Kaizen.

Kaizen (, Japanese for "change for the better" or "improvement"; the common
English usage is "continuous improvement" or "continual improvement").
In the context of this article, Kaizen refers to a workplace 'quality' strategy and is often
associated with the Toyota Production System and related to various quality-control
systems, including methods of W. Edwards Deming.
Kaizen aims to eliminate waste (as defined by Joshua Isaac Walters "activities that add
cost but do not add value"). It is often the case that this means "to take it apart and put
back together in a better way." This is then followed by standardization of this 'better
way' with others, through standardized work.[citation needed]

Introduction
Kaizen is a daily activity whose purpose goes beyond simple productivity improvement.
It is also a process that, when done correctly, humanizes the workplace, eliminates overly
hard work (both mental and physical) "muri", and teaches people how to perform
experiments on their work using the scientific method and how to learn to spot and
eliminate waste in business processes.
To be most effective kaizen must operate with three[citation needed] principles in place:

consider the process and the results (not results-only) so that actions to achieve
effects are surfaced;
systemic thinking of the whole process and not just that immediately in view (i.e.
big picture, not solely the narrow view) in order to avoid creating problems
elsewhere in the process; and
a learning, non-judgmental, non-blaming (because blaming is wasteful) approach
and intent will allow the re-examination of the assumptions that resulted in the
current process.

People at all levels of an organization can participate in kaizen, from the CEO down, as
well as external stakeholders when applicable. The format for kaizen can be individual,
suggestion system, small group, or large group. In Toyota it is usually a local
improvement within a workstation or local area and involves a small group in improving
their own work environment and productivity. This group is often guided through the
kaizen process by a line supervisor; sometimes this is the line supervisor's key role.
While kaizen (in Toyota) usually delivers small improvements, the culture of continual
aligned small improvements and standardisation yields large results in the form of
compound productivity improvement. Hence the English usage of "kaizen" can be:
"continuous improvement" or "continual improvement."

This philosophy differs from the "command-and-control" improvement programs of the

mid-twentieth century. Kaizen methodology includes making changes and monitoring
results, then adjusting. Large-scale pre-planning and extensive project scheduling are
replaced by smaller experiments, which can be rapidly adapted as new improvements are
suggested.

Translation
The original kanji characters for this word are:
In Japanese this is pronounced 'kaizen'.

('kai') KAI means 'change' or 'the action to correct'.

('zen') ZEN means 'good'.

In Chinese this is pronounced 'gai shan':

('gi shn') means 'change for the better' or 'improve'.

('gi') means 'change' or 'the action to correct'.
('shn') means 'good' or 'benefit'. 'Benefit' is more related to the Taoist or
Buddhist philosophy, which gives the definition as the action that 'benefits' the
society but not one particular individual (i.e. multilateral improvement). In other
words, one cannot benefit at another's expense. The quality of benefit that is
involved here should be sustained forever, in other words the 'shan' is an act that
truly benefits others.

History
In Japan, after World War II, American occupation forces brought in American experts in
statistical control methods and who were familiar with the War Department's Training
Within Industry (TWI) training programs to restore a war-torn nation. TWI programs
included Job Instruction (standard work) and Job Methods (process improvement). In
conjunction with the Shewhart cycle taught by W. Edwards Deming, and other statisticsbased methods taught by Joseph M. Juran, these became the basis of the kaizen
revolution in Japan[1] that took place in the 1950s.

Implementation
The Toyota Production System is known for kaizen, where all line personnel are expected
to stop their moving production line in case of any abnormality and, along with their
supervisor, suggest an improvement to resolve the abnormality which may initiate a
kaizen.

The cycle of kaizen activity can be defined as: standardize an operation -> measure the
standardized operation (find cycle time and amount of in-process inventory) -> gauge
measurements against requirements -> innovate to meet requirements and increase
productivity -> standardize the new, improved operations -> continue cycle ad infinitum.
This is also known as the Shewhart cycle, Deming cycle, or PDCA.
Masaaki Imai made the term famous in his book, Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive
Success.
Apart from business applications of the method, both Anthony Robbins and Robert
Maurer have popularized the kaizen principles into personal development principles. The
basis of Robbins' CANI (Constant and Never-Ending Improvement) method in kaizen is
discussed in his Lessons in Mastery series.

See also

5S
Balanced Scorecard
Business Process Reengineering
Extreme Programming
Lean production
Six Sigma
Theory of Constraints
TPM or Total Productive Maintenance
Toyota Production System
Training Within Industry
TRIZ
W. Edwards Deming
TOC Lean Six Sigma - TLS
Statistical Process Control
Arche Wellness

References
This article needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and
removed. (September 2007)

1. ^ The Roots of Lean: Training within Industry - the

origin of Kaizen, Jim Huntzinger, AME, Target Volume
18 No 1, First Quarter 2002, p 13

Further reading

Dinero, Donald (2005), Training Within Industry: The Foundation of Lean",

Productivity Press, ISBN 1-56327-307-1

Emiliani, B., with Stec, D., Grasso, L. and Stodder, J. (2007), Better Thinking,
Better Results: Case Study and Analysis of an Enterprise-Wide Lean
Transformation, second edition, The CLBM, LLC Kensington, Conn., ISBN 9780-9722591-2-5
Imai, Masaaki (1986), Kaizen: The Key to Japan's Competitive Success, McGrawHill/Irwin, ISBN 0-07-554332-X
Imai, Masaaki, Gemba Kaizen: A Commonsense, Low-Cost Approach to
Management McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (March 1, 1997) ISBN 0-07-031446-2

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