jif{;Dd
s}b jf ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf jf b'j} ;hfo
x'g] 5 egL pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . of] bkmfsf]
;du| ds;b klg ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
;DklQ ab\lgotk"j{s s'g} lsl;dn] xfgL jf
gf]S;fgL u/] jf u/fPsf] x'g'kg]{ egL To:tf]

sfo{df ab\lgot tTjsf] clgjfo{ ljBdfgtf
x'g'kg]{ eGg] g} b]lvG5 . e|i6frf/ d'2fdf
e|i6frf/sf] s;"/ k|dfl0ft x'gsf] nflu
dg;fotTjsf] ;fy} ab\lgotk"0f{ lqmofaf6
sfo{ sf/0f ePsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvg'kg]{ x'G5 .
oL tTjsf] cefjdf ePsf] lqmofnfO{ xflg
gf]]S;fgLsf] cfwf/df dfq} e|i6frf/ u/]sf] egL
7x/ ug'{ Goflos b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm gx'g]
egL o; cbfntaf6 -g]sfk @)%$, lg=g
^$$*, k[i7 %%#_ l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg
ePsf] cj:yf 5 . c;n lgotn] u/]sf]
sfddf g]kfn /fi6 a}+s P]g, @)%* sf] bkmf
!)& n] hjfkmb]xL x'g' gkg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf]
kfOG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf ;Demf}tf cg';f/ &
hgfsf] ;f % hgf ljz]if1 k/fdz{bftfnfO{
sfddf nufPsf]df ljZja}+saf6 ;xdlt
lnPsf] kfOG5 . e'QmfgL k7fpbf ;Demf}tf
cg';f/sf] k'/} k/fdz{bftfsf] kfl/>lds
k7fPsf] geO{ u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'kftdf
k7fPsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . /sd a}+s
6fG;km/ dfk{mt e'QmfgL k|fKt ug]{ ;Demf}tfsf]
d'Vo kIf g]t[Tj ug]{ ;+:yf M/S IEF Inc sf]
gfddf hDdf ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf 5'} e/kfO{
ul/g] / x'g] cj:yf ePg . k|ltjfbLxn] s'g}
nfe lnPsf] eGg] cleof]u g} gePsf] /
e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ljZja}+saf6 :jLs[t eO{
;f]w egf{ ePsf] eGg] s'/f The World Bank
sf] News Release No 2008/4/ NP News
Release Paper sf] rf}yf] Kof/fu|fkmdf "The
World Bank
reimbursed this contract
payment of US & 51538.32 on November,
2006 to Nepal Rastra Bank . The world
Bank made this payment from a grant
window. Our technical experts found that
the work done by the consulting firm was
satisfactorily caried Out against the terms
of their contract " egL pNn]v ePaf6 ;d]t
k|i6 x'G5 . bft[ lgsfon] g} e'QmfgL

k|lqmofnfO{ ;dy{g u/]sf] cj:yfdf
ab\lgotk"0f{ 9+un] /sd e'QmfgL lbPsf] eGg
ldn]g . lsgsL /fi6 a}+sn] ljZj a}+saf6
1191
k|fKt ug]{ ;xof]u /sd cfk"mv';L cfk}m vr{

u/]sf] geO{ e'QmfgL lbPsf] /sd ljZja}+saf6
:jLs[t eO{ ;f]w egf{ cfPsf] cj:yf x'Fbf
;+:yfsf] /sd b'?kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf]
eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]g .
(=
o;sf cltl/Qm ;Demf}tf
ubf{ tyf tf]8\bf b'j} cj:yfdf ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 ;d]t lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 .
;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug]{
u/fpg] sfd;Dd oL k|ltjfbLxaf6 ePsf]
b]lvG5 . k/fdz{bftfn] ;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf]
bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf e
ug]{ jf/]sf] #) lbg] k"j{ ;"rgf k/fdz{bftfnfO{
lbPsf] hfgsf/LnfO{ g} ;Demf}tf e u/]sf]
cy{{ u/L k|:t't cleof]ukq bfo/ ePsf]
b]lvG5
.
k/fdz{bftf
;+:yfn]
;Demf}tfadf]lhdsf] bfloTj k"/f ug{ c;kmn
ePsf]n] ;Demf}tf e ug]{ eGg] ljifosf]
k|:tfj ;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z eO{ ;Demf}tf
e ug]{ egL ;~rfns ;ldltaf6} lg0f{o
ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|:t't d'2fdf d"ne"t lg0f{o
ug]{ lgsfo ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ g} ljkIfL
gjgfOPsf] cj:yf 5 . e|i6frf/sf] s;"/df
s'g} sfd s'/f ug]{ u/fpg] jf lbg] / kfpg]
b'j} JolQm jf lgsfo bf]ifL x'G5g\ . o; d'2fdf
/sd kfpg] ;+:yf IEF. inc. nfO{ klg ljkIfL
gagfO{ k'g/fj]bsx @ hgfnfO{ dfq 5fg]/
-Pick & Choose_ k|ltjfbL jgfPsf] cj:yf
5 . /sd k|fKt ug]{ IEF. inc. / ljleGg
;Demf}tf nufotsf k|lqmofnfO{ cg'df]bg ug]{
g]kfn /fi6 a}+s ;~rfns ;ldltpk/ s'g}
bfjL lng g;s]sf] cj:yfaf6 ;d]t cleof]u
bfjL g} ;+lbUw Pj+ cfwf/k"0f{ gePsf] b]lvg
cfPsf] 5 . o; l:yltdf o; cbfntsf] Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 k|ltjfbLxnfO{
s;"/bf/ 7x/L ePsf] k}m;nf ;f] xb;Dd ;b/
x'g'kb{5 eGg] k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tk{maf6
pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax;;Fu
of] Ohnf; ;xdt x'g ;s]g .
!)= t;y{ dfly ljj]lrt cfwf/
k|df0faf6 k|ltjfbLxn] e|i6frf/sf] s;"/
u/]sf] cleof]u g} :yflkt x'g g;s]sf]n]

k|ltjfbLx ljhogfy e/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg
k|wfgn] u}/sfg"gL 9+un] o'=P;= 8n/
%!%#*.#@ tTsfnLg ljlgdob/ cg';f/
?=#&*$(&$. @@ e'QmfgL lbO{ e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f P]g, @)%( sf] bkmf *-#_ sf] s;"/
u/]sf]n] b'j} hgfnfO{ ;f]xL bkmf *-#_ cg';f/
hgxL ljuf]adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] 7x/L o;
cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^$.!@.% df ePsf] k}m;nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ;f]
xb;Dd pN6L eO{ b'j} hgf k|ltjfbLxn]
cleof]u bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x5{ .
c?=tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
tkl;n
dfly OG;fkm v08df n]lvP adf]lhd
o; cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf]
k}m;nf pN6L eO{ k|ltjfbLx ljhogfy
e/fO{ / ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgn] cleof]u bfjLaf6
;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n] o;
cbfntsf] Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt
@)^$.!@.% sf] k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 !
adf]lhd k|ltjfbLxaf6 h/Ljfgf c;"n ug{
/fv]sf] nut sf ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf
cbfnt txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg' ========!
k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e/fO{s,] dfly
OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n]
lghn] ljz]if cbfntdf ldlt @)^$.#.@@
/=g+= )))(*% af6 /fv]sf] gub w/f}6L
?=@,%),))). b'O{ nfv krf; xhf/ lgh
k|ltjfbLsf] bvf{:t k/] sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{
lbg" egL ljz]if cbfntdf / o; cbfntsf]
Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!@.%
sf] k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 $ adf]lhd s;]sf]
nut sf ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt
txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg" . ;fy} lghn]
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6Lafkt
dfnkf]t sfof{no sn+sLsf] k=;= )^%.)^^
r=g= #$^@ ldlt @)^%.*.!! sf] kqaf6
/f]Ssf /fv]sf] k|ltjfbL ljhogfy e/fO{sf]
1192
gfddf sf7df8f}F gu/ !# l;6 g+= !!)# @!

ls=g= $$ If]=km= )^&%=%) 3/ hUuf / P]
l;6 g+ !!)#@@
ls=g !#! If]qkmn
))#!&=() hUuf k'ms'jf ul/lbg" egL
dfnkf]t
sfof{no
sn+sLnfO{
n]vL
k7fpg" ===@
k|ltjfbL ;'/]Gb|dfg k|wfgs], dfly
OG;fkm v08df n]lvPadf]lhd cleof]u
bfjLaf6 ;kmfO kfpg] 7x/L k}m;nf ePsf]n]
lghn] ljz]if cbfntdf ldlt @)^$.#.!* /=g+
)))(*$ af6 /fv]sf] gub w/f}6L
?=%),))). krf/ xhf/ lgh k|ltjfbLsf]
b/vf:t k/] sfg"gadf]lhd lkmtf{ lbg" egL
ljz]if cbfntdf / o; cbfntsf] Ps
GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.!@.% sf]
k}m;nfsf] tkl;n v08 % adf]lhd s;]sf]
nut sf ug"{ egL sf7df8f}F lhNnf cbfnt
txl;n zfvfdf n]vL k7fpg" . ;fy} lghn]
o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ubf{ w/f}6Lafkt
lx/0o:j/dfg k|wfgsf gfdsf] sf=lh=sf=
d=g=kf j8f g+ @( sf] ls=g+ !^#^ If]qkmn
)%@# sf] hUuf / ;f] df ePsf] 3/ ;d]t
o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^%.(.@# sf] cfb]z /
;f]xL ldltdf lx/0oZj/dfg k|wfgn] ul/lbPsf]
h]yf hdfgLsf] sfuhaf6 /f]Ssf /x]sf]
b]lvPsfn] pQm ls=g+ !^#^ sf] 3/ hUuf
k'ms'jf ul/lbg" egL dfnkf]t sfof{no
l8NnLjhf/df n]vL k7fpg" ===#
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ j'emfO{lbg" ===$
lg0f{o g+= *!(%
sflQs, @)^^

;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] )^#WO)((!
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@%.%
lgj]bsM a'l4axfb'/sL >LdtL eQmk'/ lhNnf
eQmk'/ gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= !
tf}nf5] a:g] nIdL HofVjf
lj?4
ljkIfLM e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/ ;d]t
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gnfUg] ;DaGwdf k/:k/

ljk/Lt sfg"gLJoj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df
lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ clwsf/Ln] k"0f{ ?kdf
ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L ltgLxsf]
cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / kg{ cfpg] b'j}
k|s[ltsf d'2faf6 Ps csf{df kg{;Sg]
c;/ tyf k|efjsf] af/]df ;d]t
uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .
s'g} d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ csf]{
d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdn] c;/ kf5{ eg]
To:tf] c;/ kfg]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ePkl5
dfq csf]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ .
df]xL nut sf d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf
d'2fdf ePsf] clGtd lg0f{osf cfwf/df
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' .
dfq df]xL sfod x'g] jf gx'g] eGg] osLg
x'g] / df]xL sfod x'g] cj:yf cfPdf
Gof= k|]d zdf{
dfq afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo lg/fs/0f x'g]x'Fbf
df]xL nut sf x'g] u/L clGtd lg0f{o
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ #! ut] /f]h $ z'ed====
ePdf df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] cl:tTj /
cf}lrTo g} ;dfKt x'g hfg] .
Ohnf; clws[t M dfwjk|;fb clwsf/L
s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g d'2fdf
k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf afFsL 5Fb}
To;nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L df]xL lgisf;g d'2f
/ afF8kmfF8 d'2f Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L df]xL
1193
afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg]
sfg"gljk/Lt x'g] .
7xofPsf]
lg0f{o
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L s'Zdfv/
;fksf]6f
ljkIfL tkm{af6M
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
!# / !(
e"ld ;DaGwL -rf}yf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)@!
sf] bkmf @^, @^-v_, -u_, -#_, -_, -r_,
-5_, -h_ / -em_, %%
Psf;uf]nsf cfg} 5f]/f x'g\ . Ps} kl/jf/sf

JolQm hUufwgL / df]xL x'g ;Sb}g egL
ljkIfLn] lbPsf] afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bgdf k|ltjfb
u/]sL 5' . Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm hUufwgL /
df]xL x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf df]xL nut sf ul/kfpFm
egL d}n] 5'} lgj]bg btf{ u/]sL lyPF . d}n]
nut sf u/L kfpg lgj]bg lbP kZrft\
dpk/ ljkIfLn] hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf
x'g\ . d}n] hf]tef]u u/]sf] tYonfO{ lghn]
cGoyf egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ .
ljkIfL t'N;Lgf/fo0fn] slyt ?kdf
df]xL x'F egL lbPsf] afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg, d}n]
lbPsf] df]xL nut sf d'2f / lghn] lbPsf]
hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f @)^#.!@.^ df Ps} lbg
km};nf u/]sf / d}n] lbPsf] df]xL nut sf
d'2fdf df]xL nut sf gx'g] u/L km};nf
u/]sf] sfo{af6 d]/f] ;fDkflts xsdf xgg\ x'g
uPsf] 5 . df]xL nut sf d'2f / hf]t
lvrf]nf d'2f clGtd gx'Fb} -k'g/fj]bg txaf6
km};nf gx'Fb}_ hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L
@)^#.!@.^ df lg0f{o u/]sf]n] ;f]pk/
k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] x'Fbf ;Ddflgt cbfntsf]
c;fwf/0f clwsf/If]q cGtu{t k|:t't l/6
lgj]bg ug{ cfPsL 5' .
ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n', lkmN8j'sdf
plNnlvt JolQm xf]Ogg\ . hf]tfxf dxndf
n]lvPsf JolQmn] g} hf]tfxf ls;fgsf]
Joxf]/fdf d]/f] gfdsf] gDa/L xf], d}n]
hf]ltcfPsf] 5' egL gfkLsf avt n]vfPaf6
gfkLsf] ls=g+= #%* sf] hUufsf] hUufwgL /
df]xL Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm ePsf] k|dfl0ft
x'G5 . df]xL nut sf / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf
d}n] k'g/fj]bg ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf k'g/fj]bg
txaf6 km};nf gx'Fb} df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/]sf]
lg0f{o e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] bkmf %%
sf] ljk/Lt 5 . ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n]
t'N;L gf/f+sf] 5f]/f egL k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf
5}gg\ . gfkLsf] ;dodf hf]tfxf dxndf
plNnlvt JolQm hUufwgLsf] Psf;Fuf]nsf
5f]/f x'g\ . Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm hUufwgL /
df]xL x'g ;Sb}gg\ . hf]t nut sfsf] lg0f{o
cfb]z
Gof= an/fd s]=;L=M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_ cg';f/
o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ lg0f{o
o;k|sf/ 5 M
d lgj]lbsfsf] gfd btf{sf] eQmk'/
lhNnf emf}v]n uf=lj=;= jf8{ g+= (-v_ ls=g+=
&() sf] If]qkmn )!#@@ hUUff
@)$%.!!.$ df /=g+= !%^$ af6 k~rdfof
nfjaf6 / P]= ls=g+= &(! sf] If]qkmn )!#
@@ hUuf ;f]xL ldltdf /=g+= !%^# af6
rGb|axfb'/ nfjaf6 js;kq kfO{ cfkm}+n]
ef]urng u/L cfPsL 5' . pQm hUuf gfkLsf]
jvtsf] ls=g+= #%* ePsf] / gfkLdf
hUufwgLdf t'N;L gf/f+ nfjsf] x:t] ;lx ug]{
5f]/f t'N;Laxfb'/ nfj e=k'= ofG5] eGg] /
hf]tfxf t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' e=k'= of5]+ 6f]n
pNn]v ePsf] tyf hf]tfxfdf n]lvPsf]
JolQmn] g} hf]tfxf ls;fgsf] Joxf]/f d]/f]
gfdsf] gDa/L xf] / d}n] hf]ltcfPsf] 5' egL
lkmN8j'sdf k|i6?kdf n]v]sf] 5 . ljkIfL
t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' lkmN8j'sdf n]lvPsf] JolQm
xf]Ogg\ . lghsf] 7]ufgf eQmk'/ of5]+ 6f]n ge}
emf}v]n uf=lj=;= nflsnf xf] . gfkLdf
hf]tfxfdf n]lvPsf JolQm hUufwgLsf
1194
clGtd ePkl5 dfq afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bgdf

lg0f{o x'g'kg]{ xf] . clGtd g} gePsf]
km};nfnfO{ l;/fg xfnL u/]sf] jfF8 kmfF8sf]
km};nf sfg"gL ?kdf q'l6k"0f{ x'g'sf ;fy} ;f]
lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f
!# Pj+ !( f/f k|bQ df}lns xsdf xgg\ x'g
uPsf] 5 .
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! sf] rf}yf]
;+zf]wgn] df]xL afF8kmfF8nfO{ c+lusf/ u/]klg
df]xL nut sf / df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfbnfO{
lg/fs/0f ug]{ s'/fnfO{ cGTo u/]sf] 5}g df]xL
t]/f]d]/f] ljjfb Pj+ hf]t nfut sf ljjfb
pl7;s] kZrft\ k|df0fsf] d"Nofg u/L clGtd
km};nfkZrft\ dfq afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lg0f{o
ug'{kg]{df :j}R5frf/L 9+un] Ps} kN6df ;Dk"0f{
ljifodf ePsf] km};nfdf g]sfk @)$! lg=
@!)# k[i7 &^@ df k|ltkflbt ePsf]
l;4fGtsf] ;d]t ljk/Lt 5 .
ctM dfly plNnlvt ls=g+= &() /
&(! sf] hUufsf] slyt df]xL x'F egL ljkIfL
t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] afF8kmfF8sf nflu lbPsf]
lgj]bg, d}n] df]xL nut sf ug{ lbPsf]
lgj]bg tyf ljkIfLn] lbPsf] hf]t lvrf]nf
d'2faf6 df]xL t]/f]d]/f]sf] ljjfb p7]sf]
cj:yfdf Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L lvrf]nf 7xg]{
tyf df]xL nut sf gx'g] km};nf u/L
k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsnfO{ s'l07t t'Nofpg] u/L
ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf]
@)^#.!@.^ sf] afF8kmfF8 ;d]t x'g] u/L ePsf]
lg0f{o tyf ;f] cfwf/df df]xL nut sf ug]{
u/L ePsf] dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] sfd
sf/jfxL pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ ul/kfpFm .
;fy} hf]t lvrf]nf / df]xL nut sf d'2f
clGtd lg0f{o gx'Fbf;Dd pQm lg0f{o
sfof{Gjogdf gug'{ egL ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
lgj]lbsfsf] @)^$.!.@& sf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf],
of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf ldltn] af6fsf Dofb
afx]s !% lbg leq ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no

/ dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/sf] xsdf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodfkm{t\ / cGo
ljkIfLsf] xsdf cfkm} jf cfgf]
k|ltlglwdfkm{t\ lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL
l/6 lgj]bgsf] Psk|lt gSsn ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf k7fO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbg' .
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjflw gf3]kl5
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ . ;fy} ;fy} e"ld;'wf/
sfof{no, eQmk'/af6 ldlt @)^#.!@.^ df
ePsf] hUuf afF8kmfF8;DaGwL km};nfadf]lhd
lsQfsf6sf nflu dfnkf]t sfof{no,
eQmk'/nfO{ ul/Psf] kqfrf/;DaGwL sf/jfxL
kmfOn ;d]t dfnkf]t sfof{no eQmk'/af6
lemsfO{ k]z ug'{ . xfn cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf b]lvPg,
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntaf6
@)^$.!.#) df ePsf] cfb]z .
lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUufsf] hf]tfxf
dxndf pNn]v ePsf df]xL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n]
e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] tf]s]sf] k|lqmof !
g+= nut e/L @ g+= cg';"rL k|sflzt e} $
g+= c:yfoL hf]tfxf lg:;f k|fKt JolQm x'g\ .
hf]tfxf df]xLnfO{ hUufwgL agfpg] p2]Zon]
e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df rf}yf] ;+zf]wg
ePsf] xf] . df]xLn] afF8kmfF8 / hUufwgLn]
nut sf u/L kfpg dfu u/]sf] ;fy} df]xLn]
hf]t lvrf]nfdf bfjL u/]sf]df hf]t a]bvnL
7x/L nut sf gx'g] 7x/ ePkl5
afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . lgj]bsn] eg]
e}+m hUufwgL df]xL Ps} kl/jf/sf xf]Ogg\ .
o; sfof{noaf6 Goflos dgsf] k|of]u u/L
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
eQmk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ clwsf/ e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nonfO{ ePsf], e"ld;'wf/ sfof{nosf]
@)^#.!@.^ sf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lg0f{o
sfof{Gjog geO{ ;f] hUuf oyfl:yltdf /x]sf]
1195
pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/nfO{ ;d]t

x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] dfnkf]t
b[li6ut u/L lgj]bg dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z
sfof{no eQmk'/sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgj]bg bfjL em"7f xf] . ;fljs ls=g+= hf/L x'g'kg]{ xf] xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o
#%* ls=sf= e} )$%.!!.! sf] j08fkq lbg'kg]{ x'g cfof] .
@=
lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{,
cg';f/ ls=g+= &() / &(! sf hUuf
lgj]lbsfsf gfddf sfod ePsf] xf] . lgj]bg bfjLsf] lhNnf eQmk'/ emf}v]n
hUufwgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{, ! g++ nut, @ g+= uf=lj=;= j8f g+= (-v_ ls=g+= &() / &(!
cg';"rL tyf kfl/jfl/s nutaf6 d]/f] gfd sf] qmd; )!#@@ / )!#@@ hUufsf]
lel8/x]sf], d df]xL ePsf] k|dfl0ft 5 . slyt df]xL x'F egL ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n]
t'N;Laxfb'/ nfj df]xL xf]Ogg\ . lglj{jflbt e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/df df]xL hUuf
df]xL d x'Fbfx'Fb} lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhd df]xL afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg
nut sf x'g] xf]Og . lgj]lbsfn] @)$% lgj]lbsfn] ;f]xL hUufsf] df]xL nut sf
;fndf hUff lnFbf dnfO{ df]xL :jLsf/ u/]sL ul/kfpFm egL lbPsf] d'2f tyf ;f]xL hUuf
5g\ . e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] hf]t lvrf]nf ePsf] egL lgh} t'N;Laxfb'/
rf}yf] ;+zf]wgaf6 ;dflxt sfg"gL Joj:yfsf ;'n'n] lbPsf] lgj]bgdf Ps} ldlt @)^#.!@.^
cfwf/df d btf{jfnf df]xLn] afF8kmfF8 u/L df lg0f{o u/L hf]t lvrf]nf u/]sf] 7xg]{ tyf
cfwf hUuf lng kfpg] g} x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bgsf] afF8kmfF8 x'g] / df]xL nut sf gx'g] u/L
s'g} cf}lrTo 5}g . l/6 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] lg0f{o u/]sf]n] k'g/fj]bg ug]{ xsnfO{ ;d]t
s'l07t kfg]{ u/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L ePsf]
ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd k];L ;"rLdf r9L k]z lg0f{oaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#
x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog sf] wf/f !# / !( f/f k|bQ xsdf cf3ft
ul/of] . ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'sf] tkm{af6 kfg]{ sfo{ u/]sf]n] @)^#.!@.^ sf] lg0f{o
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmf s'Zdf/j/ pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L df]xL gfd;f/L
;fksf]6fn] lgj]bg bfjLsf] hUufsf] / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fsf] clGtd lg0f{o
t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] ! g+= nut u/L @ g+= gx'Fbf;Dd afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o sfof{Gjog gug'{
cg';"rL k|sfzg e} $ g+= c:yfoL hf]tfxf egL cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
lg:;f ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] df]xL xssf] hUuf xf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf] kfOG5 . ljkIfL
. lgj]bsn] pNn]v u/]em} df]xL / hUufwgL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{non] t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n]
Ps} kl/jf/sf JolQm xf]Ogg\ . lgj]bsn] e"dL ljlwjt\ ?kdf df]xL xs k|fKt u/]sf] / df]xL
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|lqmof nut sf x'g] cj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h
cg'k df]xL xssf] nflu sf/afxL u/]sf] / ul/kfpFm egL lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v u/]sf]
e"dL ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df ePsf] rf}yf] b]lvG5 . To:t} ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] cfkm"
;+zf]wgn] df]xLnfO{ cfwf hUufsf] lx:;]bf/ ljlwjt\ df]xL ePsf] / e"dL ;DaGwL P]g,
x'g] Joj:yf u/]af6 df]xL afF8kmfF8 ug]{ lg0f{o @)@! df ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn] df]xL cfwf
sfg"g;+ut 5 . df]xLn] cfwf hUufdf xs hUufsf] xsbf/ ePsf]n] afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/L
bfjL ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL Joj:yf x'Fbf lgj]bsn] ePsf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePsf]n]
df]xL nut sf ug{ lbPsf] lgj]bgsf] s'g} l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvg
cy{ / dxj gePsfn] ;f]sf] clGtd lg0f{o cfpF5 .
#=
ljjflbt ls=g+= &() / &(!
gx'Fbf ;Dd df]xL hUuf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ sfo{
cj?4 x'g g;Sg] ePsf]n] l/6 vf/]h sf] hUufsf] df]xL / hUufwgL Ps} kl/jf/sf]
x'Fbf df]xL nut sf ul/kfpFm eGg]] lgj]bs
ul/g'kb{5 egL ax; ug'{eof] .
1196
tyf lglj{jfb ?kdf df]xL hUuf ePsf]n]

afF8kmfF8 ul/kfpFm tyf df]xL hUuf lvrf]nf
u/]sf]n] ;f] lvrf]nfdf sf/jfxL ul/kfpFm eGg]
ljkIfL t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n' e} ljjflbt hUufdf
df]xLxs ;DaGwL ljjfb pTkGg ePsf] kfOG5
. e"ld;DaGwL P]gdf ePsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wgn]
bkmf @^ df bkmf @^-v_, @^-u_, @^-3_, @^_, @^-r_, @^-5_, @^-h_, @^-em_ ;d]t yk
u/L df]xL nfu]sf] hUuf hUufwgL / df]xLsf
aLr cfwf cfwf afF8kmfF8 ug'{kg]{ dfGotfnfO{
c+lusf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 . pQm bkmfdf ePsf]
Joj:yfsf] cfwf/df df]xLn] cfwf hUuf
kfpg]df ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g t/ k|:t't d'2fdf
df]xL xs lglj{jfb ?kdf :yflkt ePsf] eGg]
s'/fsf] osLg x'g afFsL g} /x]sf] cj:yfdf
cfwf hUufsf] bfjLnfO{ xfnsf] cj:yfdf
:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] b]lvFb}g . csf]{tkm{ e"dL
;DaGwL P]g, @)@! n] hUufwgL / df]xL Ps}
kl/jf/sf JolQm x'g g;Sg] s'/fsf] Joj:yf
ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]lbsfn] ;f]xL sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf cfwf/df nut sf ul/kfpFm egL
bfjL lnO{ e"ld ;'wf/ sfof{nodf lgj]bg
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . df]xL elgPsf ljkIfL
t'N;Laxfb'/ ;'n'n] cfgf] df]xL xsdf lvrf]nf
ePsf] egL log} lgj]bspk/ e"ld;'wf/
sfof{nodf hf]t lvrf]nf d'2f bfo/ u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
$=
dfly
plNnlvt
df]xL
afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lgj]bg, df]xL nut sf
tyf df]xL hUuf lvrf]nf d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug]{
clwsf/ P]gn] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/LnfO{ k|bfg
u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/ oL tLg k|s[ltsf d'2fdWo]
df]xL nut sf d'2fsf] kl/0ffdaf6 df]xL xs
;dfKtL x'G5 eg] df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2faf6
df]xLsf] cfwf xs 5'lg hfG5 . To:t} hf]t
lvrf]nf d'2fsf] kl/0ffd klg df]xL tkm{ g} a9L
pGd'v x'g] b]lvG5 . k"jf]{Qm e"ld ;DaGwL P]g,
@)@! sf] bkmf @^-v_, @^-u_, @^-3_, @^-_
adf]lhd df]xL hUufsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL
lgj]bgdf u/]sf] e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Lsf]
lg0f{opk/ ;f]xL bkmf @^-r_ n] k'g/fj]bg
gnfUg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] df]xL nut sf

/ hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/Ln]
u/]sf] lg0f{opk/ ;DalGwt k'g/fj]bg
cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] Joj:yf P]gsf]
bkmf %% n] u/]sf] 5 . o;/L plNnlvt
d'2fxdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] / gnfUg] ;DaGwdf
b'O{ k[ys sfg"gL Joj:yf /x] ePsf] :ki6
?kdf b]lvg cfPsf] 5 .
%=
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] gnfUg]
;DaGwdf plNnlvt k/:k/ ljk/Lt sfg"gL
Joj:yf ePsf] ;Gbe{df lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
clwsf/Ln] k"0f{ ?kdf ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L
ltgLxsf] cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw / plNnlvt
Joj:yf cGtu{t kg{ cfpg] b'j} k|s[ltsf
d'2faf6 Ps csf{df kg{ ;Sg] c;/ tyf
k|efjsf] af/]df ;d]t uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/
u/L lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ xG5 . df]xL xs g} ljjflbt
e} df]xL nut sf d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf
d'2fdf e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/af6 ePsf]
lg0f{opk/ k'g/fj]bg u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
kf6gdf pQm d'2fx ljrf/flwg g} /x]sf]
cj:yfdf df]xL xsnfO{ lglj{jfb dfgL
afF8kmfF8 ;d]tsf] lg0f{o Ps} k6s u/]sf]
sfo{n] lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bsLo xs, hf]
k|fs[lts Gofo l;4fGtsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ;d]t
ul/;lsPsf] 5, ;f] xsnfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf
k|efj / k|lts"n c;/ k/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]
5 . s'g} d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdnfO{ csf]{
d'2fdf lg:sg] kl/0ffdn] c;/ kf5{ eg]
To:tf] c;/ kfg]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ePkl5 dfq
csf]{ d'2fsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ Goflos d"No
dfGotf, /x]sf] / xfd|f] sfg"gn] ;d]t To;nfO{
c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . df]xL nut sf d'2f /
hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf ePsf] clGtd lg0f{osf
cfwf/df dfq df]xL sfod x'g] jf gx'g] eGg]
osLg x'g] / df]xL sfod x'g] cj:yf cfPdf
dfq afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo lg/fs/0f x'g] x'G5 .
df]xL nut sf x'g] u/L clGtd lg0f{o ePdf
df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] cl:tTj / cf}lrTo g}
;dfKt x'g hfG5 . s't lbnfO{ df]xL lgisf;g
d'2fdf k'g/fj]bg ug{ kfpg] cj:yf afFsL 5Fb}
1197
To;nfO{ j]jf:tf u/L df]xL lg:sf;g d'2f /

afF8kmfF8 d'2f Ps} lbg lg0f{o u/L df]xL
afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg] 7xofPsf] lg0f{o sfg"g
ljk/Lt e} cw{ Gofoflos lgsfok|lt g}
hgcf:yf gx'g] lg0f{o u/]sf]n] pQm lg0f{o
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] ab/ x'g] egL ;+jt\ @)^)
;fnsf] l/6 g+= ###( lgj]bs htgb]jL
rf}/l8of ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no ;Kt/L
;d]t ePsf] pTk|]if0f k/dfb]z d'2fdf o;}
cbfntaf6 @)^%.!).@@ df lg0f{o ePsf]
klg b]lvG5 . pQm df]xL nut sf d'2fdf
nut sf gx'g] 7x/ ePsf] cfwf/ pNn]v
u/L df]xL afF8kmfF8 d'2fsf] afF8kmfF8 x'g] u/L
ePsf] e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/sf]
@)^#.!@.^ sf] lg0f{o e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@!
sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]t ljk/Lt Pj+= q'l6k"0f{
b]lvg cfof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf df]xL
afF8kmfF8sf] lg0f{o ab/ x'g'kg]{ xf]Og eGg]
ljkIfLsf] tkm{af6 ax; ug'{x'g] ljfg
clwjQmfsf] ax;;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .
^=
ctM dfly ljj]rgf ul/Psf
cfwf/ k|df0f Pj+ sfg"gL Joj:yf ;d]tsf
cfwf/df e"dL ;'wf/ sfof{no, eQmk'/n] df]xL
afF8kmfF8sf] lgj]bg, df]xL nut sf / hf]t
lvrf]nf d'2f Ps} ldlt @)^#.!@.^ df nut
sf gx'g] cfwf/ pNn]v u/L nut sf /
hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf clGtd lg0f{o gx'b} df]xL
afF8kmfF8 ug]{ u/]sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z
hf/L u/L ab/ ul/lbPsf] 5 . df]xL nut sf
d'2f / hf]t lvrf]nf d'2fdf clGtd lg0f{o
ePkl5 dfq df]xL afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL lgj]bgdf
lg0f{o ug'{ egL ljkIfL e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no,
eQmk'/sf gfddf k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z ;d]t
hf/L ul/lbPsf] 5 . of] cfb]zsf] hfgsf/Lsf]
nflu cfb]zsf] k|ltlnlk dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{no dfkm{t\ e"ld;'wf/ sfof{no eQmk'/df
k7fOlbg' . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg' .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Olt ;+jt @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @% ut] /f]h % z'ed\
lg0f{o g+= *!(^
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L e/t/fh pk|]tL
;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$)*
km};nf ldltM @)^^.#.!%.@
d'2f M cfos/ @)%@.)%#
k'g/fj]bs lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf b/jf/
dfu{ nfn b/af/ l:yt ofs P08
olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf] tkm{af6
clVtof/ k|fKt -nfohf] clkm;/_
dx]Gb|/fh >]i7
lj?4
k|ToyL{ ljkIfLM @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no
sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no If]q g+=! aa/dxn
z'? lg0f{o ug]{M
@ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+
/fh:j Gofoflws/0f, sf7df8f}+
xf]6n pBf]uxsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/
nufotsf s'/fxsf] hfFra'em ug]{,
lgodg ug]{ / Ohfht lbg] af/]df
k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf]
ko{6g ljefun] hl8t Ifdtf a[l4sf]
k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf
ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6 kfpg]
/sd ;d]t osLg u/]kl5 o;nfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf]
pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/
gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug]{ cj:yf
gcfpg] .
1198
pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f / cfwf/ b]vfO{

;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g} gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]
;'ljwfaf6 s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug'{
Gofof]lrt gx'g] .
s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf] clg0f{o tyf
csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/ s/bftfn]
jf]Sg' gkg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
!% cGtu{t k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf
e/ kb{5 . pBf]u ljefudf k|fKt x'g]
tYof jf ljj/0fnfO{ pBf]u ljefuaf6
d"Nofg u/]kl5 dfq osLg x'g] jf pBf]u
ljefusf] l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ;"rgfsf]
cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6 lbgsf]
nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u ljefusf]
l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/ P]gsf]
bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o
ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg]{ .
;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ s/bftf pBf]un]
lgoldt
Jofj;flos
sf/f]af/sf]
l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf
lbPsf] cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df
osLg x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{
s/ clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psf/
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf]
cfjZostf gkg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=^_
k'g/fj]bs lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf
>L clgn l;Gxf
k|ToyL{ ljkIfL tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
>L ls/0f kf}8]n
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
!%, !%-`_
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf !&, $!-!_, -#_
>d lgofdjnL, @)%) sf] lgod %@

ko{6g P]g, @)#%
xf]6n, nh tyf ky kb{zg lgodfjnL,
@)#*
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_
km};nf
Gof= e/t/fh pk|]tLM /fhZj
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)^).#.!^ sf]
km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg ug{ cg'dlt kfpFm egL
lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 k/]sf] lgj]bg kqdf o;
cbfntaf6 /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf *-3_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug]{
cg'dlt k|bfg e} bfo/ e} lg0f{ofy{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pjd\ 7x/
o;k|sf/ 5 M
k|:t't d'2fdf k|:t't s/bftf ofs
P08 olt xf]6n ln= s] cf=a= )%@.%# df
sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6 kfpg]
l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu, Psf/ ;ldltdf
sf/jfxL eO{ /x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf] cfos/
of]Uo /sd, pQm ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq} kg]{
ePsfn] cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] nflu cfos/
ltg'{ gkg]{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)%#.!).@ df s/bftfn] s/ sfof{no
sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f
ljj/0f kmf/d .
cf=j= )%@.)%# sf] cfos/
;DaGwdf cfos/ 5'6;DaGwL sf/jfxL eO{
/x]sf] / af;:yfg Joj:yf ;DaGwdf klg
cfos/ k|of]hgsf] nflu vr{ ldGxf kfpg' kg]{
ePsf]n] ;f]cg';f/ cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 u/L
lbg' x'g eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ldlt
@)%$.#.#! sf] s/bftfn] @ g+= If]q s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+df lbPsf] kq .
k]z ePsf] :jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f
ljj/0fpk/ 5fgljg u/L x]bf{ xf]6nsf] dfu
cg';f/ 5'6 ;'ljwf lbg gldNg] lg0f{o ePsf]n]
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf ##-@_ adf]lhd
1199
v'b cfo sfod x'g] ePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf

s]xL eGg' kg]{ jf ;a'b k|df0f k]z ug{ P]gsf]
bkmf ##-$_ adf]lhd clGtd df}sf k|bfg
ul/Psf] ldlt @)%$.#.#) sf] @ g+= If]q s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] kq .
k]z ePsf] gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj Pj+
jf;nftnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ k|:t't cf=j+=
)%!.%@ sf] cfo ljj/0fdf cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]gadf]lhd o; ln= n] kfpg] ;'ljwf /sd
sf u/L cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 ePsf] k|df0f
kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ofs P08 olt
xf]6n ln= sf] kq .
k|:t't s/bftf ofs o08 olt xf]6n
ln= sf] cf=j= )%@.%# >=cf= sf] :jo+ s/
lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo ;d]tdf nfUg]
s/ / h/Ljfgf /sd bflvnf ePsf] b]lvPsf]n]
cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6 ul/ lbg'kg]{ eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no, sf7df8f}+sf]
ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] l6Kk0fL / cfb]z kq .
:jo+ s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmofadf]lhd k]z
ePsf] cfo ljj/0f tyf k|df0f sfuhx
cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf ## v adf]lhd
5fgljg ubf{ cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd ;'ljwf dfu u/]sf]
;Gbe{df Psf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+ a}7saf6
ePsf lg0f{ocg';f/ ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(%
pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 Psd'i6 jf k6sk6s
u/L tLg jif{ leq sf ug{ kfpg] ko{6g
ljefusf] r=g+= $^(# ldlt @)%$.!.!(sf]
kqfg';f/ xf]6nsf] k]z u/]sf] cfo ljj/0fdf
cf}=Jo=P]gadf]lhd v'b cfoaf6 ;'ljwf kfpg]
/sdsf] ;Ldfleq k/]sf] ?=#,^$,%*,!&&.(%
nfO{ s/bftfn] sf ug{ kfpg] egL b]vfPsf]
?=%,(*,^$,&)#. sf u/L af;:yfg Joj:yf
u/fPsf] ?=@&,#*,&**. ;d]t ;dfa]; u/L
x'g] afFsL ?=@,^!,$%,#!#.)% k|:t't cf=j= sf]
v'b cfo sfod u/L ;f] df s/
?=&#,@),^*&.^% / h/Ljfgf ?=*,&$,(^%.#@
;d]t lx;fa ldnfg u/L cfo ljj/0f km5\of}{6
u/L 5fgljg ;dfKt ePsf] eGg] @ g+= If]q
s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+sf] ldlt @)%$.#.#!

sf] kq .
k'g/fj]bs pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd sfg"gL
?kdf kfpg' kg]{ ;'ljwf ;x'lnot / sfdbf/
sd{rf/L jf;:yfg Joj:yf vr{nfO{ sfg"gL
bkmfxsf] unt JofVof u/L v'b cfodf
;dfj]z u/]sf] z'? lg0f{o ab/ u/L Gofo
OG;fkm kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df k]z u/]sf]
k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ .
>d
P]g
@)$*
cg'ksf]
af;:yfgafkt 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd s/
k|of]hgsf] nflu 5'6 x'g] egL st} s'g}
sfg"gdf pNn]v ePsf] b]lv+b}g . vr{ g}
gePsf] sDklgsf] ;DklQsf] ?kdf /x]sf]
/sdnfO{ hu]8f sf]ifd} /fv]sf] sf/0fn] vr{
eof] eGg ldn]g . cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf
$!-h_ sf] k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zaf6 v'b
d'gfkmfaf6 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd sf ug{
k'g/fj]bs ljQLo ;+:yfg gePsf]n] pQm P]g
klg cfs[i6 x'g] b]lvg cfPg . k'g/fj]bsn]
P]gsf] bkmf @& sf] Dofb leq ljj/0f bflvnf
gePsf] l:yltdf bkmf %(-!_ cg'k h/Ljfgf
ePsf] z'? s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z ldn]s} b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bssf] cfo ljj/0fdf v'b cfodf /sd
yk u/L s/ lgwf{/0f u/]sf]af6 ljj/0fdf
plNnlvt v'b cfodf q'l6eO{ s/ /sd 36\g
uPsf] l:ylt /x]sf]n] bkmf ^)-#_ cg'k
k'g/fj]bsnfO{ ;hfo x'g ;Sg] g} b]lvof] .
ctPjM tTsfnLg z'? s/ sfof{no
sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)%$.#.#! df ePsf] v'b
cfo lgwf{/0f krf{ / s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]z
ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ eGg] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^^.#.!^.@
df ePsf] km};nf .
lgj]bgsf] k|s/0f g+= $s sf] km};nf
lhsL/sf xsdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0f P]g,
@)#! sf] bkmf * sf] b]xfo -v_ -u_ / -3_
k|ToIf q'l6 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, )$(
sf] bkmf !%-`_ adf]lhd gofF yk l:y/
1200
h]yfsf] rfnL; k|ltzt /sd pBf]usf] v'b

cfo (Taxable Income) af6 sf ug{ kfpg]
s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( adf]lhd s/ 5'6 kfpg] pBf]usf]
xsdf s/ sof{no cfkm}n] cfos/ P]g, @)#!
sf] bkmf $@-@_ adf]lhd a'emL 5'} s/
lgwf{/0f cfb]z ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{
/fh:j Gofoflws/0faf6 km};nf ubf{ j]jf:tf
ul/Psf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] g} pBf]un] yk gofF l:y/
h]yfdf vr{ u/]afkt ;f]sf] $) 5'6 lbg]
ls6fgL Joj:yf u/]sf]df ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf
ljk/Lt z'? s/ sfof{noaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o
;b/ u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ 5 .
dhb"/ jf;:yfgsf] % /sd vr{
ldGxf lbOPsf] 5}g . clu|d s/ glt/]sf] xsdf
cfos/ sfg"gn] h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g .
cf}Bf]us Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_
adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/ h/Ljfgf
ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og . /fh:j Gofoflws/0f
sf7df8f}+sf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt
@)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{no
sf7df8f}+sf] s/ lgwf{/0f cfb]zsf] cfb]z kq
/ ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt krf{ ab/ u/L cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ sf] 5'6
;'ljwf k|bfg ug]{ u/L s/ lgwf{/0f ljj/0fdf
pNn]v ePadf]lhd yk l:y/ h]yfafkt kfpg]
;'ljwf lbO{ a9L nufOPsf] s/ h/Ljfgfsf]
bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]
lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8sf]
tkm{af6 o; cbfnt;dIf k]z ePsf]
k'g/fj]bgkq .
o;df cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
sf] bkmf -`_ n] gofF yk l:y/ h]yfsf] $)
/sd pBf]usf] v'b cfoaf6 sf ug{ kfpg]
u/L sfg"gL k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfos/
P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ n] s/ clws[tn]
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gadf]lhd s/ 5'6
kfpg]sf] xsdf s/ sfof{no cfkm}n] a'emL s/
lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
lgj]bsn] gofF yk u/]sf l:y/ h]yfdf
?=%(,$),!*,)((.#$ vr{ u/]sf]df ljjfb

gp7fPsf] cj:yf ;f] /sdsf] $) n] x'g]
/sd sf ug{ kfpg] s'/f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ n] k|Tofe"t u/]sf]
cj:yf To;sf] ljk/Lt ts{ u/L /fhZj
GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nfdf ;f] P]g
sfg"gL k|lts"n ePsf] . >d P]g, @)$* sf]
bkmf $!-!_ df k|lti7fgn] cfgf] s"n
gfkmfsf] % /sd dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu
5'6\ofpg' kg]{ afWofTds Joj:yf u/]sf] /
af]g; P]g, @)#) sf] bkmf %-@_ n] klg
af]g;afkt 56\ofpFbf >d P]gadf]lhdsf]
dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu s"n d'gfkmfsf] %
n] 5'6\ofPsf] /sd ;lxt sf u/]/ dfq
lx;fa ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . k|To]s
cfly{s jif{df s"n d'gfkmfaf6 % /sd
dhb'/ af;:yfgsf] nflu nflu 5'6\ofpg' kg]{
xf] / o;/L hDdf ePsf] /sdaf6 dhb'/
af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0f x'g] cj:yf /sd klg
5'6\ofpg' kg]{ sfg"gL afWotf x'g] t/ To:tf]
/sd sf rfxLF ug{ gkfpg] / To;df s/
ltb}{} hfg] xf] eg] >d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf
$!-!_ sf] k|of]hg g} k/f:t x'g]tkm{ ljrf/
ug'{kg]{df ;f] P]gsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg ;d]t
;dfj]z ePsf] b]lvG5 . t;y{ /fhZj
GofofwLs/0f sf7df8f}+n] km};nfdf plNnlvt
sfg"gsf] k|ToIf q'l6 u/]sf] b]lvFbf /fhZj
GofofwLs/0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf * sf] v08
-3_ sf] k|Zgdf k'g/fj]bg ug]{ cg'dlt k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{ k'g/fj]bgdf
btf{ u/L lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] ldlt
@)^!.*.!^ df o; cbfntaf6 ePsf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd cfhsf] k];L ;"rLdf
r9L lg0f{ofy{ o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n cWoog ul/of] .
k'g/fj]bs lgj]bssf tkm{af6 pkl:yt x'g'
ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L clgn l;Gxfn]
lgj]bs sDkgL Ps pBf]u ePsf]n] o;
pBf]un] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$(
adf]lhd yk gofF l:y/ h]yfdf vr{ u/]sf]
1201
/sdsf] $) /sd ?=@#,&^,)&,@#(.*%

pBf]usf] v'b cfo (Taxable income) af6
sL x'g'k5{ . Psf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+
lg0f{oaf6 ?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% dfq 5'6 lbg]
lg0f{o cfkm}+df sfg"g ljk/Lt 5 . pBf]un]
cfgf] s"n d'gfkmfsf] % /sd dhb'/
jf;:yfgsf] nflu k|jGw ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf
/x]sf]n] ;f]xLadf]lhd pBf]un] cf=j+=
)%@.)%# df ?=@&,#*,&**. vr{ 5'6fPsf]
xf] . g]kfn a|'c/L sDkgLsf] d'2fdf s/ ldGxf
lbPsf]df o; d'2fdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn]
k"j{lg0f{o ljk/Lt km};nf u/L s/ 5'6 lbPsf]
5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf
!%-`_ adf]lhd 5'6 kfpg] x'Fbf s'g} klg s/
h/Ljfgf ltg'{kg]{ xf]Og . clu|d s/ glt/]df
cfos/ sfg"gsf] s'g} klg bkmfn] bkmf %(-!_
adf]lhd h/Ljfgf x'g] eg]sf] 5}g . /fh:j
GofofwLs/0faf6 ePsf] km};nf cGofok"0f{
ePsf]n] pN6L u/L cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]gadf]lhd kfpg] 5'6 ;'ljwf k|bfg u/L s/
h/Ljfgfsf] bfloTjaf6 d'Qm ul/kfpFm egL
ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ @ g+= If]q s/ sfof{nosf
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf >L
ls/0f kf}8]nn] cfPs/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
$@-@_ cg';f/ s/ clws[tn] lg0f{o u/]sf]
clwsf/If]q jflx/sf] 5}g . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g, @)$( cGtu{tsf] ;'ljwf kfpFm egL
pBf]u ljefudf kIf uPsf] 5 . ;f] ljefuaf6
kfpg] ;'ljwf * s/f]8 dfq xf] . cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !* df
;x'lnot pknAw u/fpg lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
sfd Psf/ ;ldltnfO{ 5 . * s/f]8 geO{
@# s/f]8 kfpg' kg]{ egL lgj]bsn] bfjL lng
;Sg' ePsf] 5}g . /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf]
km};nfpk/ k'g/fj]bg txaf6 lgj]bs cfpg'
ePsf] 5 . pBf]u ljefusf] lg0f{o oyfjt
5 . Psf/ ;ldltsf] ldlt @)%#.!@.# sf]
lg0f{onfO{ k'g/fj]bsn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;f]
pk/ ab/tkm{ lgj]bs uPsf] b]lv+b}g . o;
d'2faf6 s/ 5'6 x'g ;SQ}g . /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] km};nf cGoyf 5}g

;b/ ul/kfpFm egL ax; k|:t't ug'{eof] .
pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL ca
lgj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug] xf], xf]Og /
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] km};nf ldn], gldn]sf]
s] xf] < ;f] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ ePsf] 5
.
lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ s/bftf
lgj]bs ofs P08 olt xf]6n lnld6]8n] cf=j=
)%@.%# df sDkgLn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ cfos/ 5'6
kfpg] l;nl;nfdf pBf]u ljefu Psf/
;ldltdf sf/jfxL eO/x]sf] / o; cf=j= sf]
cfos/ of]Uo /sd ;'ljwf kfpg] /sd leq}
/x]sf]n] cf=j= )%@.%# sf] nflu s'g} cfos/
ltg'{ gkg]{ egL :jo+s/ lgwf{/0f k|lqmof
cGtu{tsf] cfo ljj/0f gfkmf gf]S;fg lx;fj
Pj+ jf;nft k]z ePsf] cfwf/dff @ g+= If]q
s/ sfof{no sf7df8f}+af6 s/bftf ofs o08
olt xf]6n ln= sf] cf=j= @)%@.%# sf]
:jo+s/ lgwf{/0f adf]lhd x'g] v'b cfo
;d]tdf s/ h/Ljfgf u/L cfo ljj/0f km5f}{6
ul/lbPsf] lg0f{opk/ lgj]bs ofs P08 olt
xf]6n ln= n] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+df
u/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf z'? lg0f{o ;b/ e} km};nf
ePpk/ lrQ ga'emL /fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf]
km};nf pN6L u/L ldlt @)%$.#.#! sf] @ g+=
If]q s/ sfof{nosf] lg0f{o ;d]t ab/
ul/kfpFm egL o; cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bg kqdf d'n ?kdf k'g/fj]bs
ofs P08 olt xf]6nn] ;t k|ltzt eGbf a9L
Ifdtf al[4 u/]sf] / o;/L Ifdtf al[4 ubf{
l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] hDdf nufgLdWo]
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf] bkmf !%`_ cg';f/ $) n] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6
sL ug{ kfpg]df ;f] ;'ljwf glbPsf] /
sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] Joj:yfsf] nflu >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/ cf=j=
@)%@.%# df 5'6\ofPsf] ?=@&,#*,&**. nfO{
vr{df cdfGo ug]{ jf/]sf] /fhZj
1202
Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o pN6L ul/kfpFm eGg]

lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o; af/]df lg0f{o ubf{
>d P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $! df ul/Psf]
Joj:yf / cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf !% sf] p2]Zo tyf dd{ Pj+ pQm bkmf
!% df ul/Psf] ;'ljwfsf] pkef]usf] af/]df
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psf/f
;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] clgjfo{tfsf af/]df x]g'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .
>d P]g @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_
cg';f/ sd{rf/Lxsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] ?=@&,#%,&**. nfO{
vr{df dfGotf lbg'kg]{ eGg] k'g/fj]bs
s/bftfsf] egfO{sf] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{
o:tf] /sd lsg 5'6\ofpg' kg]{ / o;sf]
p2]Zo s] xf] eGg] s'/f klg x]g'{ kb{5 .
sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu /sd 5'6\ofpg'
kg]{ jf/]df ul/Psf] pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf]
d"n p2]Zo o;/L 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd
/f]huf/bftf pBf]un] cfgf] Joj;foLs
sf/f]jf/df k|of]u ug{ tyf cfkm"n] ;~rfng
ug{ klg gkfpg] tyf o;sf] k|of]u s]jn
sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] ;'Joj:yf ldnfpg]
k|of]hgsf] nflu dfq vr{ ug'{kg]{ eGg]
a'lemG5 . of] p2]Zo k|flKtsf] nflu ;DalGwt
cfly{s jif{df 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd hDdf ug{
5'6\6} sf]if v8f u/L k|To]s jif{sf] sd{rf/Lsf]
cfjf;sf] nflu 5'6\ofOPsf] /sd o:tf]
sf]ifdf hDdf ub}{ hfg] / of] sf]ifsf] ;~rfng
>d P]g tyf >d lgodfjnLsf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ u7g ePsf] >d ;dGjo
;ldltaf6 x'g] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 . o:tf]
sf]ifdf /x]sf] /sdaf6 sd{rf/Lxsf]
cfjf;sf] nflu s] s:tf] Joj:yf ug]{ eGg]
lg0f{o ug]{ sfd klg >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6
dfq x'g ;Qm5 . o;af6 sd{rf/Lxsf]nflu
;+o'Qm cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ jf sd{rf/Lx
jl;cfPsf] cfjf; dd{t ug{ jf cfgf]
3/cfjf; gx'g]n] 3/ jxfn ltg{ jf of]
/sdaf6 sd{r/Lx cfkm}n] cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ jf 3/ agfpgsf] nflu lgAof{hL
jf ;x'lnot b/sf] Jofhdf C0f lbg] h:tf

sd{rf/Lxsf] cfjf;;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf
;DalGwt k|of]hgsf] nflu klg vr{ ug{
;lsG5 . sd{rf/LxnfO{ :j:y cfjf;sf]
;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] cGo s'g} pko'Qm
of]hgf klg x'g ;Qm5g\ . w]]/} ljsNk /
of]hgfdWo] s'g ljsNk jf of]hgf cg'k >d
P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf $!-!_ cg';f/
5'6\ofOPsf] /sd vr{ ug]{ eGg] s'/f >d
;DaGw ;ldltn] g} lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f xf] . t/
pQm P]gsf] bkmf $!-#_ tyf >d lgodfjnL
@)%) sf] lgod %@ sf] v08 -3_ df ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ sd{rf/Lsf] jf;:yfgsf] nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] /sd 5'6\6} sf]ifdf /fVg' kg]{ /
;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn]
;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfpg kg]{df
k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] pQm /sd o:tf] sf]ifdf
/fvL ;f]sf] ;~rfng >d ;dGjo ;ldltn]
;~rfng ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] cj:yf
b]lvPg . sd{rf/L Joj:yfsf] nflu
5'6\ofOPsf] elgPsf] /sd /fVg >d P]g
@)$* sf] bkmf $@-#_ df pNn]v ul/Psf]
sf]if v8f /fvL >d ;dGjo ;ldltaf6
;~rfng x'g] Joj:yfsf] cefjdf pQm /sd
k'g/fj]bs sDkgLsf] cfg} sf]ifdf jf cfgf]
OR5fcg';f/ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf /x]sf]
b]lvof] . o;/L sd{rf/L jf;:yfgsf] nflu
s/bftfn] 5'6\ofPsf] elgP tfklg pQm /sd
k'g/fj]bs sDkgLn] cfgf] OG5fcg';f/ k|of]u
/ ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvPsf]n] pQm
?=@&,#*,&**. nfO{ vr{df dfGotf glbPsf]
/fh:j Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o ldn]s} b]lvG5 .
k'g/fj]bsn] cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g
@)$( sf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf
kfpg kg]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lnPsf] bfjLsf]
;DaGwdf /fh:j Gofoflws/0fn] u/]sf] lg0f{o
7Ls 5 jf 5}g eGg] jf/]df lg0f{o ubf{ lgDg
lnlvt b'O{ k|Zgx pk/ ljrf/ ug'{kg]{ x'G5M
!_
1203
cfBf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf

!% cg';f/sf] s'g} ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ s'g}
@_
pBf]un] k"/f ug'{kg]{ zt{x s] x'g /

pQm bkmfdf lgwf{l/t k"j{ zt{x k"/f
ug]{ pBf]un] ;f] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !& cg';f/ ul7t Psf/
;ldltsf] lg0f{o cfjZos 5, jf 5}g <
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf
!% cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] s'g} ;'ljwfsf]
;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefusf] Psf/f
;ldltn] s'g} lg0f{o g} gu/]sf]
cj:yfdf cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf
$@-@_ cGtu{t s/ clws[tn] pQm
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( cg';f/
k|fKt x'g] s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwfnfO{ dfGotf
lbg ;S5 jf ;Qm}g <
@=
klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ubf{
tt\sfn k|rlnt -cyf{t cfly{s jif{ @)%@.%#
sf] cjlwdf nfu" /x]sf]_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo
P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t pBf]uxnfO{
k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfxsf] k|s[tL / k|sf/x x]g'{
kb{5 . ;du|df x]bf{ pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%
cg';f/ k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfxnfO{ tLg ;d"xdf
ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf] ;d"xdf kg]{
;'ljwfx cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]gsf] bfo/fdf
kg]{ pBf]uxn] :jtM k|fKt ug{ ;Qm5g\ . /
o; af/]df Psf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf
:jLs[ltsf] cfjZos kb}{g . h:tf] pQm P]gsf]
bkmf !% sf] v08 -s_ cg';f/ 3/]n'
pBf]unfO{ cfos/, cGtMz'Ns tyf ljqmL s/
gnfUg], Joj:yf v08 -h_ cg';f/ pBf]usf]
l:y/ h]yfdf x|f; sL ubf{ sfg"gdf
plNnlvt b/sf] Ps ltxfO{ yk x|f; sL ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf tyf v08 -0f_ cg';f/
pBf]udf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zdf
cfos/ gnfUg]df ul/Psf Joj:yfnfO{ lng
;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf pQm P]gn] k|Tofe"lt
u/]sf ;'ljwf ePsf]n] o:tf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{
Psf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{osf] l;kmfl/zsf]
cfjZostf kb}{g . of] s'/fnfO{ o;} cbfntsf]
ljleGg k"j{ lg0f{oxdf :ki6 x'G5 . @)%(
;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ()&^ sf] d'2fdf ldlt
@)^^.!.!) df pBf]un] ljt/0f u/]sf]

nfef+zdf cfos/ gnfUg] egL u/]sf] lg0f{o
pNn]vgLo 5 .
#=
pQm bkmf !% cg';f/ k|fKt
x'g] bf];|f] ;d"xdf kg]{ ;'ljwfxsf] pbfx/0fsf]
?kdf bkmf !% sf] v08 -5_, v08 -8_, -w_
tyf -k_ cGtu{t k|fKt ;'ljwfnfO{ lng
;lsG5 . oL ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u
ljefunfO{ pknAw tYofsf] cfwf/df Psf/
;ldltn] 5fgljg u/L ;'ljwf lbg] lg0f{o jf
=l;kmfl/zsf] cfjZostf kb{5 / sltko
cj:yfdf Psf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf
lg0f{osf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePkl5 dfq pQm ;'ljwfx k|fKt
x'g ;Qm5g\ .
$=
t];|f]
;d"xdf
kg]{
;'ljwfxsf] pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf pQm P]gsf
bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_, -6_ tyf -7_ df
plNnlvt ;'ljwfxnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL
;'ljwfx k|fKt ug{sf] nflu hl8t Ifdtf
lj:tf/sf] k|ltzt jf pBf]un] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f
jf jftfj/0fdf Go"gtd c;/ ug]{ k4ltsf]
ljsf; jf pks/0fdf u/]sf] nufgLaf6 pBf]u
;~rfngdf cfPkl5 k|ljlw tyf j:t' ljsf;
jf bIftf a[l4 jf pTkfbg Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf]
k|df0f tyf o;df ePsf] vr{sf] k'li6 ug]{
ljn ef}r/x k|:t't ug'{ kof{Kt x'G5 . pQm
hl8t Ifdtfdf lj:tf/ u/]sf] jf k|ljlw
ljsf; jf Ifdtf a[l4 u/]sf] xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
s'/fsf] hfFr ug]{ ;Ifd lgsfo ;a} cj:yfdf
pBf]u ljefu jf o;sf] Psf/ ;ldlt gx'g
klg ;Qm5 . k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gdf ul/Psf]
Joj:yfcg';f/ o;sf] s'/fsf] hfFr ug]{
lgsfo cj:yf x]/L lj1fg k|ljlw dGqfno jf
o; cGtu{tsf] lgsfo jf ko{6g Joj;fosf]
lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g
ljefu klg x'g;Qm5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf
k'g/fj]bs s/bftf xf]6]n tyf ko{6g pBf]u
ePsf] / ko{6g P]g, @)#% tyf pQm P]g
cGtu{t ag]sf] xf]6n, nh tyf ky kb{zg
lgodfjnL, @)#* sf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ko{6g
1204
:t/sf] /]i6'/]G6 tyf xf]6nxsf] Ohfht lbg],

xf]6nxsf] :t/ tyf Ifdtf ;DaGwdf
hfFra'em ug]{, / cg'dlt tyf :jLs[lt lbg]
lgods lgsfosf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ ;Dk"0f{
clVtof/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ko{6g ljefunfO{
lbPsf] b]lvG5 .
%=
k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf ;fljs
hl8t Ifdtf !@) sf]7f ePsf]df ;f] df !%)
sf]7f yk u/L hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt
eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]sf] / o;sf] nflu
k'g/fj]bs xf]6n pBf]un] s"n l:y/ k"FhLut
vr{sf] ?kdf ?=%(,$),!*,!)). vr{ u/]sf]
s'/f ko{6g ljefun] ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df
pBf]u ljefu ;'ljwf zfvfnfO{ n]v]sf] k|:tfj
kqaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g,
@)$( sf] bkmf !% sf] v08 -`_ cg';f/
hl8t Ifdtfdf @% eGbf a9L a[l4 u/]df
o;/L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn] yk ePsf]
l:y/ h]yfsf] d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd
v'b cfo -6\ofS;]jn Ogsd_ af6 Ps d'i6 jf
k6sk6s u/L tLg jif{ leq s6\6f ug{
kfpg] Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 / k'g/fj]bs s/
bftfn] cfgf] hl8t Ifdtfdf zt k|ltzt
eGbf a9L Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] s'/f
ljjfb/lxt 5 . o; ;DaGwdf pBf]u ljefun]
cGoyf eGg ;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5}g . o;/L
hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L a[l4
ePsf] s'/f k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/
k|fKt lgsfo ko{6g ljefun] k|dfl0ft u/]sf]
cj:yfdf hl8t Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] sf/0fn]
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ l:y/ h]yfdf
ePsf] d"No a[l4sf] d"Nosf] /sddf pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ $) n] x'g] /sd
v'b cfoaf6 s6\6f ug]{ ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{sf]
nflu pBf]u ljefun] yk 5fglag ug{'kg]{
sf/0f / cfjZostf b]lvFb}g . xf]6n
]
pBf]uxsf] Ifdtf lj:tf/ nufotsf
s'/fxsf] hfFra'em ug]{, lgodg ug]{ /
Ohfht lbg] af/]df k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/
clwsf/ k|fKt g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgsfosf]
?kdf /x]sf] ko{6g lgefun] hl8t Ifdtf
a[l4sf] k|ltzt / o;sf] nflu l:y/ h]yfdf

ePsf] hDdf vr{ /sd / ;f]dWo]af6 pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ v'b cfoaf6 5'6
kfpg] /sd ;d]t osLg u/] kl5 o;nfO{
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] g} csf]{ lgsfosf] ?kdf
/x]sf] pBf]u ljefun] :ki6 sf/0f / cfwf/
gb]vfO{ cGoyf eGg] / ug]{ cj:yf klg
cfpFb}g . o;/L pBf]u ljefun] sf/0f /
cfwf/ b]vfO{ ;'ljwf gkfpg] jf/]df lg0f{o g}
gu/]sf] cj:yfdf sfg"gn] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf]
;'ljwfaf6 k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{ al~rt ug'{
Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g . s'g} ;/sf/L lgsfosf]
clg0f{o tyf csfo{sf] bf]if jf o;sf] ef/
s/bftfn] jf]Sg k5{ eGg] klg xf]Og . o;}n]
pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf] lg0f{o geO{
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf
k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn] kfpFb}g eGg] /fh:j
Gofoflws/0fsf] lg0f{o;Fu ;xdt x'g ;lsg]
cj:yf /x]g .
^=
cj bf];|f] k|Zg cyf{t\
cfos/ P]g @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/
s/ clws[tn] s/ 5'6sf lg0f{o ubf{ Psf/
;ldltsf] lg0f{o jf l;kmfl/z cfjZos 5 jf
5}g eGg] s'/f tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{, pk/f]Qm
k|s/0fdf ljZn]if0f ul/Pcg';f/ cf}Bf]lus
Joj;fo P]g @)$( sf] bkmf !% cGtu{t
k|fKt x'g] ;'ljwfsf] k|s[ltdf e/ kb{5 . pBf]u
ljefudf k|fKt x'g] tYof jf ljj/0fnfO{
pBf]u ljefuaf6 d"Nofg u/] kl5 dfq
osLg x'g] jf pBf]u ljefusf] l;kmfl/z
;d]tsf] cfwf/df g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df k|fKt x'g] s/ ;'ljwf 5'6
lbgsf] nflu dfq s/ clws[tn] pBf]u
ljefusf] l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{onfO{ cfos/
P]gs] bkmf $@-@_ cg';f/ s/ 5'6sf] lg0f{o
ubf{ cfwf/ lng kg]{ x'G5 t/ pQm P]gsf]
;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ k"/f ug{ kg]{ k"j{ zt{sf]
ljifodf k|rlnt sfg"gcg';f/ clwsf/ k|fKt
lgsfo -h:tf] k|:t't ljjfbdf ko{6g ljefu+_
sf] d"Nofg tyf l;kmfl/z pknAw ePsf]
cj:yfdf / ;'ljwfsf] dfu ug]{ s/bftf
1205
pBf]un] lgoldt Jofj;flos sf/f]af/sf]

l;nl;nfdf /fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ dfGotf lbPsf]
cj:yfdf pQm n]vfsf] cfwf/df osLg x'g]
s/ 5'6sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ klg s/
clws[tnfO{ pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/z jf lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb{}g .
pbfx/0fsf] nflu pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-s_
3/]n' pBf]un] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;DalGwt pBf]u
k|rlnt g]kfn sfg"gcg';f/ 3/]n' pBf]udf
btf{ eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/sf] pBf]u ;~rfng
u/]sf k|df0f g} kof{Kt x'G5 . o;}u/L pQm P]g
bkmf !%-h_ cg';f/ pBf]un] l:y/ h]yfdf
x|f;sLsf] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;DalGwt pBf]un]
/fv]sf] n]vfnfO{ s/ clws[tn] cdfGo u/]sf]
cj:yfdf afx]s ;f] yk x|f; sLsf] ;'ljwf
k|fKt ug{ jf k|bfg ug{ lgoldt sf/f]jf/sf]
l;nl;nfdf s/bftfn] /fv]sf] ljn, e/kfO{
tyf n]vfaf6 k|dfl0ft x'g] l:y/ h]yf d"No g}
kof{Kt x'G5 . o;df pBf]u ljefusf] :jLs[lt
cfjZos kb}{g . of] s'/f s/ clws[txn] g}
:jLsf/ u/]sf] dfGo Joj;flos k|rngsf]
?kdf ;d]t ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . o;}u/L
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-0f_ cg';f/ pBf]udf
u/]sf] nufgLaf6 k|fKt nfef+zsf] /sddf
cfos/ gnfUg] / of] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ pBf]u
ljefusf] Psf/ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z jf
lg0f{osf] cfjZostf kb}{g . ;DalGwt s/bftf
pBf]un] k]z u/]sf] / s/ clws[tn] cdfGo
gu/]sf] n]vfn] ;dy{g u/] cg';f/sf]
nfef+zdf s/ 5'6 :jt k|fKt x'G5 . o;
af/]df o; cbfntaf6 ljleGg d'2fxdf
l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ul/;s]sf] cj:yf klg 5 .
&=
pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0faf6
k'g/fj]bs s/bftf ofs P08 olt xf]6n
pBf]un] cfgf] hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt
eGbf a9L lj:tf/ u/]sf] s'/f ko{6g ljefun]
ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df pBf]u ljefudf k]z
u/]sf] k|ltj]bgaf6 b]lvPsf] / of] s'/f s/
clws[tn] dfGotf lbPsf] s/bftfsf] cf=j=
@)%@.%# sf] n]vf tyf cfo ljj/0faf6 klg
:ki6 b]lvg] ePsf]n] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfnfO{
pQm P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/sf] ;'ljwf

k|bfg ug{ pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf]
lg0f{o cfjZos gkg]{ x'gfn] s/ clws[tn]
cfos/ P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf $@-@_ sf]
clwsf/ k|of]u u/L k'g/fj]bs s/ bftfn]
hl8t Ifdtfdf ztk|ltzt eGbf a9L lj:tf/
u/]sf]n] o;/L Ifdtf lj:tf/ ubf{ l:y/
h]yfdf ePsf] a[l4sf] hDdf /sd cyf{t
d"Nosf] $) k|ltztn] x'g] /sd v'b cfoaf6
Ps}k6s jf k6sk6s u/L tLg jif{;Dd
s6fpg kfpg b]lvPsf]n] pQm /sd v'b
cfPaf6 s6\6f ug{ glbPsf]df ;f] xb;Dd s/
sfof{nosf] ldlt )%$.#.#! sf] s/ lgwf{/0f
cfb]z tyf lg0f{o ab/ x'G5 / ;f] nfO{ ;b/
u/]sf] /fh:j Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+sf] lg0f{o
;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 .
*=
k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] hl8t
Ifdtfdf a[l4 u/L o;af6 l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf]
a[l4 k"Flhut vr{sf] ljj/0f ;d]t pNn]v u/L
s/5'6sf] ;'ljwfsf] nflu ldlt @)%@.(.!@ df
pBf]u ljefunfO{ k7fPsf] kqsf ;fy ;+nUg
k|ltj]bgsf] a'bf g+= !! df lbOPsf]
ljj/0fdWo] a'bf g+= -_ df plNnlvt cGo
;DklQ zLif{sdf b]vfOPsf] ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.
vr{nfO{ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)$( sf]
bkmf -*_ df plNnlvt l:y/ h]yfsf]
kl/efiffleq gkg]{ b]lvPsf]n] pQm vr{nfO{
l:y/ h]yfdf ePsf] vr{ dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf
ePg . t;y{ pQm k|ltj]bgsf] k|:tfjdf l:y/
h]yfdf ePsf] elgPsf] hDdf vr{ ?==
%(,$),!*,!)). af6 pQm ?=!,#^,(*,(@^.
s6fO{ afFsL x'g cfpg] ?=%*,)#,!(,!^$. sf]
$) k|ltztn] x'g] ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) pQm
P]gsf] bkmf !%-`_ cg';f/ k'g/fj]bs
s/bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L tLg
jif{ leq v'b cfPaf6 sf ug{ kfpg]
b]lvPsf]n] pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf] *(
cf}+ a}7sn] k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn] v'b cfPaf6
sL
u/L
lng
kfpg]
eg]sf]
?=*,$),^!,!(!.(%
;d]t
pQm
?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^)=leq g} ;dfj]z x'g] x'Fbf
1206
;f]xL cfwf/df k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j=

@)%@.)%# sf] s/ lgwf{/0f ug'{ egL ljkIfL
s/ sfof{nonfO{ n]vL k7fpg] 7x5{ . /fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ldlt @)^).#.!^.@
ePsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd pN6L x'G5 .
c?=tkl;n adf]lhd ug'{ .
lg0f{o g+= *!(&

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{
;+jt\ @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= *$#(
km};nf ldltM @)^%.!).@!.#
tkl;n
dfly
7x/
v08df
/fh:j
Gofoflws/0f sf7df8f}+af6 ePsf] km};nf s]xL
pN6L x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bs
s/bftfn] Ps} k6s jf k6sk6s u/L tLg
aif{leq v'b cfoaf6 sL u/L lng kfpg] 7x/
ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) dWo] af6
pBf]u ljefu Psf/ ;ldltsf] *( cf}+
a}7saf6 v'b cfPdf sf ug{ kfpg] elgPsf]
?=*,$),^!,!(!.(% k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] s/
v'b cfoaf6 sf ul/g;s]sf] eP ;f] afFsL
;d]tnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L k'g/fj]bs s/bftfn]
Ifdtf a[l4 ubf{ l:y/ h]yf a[l4 ePsf]
d"Noafkt v'b cfPaf6 sf u/L lng kfpg]
7x/ ePsf] hDdf ?=@#,@!,@&,^^(.^) s/
/sd v'b cfPaf6 sf u/L lng kfpg] u/L
k'g/fj]bs s/bftfsf] cf=j= @)%@.)%# sf]
s/ lgwf{/0f ug"{ egL ljkIfL @ g+= If]q s/
sfof{no sf7df8f}+ -xfn cfGtl/s /fh:j
sfof{no If]q g+= !_ df n]vL k7fOlbg" ===== !
k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut sf
u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L clen]v zfvfdf
a'emfOlbg" == @
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=an/fd s]=;L=
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ !% ut] /f]h @ z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M dx]Gb|k|;fb kf]v/]n
sflQs, @)^^
d'2fM l5k l5ksf] hUuf btf{ jb/ .

k'g/fj]bs k|ltjfbLM dfnkf]t sfof{no
sfjf;f]tL, gjnk/f;L
lj?4
k|ToyL{ jfbLM k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jn ;d]t
cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf k|df0f /fvL ;f]xL
cfwf/df ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 Ps k6s 5'6
hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{o ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf
k"j{ lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL To;nfO{
ab/ ug{ cu|;/tf lng] kIfn] g} To;
s'/fsf] k'i6\ofO{ lbg' kg]{ .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
Goflos jf cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{
cbfnt jf Goflos Pj+ cw{ Goflos
lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm} ab/ ug{
kfpg] If]qflwsf/ x'Fb}g . lg0f{o clGtdtf
(Finality of Decision) sf] l;4fGTfn]
cfkm\gf] lg0f{o k6s k6s km]g{ gx'g] .
k'g/fj]bg k/L pN6g]b]lv afx]s Ps}
txsf] cbfnt jf cw{ Goflos lgsfon]
Ps k6s cfkm"n] u/]sf] lg0f{o jf km};nf
sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf / k|lqmofafx]s
cfkm} ab/ ug{ g;Sg] . ;DalGwt
kIfx?nfO{ aGwgsf/L x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
cw{ Goflos lgsfon] klg s;}sf] xs
lxtdf c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos
k|lqmof g} cjnDAfg ug'{kg]{ .
1207
5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf

sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf] cfkm\gf] k"j{
lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] clVtof/L s'g} klg
sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] gb]lvg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;a'b k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf k"j{
lg0f{ox? kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg kfpF5 egL
JofVof ug]{ xf] eg] hUuf btf{ ;DAfGwdf
dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 x'g] s'g} lg0f{osf]
:yfloTj sfod /xg g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!#_
7fs'/k|;fb zdf{, So" k|;fb a:ofnsf] ;d]tsf]

lgj]bg kq .
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6
ljkIfLx? ;lxtsf !^! hgfsf] gfddf 5'6
hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ldlt @)%&.!.!( / ldlt
@)%&.@.!* df ePsf] lg0f{o krf{ .
o;df /Lt gk'u]sf] / k|df0fsf]
cefjdf o; sfof{noaf6 ldlt @)%&.!.!( /
)%&.@.!* df plNnlvt !^) hgfsf gfpFdf
l5kl5k]sf] hUuf ljufxf (#!$!$ 5'6
hUuf btf{df btf{ ug]{ u/L bfjLsf] hUuf jg
If]q leq gkg]{ egL :ki6 osLg gu/L ePsf]
lg0f{o dfnkf]t P]g @)$# sf] bkmf @$ sf]
k'g/fj]bs
k|ltjfbL
tkm{jf6M
ljfg pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ab/ u/L JolQm
ljz]ifsf gfddf sfod u/]sf] btf{ nut sf
pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/bs'df/ v8\sf
k|ToyL{ jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfx? uf]s0f{ u/L lbg] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t
sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf]
l;+x yfkf / u0f]z lg/f}nf
lg0f{
o.
cjnlDjt ghL/M
dfnkf]t
sfof{no
sfjf;f]tL
g]sfk @)%), lg0f{o g+= $&#@, k[i7 @@*
g]sfk @)%^, lg0f{o g+= ^^(^, k[i7 @$% gjnk/f;Ln] xfd|f gfp+df 5'6 btf{ ug]{ u/]sf]
lg0f{o ab/ u/]sf] sfd sf/jfxL pQm P]g s}
;Da4 sfg"gM
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$, @$-@_ lvnfkm /x]sf] 5 . dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf]
dfnkf]t P]g -kfFrf} ;+zf]wg_ @)#$ sf] kl/R5]b & bkmf @$ n] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs
hUuf btf{ ug{ jf cfjfb ug{ dfq lgif]w ug]{
bkmf @$, @( / #!
Joj:yf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . !(&* ;fnsf] gfkLdf
c=j+= @)@
JolQm ljz]ifsf gfpFdf btf{ e} btf{jfnfaf6
xs x:tfGt/0f x'b} :j= lnnf aNne / :j=
km};nf
/ljnfnn] @)!(.&.!( df lrtjg dfnkf]t
Gof=bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{M k'g/fj]bg sfof{noaf6 /fhLgfdf /lhi6]zg u/fO{
cbfnt a'6jnn] u/]sf] km};nfdf dfnkf]t xsef]u btf{ rng ul/ cfPsf] tYo ldl;n
sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] lrQ ga'emL Gofo ;+nUg k|df0faf6 k|dfl0ft e} ;j]{gfkLsf avt
k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd gfk gS;f btf{ 5"6 ePsf] ;Gbe{df xfdLaf6
k'g/fj]bg bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] sfo{jfxL rnfO{ :jo+ ljkIfL dfnkf]t
tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M
sfof{non] jgIf]q leq gkg]{ ;/sf/L hUuf
lhNnf gjnk/f;L ;fljs sfjf;f]tL kg]{ ;fj{hlgs hUuf ;d]t gkg]{ eGg] ljifodf
uf=lj=;=a8f g+= # xfn lzjdlGb/ uf=lj=;= 5fgaLg / kqfrf/ u/L hjfkm ;d]t k|fKt
a8f g+= ( cGtu{t kg]{ l5kl5k] df}hfsf] ul/ :yflgo ;h{ldg ;d]t a'emL cfPsf]
hUuf xfd|f lktf lnnf aNne 8'd|] / /ljnfn cj:yfdf xfd|f gfp+ btf{df /x]sf] hUuf
a:ofnn] @)!(.&.!( df e/tk'/ lrtf}g dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf] bkmf @$ sf]
dfnaf6 kfl/t u/L lnPsf] hUuf btf{ ug{ 5'6 kl/lwleq gkg]{ tYo k|dfl0ft ePsf] cj:yfdf
ePsfn] 5'6 hUuf btf{ ul/kfpFm elg bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf @ cfslif{t x'g ;Qm}g .
1208
bkmf & cGtu{t btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf]

dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tL :jo+nfO{ ;f] btf{
ab/ ug{ ;Sg] If]qflwsf/ ljkIf dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ 5}g . t;y{ dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ 5 . ctM ldl;n k|df0fsf]
Goflos d"Nof+g u/L dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6
ePsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L
xfd|f gfp+df btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o / ;f]
lg0f{oaf6 ePsf btf{ ;b/ sfod /flvkfpFm
eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]t
hgf #! sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt;dIf k/]sf]
k'g/fj]bg .
o;df dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ldlt
)%#.!!.@) sf] lg0f{o >L ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6
ldlt @)%$.!!.!@ sf] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ePcg'k
@)!( ;fnsf] kfl/t /fhLgfdfsf] $ lsNnf
leqsf] k|df0fsf] cfwf/ lnO{ )$(.!.#! sf] >L
% sf] ;/sf/sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ 5'6 hUuf btf{
;ldltsf l;kmfl/zcg';f/ @)%&.!.@( Pj+
@)%&.@.* df ljjflbt hUuf btf{ ug]{ egL
lg0f{o u/]sf]df ;f]xL cw{Goflos lgsfo
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLn] btf{ ab/ ug]{
u/]sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf] lg0f{o k'gM
k|df0fsf d"Nofg / cfkm\gf] sfof{nosf] lg0f{o
cfkm} ab/ ug]{ If]qflwsf/ u|x0f u/L ab/
u/]sf] l:yltdf g]sfk @)%^ c $ lg=g+=
^^(^ sf] ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 k|ltkflbt ghL/
;d]tsf kl/k|]Iodf km/s kg{ ;Sg] x'+bf c=a+=
@)@ tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL,
@)$* sf] lgod $& adf]lhd k|ToyL{
dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;LnfO{ lemsfO{
5nkmn ug'{ kg]{ x'+bf lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ u/L
k]z ug'{ eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] ldlt
@)^).^.@& sf] cfb]z .
o;df dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 jg
sfo{nosf] k|ltlglw ;d]t /fvL ;h{ldg,
gS;f ;d]t u/L lkmN8a's tof/ eO{ lsQfaf6
;d]t u/]sf] ;f]hUuf btf{ ug'{cl3 ;fj{hlgs
;"rgf ;d]t k|sflzt ubf{ sf]xL s;}sf] ph"/
gk/]sf] bfjL ul/Psf hUufx? jgIf]q leq
gk/]sf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df 5'6 ePsf] ;f]

hUuf btf{ ug]{ egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltn]
@)%%.(.@! df lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 hUuf btf{ ul/Psf hUufx?
;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs 5g\ egL sxL+ pNn]v
gePsf] ;fljs b]lv xs ef]u k|df0fsf
cfwf/df dfnkf]t sfof{no cfkm}n] btf{ ug]{
ul/ u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ cfTdlgi6 9+un] ab/
ug]{ clwsf/ dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ gePsf]
To:t} JolQm ljz]ifsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ ug]{
lg0f{o ab/tkm{ >L % sf] ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6
clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfon] sfg"gadf]lhd ph"/L
ug{ ;Sg] sfg"gL k|fjwfg 5+bf5Fb} ldlt
@)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* sf] lg0f{o ab/
tkm{ s'g} JolQm jf lgsfosf] ph"/L gk/L
dfnkf]t sfof{non] klxnf cfkm}n] u/]sf]
lg0f{o tYoo'Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f Pj+ sfg"gL
cfwf/ u|x0f gu/L u/]sf] ldlt @)%*.%.!! sf]
lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut gePsf]n] So"k|;fb a:ofn
;d]tsf k'g/fj]bsx?sf] xsdf ab/ x'g] 7x5{
eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] ldlt
@)^).!@.!!.$ sf] km};nf .
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 ldlt
d @)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* df hUuf btf{
ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o ubf{ lnOg' kg]{ cfwf/
lt/f], ef]u / xs h:tf k|df0fx?sf] d"Nofg
gul/ ;/sf/L k|s[ltsf] hUuf btf{ ul/Psf]
b]lvPsf] x'+bf pQm hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf @$-@_ cfslif{t x'g} g} eO{ dfnkf]t
sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 d'Qm ldlt @)%&.!.!(
/ @)%&.@.!* df btf{ ug]{ u/L ul/Psf] lg0f{o
ab/ ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6
@)%*.%.!! df btf{ ab/ ug]{ u/L ul/Psf]
lg0f{o ;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6
ldlt @)^).!@.!! df ul/Psf] q'l6k"0f{ km};nf
ab/efuL x'+bf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] o; cbfnt
;dIf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .
o;df dfnkf]t P]g @)#$ sf]
bkmf@$-@_ sf] JofVofTds ljZn]if0f gu/L
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ePsf] km};nf
1209
km/s kg{ ;Sg] b]lv+bf c=a+= @)@ g+= adf]lhd

5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{ cfPkl5 jf
cjlw gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] o;
cbfntsf] cfb]z .
o;df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6
ldlt @)%).!.!( df cfb]z ePsf] lgif]wf1f
d'2fsf] /]s8{ ldl;n g} pQm cbfntaf6 /
ldlt )%^.@.!# df sfjf;f]tL Onfsf jg
sfof{non] jg / gDa/L 5'6\ofO dfnkf]t
sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf k7fPsf] kq dfnkf]t
sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 dufO{ ;fd]n u/L k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]zL ;"rLdf r9L k]z
ePsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ldl;n sfuhft ;d]t
cWoog ul/of] . k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/bs'df/ v8\sfn]
dfnkf]t sfof{non] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhd u/]sf] lg0f{opk/
k'g/fj]bgsf] /f]xaf6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] d'2f
lsgf/f ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . o; ljifodf l;4fGt
;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] 5 . dfnkf]t P]g,
@)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o pk/
k'g/fj]bgsf] dfu{sf] Joj:yf gePsf]n]
k|ToyL{x? l/6 If]qdf k|j]z ug'{ kg]{df
k'g/fj]bs unt dfu{ k|j]z u/L ;f] k'g/fj]bg
;['g]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf
ab/ x'g kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfx? uf]s0f{ l;+x yfkf / u0f]z
lg/f}nfn] ljjfbsf] hUuf dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$
sf] bkmf @$ cGtu{tsf] eGg] slx+st} ljjfb
5}g, ljjfb ug]{n] klg cfkm\gf] ef]usf] eg]sf
5g\ . ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs eGg ;s]sf
5}gg . ljjflbt hUuf k/fk"j{b]lv xfd|f] kIfsf]
xs ef]u lt/f] e/f]sf] hUuf ePsf] ;f] hUuf
k"j{ ef]usf gftfn] dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf]
bkmf &-@_ adf]lhd btf{ ul/kfpFm egL lgj]bg
lbPsf]df ;f] pk/ sf/jfxL x'+bf ;DalGwt jg
sfof{no ;d]tdf jgIf]q leq k5{ kb}{g <
egL kqfrf/ sf/jfxL ;d]t x'Fbf jgIf]q leq
gkg]{ pNn]v eO{ cfPsf] gftfaf6 hUuf btf{

ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] . dfnkf]t sfof{no
cfkm}n] ;a'b k|df0f a'emL btf{ u/L ;s]sf]
ljifonfO{ cfkm}n] ab/ ug{ sfg"gtM Gofo
;+ut geO{ o; cbfntaf6 k|ltkfbg ePsf]
l;4fGtx? ;d]t cg'?k gx'[+bf dfnkf]t
sfof{no sfjf;f]tLsf] lg0f{o sfg"g;+ut ge}
k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnaf6 ePsf] km};nf
sfg"g;+ut x'+bf ;b/ xf]; eGg] ;d]t ax;
ug'{ eof] .
kIf ljkIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLx?n]
ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; lhsL/ ;'gL,
k'g/fj]bgkq ;lxtsf] ldl;n sfuhft
cWoog u/L, x]bf{ k|:t't d'2fdf b]xfosf
k|Zgx?df s]lGb|t /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g
cfPsf] 5 .
!=
5'6 btf{sf] k|lqmofaf6 dfnkf]t

sfof{no cfkm}n] Ps k6s JolQm
ljz]ifsf gfpFdf btf{ u/]sf hUufx?sf]
k'gM ;f]xL sfof{nonfO{ btf{ ab/ ug{
kfpg] If]qflwsf/ /xG5, /xb}Gf <
@= k'g/fj]bg cbfnt a'6jnsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bssf]
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] xf]Og <
@=
klxnf] k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf
larf/ ubf{, ldlt @)!(.&.* sf] kfl/t
lnvtaf6 xs eO{ ;f]xL avtb]lv ef]urng
ub}{ cfPsf] ljjfbsf hUufx? ;e]{ gfkLsf]
qmddf btf{ u/fpg 5'6 ePsf]n] 5'6 btf{
ul/kfpFm egL k|ToyL{x?af6 @)#( ;fn b]lvg}
dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Ldf lgj]bg lbO{
;f] ;dob]lv lg/Gt/ hUuf btf{sf] sf/jfxLdf
nfuL /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL sf/jfxLsf]
qmddf pQm hUuf jg ;Ldf (Demarcation)
eGbf aflx/ kg]{ egL n'lDagL jg l8lehg
sfof{non] @)$@.!.( sf] kqaf6 hfgsf/L
u/fPsf] / jg a;f]jf; clwsf/ ;DkGg
cfof]uaf6 klg lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]
5 . o;/L jg sfof{non] jg ;Ldf eGbf
aflx/ kg]{ eGg] hfgsf/L lbPkl5 dfnkf]t
1210
sfof{non] dfnkf]t ljefusf] ;xdlt lnO{

@)$( ;fndf afp08L gfkgS;f u/fPsf] /
;f] gS;fcg';f/ ;fljs xsef]usf] k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df btf{ u/L lbg' egL tTsfnLg >L %
sf] ;/sf/af6 @)$(.!.#! df lg0f{o ePsf]
cfwf/df sf/jfxL cl3 a9]sf]df dfnkf]t
ljefu x'b} dGqfno;Dd k'uL ldlt
@)%#.&.!$ df 5'6 btf{ ;ldltdf /fvL
gfkhfFr u/fO{ btf{ ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
#=
o; k|lqmofaf6 ;ldlt;dIf
k]z ePsf]df ljjflbt hUuf 5'6 btf{ ug{
gldNg] egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltaf6 ldlt
@)%#.!!.!@ df l;kmfl/z e} ;f]xLadf]lhd
dfnkf]t sfof{no gjnk/f;Laf6 @)%#.!!.@)
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{nosf]
pQm lg0f{opk/ k|ToyL{ So"k|;fb a:ofn
;d]tsf] o; cbfntdf pTk|]if0f tyf
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpg lgj]bg
k/L ;Djt\ @)%# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=@&&! sf]
lgj]bgjf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] pQm
)%#.!!.@) sf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ e} lgj]bsx?n] k]z u/]sf /flhgfdf
;d]tsf ;fljs xs ef]usf k|df0fx?sf]
d"Nofs+g u/L sfg"gadf]lhd lg0f{o ug'{ egL
k/dfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x/L ldlt @)%$.!!.!@
df lg0f{o ePsf] b]lvof] .
$=
o; cbfntaf6 k/dfb]z
hf/L ePkl5 k'gM z'? ePsf] 5'6 hUuf
btf{sf] sf/jfxLsf] qmddf ;DAflGwt
uf=lj=;=sf] l;kmfl/z lnO{, gfkL zfvf / jg
sfof{no ;d]t a'emL, :ynut ;h{ldg / gfk
gS;f u/fpg] ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L
5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldlt ;dIf k]z ePsf]df ;f]
;ldltaf6 5'6 btf{ dfu ul/Psf hUufx? jg
;Ldfleq gkg]{ tyf cGo ;/sf/L ;fj{hlgs
hUuf ;d]t geO{ lgj]bsx?sf] /flhgfdf /
;fljs, xsef]u leqsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] 7x/
lgisif{;lxt 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] nflu ldlt
@)%%.(.@! df l;kmfl/z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
;ldltsf] pQm l;kmfl/z ;d]tsf] cfwf/df
dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 ldlt

@)%&.!.!( / @)%&.@.!* df ljjfbsf
hUufx? 5'6 btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] b]lvof] .
5'6 btf{adf]lhd k|ToyL{ So"k|;fb a:ofn
;d]tn] hUufwgL k|df0fk"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf]
eGg] klg b]lvG5 .
%=
o;/L k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t
sfof{no sfjf;f]tLn] o; cbfntaf6 hf/L
ePsf] k/dfb]z cg';f/ k|rlnt dfnkf]t P]g
/ lgodadf]lhdsf] ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof k"/f u/L
k|ToyL{x?n] 5'6 btf{sf] nflu dfu u/]sf
ljjfbsf hUuf lghx?sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf
;d]tsf ;fljs xs ef]usf k|Dff0fx?;+u
ldNg le8\g cfPsf], Pj+ ;/sf/L / ;fj{hlgs
tyf jgIf]q leqsf] hUuf gePsf] egL 5'6
hUuf btf{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfnkf]t sfof{non]
u/]sf] pQm 5'6 hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{opk/
sfg"gadf]lhd ;Ifd lgsfodf sf]xL s;}sf]
ph"/ jfh"/ k/L ;f] lg0f{o ab/ jfltn eP
u/fPsf] ;d]t b]lvg cfpFb}g . cyf{t pQm
5'6 btf{sf] lg0f{o clGtd e} a;]sf] b]lvG5 .
^=
ldlt
@)%&.!.!(
/
@)%&.@.!* sf] lg0f{o clGtd eP/ a;]sf]
cj:yfdf pQm lg0f{ox? clgoldt ePsf]
egL k/]sf] ph"/Ldf ljleGg lgsfoaf6 ePsf
5fgaLgcg';f/ eGb} ldlt @)%&.!).!! df
btf{ ab/ tkm{sf] sf/jfxL k|f/De u/L dfnkf]t
P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ nfO{ l;/fg xfnL
ldlt @)%*.%.!! df dfnkf]t sfof{no
sfjf;f]tLaf6 cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{ox? ab/ u/L
k|ToyL{x?sf gfpFsf] btf{ nut sf u/L lrQ
ga'em] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg ug{
hfg' egL ;'gfPsf] b]lvG5 .
&=
ljjflbt hUuf 5'6 btf{ ug]{
u/L cl3af6 ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 ePsf
lg0f{ox? ab/ ubf{ d'VotM jgIf]q leq kg]{ xf]
xf]Og egL osLg gul/Psf], eGg] ;d]tsf]
cfwf/x? u|x0f ul/Psf] b]lvPsf] 5 .
*=
ljjfbsf hUufx? jgIf]q
leq kg]{ xf]Og egL osLg u/L gfkgS;f
tof/ kf/]sf] b]lvPg eGg] lg0f{ofwf/ :jo+df
1211
ck"0f{ b]lvG5 . sf/jfxLsf] qmddf dfnkf]t

sfof{no sfjf;f]tLaf6 )%%.!!.^ df jg
sfof{nosf] k|ltlglw;d]t /fvL ;h{ldg ePsf]
Pj+ gfkLn] ef]u a;f]af;sf cfwf/df tof/
kf/]sf] gfkgS;f / lkmN8a's ;d]tsf cfwf/
b]vfO{ 5'6 btf{sf] lg0f{o ePsf]df ;f] lg0f{o
ab/ ubf{ k"j{ lg0f{odf cfwf/ lnOPsf
s'/fnfO{ v08g ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g . To;} u/L
of] o; cfwf/ k|df0faf6 ljjflbt hUuf
jg;Ldf leq kg]{ xf] eGg] :ki6 / j:t'lgi7
cfwf/ ;d]t lg0f{odf v'nfpg g;s]sf] dfq
xf]Og, ljjfbsf] hUuf jg ;Ldfleq kg]{ /
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xf] egL lg0f{ofwf/
af]Ng ;s]sf] ;d]t b]lvPg .
(=
ljjflbt hUufdf k|ToyL{
lgj]bsx?sf] ef]u /x]sf] eGg] tYonfO{
lg0f{odf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] lgj]bsn]
kfl/t /flhgfdf adf]lhd bfjL u/]sf] hUuf
ljjfbsf] hUuf geO{ of] o; 7fpFsf] hUuf xf]
/ ;f] hUuf btf{ u/fO{ ;s]sf] 5 eGg] cfwf/
;d]t k|:t't ug{ g;s]af6 5'6 hUuf btf{sf]
lg0f{o ab/ ul/Psf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{onfO{ tYo /
k|Dff0fdf cfwfl/t sfg"g;Ddt lg0f{o eGg
;lsg] s'g} cfwf/ b]lvPsf] 5}g .
;"rgfadf]lhd bfjL lj/f]w ug]{ lgj]bsx?af6
7f]; k|Dff0f k]z x'g gcfPsf] eGg] dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] lg0f{ofwf/ ;d]t tYoo'Qm b]lvb}g
. lgj]bsx?n] cfkm\gf] xs ef]usf k|df0f /fvL
;f]xL cfwf/df ;f]xL sfof{noaf6 Ps k6s
5'6 hUuf btf{sf] lg0f{o u/L ;s]sf] cj:yfdf
pQm k"j{ lg0f{o q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] egL To;nfO{
ab/ ug{ cu|;/tf lng] kIfn] g} To; s'/fsf]
k'i6\ofO{ lbg' kb{5 .
!)= o;sf cltl/Qm dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 ePsf] pQm lg0f{o ab/ ubf{
k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{
cfkm\gf] lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL clwsf/
gePsf] eGg] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ cjnDag u/]sf]
kfOG5 . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 u|x0f ul/Psf]
;f] lg0f{ofwf/ v08g x'g] s'g} :ki6 cfwf/
k'g/fj]bsn] o; cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg
kqdf k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvb}Gf .

k'g/fj]bgsf] k|s/0f -h_ df jf:tljs ?kdf
hf]tef]u ug]{ JolQmx?n] of] lg0f{osf] rf}tkmL{
lj/f]w u/]sf] eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] kfOPaf6
hUuf cfjfb ePsf]df ljjfb gePsf] /
ljjfb hf]t ef]u ug]{x? aLrsf] ePsf] eGg]
b]lvg cfpFb5 .
!!=
;fdfGotM
Goflos
jf
cw{Goflos clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ cbfnt jf
Goflos Pj+ cw{ Goflos lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf]
lg0f{o cfkm} ab/ ug{ kfpg] If]qflwsf/ x'Fb}g .
lg0f{o clGtdtf (Finality of Decision) sf]
l;4fGTfn] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o k6s k6s km]g{ gx'g]
dfGotfsf] k[i7kf]if0f u/]sf] x'G5 . olb o;
k|sf/sf] aGb]h jf /f]s gx'g] xf] eg] Goflos
k|lqmof slxNo} cGtM geO{ cgGtsfn;Dd
rln/xg] x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ ljjfbsf] slxNo}
;dfwfg geO{ Goflos k|lqmof g} clglZRft /
cGtxLg aGg k'Ub5 . t/ Goflos k|lqmofdf
s]xL ckjfbfTds cj:yfx? klg /x]sf, b'O{
kIf ldnL d'2f u/L hLtxf/, ldnfkq jf
l8;ld; u/fPsf] sf/0faf6 s'g} t];|f] kIfsf]
xs uPsf] cj:yfdf c=j+= *^ g+= adf]lhd
pxL cbfntdf km};nf ab/df gfn]z ug{
kfOG5 . To;} u/L ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] Ps k6s
u/]sf] km};nf lglZrt cfwf/df k'g/fjnf]sg
x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$*
sf] bkmf !! df ul/Psf] 5 . k'g/fj]bg k/L
pN6g]b]lv afx]s Ps} txsf] cbfnt jf cw{
Goflos lgsfon] Ps k6s cfkm"n] u/]sf]
lg0f{o jf km};nf sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf /
k|lqmofafx]s cfkm} ab/ ug{ ;Sb}g . ;DalGwt
kIfx?nfO{ aGwgsf/L x'G5 . of] sfg"gsf]
;jf]{k/L l;4fGt xf] / of] xfd|f] Gofo k|0ffnLn]
klg cg'z/0f u/L cfPsf] ljifo xf] .
!@=
dfnkf]t sfof{no Goflos
lgsfo ge} cw{ Goflos lgsfo xf] eGg]df
ljjfb 5}g . cw{ Goflos lgsfon] klg s;}sf]
xs lxtdf c;/ kg]{ u/L lg0f{o ubf{ Goflos
k|lqmof g} cjnDAfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . of]
sfof{non] klg sfg"Gfadf]lhd k|bQ
1212
If]qflwsf/ g} k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . cbfntx?nfO{

lglZrt cfwf/ / cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] km};nf
cfkm}n] ab/ ug{ kfpg] u/L sfg"gn] clwsf/
lbP h:tf] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ hUuf btf{
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ul7t 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf]
cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ ug{ kfpg] clVtof/L
s'g} klg sfg"gn] k|bfg u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5}g .
Ps k6s cfkm}n] ;Dk"0f{ k|df0f a'emL To;sf]
d"Nofs+gaf6 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/L
;s]kl5 k'gM To;nfO{ ab/ ug{ ;Sg]
If]qflwsf/ dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ n] dfnkf]t
sfof{nonfO{ glbPsf]n] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o cfkm}n]
ab/ ug{ gkfpg] egL o; cbfntaf6 g]sfk
, @)%), c $, k[i7 @@*, lg=g+=$&#@ /
g]sfk @)%^, c $, k[i7 @$% lg=g+= ^^(^
df l;4fGt ;d]t k|ltkfbg ePsf] b]lvPsf]
x'Fbf pQm l;4fGt;+u c;xdt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf
/ sf/0f oxfF b]lvb}g .
!#=
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf
@$ n] dfnkf]t sfof{nonfO{ To; k|sf/sf]
clwsf/ lbPsf] eGg] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]
b]lvP klg pQm bkmfsf] k|of]u uf]Zjf/f
cfwf/df ge} j:t'lgi6 ?kdf k|dfl0ft x'g
cfPsf] ljifodf dfq ug'{ kb{5 . pQm bkmfsf]
cf8df dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;a'b k|df0fsf]
cfwf/df sfg"gadf]lhd cfkm"n] u/]sf k"j{
lg0f{ox? kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg kfpF5 egL JofVof
ug]{ xf] eg] hUuf btf{ ;DAfGwdf dfnkf]t
sfof{noaf6 x'g] s'g} lg0f{osf] :yfloTj sfod
/xg ;Sg] b]lvb}g . To;}n] bkmf @$ sf] k|of]u
j:t'ut cfwf/df To:tf] ljifoj:t' b]lv+Pdf
dfq x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5, h'g oxfF ePsf] kfOb}g .
!$= dfly k|s/0f k|s/0fdf
ljZn]if0f ePadf]lhd k'g/fj]bs dfnkf]t
sfof{non] cfkm\gf] k"j{ lg0f{o ab/ u/L bkmf
@$ cGt{ut egL ul/Psf] lg0f{odf ;d]t
ljjfbsf] hUuf lgj]bsx?sf] xsef]usf] geO{
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] 7f];, :ki6 /
j:t'lgi7 cfwf/ pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] cj:yf
5}g / jiff}{b]lv pQm hUuf cfjfb u/L ef]u
rng e} cfPsf] eGg] b]lvPsf]df bkmf @(

adf]lhd cfjfb aFem\ofO{ ;/sf/L jf
;fj{hlgs hUuf cfjfb ug]{ k|ToyL{x?nfO{
;hfo ul/Psf] eGg] ;d]t pQm lg0f{oaf6
gb]lvPaf6 dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$
sf] k"jf{j:yf k|dfl0ft ePsf] b]lvPGf .
!%=
k'g/fj]bg kqdf d'VotM
dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ sf] bkmf @$-@_ sf] ljifo
p7fOPsf] / o; cbfntaf6 c=j+= @)@ g+=
adf]lhd k|ToyL{ lemsfpFbf ;d]t ;f]xL sfg"gL
Joj:yfsf] JofVofsf] k|Zg /x]sf] eGg] cfwf/
lnPsf] b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} k'g/fj]bs
tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmfn] o;
cbfntaf6 g]sfk @)^!, k[i7 ^(( df
k|ltkflbt l;4fGTfsf cfwf/df dfnkf]t
sfof{non] bkmf @$ cGt{ut u/]sf] lg0f{odf
k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg ;Sb}g
eGg] ;d]t ax; lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOPsf]n]
To;tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; cbfntaf6 lg0f{o e}
g]sfk @)^!, c 5, k[i7 ^((, lg=g+=&#(!
df k|ltkflbt l;4fGt dfnkf]t P]g, @)#$ df
kfFrf} ;+zf]wg x'g' k"j{sf] bkmf @$ sf] pkbkmf
-$_ sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ;Gbe{nfO{ lnP/
ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] P]gdf ePsf] kfFrf}
;+zf]wgaf6 bkmf, @$, @( / #! ;d]tdf
kl/jt{g x'g'sf ;fy} bkmf @$ ;+zf]wg eO{ ;f]
bkmfdf tLg j6f pkbkmf dfq sfod /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . b[i6fGt lbOPsf] d'2fsf] tYout
ljifoj:t' / JofVof ePsf] sfg"gL k|Zg /
k|:t't d'2fsf] tYout / sfg"gL cj:yf klg
;dfg g/xL leGg leGg /x]sf] b]lvPsf]
cj:yf / l:yltdf pQm d'2fdf k|ltkflbt
l;4fGt k|:t't d'2fdf cfs{lift x'g ;Sg]
gb]lvPsf]n]
k'g/fj]bs
tkm{sf
pkGofoflwjQmfsf] ax; lhsL/;+u ;xdt x'g
;lsPg .
!^=
To;} u/L bkmf @$ n]
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf btf{ / cfjfb
ug{df lgif]w u/]sf] / s;}n] To:tf] hUuf btf{
u/] u/fPdf btf{ ab/ ug]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf
;d]6L bkmf @( df To;/L cfjfb u/]sf]
1213
;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf aFem\ofO{ cfjfb

ug]{nfO{ ;hfo ug]{ Joj:yf ;d]t /x]sf]
kfOG5 . o;/L x]bf{ bkmf @$ df lgif]wfTds /
bkmf @( df b08fTds Joj:yf e} b'j} bkmfx?
k/:k/ ;DalGwt / kl/k"/ssf ?kdf /x]sf]
cj:yf 5 . k|:t't ljjfbdf lgj]bsx?n]
k/fk"j{ sfnb]lv ljjfbsf] hUuf ef]u cfjfb
u/L a;f]af; ;d]t ub}{ cfPsf] eGg] tYo
dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] kl5Nnf] lg0f{odf ;d]t
:jLsfl/Psf] 5 . olb ljjfbsf] hUuf ;/sf/L
jf ;fj{hlgs xf] eGg] lgisif{df k'uL btf{
ab/ ug]{ xf] eg] dfnkf]t sfof{non] ;/sf/L
jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf osLg lg0f{o u/L ;f]
hUUffdf /x]sf] cfjfbnfO{ aem\FofO{ sfg"Gfn]
lgif]w u/]sf] ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf
cfjfb ug]{ lgj]bsx?nfO{ bkmf @( adf]lhd
;hfo ;d]t x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /xG5 . bkmf @(
pk/sf] sf/jfxLdf P]gsf] bkmf #! adf]lhd
k'g/fj]bg nfUg] eGg] ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] :ki6
Joj:yf /x]af6 bkmf @$ nfO{ dfq Psf+sL
?kdf x]/L k'g/fj]bg gnfUg] eGg ldNg]
b]lvPg .
!&=
k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf
ldn]sf] 5, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bssf] k'g/fj]bg
lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf], xf]Og eGg] lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
clGtd k|Zgsf ;DjGwdf ljrf/ ubf{, dfly
k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] tYo, sfg"g /
k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0ffTds
cfwf/ sf/0fjf6 dfnkf]t sfof{nojf6 Ps
k6s 5'6 hUuf btf{ ug]{ u/L ePsf] lg0f{o
k'gM ;f]xL sfof{nonfO{ ab/ ug]{ :ki6 sfg"gL
cfwf/ gb]lvPsf] / ljjflbt hUufx?
k|ToyL{x?n] kfl/t /flhgfdfjf6 xs k|fKt
u/]sf] ;fljs xs ef]u k|df0fleqsf] ePsf]
egL 5'6 hUuf btf{ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf
btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf]df jg ;Ldfleq gkg]{
egL :ki6 osLg gu/L ePsf] eGg] ;d]tsf]
sf/0f b]vfO{ lghx?sf gfddf 5'6 hUuf btf{
ug]{ u/L ePsf] cfkm\gf] klxn]sf] lg0f{o ab/
ug]{ u/L dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLjf6 ldlt
@)%*.%.!! df ePsf] lg0f{o sfg"g ;+ut
gePsf]n] ljkIfL So"k|;fb a:ofn ;d]tsf]

xsdf ab/ x'g] 7x5{ egL k'g/fj]bg cbfnt
a'6jnaf6 ldlt @)^).!@.!!.$ df ePsf]
km};nf dgfl;j b]lvbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ .
k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf]
bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/
u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .
pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5" .
Gof= s[i0fk|;fb pkfWofo
Olt ;+jt\ @)^% ;fn df3 @! ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[t M v8\u/fh clwsf/L

lg0f{o g+= *!(*
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L /0faxfb'/ ad
2064 WO - 0870/2419/2800/3537
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@#

d'2fM pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf=lh= Or'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f
g+= * a:g] dgf]x/ a~hf/f ;d]t
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn ;/sf/, ef}lts of]hgf tyf
lgdf{0f dGqfno ;d]t
cfkm"xnfO{ k/]sf] kL/ dsf{sf] sfg"gL
;+/If0ffy{ lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf]
cj:yfdf vfnL ;do tTj -Time
Factor_ g} lg0f{fos dfGg sfg"g tyf
Gofosf] /f]xdf gldNg] .
7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf Pp6f If]qsf
afl;Gbfsf] 3/ a;f]af; / ;DklQdf c;/
kg{;Sg] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf]
1214
?kdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] d'2f ljnDjsf]

cfwf/df vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm geO{ d'2fsf]
tYoleq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ g}
Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm x'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=@_
ljsf;
cfof]hgfdf
;fdfGotof
;xdltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x ubf{ ;xdltsf]
;sf/fTds pkl:ylt cfjZos ePsfn]
k|zf;lgs :t/df lj/f]w geP ;xdlt
ePsf] a'em\g] sfo{z}nL ljsf; of]hgfsf
nflu :yfgLo JolQmxsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u
Pj+ ;fy{s ;xeflutf cfjZos kg]{
cj:yfdf pko'Qm gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=(_
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogkl5 ljsl;t /
;'ljwfhgs cj:yfdf 38]/L lkmtf{ x'g]
eO{ ;f]sf] k|ltkmndf cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o;sf] Jooef/
ljt/0f ug]{ lx;fjn] hUufwgLx;Fu
To;afktsf] of]ubfg dflug] x'Fbf sfg"g /
:jLs[t dfkb08cGtu{t ul/g] o:tf]
k|lqmofdf JolQmut c;xdltsf sf/0f
;fj{hlgs xs ;/f]sf/sf] cfof]hgfnfO{
k|efljt ug{ gldNg] .
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5 ljsl;t
38]/Lx
;dfg'kflts
cfwf/df
hUufwgLxnfO{ g} lkmtf{ ul/g] x'gfn]
lgj]bsxnfO{ dfq ljz]if e]befj, dsf{
kf/]sf] eGg] cj:yf geO{ cfof]hgfaf6
k|efljt x'g] ;a}sf xsdf ;f]xL dfkb08
nfu" x'g] x'Fbf cGoyf eGg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=!!_
cfwf/e"t ?kdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;xdlt
gePsf] eGg] :ki6 ePdf afx]s ;xdlt
x'g] jf gx'g] aLrsf] Gsf] k|s[ltdf
cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug{ gx'g] .
-k|s/0f g+=!@_
lgj]bs
tkm{af6Mljfg
clwjQmfxo
/d0fs'df/ >]i7 / O{Zj/Lk|;fb e/fO
ljkIfL
tkm{af6M ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf

7f]sk|;fb l;jfsf]6L Pj+ ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmfo xl/x/ bfxfn / >L
Zofdk|;fb v/]n, tyf ljfg
clwjQmfx d'lQm k|wfg, /fdx/L
Gof}kfg], afns[i0f Gof}kfg] / ab|Lgfy
zdf{
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
d'n'sL P]g c=j+= (@
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf #
hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)& adf]lhd
o;} cbfntsf] If]qflwsf/sf] eO{ k]z x'g
cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo /
7x/ o;k|sf/ 5M
lgj]bsx
sf=lh=Or+u'gf/fo0f
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * cGtu{tsf laleGg
ls=g+= sf hUufwgLx xf}+ . plNnlvt
hUufxsf] xs :jfldTj xfdLdf /x]sf] 5 .
k|rlnt sfg"gsf] clwgdf /xL plNnlvt
hUufxsf] ef]urng ug{ kfpg] lgj]bsxsf]
k"0f{ xs /x]sf] 5 . xfdL sltko lgj]bsx
3/jf;s} ?kdf / sltko lgj]bsx cGo
k|sf/n] cfcfkm\gf] 3/ hUufsf] lgjf{w
pkef]u ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf ljjfb 5}g .
lgj]bsxsf]
3/jf;
38]/L
nufotdf pkef]u u/L /x]sf] Or+u'gf/fo0f
uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * cGtu{tsf] k"j{
;fljs jfnfh' j8f g+= ^= klZrd ;fljs
afnfh', ( g+= pQ/ gfufh'{g h+un / blIf0f
;fljs afnfh' % / ^ leq kg]{ hUufxsf]
PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ k|of]hgsf
nflu ldlt @)^).*.@# sf] uf]/vf kqdf
;"rgf k|sflzt ul/Psf] /x]5 . ;f] ;DaGwdf
oyfy{ a'em\bf :yfgLo hUuf pkef]Qmfxsf]
;xdlt lagf s]xL ;Lldt JolQmxsf] ;xof]u
lnO{ ;fljsb]lvsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbf g}
1215
lj:yflkt x'g] u/L rsf]{ k|ltztdf hUuf

PsLs/0f ug{ laleGg k|lqmofx cl3 a9fPsf]
hfgsf/L kfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfsf] Dofb} leq
lgj]bsx
nufotsf
:yfgLo
3/
hUufwgLxn] pQm kl/of]hgf ;~rfngk|lt
c;xdlt k|s6 ub}{ k|ToyL{ sf7df8f}F pkTosf
gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt ;dIf lgj]bg lbPsf
lyof} . lgj]bs nufot :yfgLo jfl;Gbf /
clwsf+z hUufwgLxsf] c;xdlt /x]sf]
Joxf]/fsf] k6sk6ssf] ph"/Lsf] jfjh"b klg
;Lldt JolQmxsf] lglxt :jfy{ cg'k
u'kr'kdf slyt pkef]Qmf ;ldlt agfO{
To;}sf] ;xof]udf cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{
k|lqmofut sfo{x cufl8 a9fpFb} /x]sf]
hfgsf/L kfO{ ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df tTsfn
pknAw /x]sf @%^ hgf hUufwgLxn]
k|ToyL{ dGqfnosf ;lrj;dIf cfof]hgf /2
ug{ lgj]bg lbPsf lyof}+ . :yfgLo
Or+u'gf/fo0f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt
@)^#.%.@& sf] ufpF kl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 ;d]t
pQm cfof]hgf /4 ug{ ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o u/L
k|ToyL{ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf
kqfrf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . k6sk6s :yfgLo
jfl;Gbfxaf6 cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf
c;xdlt hgfpFbf hgfpFb} klg gu/ ljsf;
P]g tyf cGo k|rlnt sfg"gL Joj:yf
;d]tsf] ljk/Lt x'g] u/L cfof]hgf :jLs[t
ePsf] ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf ldlt
@)^#.^.#) df k|sflzt eP5 . tTkZrft\
lgj]bsx nufotsf JolQmxsf] hUuf lsQf
sfod ug{ n]vL k7fpg] nufotsf sfdx
;d]t cl3 al9/x]sf] / hUufxdf ef}lts
;+/rgfx;d]t eTsfpg] ljufg]{ nufot
sfo{x x'Fb}5 eGg] xNnf ;'gL k|ToyL{ gu/
ljsf; ;ldlt ;dIf ;f] cfof]hgf;DaGwL
cfjZos sfuhft dfu ubf{ pknAw
gu/fPsf]n] k|ToyL{ dGqfnoaf6 pknAw
u/fOP;Ddsf l6Kk0fL cfb]z tyf lg0f{o
nufotsf sfuhsf] ldlt @)^$.!!.!%
;d]tdf gSsn lnO{ Joxf]/f yfxf hfgsf/L
x'g cfof] .
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf

!@=!=@ df gu/ of]hgf If]q leqsf] s'g}
efudf sDtLdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf
df]xLxsf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ ;f] 7fpFdf x/]s
hUufsf lsQfxnfO{ PsLs/0f u/L ;f]
hUufdf gu/of]hgf cg'k ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf] ;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf
ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ljsl;t 38]/Lx ;fljss}
hUufwgL jf df]xLxnfO{ ;dfg'kflts
cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf u/L hUuf
PsLs/0f -Nof08 k'ln_ sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug]{ clwsf/ k|ToyL{ gu/ ljsf; ;ldltnfO{
k|Tofof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L hUufsf]
PsLs/0f ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
sDtLdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL tyf
df]xLxsf] ;xdlt lng] sfo{ k|ToyL{xaf6
x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . plNnlvt If]qdf cfof]hgfsf]
kIfdf lgj]bg lbg] hUufjfnf tyf df]xLxsf]
;+Vof !) k|ltzt eGbf a9L /x]s} 5}g .
sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] lglZrt dfkb08
ljk/Lt eP u/]sf] k|ToyL{xsf] sfd
sf/jfxLn] sfg"gL dfGotf kfpg g;Sg]
lglZrt 5 . plNnlvt hUufxdf ;of}+ lsQf
hUuf s]an 38]/L tyf 3/jf; k|of]hgsf]
lglDt dfq pkef]u eO/x]sf] 5, h'g
lsQfxaf6 Psftkm{ hUuf s6fO{ lsQf ;fgf]
kfg{ ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g eg] To;df yk cfly{s
of]ubfg u/L 38]/L lng ;Sg] x}l;ot
plNnlvt lsQf hUufsf hUufwgLx;Fu
5}g . o;/L k/fk"j{ b]lv a;f]af; u/L cfPsf
:yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] 7"nf] ;+Vof cfkm\gf]
jf;:yfgaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf]
5.
ljB't, 6]lnkmf]g / ;8s ;'ljwf
k|ofKt dfqdf /x]sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf :yfgLo
hgtfxsf] kxndf ;DkGg x'Fb} u/]sf] / 9n
lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;d]t kxn eO/x]sf] cj:yfdf
gu/ ljsf; of]hgf nfu' ug'{kg]{ cj:yf 5}g .
hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfngdf
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt u7g ubf{ :yfgLo
jfl;GbfxnfO{ hfgsf/L g} glbO{ :yfgLo
1216
hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] k|ltlglwTj g} x'g

g;Sg] u/L u'r'kdf u7g ul/Psf] 5 . slyt
pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ JolQmxn]
oyfoy{df :yfgLo hUufwgL / df]xLxsf]
k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . u'kr'k ?kdf ;Lldt
JolQmxsf] ;xeflutfdf u7g u/]sf]
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt Gofok"0f{ 5}g . jx';+Vos
:yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] ;dy{glagf
g} cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] k|lqmof cufl8
al9/x]sf] / cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ljifodf
kIf ljkIfaLr ljjfb cfO{ c;xh kl/l:ylt
pTkGg x'Fbf ;xdlt h'6fP/ cfof]hgfsf] sfd
ug]{ egL k|ToyL{ dGqfno cGtu{tsf] zx/L
ljsf; tyf ejg lgdf{0f laefuaf6 ;'emfj
;lxtsf] l6Kk0fL k]z ePsf]df ;f] ;'emf
adf]lhd klg s'g} sf/jfxL ePsf] 5}g .
k|ToyL{xn] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ elgPsf]
If]q g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfp6/ l//f]8 lgdf{0f
ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu /]vfg ul/Psf] If]q
kb{5 eGg] s'/f a'lemg cfPsf] 5 . pQm
l//f]8 lgdf{0f x'Fbf ;f];Fu @)) ld6/;Ddsf]
hUufx ;f]xL qmddf Knl6 ul/ 5'6\ofpg]
x'gfn] xfnsf] k|ToyL{ gu/ ljsf; ;ldltn]
;~rfng ug]{ eg]sf] cfof]hgfsf] sfo{
cf}lrTolxg 5 . cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{
;xdlt / c;xdlt h'6fpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu
egL k|ToyL{xaf6 s]an #% lbgsf] ;"rgf
klqsfdf k|sflzt ePs} cfwf/df ;f] ;"rgf
;a}n] yfxf kfp5g\ eGg ldNb}g . kqklqsfdf
k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{
yfxf eof] xf]nf eGg] cg'dfg u/L JolQmsf]
;DklQ cltqmd0f ug]{ xs To;}af6 k|fKt x'G5
eGg Gofo;+ut x'Fb}g .
t;y{ lgj]bsxsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !@, !(, / @&
;d]tf/f k|bQ ;+j}wflgs Pj+ df}lns xs Pj+
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@
;d]tf/f k|bQ sfg"gL xs clwsf/df ;d]t
cf3ft k'u]sfn] cGo k|efjsf/L a}slNks
pkrf/sf] cefjdf of] l/6 k]z u/]sf 5f}+ .
lgj]bsx nufot :yfgLo hUufwgL /
df]xLxsf] ;xdlt glnO{ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf

ckf/bzL{ 9+un] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf
PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf
k|ToyL{ pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltaf6
k|f/De ul/Psf] k|lqmof, k|sflzt laleGg
ldltsf ;"rgfx tyf ;f] cfof]hgf
:jLs[ltsf] nflu k|ToyL{ dGqfnodf k|:t't
ePsf] l6Kk0fL cfb]z Pj+ ldlt @)^#.^.! sf]
cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL lg0f{o cfb]z /
hUuf clwu|x0f;DaGwL ;"rgf nufot ;Dk"0f{
lg0f{o cfb]z ;"rgf Pj+ ;f]sf cfwf/df eP
u/]sf k|ToyL{xsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxLx
!)& adf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L
pQm lg0f{osf] cfwf/df k|ToyL{xf/f x'g
nfu]sf] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f
cfof]hgf ;DaGwL s'g}klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg'
tyf ;f] cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] l;nl;nfdf
lgj]bsxsf] 3/jf; tyf hUufxdf s'g}klg
k|sf/n] k|j]z ug]{ 8f]h/ Pj+ plNnlvt
hUufxsf] lgjf{w pkef]u Pj+ xs x:tfGt/0f
nufotsf] sfg"gadf]lhd pkef]u ug{ kfpg]
xsaf6 lgj]bsxnfO{ s'g} klg k|sf/n]
jl~rt gug'{ /f]s gnufpg' egL k|ToyL{xsf]
gfp+df k|ltz]wsf] cfb]z nufot cGo hf]
rflxg] pko'Qm cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ hf/L
ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd
6'f] gnfu];Dd lgj]bsx nufotsf
hUufxdf k|j]z u/L 8f]h/ nufO{ eTsfpg]
ljufg]{ cltqmd0f ug]{ ef}lts ;+/rgf kl/jt{g
ug]{ u/L s'g} klg sfo{ gug'{ gu/fpg' egL
k|ToyL{xsf] gfp+df ;jf]{Rr cbfnt
cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf]<lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf]
< of] cfb]z k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq
ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno
nufotsf
ljkIfLxsf
xsdf
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf]
sfof{nodfkm{t\
/
1217
Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f

cfof]hgf ;d]tsf ljkIfLxsf xsdf cfkm}+
jf cfkm\gf] sfg"gadf]lhdsf] k|ltlglwdfkm{t\
lnlvt hjfkm k7fpg' egL of] cfb]z / l/6
lgj]bgsf] Ps k|lt gSsn ;d]t ;fy} /fvL
ljkIfLxnfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ To;sf] af]wfy{
dxfGofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nodf k7fOlbg' .
lnlvt hjfkm cfPkl5 jf cjlw gf3]kl5
;'g'jfO{sf] lgldQ lgj]bs x]ddfof yfkf;d]t
lj?4 ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno
;d]t ePsf] @)^$ ;fnsf] l/6 g+= &(@ sf]
l/6 lgj]bg;d]t ;fy} /fvL lgodadf]lhd k]z
ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf] cfb]z .
/fli6o :t/sf] b}lgs klqsfdf #%
lbg] Dofb lbO{ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf tf]lsPsf]
rf/ lsNnf leq s'g} df]xL tyf hUufwgLsf]
s'g} c;xdlt eP tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq lnlvt
lgj]bg gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf lbg'xf]nf egL
;"rgf k|sflzt u/L laleGg cfof]hgf
;~rfng ePsf / ;~rfngdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{
cfof]hgfxsf] ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd sxL+
st}af6 s'g} k|Zg lrGx gp7]sf] x'Fbf
Or'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f
cfof]hgf bf]>f]_ ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf klg
o; Oh'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / * sf
s]xL hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] dfuadf]lhd
sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf
cWoIf tyf ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ldlt @)%(.#.@$ ut]
a;]sf] a}7sn] cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{
;DaGwdf lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . lg0f{ofg';f/
cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg] qmddf
:yfgLo ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g u/L
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@
adf]lhd rf/ lsNnf vf]nL ldlt @)^).*.@#
df hUufwgLxsf] ;xdlt, c;xdlt, /fo
;'emfj JolQmut ?kdf k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s
b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dej gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;}
;"rgff/f o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf
rf/ lsNnf leq cfkm\gf] hUuf kg]{ hUufwgL
jf df]xLsf] c;xdlt eP ;"rgf k|sflzt

ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq lbg' x'g hfgsf/L
u/fOG5 . ;f] cjlwleq s'g} c;xdlt k|fKt
gx'g] hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] o; sfo{qmd
k|lt ;xdlt /x]sf] 7flgg] 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] /fli6o :t/sf] klqsfdf ;"rgf
k|sflzt ul/Psf] / ;f] ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePkl5 pQm ;"rgfsf] Dofb leq ldlt
@)^).(.@* df ^* hgf hUufwgL tyf
df]xLxn] cfof]hgf l56f] ;DkGg xf];\ /
of]ubfg k|ltzt sd ul/of];\ eGg] h:tf dfu
/fvL lgj]bg;Dd k/]sf] t/ cfof]hgfdf
c;xdltsf] lgj]bg s;}sf] klg gk/]sf]n] ;f]
cfof]hgfnfO{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf k|lqmof
cufl8 a9fOPsf] xf] .
lgj]bsxsf] hUufx cltqmd0f ug]{
8f]h/ nuL 3/hUuf eTsfpg] cfz+sf ljBdfg
/x]sf] egL eGg] egfO{ lg/fwf/ 5 . lgdf{0f
ePsf 3/x s'g} klg gelTsg], sf]xL
lj:yflkt gx'g] cfof]hgfsf] gLlt g} /x]sf]
x'G5 . ;f] s'/fsf] k'li6 lj:t[t of]hgf th'{df
ubf{ :ynut ;e]{ u/L lgdf{0f e};s]sf 3/x
b]lvg] u/L gS;f tof/ ePsf] / s'g} klg 3/
geTsg] u/L af6f]x k|:tfj ePsf] 5 . s]xL
g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ P]g, @)^$ n]
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@=!=@ df
;+zf]wg u/L sDtLdf PsfpGg k|ltzt
hUufwgL / df]xLxsf] ;xdlt /x]df
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg] Joj:yf ePsf]
x'Fbf ;f] ;+zf]wg ePkZrft\ ldlt @)^$.%.!*
sf] uf]/vfkqdf dfq hUuf k|flKtsf] ;"rgf
k|sflzt ul/Paf6 klg sl/a ^!$ pkef]Qmf
/x]sf] cfof]hgfsf] ljifodf (^ hgf l/6
lgj]bsx, To;df klg sltko l/6
lgj]bsxn] l/6 lgj]bgdf cfkm\gf] d~h"/L
g/x]sf] s'/fsf] lnlvt hfgsf/L u/fO/x]sf
x'Fbf k|:t't lgj]bsxnfO{ l/6 lgj]bg bfo/
ug]{ xsb}of /x]sf] 5}g . o; l:yltdf &%
k|ltzt hUufwgL Pj+ df]xLxsf] ;xdlt
kfpg'kg]{ eGg] ljifodf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg
;fGble{s 5}g . sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/
1218
ljsf; ;ldltsf] ldlt @)^!.%.@! sf] j}7sn]

P]gsf] bkmf !@=!=@u tyf * adf]lhd To;
If]qsf] hUufdf @ aif{;Dd lsQfsf6 / ef}lts
kl/jt{g ug{ gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufO{ u/]sf]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ldlt @)^!.&.!# df
/fli6o:t/sf] klqsfdf ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf
k|sflzt u/L lsQfsf6 / ef}lts kl/jt{g
ug{;Dd gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufOPsf] xf] .
nfdf] ;do;Dd lsQfsf6 tyf ef}lts
kl/jt{gdf /f]s nufpFbf ;DalGwt hUufwgL
tyf df]xLxnfO{ dsf{ kg{ hfg] x'Fbf oyfzL3|
cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf ePsf] x'Fbf
pTk|]if0f nufotsf cfb]z vf/]h x'g'k5{ .
cfof]hgf :jLs[t x'Fbfsf] cj:yfdf
Jojl:yt 38]/L lgdf{0f u/L ;dfg'kflts
lx;fjn] ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLxnfO{
g} lkmtf{ ug]{u/L hUuf clwu|x0fsf] lg0f{o
ePsf] / ;f]xL cg';f/ g} sfof{Gjog x'g] x'Fbf
cfkm\gf] hUuf ef]urng ug{ kfpg]
lgj]bsxsf] clwsf/ ;j{bf ;'/lIft g} 5 .
pk/f]Qm u7g ug]{ ;DaGwdf /fli6o:t/sf]
b}lgs klqsfdf ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L uf=lj=;=
/ gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf k|ltlglwsf] /f]xj/df
k'gu{7g ePsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ u'kr'k /
c1ft :yfgdf u7g ul/Psf] egL slyt
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt eGg' cfkm}df skf]nslNkt
5 . hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfdf ljsl;t
38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOh )@@) eGbf
sd x'g] cj:yf / 3/ lgdf{0f ePsf] hUufdf
cfof]hgfsf] of]ubfg sf ubf{ k|fljlws
sf/0fn] hUuf yk ug'{kg]{ ePdf pkef]Qmfsf]
k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf ;xof]u ;ldlt pkef]Qmf
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zdf rng rNtLsf] d"No
eGbf lgs} sd d"No lnO{ ljsl;t 38]/L lbg]
tyf To:tf] /sd ls:tfaGbLdf a'emfpg
;lsg] / s'g} klg k|sf/n] /sd ltg{ g;lsg]
egL 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf ;xof]u
;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L x'g];Dd /fxt lbg] gLlt
/x]sf] x'Fbf o; cfof]hgfdf klg ;f]xL gLltnfO{
cg'z/0f ul/g] ePsf] x'Fbf cfof]hgfaf6 sf]xL
klg lj:yflkt gx'g] x'G5 / xfn;Dd ;DkGg
eO;s]sf / ;DkGg x'g] cj:yfsf s'g} klg

cfof]hgfaf6 sf]xL st} lj:yflkt gePsf]
oyfy{ cj:yf 5 .
;ft a'+b] ;xdlt sfof{Gjog ug]{tkm{
s'g} kxn gul/Psf] eGg] ;Gbe{df sf7df8f}F
pkTosf
gu/
ljsf;
;ldltaf6
;xdltc;xdlt kIf ## hgf k|ltlglw
k7fO{ lbg] u/L ldlt @)^#.^.@# df uf=lj=;=
nfO{ cg'/f]w ul/Psf] / uf=lj=;= n] ldlt
@)^#.^.@(
df
c;xdtdWo]sf
>L
u0f]zaxfb'/ nfdf xfn gjul7t ;xof]u
;ldltsf] cWoIf k|ltlglwTj ug'{x'G5 cGo
JolQmx klg laleGg k|sf/n] ;xdt eO
cfPsf] cj:yf 5 . tTsfnLg cj:yfdf
lgj]bsn] ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df ;"rgfsf] Dofb
eGbf sl/a @ aif{kl5 c;xdt kIfsf @%^
hgfdWo]sf clwsf+z hUufwgL tyf df]xLx
;xdlt hgfpFb} sf]xL Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf
/ sf]xL k'gu{l7t ;xof]u ;ldltdf /xL
cfof]hgf zL3| ;DkGg ug{ nflu k/]sf 5g\ .
s'g} klg sf/0faf6 cfof]hgf cjlw nlDjg'
eg]sf] ;DalGwt hUufwgL tyf df]xLxdf g}
cfly{s ef/ a9\g hfg] x'Fbf cGtl/d cfb]z
vf/]h x'g clwsf+z hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf]
lxtdf x'G5 . xfn} @)^$.!!.@( df pQm
cfof]hgfsf sl/a $)% hgf hUufwgL tyf
df]xLxn] cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ t'?Gt
lg/Gt/tf lbOof];\ egL ;xof]u ;ldltdfkm{t\
;Ddflgt cbfnt;dIf k]z ug{ lgj]bg k|fKt
x'g cfPsf] 5 . l/6 lgj]bsxn] ldlt
@)^).*.@# df cfof]hgfn] ;fj{hlgs
;"rgfdfkm{t\ tf]s]sf] ;doleq s'g} c;xdlt
k|s6 gu/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf ;a}
sfg"gL k|lqmof k"/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] af6f]sf]
/]vf+sg u/L af6f] vf]Ng] sfo{ eO/x]sf]
cj:yfdf l/6 If]qdf cg'lrt ljnDj u/L
k|j]z ug'{ ljnDjsf] l;4fGt ;d]tsf cfwf/df
l/6 vf/]h x'g'k5{ . ljsl;t 38]/L lkmtf{ lbg]
u/L gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !^
adf]lhd hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] k|lqmof
k"/f u/L cfof]hgfsf] gfddf hUuf clwu|x0f
1219
eO{ cfof]hgfsf] xs :jfldTjdf cfO{ ;a}

hUuf PsLs/0f u/L sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf
clwu|x0fsf
;"rgfsf]
%
dlxgfkZrft\ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg ljnDjsf]
l;4fGtn] klg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf]] sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf;
;ldltsf ;b:o ;lrj czf]sgfy pk|]tL,
cfof]hgf -bf];|f]_, P]hg cfof]hgfsf]
Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] tkm{af6 Ps}
ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} k|:t't ePsf] lnlvt
hjfkm .
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ qmddf #%
lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt ePkZrft\
tf]lsPsf] Dofb leq c;xdltsf] lgj]bg
gk/]sf] x'gfn] ;xh / kf/bzL{ 9+un]
cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg ;j{k|yd
hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] k|ltlglw d"ns
;+:yf cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf cfof]hgfsf] ;xof]u
-pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g u/L $ hgf k|ltlglw
Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf k7fO{ lbg gu/
ljsf; ;ldltaf6 ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= nfO{
@)^!.$.!% df kqfrf/ ePsf]df uf=lj=;= n]
hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] e]nf u/fO{
>L /fdjfj' nfdfsf] cWoIftfdf ;xof]u
-pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt u7g ug'{sf] ;fy}
Joj:yfkg pk;ldltdf $ hgf k|ltlglw
l;kmfl/z u/L ldlt @)^!.$.@* sf] kqaf6
gu/ ljsf; ;ldltdf n]vL k7fPsf] lyof] .
ldlt @)^#.@.@! df ePsf] & a'+b]
;Demf}tfcg'k cfof]hgfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
laleGg r/0fdf cfof]hgfsf kIf / ljkIfsf]
;xeflutfdf 5nkmn / cGt/lqmof ePsf] /
cGt/\lqmofaf6 & a'Fb] ;xdltnfO{ cg'z/0f
tyf sfof{Gjog ug{ cfof]hgf ;xof]u
-pkef]Qmf_ ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/z ;d]t
cfjZos x'g] / c;xdt kIfsf] k|d'v dfu
klg ;fljs ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_ ;ldlt e
x'g'kg]{ eGg] ePsf] x'Fbf cfof]hgf cufl8
a9fpg] qmddf @)^$.%.@$ ut] a;]sf]
Joj:yfkg pk;ldltn] ;f] ;ldlt e u/]sf]
x'Fbf ;Demf}tfcg';f/ ;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf

;ldlt_ k'gu{7g ug{ clgjfo{ ePsf] x'Fbf ;f]
k|of]hgsf nflu ldlt @)^$.^.@( /
@)^$.*.% df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L
cfof]hgf If]qdf ;DalGwt ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt
/ sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] pkl:yltdf hUufwgL tyf
df]xLsf] e]nfn] ;j{;Ddt 9+uaf6 ldlt
@)^$.*.* df ;xof]u ;ldlt k'gu{7g ePsf]
ljifonfO{ u'kr'kdf sf]7] j}7s u/L u7g
ePsf] eGg] lg/fwf/ xf] / ;f] gjul7t
;ldltsf] l;kmfl/zsf] cfwf/df ;xdltsf &
a'Fbfx sfof{Gjog x'g'sf] ;fy} pQm &
a'FbfdWo] a'Fbf g+= @ df sfg"gL /Lt k'ofO{Psf]
s'/fdf c;xdt kIf klg ;xdt 5g\ .
ljsl;t 38]/L lkmtf{ lbg] u/L gu/
ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !^ adf]lhd
hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ sf] k|lqmof k"/f u/L
cfof]hgfsf] gfddf hUuf clwu|x0f eO{
cfof]hgfsf] xs :jfldTjdf cfO{ ;a} hUuf
PsLs/0f u/L sfo{ k|f/De eO;s]sf]
cj:yfdf clwu|x0fsf] ;"rgfsf] % dlxgf
kZrft\ k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg ljnDjsf] l;4fGtn]
klg vf/]hefuL 5 eGg] ;d]t Or+u'gf/fo0f /fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf -bf];|f]_
pkef]Qmf -;xof]u_ ;ldltsf] lnlvt hjfkm .
g]kfn ;/sf/af6 ldlt @)^^.^.!
gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% adf]lhd
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] xf] .
pQm lg0f{ocg';f/ ;f] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{
ldlt @)^$.%.!* df Pp6} lsQf agfO{
ljlwjt\ gofF lsQf sfod u/L :yfgLo
jfl;GbfxnfO{ ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] hUuf lkmtf{
lbg] k|of]hgsf] nflu hUuf k|fKt ug]{ lg0f{o
eO{ uf]/vfkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt eO;s]sf]
5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt
hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgfaf6 gu/ ljsf;
P]g, @)$% df Jojl:yt ljBdfg sfg"gL
cfwf/ adf]lhd g} cfof]hgf ;~rfng ul/g] /
u/fpg] x'Fbf To;nfO{ cGoyf eof] eGg ;Sg]
1220
s'g} sfg"gL cfwf/;d]t g/x]sf]n] l/6

lgj]sbn] lnPsf] bfjL sfg"g;Ddt gx'Fbf
vf/]hefuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno tyf
ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqLsf] Ps}
ldnfgsf] 5'f5'} lnlvt hjfkm .
sf=lh= ;fljs jfnfh' &, *-s_ tyf
afnfh' *-v_ e} xfn Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;=
leq kg]{ s]xL lsQf hUufxdf hUuf
PsLs/0f sfo{qmd -Nof08 k'ln_ ;~rfng
ug]{ ;DaGwdf ljjflbt k|:t't d'2fdf ljkIfL
lgj]bsxn] o; sfof{no;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL
agfpg' ePsf] /x]5 . hUuf PsLs/0f
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{;DaGwL sfo{ gu/
ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf !@ adf]lhd
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf ;DalGwt gu/
ljsf; cfof]hgfaf6 g} x'g] / pQm sfo{df
o; sfof{nosf] s'g} k|ToIf ;+nUgtf gx'g]
ePsf]n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$%
adf]lhd
;DalGwt
hUuf
PsLs/0f
cfof]hgfaf6 ePsf] sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf k|:t't
d'2fdf ljkIfL lgj]bsxn] o; sfof{nonfO{
ljkIfL agfO{ /xg' kg]{ g} xf]Og . j];/f]sf/sf]
lgj]bgaf6 km';{b kfpFm eGg] ;d]t dfnkf]t
sfof{nosf] @)^%.!.@& sf] lnlvt hjfkm .
lgodadf]lhd b}lgs k];L ;"rLdf
r9L o; Ohnf; ;dIf k]z ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf lgj]bssftkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg
clwjQmfxo /d0fs'df/ >]i7 / O{Zj/Lk|;fb
e/fO{n] gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g, @)$% sf]
bkmf !@=!=@ adf]lhd hUuf PsLs/0f
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ &% k|ltzt :yfgLo
hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf] ;xdlt cfjZos
k5{ . ljkIfL cfof]hgfaf6 ;DalGwt hUufwgL
tyf df]xLaf6 ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{ s'g} k|of; g}
ePsf] 5}g . c;xdt x'g]xn] ph"/ ug'{egL
klqsfdf k|sflzt u/]sf] ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df
pgLxsf] :jLs[lt jf ;dy{g lnOPsf] egL
cy{ ug{ ldNb}g . cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] nflu
pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g tyf cfof]hgfsf]
;~rfng kf/bzL{ 5}g . :yfgLo JolQmaf6
:jLs[lt glnOPsf] tyf pgLxnfO{ cfjZos

gk/]sf] slyt hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf
lgj]bsxsf] lxt ljk/Lt ;d]t 5 .
lgj]bsxaf6 pgLxsf] xs :jfldTjsf]
hUuf clwu|x0f ul/g] / cfkm\g} hUuf lkmtf{
k|fKt ug{ klg cfof]hgfsf] vr{sf] nflu
of]ubfg ug'{kg]{ cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg]
csf]{lt/ cfof]hgfn] hUufsf] Go"gtd If]qkmn
tf]s]sf] x'Fbf sltko hUufwgLxn] cfkm\gf]
xs ef]usf] hUufaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ cj:yf
l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg
k|bQ ;fDklQs clwsf/ Pj+ gu/ ljsf;
;ldlt, P]gn] lgj]bsxnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf]
sfg"gL xs ljk/Lt x'Fbf ljjflbt cfof]hgf
u}/sfg"gL ePsf]n] lgj]bsxsf] dfuadf]lhd
l/6 hf/L x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{eof] .
k|ToyL{ ef}lts tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno
;d]t tkm{af6 ljfg ;xGofoflwjQmf
7f]sk|;fb l;jfsf]6L, Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_
hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgftkm{af6 ljfg al/i7
clwjQmf xl/x/ bfxfn tyf clwjQmf d'lQm
k|wfg, P]hgsf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlttkm{af6 ljfg
clwjQmf /fdx/L Gof}kfg] pkTosf gu/
ljsf; ;ldltsf] tkm{af6 ljfg jl/i7
clwjQmf
Zofdk|;fb
v/]n,
ljfg
clwjQmfx afns[i0f Gof}kfg] tyf ab|L gfy
zdf{n] Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f
cfof]hgf :yfgLo JolQmxsf] dfu cg';f/
pgLxsf] lxtdf gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]gn]
k|bfg u/]sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ;/sf/af6
lg0f{o eO{ ;~rflnt ePsf] cfof]hgf xf] .
gu/ ljsf; ;ldlt P]g @)$% sf] bkmf !@
cg';f/ :yfgLo JolQmxsf] ;xdlt k|fKt ug]{
k|of]hgsf] nflu cfof]hgfsf] tkm{af6
@)^).*.@# df ;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sflzt
ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd ;~rflnt ;Dk"0f{
cfof]hgfx oxL k|lqmof cGtu{t g} ;~rfng
ePsf 5g\ . k|To]s JolQm;Fu ;Dks{ u/L
5'f5'} ;xdlt lng c;Dej x'g] x'Fbf To;f]
ul/Psf] eGg] cfof]hgfsf] egfO{ 5 .
cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;Dk"0f{ hUufsf]
1221
If]qkmn Pj+ hUufwgLxsf] ;+Vofsf] t'ngfdf

cfof]hgfdf c;xdlt hgfO{ l/6 bfo/ ug{
cfpg] lgj]bsxsf] ;+Vof c;fWo Go"g 5 .
l/6 bfo/ ug]{ lgj]bsxdWo] klg sltkon]
d'2f lkmtf{sf] nflu lgj]bg lbO{ ;Sg' ePsf]
cj:yf 5 . x/]s cfof]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ JolQm
;xdt x'g'k5{ eGg ;lsb}g . s]xL JolQm
c;xdt ePs} sf/0fn] jx';+Vossf] lxtsf]
nflu ;/sf/n] sfg"g;Ddt 9+un] :jLs[t u/L
;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf] ljsf; of]hgfnfO{
cbfntaf6 /2 ug{ ldNb}g . s'g} klg
hUufwgLxn] cfof]hgfaf6 lj:yflkt x'g
gkg]{ Joj:yf ldnfPsf] eGg] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 :ki6 5 . ;DalGwt uf=lj=;= sf]
;lqmotfdf
/
pkef]Qmfsf]
Jofks
;xeflutfdf sfg"gadf]lhd ul7t pkef]Qmf
;ldlt sfg"g;Ddt 5 . hgtfsf]
ljsf;;DaGwL cfjZostf / sfg"gsf]
cf}lrTosf] cfwf/df ;d]t l/6 hf/L x'g]
cj:yf 5}g . cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt Pj+
;~rfng sfg"g;Ddt x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg hf/L
x'g'sf] cf}lrTo 5}g, vf/]h x'g'k5{ egL ax;
ug'{eof] .
OG;fkmtkm{ larf/ ubf{, xfdL
lgj]bsx ;d]tsf] 3/ a;f]af; ePsf]
Or+u'gf/fo0f uf=lj=;= j8f g+= & / *
cGtu{tsf] If]qdf gu/ ljsf; P]g @)$%
adf]lhd &% k|ltzt :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf
df]xLxsf] :jLs[ltdf hUuf PsLs/0f of]hgf
:jLs[t x'g ;Sg]df sfg"gL k|fjwfg ljk/Lt
lgj]bs;d]tsf :yfgLo JolQmxsf] ;xdlt
glnO{ Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf PsLs/0f
of]hgf :jLs[t u/L nfu' ug]{ qmddf /x]sf] 5
. 38]/L / 3/jf;sf] pkef]usf] nflu k|of]u
eO/x]sf] 38]/L s6fO{ cfO{ ;fgf] agfpg;Sg]
;Defjgf 5}g eGg] yk cfly{s of]ubfg u/L
38]/L lng ;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf lj:yflkt
x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g /
cfof]hgfsf]
;~rfngsf]
k|lqmofdf
sfg"g;Ddt / kf/blz{tf gePsf] Pj+ :yfgLo
pkef]Qmfxsf]
;fy{s
;xeflutf;d]t
gePsf] x'Fbf ljjflbt of]hgf ;~rfngaf6

gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% tyf g]kfnsf]
cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k|bQ ;fDklts
xsdf cltqmd0f ePsf]n] u}/sfg"gL 9+un]
:jLs[t ePsf] pQm hUuf PsLs/0f of]hgf
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]z hf/L eO{ vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL ePsf] k|:t't
l/6 lgj]bgdf cfof]hgfsf] :jLs[lt tyf
;~rfng sfg"g;Ddt 5 . pQm cfof]hgf
clwsfz+ :yfgLo hUufwgL tyf df]xLxsf]
;xdlt tyf pkef]Qmfxsf] ;xeflutfdf
;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo hUufwgL
s;}n] klg cfof]hgfsf] sf/0faf6 lj:yflkt
x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5}g . l/6 lgj]bg lg/fwf/ x'Fbf
vf/]h x'g'k5{ eGg] ;d]t ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt
hjfkm /x]sf] kfOof] .
cfh
lg0f{o ;'gfpg
tf/]v
tf]lsPsf]df b'a} kIfsf sfg"g Joj;foLxsf]
ax; ;'gL k]z ePsf] lgj]bg;lxtsf] ldl;n
sfuhftxsf] cWoog ul/of] .
;j{k|yd k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf
lgj]bsx dWo]sf s]xL lgj]bsxn] d'n'sL
P]g c=j+= (@ adf]lhd cfkm\gf] xsdf d'2f
lkmtf{ kfpFm egL k]z ePsf lgj]bgx x]bf{,
lgj]bsx dWo]sf pld{nf clwsf/L / wg/fh
dxh{g hgf @ sf] @)^%.!).* df o;
cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bg !,
lgj]bsdWo]s} clDjsf ;'g'jf/, cgLtf lwtfn
/ zlzsnf ;'g'jf/ hgf # sf] @)^%.(.!# df
o; cbfntdf btf{ ePsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bg!,
;d]t % hgfsf] @ j6f lgj]bgaf6 d'n'sL P]g
cbfntL aGbf]j:tsf] (@ g+= adf]lhd cfkm\gf]
xsdf d'2f lkmtf{ lnO{ tfd]nLdf /flvkfpFm
egL lbPsf] lgj]bg sfg"gadf]lhd ;gfvt
eO{ /Ltk"j{s k]z ePsf] b]lvFbf lghxsf]
xsdf s]xL larf/ u/L /xg' k/]g . lgj]bsx
dWo]sf d]3axfb'/ l3un, dgf]x/ aGh/f,
k|ltdf 8+uf]n / s[i0f b]jL 8+uf]n ;d]t hgf
$ sf] ldlt @)^%.!!.@^ df cfkm\gf] xsdf
d'2f lkmtf{ kfpFm egL k]z u/]sf] ;+o'Qm
lgj]bgsf] xsdf ;gfvt eO{ /Ltk"j{s k]z
1222
ePsf] gb]lvFbf lghxsf] xsdf / cGo

lgj]bsxsf] xsdf larf/ ubf{ k|:t't l/6
lgj]bgdf d'Votof b]xfo adf]lhdsf]
k|Zgxdf lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ b]lvof] .
-!_
-@_
-#_
k|:t't lgj]bg ljnDj u/L kg{ cfPsf]

xf] xf]Og <
ljjflbt Or+u'gf/fo0f -/fgLjg_ hUuf
PsLs/0f cfof]hgf sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf
:jLs[lt / ;~rfng ePsf] 5 5}g<
lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd l/6 hf/L eO{
ljjflbt cfof]hgf vf/]h ul/g'kg]{ xf]
xf]Og< cGo pko'Qm cfb]z jf k"lh{
hf/L x'G5 x'Fb}g <
@=
k|:t't d'2fdf ljnDj u/L
lgj]bg kg{ cfPsf]n] vf/]hefuL 5 eGg]
ljkIfLxn] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf]
b]lvFbf ;f];DaGwdf g} ;j{k|yd lg0f{o lbg'kg]{
b]lvof] . k|:t't cfof]hgfsf] ;DaGwdf
pkef]Qmfxsf] ;xdlt c;xdltsf] nflu
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf ldlt @)^).*.@# df
k|sfzg ul/Psf], @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf
:jLs[lt;DaGwL ;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf
k|sflzt ul/Psf] / of]hgf sfof{Gjog s}
l;nl;nfdf
ldlt
@)^$.%.!%
df
cfof]hgfIf]q leqsf] hUuf clwu|x0fsf] nflu
;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;f]xL
k|of]hgsf] nflu ldlt @)^$.%.@# df
lgj]bsxsf] hUuf;d]t cfof]hgfsf] hUufx
lsga]r xs x:tfGt/0f ug{nfO{ /f]Ssf ug{
dfnkf]t sfof{nodf kqfrf/ ePsf] b]lvG5 .
o;af6 lgj]bsxsf] xsdf ;f]xL ;dodf
c;/ kl/;s]sf]df lgj]bsx ldlt
@)^$.!!.@ df dfq o; cbfntdf k|j]z
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsx cfkm\gf] clwsf/df
c;/ k/]sf] dx;"; ugf{;fy ;f]sf] pkrf/sf]
nflu tTsfn o; cbfntdf k|j]z u/]sf]
b]lvFb}g . cfkm"xnfO{ k/]sf] kL/ dsf{sf]
sfg"gL ;+/If0ffy{ lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf]
cj:yfdf vfnL ;do tTj -Time Factor_ g}
lg0f{fos dfGg sfg"g tyf Gofosf] /f]xdf

ldNb}g . t/ lgj]bsx To;/L pko'Qm sfg"gL
dfu{df lg/Gt/ k|of;/t /x]sf] kfOb}g .
tyflk 7"nf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf Pp6f If]qsf
jfl;Gbfsf] 3/ a;f]af; / ;DklQdf c;/ kg{
;Sg] ljifodf ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fsf]
?kdf btf{ x'g cfPsf] o:tf] k|Zgdf ljnDjsf]
cfwf/df lgj]bg vf/]h ug{ pko'Qm geO{
d'2fsf] tYo leq k|j]z u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ g}
Gofosf] /f]xdf pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
#=
cj bf];|f] k|Zg ljjflbt
Or+u'gf/fo0f hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf
sfg"g;Ddt ?kdf :jLs[t / ;~rfng ePsf]
5 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{ ljjflbt
cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf] sfg"gL cfwf/ gu/
ljsf; P]g, @)$% /x]sf] b]lvG5 . a9\bf]
hg;+Vof tyf zx/Ls/0fsf] kl/k|]Iodf
eO{/x]sf] gu/xsf] k'gM lgdf{0f, lj:tf/ /
ljsf; ;fy} gofF gu/xsf] lgdf{0f u/L
gu/jf;LxnfO{ cfjZos ;]jf / ;'ljwfx
k'ofpg tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] :jf:Yo,
;'ljwf Pj+ cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg] eGg]
k|:t't P]gsf] p2]Zo /x]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] P]gsf]
k|:tfjgfaf6 b]lvG5 . k|:t't cfof]hgfsf]
:jLs[lt / ;~rfngsf] j}Btfsf] ;DaGwdf l/6
lgj]bsxn] d'Vo k|Zg p7fPsf]n] ;f]
;DaGwdf pQm gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf]
bkmf # x]bf{ b]xfo cg';f/ sfg"gL Joj:yf
/x]sf] kfOG5 ,
bkmf # gu/of]hgf th'{df / :jLs[ltM
#=! b]xfosf] s'g} jf ;a} p2]Zo k"/f ug{
;ldltn] gu/of]hgf th'{df ug{ ;Sg]5M
1223
#=!=! g]kfn clw/fHosf] s'g} efudf

PsLs[t ?kdf gu/]sf] ef}lts ljsf;
ug]{,
#=!=@
eO{/x]sf] gu/sf] k'gM lgdf{0f,
lj:tf/ / ljsf; ug]{ tyf gofF
gu/sf] lgdf{0f ug]{,
#=!=# gu/ ljsf;sf] nflu e"pkof]uIf]q

lgwf{/0f ug]{, To:tf] If]qdf ug{ kfOg]
ef}lts ljsf;sf] dfkb08 tf]Sg] tyf
To:tf] If]qsf] hg3gTjsf] cfwf/df
;8s, oftfoft, lah'nL, 9n lgsf;,
;/;kmfO, v'Nnf If]q nufotsf] ;]jf
tyf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg],
#=!=$ pko'{Qm sfo{x;Fu ;Da4 cGo
sfo{x ug]{,
#=@ pkbkmf #=! adf]lhd ;ldltn] agfPsf]
gu/of]hgf >L % sf] ;/sf/af6
:jLs[lt x'g'kg]{5 .
#=# >L % sf] ;/sf/n] :jLs[t u/]sf] gu/
of]hgf lj:t[t ljt/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf
;j{;fwf/0fsf] hfgsf/Lsf] nflu g]kfn
/fhkqdf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 .
$=
pQm ljjflbt cfof]hgf
:jLs[t ubf{ gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$% sf] bkmf
!@=!=@ cg';f/ hUufwgL jf df]xLxsf]
;xdlt k|fKt gul/Psf] x'Fbf cfof]hgfsf]
:jLs[lt / ;~rfng sfg"gljk/Lt /x]sf] eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] d'Vo lgj]bg bfjL /x]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm P]gsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf]
bkmf !@=!=@ sf] k"0f{kf7 b]xfocg';f/
b]lvG5M
%=
!@=!=@
gu/
of]hgf
If]qleqsf] s'g} efudf slDtdf &% k|ltzt
hUufwgL jf df]xLxsf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ jf ;f]
7fpFdf /x]sf hUufsf laleGg lsQfxnfO{
PsLs/0f u/L ;f] hUufdf gu/of]hgf cg'k
;]jf ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / To:tf] ;]jf
;'ljwfsf] Joj:yf ubf{ nfu]sf] vr{ ljsl;t
38]/Lx a]rL c;"n ug]{ / afFsL ljsl;t
38]/Lx ;fljss} hUufwgL jf df]xLxnfO{
;dfg'kflts cfwf/df lkmtf{ lbg] Joj:yf u/L
hUuf PsLs/0f -Nof08 k'ln_ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ .
^=
s]xL g]kfn P]gnfO{ ;+zf]wg
ug]{, P]g @)^$ f/f pQm k|fjwfgdf s]xL
;+zf]wg eO{ slDtdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf

df]xLxsf] ;xdlt h'6fO{ eGg] k|fjwfgsf]
;fdf slDtdf PsfpGg k|ltzt hUufwgL jf
df]xLxsf] ;xdlt /x]df eGg] jfSof+z /fv]sf]
kfOG5 . ljkIfLxn] tTsfn sfod /x]sf]
slDtdf &% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLxsf]
;xdlt h'6fpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5}g egL
lgj]bsxn] bfjL lnPsf] / hUufwgL jf
df]xLxsf]
;xdltcg';f/
cfof]hgf
:jLs[ltsf] sfo{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] eGg]
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm /x]sf] kfOG5 .
&=
k|:t't Or+u'gf/fo0f hUuf
PsLs/0f cfof]hgfsf] cjwf/0f ldlt
@)^#.^.! df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lg0f{oaf6
:jLs[t ePsf] / k|:t't gu/ ljsf; P]g
@)$% n] u/]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yf adf]lhd
ldlt @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf :jLs[lt;DaGwL
;"rgf g]kfn /fhkqdf k|sflzt ePsf] eGg]
ljifodf ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g .
*=
ldlt
@)%(.#.@$
df
cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf sf7df8f}F
pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf cWoIf tyf
ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqLsf]
cWoIftfdf a;]sf] a}7sn] cfof]hgf ;~rfng
ug]{ lg0f{o u/]kZrft\ ldlt @)^).*.@# df
PsLs/0f ug]{ cfof]hgf If]qsf] rf/ lsNnf
vf]nL hUufwgLxsf] ;xdlt, c;xdlt, /fo
;'emfj JolQmut ?kdf k|fKt ug{ Jojxfl/s
b[li6sf]0fn] ;Dea gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf o;}
;"rgff/f o; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ s'/fdf
plNnlvt rf/ lsNnf leq cfkm\gf] hUuf kg]{
hUufwgL jf df]xLsf] c;xdlt eP ;"rgf
k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] #% lbgleq lbg' x'g
hfgsf/L u/fOG5 . ;f] cjlw leq c;xdlt
k|fKt gx'g] df]xL tyf hUufwgLxsf] o;
sfo{qmdk|lt ;xdlt /x]sf] 7flgg]5 eGg]
;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/]sf]
b]lvG5 . pQm k|sflzt ;"rgf cg';f/
k|sflzt ;"rgfsf] Dofbleq ^* hgf
hUufwgL tyf df]xLxn] cfof]hgf l56f]
;DkGg xf];\ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] dfu /fvL
1224
lgj]bg u/]sf] t/ c;xdltsf] hfgsf/L s;}n]

glbPsf]n] pQm cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo
JolQmxsf] ;xdlt /x]sf] eGg] ljkIfLxsf]
lhsL/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljutdf ;~rfng
ePsf cfof]hgfx klg ;f]xL k|lqmofaf6
;xdlt k|fKt u/]sf] x'Fbf o;k|sf/sf] ;xdlt
k|fKt ug]{ k|lqmof sfg"g;Ddt /x]sf] eGg];d]t
cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf]
kfOof] .
(=
ljsf;
cfof]hgfdf
;fdfGotof ;xdltaf6 ul/g] sfo{x ubf{
;xdltsf] ;sf/fTds pkl:ylt cfjZos
x'G5 . k|zf;lgs :t/df lj/f]w geP ;xdlt
ePsf] a'em\g] sfo{z}nL ljsf; of]hgfsf nflu
:yfgLo JolQmxsf] ;lqmo ;xof]u Pj+
;fy{s ;xeflutf cfjZos kg]{ cj:yfdf
pko'Qm x'g] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgf :jLs[t x'Fbf
nfu" /x]sf] k|:t't P]gsf] pQm bkmf !@=!=@ df
&% k|ltzt hUufwgL jf df]xLxsf] ;xdlt
h'6fO{ eGg] jfSof+z /x]sf] b]lvFbf o;df
c;xdltsf] cefjnfO{ dfq ;xdlt dfGg'kg]{
eGg] cfzo b]lvFb}g, ;sf/fTds ;xdltsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ O+lut u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o:t}
k|Zg ;d]t pkl:yt ePsf] rdtL hUuf
PsLs/0f cfof]hgfdf klg o:t} k|lqmofaf6
;xdlt k|fKt ul/Psf] eGg] ljkIfLtkm{af6
pkl:yt ljfg clwjQmfxn] ax;df lhsL/
lng' ePsf] 5 . o; cbfntaf6 k|:t't rdtL
hUuf PsLs/0f cfof]hgf ;DaGwdf k/]sf] l/6
lgj]bgdf -l/6 g+= *!*, /fds'df/L dfgGw/
;d]t lgj]bs lj= ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f
dGqfno ;d]t d'2f pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z_
o:t}
k|lqmofaf6
k|fKt
ul/Psf]
;xdlt;DaGwdf k|Zg p7fOPsf]df ldlt
@)^%.!).@@ df km};nf x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg
vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . tyflk o;/L
c;xdltsf] k|s6 ;"rgf gkfPdf ;xdlt
k|fKt ePsf] cy{ ug{ k|lqmofTds lx;fjn]
oyfy{k/s / :jR5 k/Dk/f xf] jf xf]Og eGg]
csf]{ k|Zg xf] .
!)= o;/L k|lqmofTds lx;fjn]

;sf/fTds ;xdlt k|fKt ul/Psf] geP klg
oyfy{df k|:t't cfof]hgfdf :yfgLo hUufwgL
jf df]xLxsf] ;f/e"t ;xdlt ljBdfg 5 jf
5}g eGg] d"n k|Zgtkm{ larf/ ubf{ ljkIfL
cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt hjfkm tyf ;+nUg
sfuhftxaf6 k|:t't cfof]hgfn] cf]u6]sf]
If]qleq ^!$ hgf hUufwgL / df]xL tyf ^!*
/f]kgL hUuf If]qkmn /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] s"n hg;+Vofsf]
sfg"gn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] cfof]hgf :jLs[t
x'Fbf sfod /x]sf P]g cg';f/ sDtLdf @%
k|ltzt / ;+zf]lwt P]gsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ $(
k|ltzt :yfgLo hUufwgLxsf] ;lqmo lj/f]w
/x]sf] b]lvG5 b]lvGg eGg] ;DaGwdf x]bf{
cfof]hgfsf] ;xdlt c;xdltsf] k|of]hgsf]
nflu egL cfof]hgfn] ldlt @)^).*.@# df
cfof]hgfsf] rf/ lsNnf vf]nL k|sflzt u/]sf]
;"rgfdf ^% hgfsf] ;xdltsf] lgj]bg k|fKt
ePsf]df s;}af6 c;xdlt k|s/0f gePsf]
eGg] lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .
ldlt @)^@.@.!@ df cfof]hgf;Fu c;xdt
/x]sf @%^ hgfn] :yfgLo hUufwgLxn]
c;xdlt hgfO{ lgj]bg lbPsf]df lgj]bg lbg]
@%^ hgfdWo] @* hgf of]hgf jflx/sf, #$
hgfsf] lgj]bgdf ;xL gePsf], ^! hgfn]
;xdlt hgfO{ lgj]bg lbPsf], * hgf
k'g{ul7t Joj:yfkg pk;ldlt / ;xof]u
;ldltdf k|ltlglwTj u/]sf, sLt]{ egL lgj]bg
k/]sf # hgf eO{ !@@ hgf afFsL /x]sf] eGg]
lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .
c;xdtx dWo]s} o; cbfntdf lgj]bg
lbg]x o; lgj]bgdf lgj]bsx !^ hgf /
nufpsf] &(@ g+= sf] d'2fdf (^ hgf u/L
!!@ hgfsf] lgj]bg b]lvG5 . o; lgj]bgdf %
hgf tyf nufpsf] &(@ g+= sf] d'2fdf %&
hgf u/L ^@ hgf lgj]bsxn] cfkm\gf] xsdf
d'2f lkmtf{sf] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 cfof]hgfsf]
;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf ;ldlt_ u7g
ubf{sf] qmddf pkef]Qmfsf] ;lqmo pkl:yt
1225
tyf ;xeflutf /x]sf], tTsfn hUufwgL /

df]xLx dWo] $)% hgfn] cfof]hgfsf]
sfo{nfO{ t'?Gt lg/Gt/tf lbOof];\ egL
;xof]u ;ldltdfkm{t\ lgj]bg u/]sf] egfO{
;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfof]hgfsf] ;lqmo
lj/f]wdf Go"g JolQmx /x]sf / lgj]bsx
dWo] sltko cfof]hgfsf] ;dy{gdf /x]sf]
eGg' kg]{ b]lvg cfpF5 .
!!=
k|:t'tM
cfof]hgf
s'g}
lgj]bsxnfO{ JolQmut gf]S;fgL ug]{
p2]Zon] ;~rfng ePsf] eGg] s'/fsf] cfwf/
lgj]bsxn] lgj]bgdf b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf]
b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo s'g} JolQm
ljz]ifsf] ;DklQ ckx/0f ug]{, JolQmut xs
xgg\ ug]{ eGg] geP/ a9bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{
Joj:yfkg ug]{ eGg] p2]Zoaf6 :jLs[lt Pj+
;~rfng ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgfaf6
lgj]bsxnfO{ JolQmut ?kdf u}/sfg"gL
?kdf lghxsf] hLjg, :jtGqtf tyf
;DklQdf x:tIf]k u/]sf], e]befj u/]sf] eGg]
h:tf] k|Zg gp7fO{ cfof]hgf k|lt cfkm\gf]
clgR5f jf c;dy{gsf] l:ylt dfq phfu/
u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu
cfkm"n] klg of]ubfg ug'{kg]{ tyf cfof]hgfsf]
sf/0faf6 ljsl;t 38]/Lsf nflu cfkm\gf]
of]ubfgsf] sf/0fn] ;fgf] 6'qmf hUuf x'g]xsf]
xsdf hUufsf] Go"gtd Ifqkmn lgwf{/0f x'Fbf
3/ a;f]af; ;d]taf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ xf] ls
eGg] cfz+sfsf] sf/0fn] klg lgj]bsxn]
cfof]hgfsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljsl;t
38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOhsf] x'g'kg]{ eGg]
Joj:yfsf] sf/0faf6 sltko hUufwgLxn]
cfof]hgfaf6 lj:yflkt x'g'kg]{ eGg]
lgj]bsxsf] cfz+sfsf] ;DaGwdf To;/L
ljsl;t 38]/Lsf] Go"gtd Kn6 ;fOh )@@
) eGbf sd x'g] cj:yfdf pkef]Qmfsf]
k|ltlglwd"ns ;+:yf ;xof]u ;ldlt -pkef]Qmf
;ldlt_ sf] l;kmfl/zdf rng rNtLsf] d"No
eGbf lgs} sd d"No lnO{ ljsl;t 38]/L lbg]
tyf To:tf] /sd ls:tfjGbLdf a'emfpg
;lsg] / s'g} klg k|sf/n] /sd ltg{ g;lsg]
egL 7x/ ePsf] cj:yfdf cfof]hgf ;xof]u

;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L x'g];Dd /fxt lbg] gLlt
/x]sf] eGg] ljkIfL cfof]hgfsf] lnlvt
hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . o;af6 cfof]hgfsf]
sf/0fn] jl;cfPsf hUufwgLxn] lj:yflkt}
x'g'kg]{ ;Ddsf] cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] eGg
ldNg] b]lvPg . oyfy{df cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog
kl5 ljsl;t / ;'ljwfhgs cj:yfdf 38]/L
lkmtf{ x'g] eO{ ;f]sf] k|ltkmndf cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu o;sf] Jooef/ ljt/0f
ug]{ lx;fjn] hUufwgLx;Fu To;afktsf]
of]ubfg dflug] xf] . sfg"g / :jLs[t dfkb08
cGtu{t ul/g] o:tf] k|lqmofdf JolQmut
c;xdltsf sf/0f ;fj{hlgs xs ;/f]sf/sf]
cfof]hgfnfO{ k|efljt ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g .
cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog kl5 ljsl;t 38]/Lx
;dfg'kflts cfwf/df hUufwgLxnfO{ g}
lkmtf{ ul/g] x'gfn] lgj]bsxnfO{ dfq ljz]if
e]befj, dsf{ kf/]sf] eGg] cj:yf geO{
cfof]hgfaf6 k|efljt x'g] ;a}sf xsdf ;f]xL
dfkb08 nfu" x'g] x'Fbf cGoyf eGg ldNg]
b]lvGg . o;af6 cfof]hgfn] hUuf clwu|x0f
u/L lgj]bsxsf] ;+ljwfg Pj+ sfg"gsf]
clwsf/ ckx/0f u/]sf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf
klg b]lvPg .
!@=
j:t'tM ;DalGwt hUufwgL
tyf df]xLx dWo] sfg"gn] Joj:yf u/]sf]
hlt k|ltztsf] ;xdlt cfjZos ePsf] xf]
;f] ljBdfg gePsf] eGg] lgj]bgtkm{af6 k'li6
ePsf] b]lvFb}g . cfof]hgfsf] ;xdlt jf
c;xdlt eGg] k|Zg d"ntM cfof]hgfsf]
;kmntf;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zg xf] . cfwf/e"t
?kdf sfg"gadf]lhd ;xdlt gePsf] eGg]
:ki6 ePdf afx]s ;xdlt x'g] jf gx'g]
aLrsf] Gsf] k|s[ltdf cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{
s'/f cfpFb}g . k|:t't k|lqmofut lx;fjn] h]
h:tf] k|lqmof cjnDjg ul/Psf] ePklg
cfof]hgfdf ;xdltsf] ;j{yf cefj /x]sf]
eGg] lgj]bsxn] b]vfpg ;Sg' ePsf]
b]lvb}g . s]xL JolQmsf] c;xdlt ePs}
sf/0fn] cfof]hgf /2 ug]{ dfu o'lQm;+ut eGg
1226
ldNb}g . ;xdt ePsf] ax';+Vos :yfgLo

jfl;Gbfsf] xs lj?4 lgj]bsxsf] dfu k"/f
ug{ Gofo Pj+ sfg"gsf] lx;fjn] ldNg
cfpFb}g . cfof]hgfn] k"/f ug'{kg]{ zt{
adf]lhdsf] ;xdlt g/x]sf] eGg] k|dfl0ft
gePsf] cj:yfdf sfof{Gjog k"0f{t /f]Ssf
dfu ug]{ clwsf/ lgj]bs;Fu /xg] b]lvGg .
s'g} klg cfof]hgfdf zt k|ltzt ;xdlt
x'G5 eGg ;lsGg . sf]xL ;xdt gx'Fb}df
ax';+Vos hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf
cg';f/ a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{'kg]{
cfjZostfsf] ;Gbe{df ;fj{hlgs dxTjsf]
cfof]hgf k"0f{t /f]lsg'k5{ eGg ldNb}g . Go"g
;+Vofdf /x]sf] c;xdt kIfn] sfg"gadf]lhd
Ifltk"lt{ jf cGo pkrf/ dfu ug{;Dd ;Sg]
x'G5 . lgj]bssf] xs k|dfl0ft x'g] ePdf klg
cfof]hgfaf6 hUuf jf Ifltk"lt{ dfu ug{ ;Sg]
x'G5 . hUuf k|flKt P]g cGtu{t Ifltk"lt{sf]
k|Zg ePsf]n] To; ;DaGwdf o; lgj]bgdf
s'g} dfu ePsf] b]lvGg . lgj]bsxsf] hUuf
g} ljsl;t u/L dfkb08 cg';f/ lkmtf{ ul/g]
of]hgf /x]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . o;/L clwu|x0f
u/L ;Dk"0f{ hUufnfO{ Pp6} lsQfdf ljsl;t
u/]kZrft\ ;DalGwt hUufxnfO{ g} lkmtf{
ug]{ Joj:yfsf] cf}lrTosf] ;DaGwdf klg
lgj]bsxaf6 k|Zg p7]sf] jf To;sf] cf}lrTo
vl08t x'g cfPsf] b]lvPg .
!#=
pkef]Qmf ;ldlt ckf/bzL{
?kdf u7g ul/Psf] eGg] klg lgj]bg bfjL
lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . ;f] u7g ;DaGwdf c;xdt
kIfx;Fu ePsf] 5nkmnaf6 ePsf] ;ft a'Fb]
;Demf}tfadf]lhd ;fljssf] pkef]Qmf ;ldlt
e u/L @)^$.^.@( / @)^$.*.% df
;fj{hlgs ;"rgf k|sfzg u/L cfof]hgf
If]qdf ;DalGwt ufFp ljsf; ;ldlt /
sf7df8f}F pkTosf gu/ ljsf; ;ldltsf]
kbflwsf/Lsf] pkl:yltdf hUufwgL tyf
df]xLsf] e]nfn] ;j{;Ddt 9+uaf6 ldlt
@)^$.*.* df cfof]hgf ;xof]u -pkef]Qmf_
;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] egL lnlvt hjfkmdf
pNn]v ePsf] / ;f];DaGwL e]nfsf]
pkl:yltsf] dfOGo"6 nufot sfuhftxsf]

5fFofk|ltx
ldl;n
;fd]n
b]lvFbf
lgj]bsxn] lgj]bgdf pNn]v u/] h:t}
u'kr'k a}7s u/L pkef]Qmf -;xof]u_ ;ldlt
u7g ePsf] eGg] lgj]bg bfjL klg
k|tLtnfos b]lvFb}g / olx cfwf/df cfof]hgf
g} vf/]h x'g'kg]{ cj:yf b]lvFb}g .
!$= gu/ ljsf; P]g, @)$%
adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ldlt @)^#.^.! sf]
lg0f{oaf6 cfof]hgfsf] cjwf/0ff :jLs[t
ePsf] / ldlt @)^#.^.#) df cfof]hgf
:jLs[lt;DaGwL
;"rgf
;j{;fwf/0fsf]
hfgsf/Lsf] nflu k|sflzt ePsf] eGg]
ljifodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . ldlt @)^$.%.!* df
hUuf clwu|x0fsf] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L xfn
cfof]hgf leqsf] ;Dk"0f{ hUufnfO{ Ps} lsQf
sfod ul/Psf] / pQm hUufnfO{ /f]Ssf
/flvPsf] eGg] ljifodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g .
o;af6 cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ lgs} cufl8
al9;s]sf] eGg] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL cfof]hgfn]
ug'{kg]{ clwsf+z k|ult xfl;n u/L;s]sf] /
o;sf nflu 7"nf] wgvr{ eO;s]sf] eGg]
lnlvt hjfkmdf lhsL/ lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
;fj{hlgs If]qsf] Jooef/ / nfu]sf] ;do Pj+
cfof]hgfsf] jx';+Vos hgtfsf] ljsf;sf]
cfjZostf cg';f/ a9\bf] zx/Ls/0fnfO{
Jojl:yt ug]{ p2]Zosf] cf}lrTon] k|:t't
cfof]hgf u}/sfg"gL 9+un] ;~rflnt ePsf]
eGg] ;lsg] :ki6 cfwf/x b]lvPg .
!%=
gu/ of]hgfsf] ;DaGwL P]g,
@)$% / hUuf k|flKt P]g, @)#$ adf]lhd
k|lqmof cg';f/ of]hgf 5gf}6, lg0f{o /
sfof{Gjog ePsf] cj:yf 5 eGg]
ljkIfLxsf] lnlvt hjfkm / ;DalGwt
sfuhftxsf] cWoogaf6 b]lvG5 .
P]gadf]lhd jx';+Vosn] lj/f]w gu/]sf] /
lgj]bsx cNk;+Vosn] dfq} lj/f]w u/]sf]
cj:yf b]lvPsf]df Tolts} sf/0fn] P]gn]
lglb{i6 u/] cg';f/ ;xdltlagf g} sfg"g
ljk/Lt ha/h:tL cfof]hgf ;~rfng u/]sf]
eGg ldNg] cj:yf gePsf] Pj+ cfof]hgf
1227
sfof{Gjog eO{ w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] cj:yf

/x]sf], o; l:yltdf cfof]hgfnfO{ k"/}
/f]lskfpg] lgj]bsxsf] dfu bfjL sfg"gdf
cfwfl/t ePsf] b]lvPg . o:tf] dfu hgtfsf]
;fj{hlgs lxt, ljsf; ;DaGwL cfjZostf /
sfg"gL cf}lrTosf] cg's"n gb]lvPsf]n]
lgj]bsxsf] dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L ug{
ldNg] b]lvPg . l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ .
!^=
cfof]hgf
sfof{Gjogaf6
hUuf ljsl;t u/L ;DalGwt hUufwgL,
df]xLnfO{
hUuf
lkmtf{
tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08cGtu{t Go"gtd kl/0ffd eGbf sd
x'g cfpg] ePdf To:tf hUufwgL jf df]xLnfO{
lj:yflkt x'g glbO{ oyf:yfgdf a;f]af; ug{
kfpg] k|of]hgsf] nflu hUuf k'ofpg] /
cfjZos /sd lglZrt cfwf/df e/fpg]
nufotsf pko'Qm gLlt clVtof/ ug'{kg]{
x'G5, cGoyf cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo k/flht
x'G5 . To;tkm{ Wofg k'ofpg h?/L 5 . pQm
s'/f / cfof]hgfsf] tkm{af6 cfof]hgfsf]
p2]Zo cg'k l;h{gf ug'{kg]{ k"jf{wf/ v8f
u/L ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf] Gofof]lrt /
sfg"g;Ddt ljt/0f ug'{ / cfof]hgfsf]
sf/0faf6 s;}nfO{ lj:yflkt x'g] l:ylt v8f
x'g glbg cfjZos Joj:yfksLo Pj+
pkrf/fTds sbd rfNg' egL ljkIfLxsf
gfddf lgb]{zgfTds cfb]z ;d]t hf/L x'g]
7x5{ . cfb]zsf] hfgsf/L lgodfg';f/
ljkIfLxnfO{ lbg' . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L
ldl;n lgodfg';f/ a'emfOlbg" .
lg0f{o g+= *!((
sflQs, @)^^

dfggLo GofofwLz >L cjw]z s'df/ ofbj
;+jt\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+= -- !@@!
cfb]z ldltM @)^^.#.@!.!
laifo M pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]z .
lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @(
7d]n 3/ eO{ g]kfn jfo';]jf lguddf
sfo{/t ;'jf; a:Goft
lj?4
ljkIfLM g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud k|wfg sfof{no
;d]t
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

Gof= /0faxfb'/ ad
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @# ut] /f]h # z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM sdnk|;fb kf]v/]n
1228
;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 pQm ;]jf

;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfg dfGg ;j}
sd{rf/L jfWosf/L x'g] .
ljdfg kl/rfns kbnfO{ sfod} /fvL
tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf
cg';f/ s]xL ;dosf] nflu cGoq sfd
ub}{df lnog kbsf] xs jf bfloTjaf6
d'Qm x'g g;Sg] .
lnog kbdf /x];Dd ;f]xL kbsf]
x}l;otn] kfpg] xs bfloTj Pj+ ;'ljwf
pkef]u ug'{kg]{ .
s'g} vf; JolQmsf] xsdf u/]sf]
tYout ljj]rgf ;lxtsf] lg0f{o ghL/
ge} b[i6fGt dfq x'G5 . vf; sfg"gsf]
k|rngsf] nflu sfg"gsf] Joj:yfdf
ul/Psf] AofVofdfk{mt\ k|ltkflbt x'g]
l;4fGt ghL/ x'g] .
lagf sfg"gL l;4fGt, s'g} s'/fsf]
b[i6fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ghL/ dfgL
pkrf/ lbg gldNg] .
-k|s/0f g+=#_
g]kfn jfo';]jf lgud sd{rf/L ;]jf

zt{;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf]
ljlgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg Crew ;d"xdf
cfj4 ;j} sd{rf/Lx aLr cfs[i6 x'g]
ePaf6 sfg"gsf] k|of]udf e]befj eof]
jf cfkm"nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/ ul/of]
eGg gldNg] .
;dfgxsf aLrdf ePsf] ;dfg
Jojxf/n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt pNn+3g
x'g g;Sg] .
-k|s/0f g+=%_
lgj]bs tkm{af6M ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L
xl/x/ bfxfn Pj+ ljfg clwjQmf >L
xl/k|;fb pk|]tL
ljkIfL tkm{af6Mljfg clwjQmfx >L k"0f{dfg
zfSo, /d]z sfsL{ Pj+ uf]ljGb jGbL
cjnlDjt ghL/M
;Da4 sfg"gM
sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL ljlgodfjnL,
@)%* sf] kl/R5]b &, ljlgod ^#
cfb]z
Gof=sNof0f >]i7M g]kfnsf] cGtl/d
;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-@_
adf]lhd o; cbfnt;dIf bfo/ eO{ k]z
ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+
cfb]z o;k|sf/ 5M
d lgj]bs @)#$.!@.$ df lgudsf]
cl;:6]G6 kbdf k|j]z u/L ldlt @)#^.!).@@
b]lv Operation Department cGtu{t Cabin
Crew Section df Steward kbdf ;?jf eO{
sfd sfh u/L cfPsf]df @)$$.!!.@@ df Sr.
Cabin Attendant df a9'jf eO{ ;f] kbsf
cltl/Qm Cabin Crew division sf] ljleGg
Section df sfo{ ug]{ yk lhDd]jf/L ;d]t
;DxfNg lbOPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd sfo{ ub}{
cfPsf] lyP . @)%%.@.@( df Personnel
Pd/10/41763/
Department sf] kq;+Vof
2207 sf] kqf/f cfO{= Pkm= P;= kb
ck/];G; l8kf6{d]G6df lnog x'g] u/L csf]{

ljefu Sjfln6L P;'/]G; tyf nfO6 ;]6L
l8kf6{d]G6df ;'k/efOh/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg
lbPsf] cfb]zadf]lhd xfn;Dd ;f] lhDd]jf/L
;d]t ;DxfNb} cfPsf] 5' .
o;/L lgudsf] ;]jfdf sfo{/t /x]sf]
jvt @)^$.$.% df pd]/sf] xbsf] sf/0fn]
;]jf cjlw k'/f x'g] ePsf]n] ldlt @)^$.$.^
b]lv lgudsf] ;]jfaf6 cjsfz x'g] egL
ljkIfLaf6 dnfO{ kq lbOof] . lgudsf] ;]jfdf
d k|j]z ubf{ q'm sd{rf/Lsf] %% aif{ / cGo
sd{rf/Lsf] ^) aif{ cjsfzsf] xb lyof] . d]/f]
;]jf ;d"x pk;d"x kl/jt{g ePsf] gx'Fbf /
lgo'lQm ePsf] kbdf g} sfo{/t /x]sf]n] q'm
;d"xsf] sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf nfu" x'g]
pd]/sf] xb d]/f] xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g .
To;dfly klg dnfO{ @)%%.@.@( sf] kqaf6
Quality Assurance And Flight Safety
Department cGtu{t Flight Safety Devision
sf] Supervisor kbdf lgo'lQm ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f]
lgo'lQm kqadf]lhd gu/L Cabin Crew df
ePsf] lgo'lQm kq sfod x'g] egL ljkIfLxn]

u/]sf] AofVof :j}R5frf/L 5 . tTsfnLg g]kfn
jfo" ;]jf lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf lgodfjnL
@)#! jxfn /x]sf jvt d]/f] ;?jf Assistant
kbaf6 Steward kbdf ePsf] / ;f] Steward
kbdf jxfn /xg kfpg] pd]/sf] xb %% aif{
tf]lsPsf] eP tfklg d Steward kbdf ;]jf
k|j]z gu/L Assistant kbdf ;]jf k|j]z u/]sf]
x'gfn] d]/f] xsdf Steward kbsf] nfuL
tf]lsPsf] pd]/sf] xb nfu" x'Fb}g . Cabin
Crew s} kbdf gofF lgo'lQm eO{ cfpg]
sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ / cGo kbdf lgo'lQm
eO{ ;]jf kl/jt{g u/L Cabin Crew df
nluPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf zt{ Pp6} x'g
;Sb}g .
%) aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 Cabin
Attendent kbdf /x]/ ;]jf ug{ gldNg] jt{dfg
sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ ljrf/ u/]sf] v08df klg
dnfO{ d]/f] ;fljsadf]lhd Assistant kbdf g}
lkmtf{ x'g] u/L ;?jf u/L %* aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f
1229
geP;Dd sfo{/t /xg lbg'kg]{df sfd

rnfpg] p2]Zon] ;?jf ul/Psf] kbs}
x}l;otn] cjsfz lbg] lg0f{o u}/sfg"gL 5 .
To;}u/L %) aif{ pd]/ k"/f eP kl5 cjsfz
lbg] Joj:yf h'g ldlt b]lv sd{rf/L
ljlgodfjnLdf ;dfj]z ul/of] ;f] ldlt eGbf
kl5 lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z ug]{ sd{rf/Lsf]
xsdf dfq nfu" x'G5 . d lgj]bs
@)%%%.@.@( b]lv Personnel Department sf]
cfb]z d'tfljs Sjfln6L P;'/]G; tyf nfOn
;]6Ldf ;'k/efOh/sf] kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf]]
%* aif{sf] pd]/ k"/f geP;Dd lgudsf]
;]jfdf /xg kfpg] x'Fbf %) aif{ pd]/ k"/f
ePsf] sf/0fn] dnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf]
ljkIfL lgudsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!! -;g\
@))&.^.@%_ sf] kq nufot dnfO{ k|lts"n
c;/ kfg]{ u/L ljkIfLxaf6 eP u/]sf cGo
sfd, sf/jfxL, ;"rgf, kqfrf/ cflbnfO{
pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f ab/ u/L d lgj]bsnfO{
pQm kqsf] cfwf/df cjsfz lbg] sfo{ gug'{
gu/fpg', %* aif{sf] pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf sfo{/t
/xg lbg' lbnfpg' jf %* aif{ pd]/ k'Ug afFsL
/x]sf] * aif{sf] cjlw gf]s/L cjlwdf u0fgf
u/L sfod x'g cfpg] gf]s/L cjlwsf]
cfwf/df lgofdfg';f/ kfpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf
k|bfg ug'{ eGg] k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg .
o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf]
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{
xf] < cfb]z hf/L x'g' gkg]{ s'g} sf/0f eP
af6fsf] Dofb afx]s !% lbgleq lnlvt
hjfkm k7fpg' egL ljkIfLxsf gfpFdf
;"rgf k7fO{ lnlvt hjfkm k/] jf cjlw
gf3]kl5 lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ . ;fy} cGtl/d
cfb]zsf] dfu ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt
@)^$.$.!) ut]sf] lbg tf]sL 5nkmndf
pkl:yt x'g' egL ljkIfLxnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg'
/ ;f] cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd
k|ToyL{xsf] ldlt @)^$.#.!! sf] kq cg';f/
lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz glbg' glbnfpg' egL ;f]
cjlw;Dd cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L
ul/lbPsf] 5 eGg] o; cbfnt Ps

GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.#.#@ sf]
cfb]z .
o;df, q'm ;]jfsf] sd{rf/LnfO{
k|zf;g tk{m kl/jt{g u/]sf] b]lvg cfPsf]
x'Fbf lgj]bgsf] clGtd lg0f{o geP;Dd
@)^$.#.#@ sf] cfb]zadf]lhdsf] cGtl/d
cfb]znfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . lnlvt
hjfkm k|fKt ePkl5 cu|flwsf/ lbO{
lgodadf]lhd k]z ug'{ eGg] o; cbfnt
;+o'Qm Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^$.$.!^ sf]
cfb]z .
lgj]bs @)#$.!@.$ b]lv cl;:6]G6
kbdf :yfoL lgo'Qm eO{ sfd u/]sf]df ldlt
@)#^.!).@@ b]lv Operations Department
cGtu{t Cabin Crew Section df Steward
kbdf k'gM lgo'Qm eO{ sfd u/L /x]sf lyP .
Cabin Crew Section df ljdfg kl/rfns
(Cabin Attendant) kbdf sfd ug]{ JolQmsf]
pd]/ %) aif{ k"/f ePkl5 :jtM cjsfz x'g]
eGg] lgudsf] sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf zt{
ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] ljlgod ^# df
ePsf] Joj:yfcg';f/ ljkIfLsf] pd]/
@)^$.$.% df %) aif{ k'/f x'g] ePsf]n]
@)^$.$.^ b]lv nfu" x'g] u/L lghnfO{
clgjfo{ cjsfz lbOPsf] xf] . ljkIfLn]
ljlgodfjnLsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/ :jtM cjsfz
kfpg] x'Fbf o;af6 ljkIfLsf] xs xgg\ x'g
;Sb}g . To;}u/L lgj]bsn] cfk"m Cabin Crew
Section df ljdfg kl/rfns kbdf sfd ug]{
sd{rf/L ePsf] tYo :jLsf/]sf] b]lvG5 .
ljkIfL ;f] kbdf cfpFbf cfkm" sfo{/t kbTofu
u/L cfPsf] tYo ;d]t ljjfb/lxt 5 .
lgj]bssf] Sr Assistant af6 Cabin Attendant
df ;?jf ePsf] xf]Og . lgudnfO{ tTsfn
cfjZos k/]sf] Cabin Attendant kbsf nflu
cfGtl/s cfj]bg dfu ePsf]df ljkIfLn]
cfj]bg u/L k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ plQ0f{{
ePsfn] lghnfO{ Cabin Attendant kbdf gofF
lgo'lQm lbOPsf] xf], ;?jf u/L NofOPsf]
xf]Og .
1230
s'g} klg sd{rf/Ln] tTsfn nfu"

/x]sf] Joj:yfadf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf kfpFb5g\ .
lgudsf] sd{rf/L ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
ljlgodfjnL, @)%* df ;]jf kl/jt{g ug{
gldNg] ls6fgL Joj:yf /x]sf] x'Fbf @)#!
;fnsf] ljlgodfjnLnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ bfo/
ePsf] l/6 lgj]bg adf]lhdsf] ;'ljwf lbg
ldNb}g . t;y{ lgj]bsnfO{ pd]/sf] xbsf]
sf/0fn] sfg"gadf]lhd cjsfz lbg] u/L
ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgjb]ssf]
df}lns xsdfly cg'lrt jGb]h nufPsf] gx'Fbf
l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t
Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgud, P]= sf]
;~rfns ;ldlt, P]= sf dxfk|jGws, tyf
sd{rf/L k|zf;g tyf ;fwf/0f ;]jf ljefusf]
tk{maf6 k/]sf] ;+o'Qm lnlvt hjfkm .
lgudaf6 dnfO{ lbg nfluPsf]
cjsfzsf] lj?4 d}n] bfo/ u/]sf] l/6df
lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz glbg', glbnfpg' egL
cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L ePsf] ca:yfdf
lgudaf6 dnfO{ @)^$.$.!* b]lv dfq xflh/
u/fOPsf] / pQm kbdf xflh/ eO{ sfdsfh
ubf{ d}n] sfg"gadf]lhd kfpg] tnj ;'ljwf
kfpg' kg]{df ;f] tnj ;'ljwf glbO{ tnj
;'ljwfsf] xsdf d'2fsf] 6'f] nfu]kl5
k}m;nfadf]lhd x'g] s'/f egL tnj ;'ljwf
lbg OGsf/ u/]sf]n] kl5 k}m;nf adf]lhd x'g]
u/L lgj]bsnfO{ pQm kbdf ldlt @)^$.$.^
b]lv xflh/ u/fO{ sfddf nufO{ kfpg] tnj
eQf ;'ljwf ;d]t lbg' lbnfpg' egL
ljkIfLxsf] gfpFdf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L
ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] k'/s lgj]bg k/]sf]
;d]t b]lvG5 .
o;df, h'g laifodf cGtl/d cfb]z
hf/L ePsf] xf], ;f] sfod /xL /x]sf] x'Fbf
cGtl/d cfb]zsf] kl/lwleq afx]s cGo
cfb]z tk{m ljrf/ ug'{ gkg]{ x'Fbf
sfg"gadf]lhd ug'{ eGg] o; cbfntsf]
cfb]z .
lgodadf]lhd k]z ePsf] k|:t't
d'2fdf lgj]bssf tk{maf6 pkl:yt ljfg
jl/i7 clwjQmf >L xl/x/ bxfn Pj+ ljfg

clwjQmf >L xl/k|;fb pk|]tLn] lgj]bs
lgudsf] k|zf;g tk{msf] cl;:6]G6 kbdf
z'?df lgo'lQm eO{ kl5 Cabin Crew Section
df ;?jf ul/Psf] eP tfklg xfn lgj]bsn]
k|zf;g tk{msf] sfd u/]sf 5g\ . k|zf;g
tk{msf] sd{rf/Ldf z'? lgo'Qm kfPsf oL
lgj]bsnfO{ kl5 q'm ;d"xdf ;d"lxs[t u/]s}
sf/0fn] q'm ;d"xdf sfo{/t sd{rf/L ;/x %)
aif{ pd]/sf] xb k'/f u/]sf] cfwf/df lgudsf]
;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] ljkIfL
lgudsf] lg0f{o ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt e}
ab/efuL 5 . To;}u/L oL lgj]bs lgudsf]
;]jfdf lgo'lQm x'Fbf q'm ;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln]
cjsfz kfpg] xb %% aif{ / k|zf;lgs
;d"xsf sd{rf/Ln] cjsfz kfpg] pd]/sf] xb
^) aif{ /x]sf]df Cabin Crew ;d"xdf ;?jf
ul/Ps} sf/0fn] kl5 ;+zf]lwt ljlgodfjnL
adf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ %) aif{sf] pd]/sf] xbdf
cjsfz lbg ldNb}g . ljkIfL lgudsf]
k|zf;lgs lg0f{oaf6 lgj]bsnfO{ Grounded
Staff af6 Cabin Crew ;d"xdf ;?jf ul/Psf]
eP tfklg lgj]bs Cabin Crew ;d"xdf k|j]z
u/]sf] gx'Fbf Cabin Crew ;d"xdf z'? lgo'lQm
x'g] sd{rf/LxnfO{ dfq cfslif{t x'g] sfg"gL
k|fjwfg lgj]bssf] xsdf cfslif{t x'g g;Sg]
ePsf]n] ;f] sfg"gL k|fjwfg nufO{ %) aif{sf]
pd]/df lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf]
ljkIfL lgudsf] lg0f{o pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f
ab/ u/L lgj]bsnfO{ k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/L
;/x %* aif{sf] pd]/;Dd sfd ug{ lbg' egL
k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm egL ax;
ug'{eof] . ljkIfLxsf] tk{maf6 pkl:yt
ljfg clwjQmfx >L k"0f{dfg zfSo, /d]z
sfsL{ Pj+ uf]ljGb jGbLn] oL lgj]bs @)#$
;fndf Assistant kbdf lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z
u/]sf] eP tfklg lguddf l/Qm Cabin Crew
;d"xsf] Steward kbdf ePsf] lj1fkgdf oL
lgj]bsn] b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L ;f] kbdf
plQ0f{{ eO{ Cabin Crew ;d"xdf gofF lgo'lQm
lnPsf x'g\ . ;f] kbdf lnPsf] gofF lgo'lQm
1231
kqdf g} ^ dlxgfsf] k/LIf0f sfnsf] ;do

/flvPaf6 ;d]t lgj]bssf] Cabin Crew
;d"xdf gofF lgo'lQm ePsf] eGg] k|dfl0ft
ePsf] 5 . lgj]bs h:t} Cabin Crew ;d"xdf
sfo{ ug]{ cGo ljdfg kl/rfns /
kl/rflnsnfO{ %) aif{sf] pd]/df cjsfz
lbOPsf]n] lgj]bssf] xsdf c;dfg Jojxf/
ul/Psf] 5 eGg ldNb}g . ;dfgtfsf] xs
;dfgxsf] aLrdf nfu" x'g] / Cabin Crew
;d"xsf ;j} ;b:oxsf aLrdf ;dfg
Jojxf/ ePaf6 lgj]bssf] xsdf c;dfg
Jojxf/ ePsf] 5}g . To;sf cnfjf lgj]bsn]
sfg"gf/f g} c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf] 5 egL
ljlgodfjnL ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lhsL/
lnPsf] ca:yf gx'Fbf ;f] ljlgodfjnL
adf]lhd cjsfz lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{odf
s'g} q'l6 gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm
egL ax; ug'{eof] .
o;df, lgudsf] k|zf;g tk{m lgo'Qm
ePsf]df kl5 Cabin Crew Section tk{m
;?jf ePs} sf/0fn] lgudsf] Crew ;d"xdf
sfo{/t sd{rf/Lxsf] xsdf nfu" x'g] u/L
kl5 ;+zf]lwt ljlgodfjnL adf]lhd pd]/sf]
xb %) aif{ k'u]kl5 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbg] u/L
ePsf] lgudsf] lg0f{o ab/ u/L k|zf;g
tk{msf] sd{rf/L xs ;/x %* aif{sf]
pd]/;Dd ;]jfdf jxfn u/L sfdsfh ug{
lbg' eGg] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] l/6
lgj]bgaf6 b]lvG5 . lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{
lgudnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] Cabin Attendant
kbsf nflu ePsf] lj1fkgdf lgj]bsn]
b/vf:t kmf/fd e/L k/LIffdf ;fd]n eO{ ;f]
k/LIff plQ0f{{ u/L Cabin Crew Section df
gofF lgo'lQm ePsf]n] lgj]bssf] xsdf
cjsfzsf] pd]/ ljlgodfjnLsf] lgod ^#
adf]lhd cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xLcg';f/
cjsfz lbPsf] eGg] b]lvG5 .
pk/f]Qm ax; a'Fbf Pj+ tYout
;Gbe{df ;d]tnfO{ ljrf/ ubf{ lgDglnlvt
k|Zgxsf] lg0f{o ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] .
!_ lgj]bs Cabin Crew Section df ;?jf

eO{ ;fd]n ePsf] xf] jf gofF lgo'lQmaf6
;f] ;d"xdf ;fd]n ePsf] xf] .
@_ lgj]bssf] dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g]
xf], xf]Og <
@=
klxnf] k|Zgtk{m ljrf/ ubf{,
oL lgj]bs z'?df Sr. Assistant kbdf
lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]sf] s'/fdf s'g}
ljjfb /x]sf] b]lvFb}g . lgj]bs ;f] kbdf jxfn
/x]s} ca:yfdf lgudnfO{ tTsfn cfjZos
k/]sf] Cabin Attendant kbsf nflu cfGtl/d
cfj]bg dfu ePadf]lhd lgj]bsn] ;d]t
cfj]bg u/L ;f] kbdf oL lgj]bs plQ0f{{
ePsf] eGg] lnlvt hjfkmaf6 b]lvG5 . ;f]
adf]lhd Cabin Attendant kbdf lgj]bsnfO{
lbPsf] lgo'lQm kqsf] Joxf]/f x]bf{ "with
reference to your interview for the post of
cabin attendant we take pleasure to inform
that you have been selected for the post of
Cabin Attendant .... on the following terms
and conditions" egL ;f] kqsf] zt{ g+= ! df
"That you will be on probation period for a
period of 6 (six) months .... " eGg] pNn]v
ePsf] kfOG5 . plNnlvt lgo'lQm kqsf]

Joxf]/f Pj+ lnlvt hjfkm ;d]taf6 oL
lgj]bs Sr. Assistance kbaf6 Cabin Crew
Section sf] Steward kbdf ;?jf eO{ cfPsf]
ge} gof lgo'lQmaf6 ;f] ;d"xdf k|j]z u/]sf]
b]lvof] . gofF lgo'lQm / ;?jf Pp6} laifoj:t'
x'g ;Sb}g . ;?jf Ps ljefuaf6 csf]{
ljefudf ;dfg kbdf x'g ;Sb5 / To:tf]
;?jfdf k/LIf0fsfn nufotsf ;]jfsf
zt{x pNn]v ul/Psf x'Fb}gg\ . k|:t't
ljjfbdf Cabin Crew ;d"xsf] l/Qm Steward
kbdf ePsf] cfGtl/s lj1fkgdf lgj]bs
;fd]n eO{ ;f] k/LIff plQ0f{{ u/L gofF lgo'lQm
kq adf]lhd ;f] lgo'lQm kqdf plNnlvt
;]jfsf zt{x kfngf ug{ d~h"/L hgfO{
;fd]n
ePsf]
ca:yfdf
lgj]bg
lhsL/adf]lhd Cabin Crew Section df ;?jf
ePsf] /x]5 egL dfGg ;lsb}g . klxn]
lgo'lQm ePsf] Sr. Assistant kb k/LTofu u/L
1232

Attendant kbdf lgo'lQm x'g k/LIff ;d]t lbO{
;f] kb :jLsf/ u/L ;f] kbsf] k/LIf0f sfn
;d]t Joltt u/L sfg"gL ?kdf ;f]xL kbdf
sfo{/t /x]sf] ;d]t b]lvbf lgj]bssf] Cabin
Crew Section df ;?jf ePsf] xf] eGg]
lgj]bs lhsL/ Pj+ lgj]bssf tk{msf sfg"g
Joj;foLxsf] ax; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g
;Sg] ca:yf /x]g .
#=
cj bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf
ljrf/ ubf{ dfly ljj]lrt klxnf] k|Zgaf6
lgj]bs k|zf;g tk{msf] sd{rf/L ge} lgudsf]
Crew ;d"xsf] sd{rf/L ePsf] eGg] x'Fbf o;/L
q'm
;d"xdf
sfo{/t
sd{rf/Lxsf]
cjsfz;DaGwL Joj:yf s] /x]5 egL
;DalGwt sfg"gL k|fjwfg x]bf{ g]kfn jfo' ;]jf
lgudsf sd{rf/Lxsf] ;]jf zt{ ;DaGwL
ljlgodfjnL, @)%* sf] kl/R5]b& ljlgod
^# df clgjfo{ cjsfz egL pklgod -!_ df
sd{rf/LnfO{ lghsf] pd]/ %* aif{ k"/f
ePkl5 ;]jfaf6 cjsfz lbOg] 5 t/ ljdfg
kl/rfns / ljdfg kl/rflnsfsf] pd]/ %)
aif{ k"/f ePkl5 :jtM cjsfz lbOg] 5 eGg]
k|fjwfg pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lgj]bs ljdfg
kl/rfns ePsf]df ljjfb gePaf6
ljlgodfjnLsf] cjsfz;DaGwL pQm k|fjwfg
oL lgj]bssf xsdf cfslif{t x'Fb}g eGg
ldNb}g . lgudsf] ;]jfdf k|j]z u/]kl5 pQm
;]jf ;d"x;Fu ;DalGwt k|fjwfg dfGg lgj]bs
nufotsf lgudsf ;j} sd{rf/L jfWosf/L
x'G5g\ . oL lgj]bsn] cGo k|zf;lgs kbdf
sfd u/]sf]n] lgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg cfgf]
xsdf cfslif{t x'g ;Sb}g eGg] lhsL/ lnP
tfklg Cabin Crew ;d"x 5f8L cGo ;d"xdf
lgo'Qm ePsf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] eP klg ;f]
lhsL/nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{ ;s]sf] kfO{b}g .
ljdfg kl/rfns kbnfO{ sfod} /fvL
tTsfnLg kl/l:ylt / cfjZostf cg';f/
s]xL ;dosf] nflu cGoq sfd ub}{df lnog
kbsf] xs jf bfloTjaf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sg]
ca:yf cfpFb}g . lnog kbdf lgj]bs /x];Dd
;f]xL kbsf] x}l;otn] kfpg] xs bfloTj Pj+
;'ljwf pkef]u ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . lgj]bsn] cfk"mn]

u|fp08df sfd ug]{ u/]sf]n] ;f]xL kbdf ;]jf
kl/jt{g ul/kfpFm egL dfu u/]sf] ;d]t
b]lvFb}g . sfg"gL cfwf/lagf cd's s'g}
JolQmnfO{ eP ;/x Jojxf/ ul/kfpFm egL
lg/f dxh{g, /Iff dnxf]qf nufotsf
sd{rf/Lxsf] xjfnf lbO{ ;f]xL ;/xsf]
Jojxf/ ul/kfpFm egL dfu ub}{df tL
JolQmxsf] x}l;ot / oL lgj]bssf] x}l;otdf
b]lvPsf] tYout leGgtfnfO{ cgb]vf u/L
lgj]bsn] pkrf/ kfpg ;Sg] x'b}g . s'g} vf;
JolQmsf] xsdf u/]sf] tYout ljj]rgf
;lxtsf] lg0f{o ghL/ ge} b[i6fGt dfq x'G5 .
vf; sfg"gsf] k|rngsf] nflu sfg"gsf]
Joj:yfdf ul/Psf] AofVof dfk{mt k|ltkflbt
x'g] l;4fGt ghL/ x'G5 . ;f] k|:t't ug'{sf] 5'}
cf}lrTo /xG5 . lagf sfg"gL l;4fGt, s'g}
s'/fsf] b[i6fGtnfO{ cfwf/ jgfO{ ghL/ dfgL
pkrf/ lbg ldNb}g .
$=
lgj]bs s'g ?kdf ;]jfdf
k|j]z u/]sf lyP eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ ge}
;]jfaf6 cjsfz lng] j]nf sxfF s'g ;]jf
;d"xdf sfo{/t 5g\ / s'g lgod cfs[i6 x'G5
eGg] s'/f dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .
%=
ljlgod ^# sf] k|fjwfg
lgj]bssf] xsdf dfq nfu" ge} lgj]bs
;/xsf Crew ;d"xdf cfj4 ;j} sd{rf/Lx
aLr cfs[i6 x'g] ePaf6 sfg"gsf] k|of]udf
e]befj eof] jf cfkm"nfO{ c;dfg Jojxf/
ul/of] eGg ldNb}g . ;dfgxsf jLrdf
ePsf] ;dfg Jojxf/n] ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGt
pNn+3g x'g ;Sb}g . t;y{ lgj]bssf]
;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL xs xgg\ eof] eGg
;lsg] ca:yf b]lvg cfpFb}g . tyflk o;
cbfntaf6 @)^$.#.#@ df hf/L ePsf]
cGtl/d cfb]zadf]lhd lgj]bsnfO{ ljkIfL
lguddf xflh/ u/fO{ sfddf nufPsf]
b]lvPsf]n]
xfhL/
cjlwsf]
lghsf]
dfuadf]lhd kfpg] tnj eQf ;'ljwf
;DaGwdf ljkIfLsf] bfloTj g/xg] eGg
ldn]g . ;f] afx]s dfuadf]lhd cfb]z hf/L
1233
x'g] gb]lvPsf] ca:yfdf tnj eQf ;'ljwf

;d]t kfpg] lhsL/ ug{ ldNg b]lvGg .
^=
lgrf]8df
plNnlvt
ljj]rgfaf6 oL lgj]bs ljdfg kl/rfnssf]
kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf] ca:yfdf ljdfg
kl/rfns jf kl/rflnsfsf] xsdf %) aif{
pd]/ k"/f ePkl5 clgjfo{ cjsfz lbg] eGg]
ljlgod ^# sf] sfg"gL k|fjwfgcg';f/ ljkIfL
g]kfn jfo";]jf lgudn] lgj]bsnfO{ cjsfz
lbg] u/L ePsf] lg0f{o Pj+ ;f] ;Fu ;DalGwt
;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL q'l6k"0f{ gb]lvbf
dfuadf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ug{ ldn]g . l/6
lgj]bg vf/]h eO{ o; cbfntaf6 hf/L

ePsf] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t lgliqmo x'g]
lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg" .
pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .
Gof=cjw]zs'df/ ofbj
Olt ;+jt\ @)^^ ;fn c;f/ @! ut] /f]h ! z'ed\
Ohnf; clws[tM /d]zk|;fb 1jfn
1234

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g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

lg0f{o g+= *!*#

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lg0f{o clgjfo{ ?kdf cufl8 cfpFb5

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf] sd{rf/Lsf]

tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L

gePdf s'g} sf/0f glbO{ ;]jfaf6 x6fpg

sf] k/LIf0fsfndf /x]sf sd{rf/Lsf] sfd

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

xr'jfsf] e/df lgj]bg bfo/ ul/Psf]

l/6 lgj]bgdf o; dGqfnonfO{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

To:tf] ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug{]

-(_ ;Fu aflemPsf] 5 . sfg"gsf 1ftfsf

g]kfn sfg"g Joj;foL kl/ifb\\sf

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

lgj]bg dfuadf]lhd g]kfn

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

lgj]bgdf ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5}g . lgod % sf]

cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfoaf6 :jR5 ;'gjfO

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

ljifodf /fHo gLltsf] k|ltlglwTj ul//x]sf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

k|fs[lts Gofo / :jR5 ;'g'jfO{sf] l;4fGt

Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn j}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ==

lg0f{o g+= *!*$

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

ljifo M pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

eQmk'/ lhNnf, dWok'/ l7dL

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

-(_ f/f k|bQ d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/Lsf]

tkm{af6M ljfg clwjQmf >L

Dofb afx]s @$ 306fleq d'2f x]g]{ clwsf/L

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

o; bkmfsf] k|of]hgsf] nflu rf}aL;

;+ljwfgadf]lhd af6f]sf] Dofb afx]s

;}lgs cbfnt cGo cbfnt h:tf] Ps

ePsf] x'gfn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf pQm

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

lgjb]gdf p7fOPsf s'/f Jofks ;fj{hlgs

ts{;+ut Pj+ cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvFb}g . ;}lgs

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

/fVg ;lsg] eGg] Joj:yf x'Fbf x'Fb} ;}lgs P]g,

ldNg] x'Fb}g . To;}n] ;}lgs P]gsf] plNnlvt

;}lgs P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% sf]

plNnlvt k|Zgx dWo]sf] klxnf]

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

-(_ s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;Ifd cbfnt jf

P]g, @)^# sf] bkmf &% df ePsf] sfg"gL

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

aflemPsf] sfg"g cdfGo jf ab/ 3f]lift ug]{

ePklg ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] cg'z/0f ug'{kg]{

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

cyf{t\ cbfnt u7g gePsf sf/0f y'gfdf

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -!_ adf]lhd

Olt ;Dat\ @)^^ ;fn a}zfv #! ut] /f]h % z'ed\

Ohnf; clws[t s[i0f/fd sf]O/fnf

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

g]kfn sfg"g klqsf @)^^, sflQs

lg0f{o g+= !#

lg0f{o g+= !$

lg0f{o g+= !&