A STUDY ON SOLIDARITY STRATEGIES IN

ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE NOVELS

By Nguyen Thanh Vu, M.A in English Language
Department of Foreign Languages, Dong A University

ABSTRACT
Conducted as an effort to develop an awareness of pragmatics amongst
Vietnamese learners of English, the study deals with a set of solidarity
strategies on the basis of valuable insights which the solidarity aspects have
given into the process of utterances interpretation. The study aims at examining
the strategies commonly used in some English and Vietnamese novels. Once
having reached these aims, the study is expected to be recognized as a
contribution to the practice of English teaching and learning, in particular,
the improvement of solidarity ability in communication.

1. INTRODUCTION

Language is the most important and basic means of communication in our society.
It is also a way of developing thoughts, transferring cultural, historical issues and so on.
Language is considered as a tool most effectively reflecting society.
Solidarity strategies in which the speaker tries to offset the sense of imposition by
emphasizing the closeness of their relationship through terms of endearment (love, pal,
darling, buddy), teasing or banter, humour and being open and voluble. Frequently, a
solidarity strategy will be marked via inclusive terms such as we and lets, as in the
party invitation in the following example:
Come on, lets go to the party. Everyone will be there. Well have fun.
In this paper, we have found 12 solidarity strategies through 500 samples of
solidarity strategies both in English and Vietnamese. From the findings and discussions,
we can draw some implications for teaching and learning English in schools, center of
foreign languages in Da Nang.
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2. RESEARCH METHODS

A contrastive analysis of solidarity strategies in different kinds of English and

Vietnamese discourse from novels was conducted so as to draw out some implications
with particular reference to the teaching and learning of solidarity strategies in
communication. English is chosen as the target language (L2) and Vietnamese the
source one (L1).
About 500 samples of solidarity strategies both in English and Vietnamese have
collected. The data have been mainly extracted from English and Vietnamese novels.
It is preferable to find bilingual sources that can provide samples that occurred in both
English and Vietnamese version. Thanks to this bank of corpus, it was grouped into
smaller corpora according to each solidarity strategy found in samples of English and
Vietnamese novels. Also, a comparison of the semantics, sociolinguistics and pragmatics
of strategies of showing solidarity in English and Vietnamese would be considered
in details. During this process, smaller groups would be examined in context under
semantic and pragmatic criteria.
3. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

3.1 Solidarity strategies showed through english and vietnamese novels

This part deals with a set of possible strategies commonly used in some English
and Vietnamese novels. These solidarity strategies will be examined in the light of
sociolinguistics and communicative domains to check whether people use them to
strengthen solidarity effectively in communication. Besides, the frequency of the
examples employing each strategy will be analyzed to find out the significance of the
strategies in communication.
3.1.1 Strategy 1: Use in-group identity markers

By using any of the innumerable ways to convey in-group membership, S can

implicitly claim the common ground with H that is carried by that definition of the
group. These include in-group usages of address forms, of language or dialect, of jargon
or slang, and ellipsis.
3.1.1.1. Use of address forms:
Basically, address forms are used commonly to show solidarity semantics between
Speakers (Ss) and Hearers (Hs) in communication and these forms are considered as the
tokens of solidarity.
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Address forms used to convey such in-group membership include generic names
and terms of address like mac, mate, buddy, pal, honey, dear, duckie, luv, babe, Mom,
blondie, brother, sister, cutie, sweetheart, guys, fellas.
For examples:
(1) My dear, said Mr. Bumble, I didnt know you were here [9, 423]
In communication, If Ss and Hs are close friends, they often user nicknames
or close names to communicate each other to show that they are very close as in the
following examples:
(2) Aha! my pal! cried the same voice. A glim, Barney, a glim! Show the
gentleman in, Barney; wake up first, if convenient. [9, 248]
Through above examples we can understand that "pal", "buddy"... are the tittles
that Ss use to address Hs (their close friends). These titles are deemed as the tokens of
the one close group in communication.
Likewise, In Vietnamese , "cu", "t", "mnh"... are widely used when Ss and Hs
are close friends as in example (3)
(3) Che, cu ang suy ngh g vy ? [16, 111]
In English, another example shows that in the same office..., colleagues often use
titles as a token of the group to address each other.
(4) Hey, mate, How are you? [8, 282]
In (4) "mate" is used to address the male colleague in the same office. When Hs
hear "mate", they know that Ss and them are in the same office and even very close. This
title helps Hs recognize their partners in communication.
In Vietnam, those who take part in the army force, often address their friends with
a name "ng ch. So Hs and Ss are in the same army office, they like calling and
being called such a name more as in example (5)
(5) ng ch Giang chy u th?
Anh... ...bo co ng ch Hng, cho ti i bt gic li. [17, 44]
Likewise, if Ss and Hs are spouses or lovers, they often like hearing the goods each
other. The emotional titles such as "love", "babe", "honey", "sweetheart"... are often
used to address.
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(6) But, darling, I have to see you [1, 18]

The above examples indicate that in English, the numerous titles which people use
to address their lovers to remain and intensify their love. However, In Vietnamese, such
emotional titles are very modest, "Em/Anh yu", "Cng", "Nh" as in example (7)
(7) Em yu ! Ngy mai anh phi ri xa em ri ! [11, 120]
In English "Mac" is a title used to address a strange man at the first time. When
S and H are not close, but at the first time S addresses H with a title, that makes H feel
closer and not be threatened.
(8) "Can't do it, Mac. Sorry." He certainly was good company. [5, 33]
The use of first name in communication really helps us bridge the gap between the
Ss and Hs.
(9) Anh Chng! Anh phi li d lin hoan ch [15, 3]
(10) How many dogsve we got, Henry? [1, 3]
Clearly, in (9), (10), Ss use first name to address Hs, they accept such titles and
they feel safer and equal in communication. According to the investigated statistics, this
way is used more 30 % with a view to showing solidarity in communication and this
use of first name is rather popular in both English and Vietnamese. But this way is only
effective when Ss and Hs are equal in age, power, status...
Kinship term is often used with a high rate to address in communication.
(11) , Ch thm c bng lng th ti khc c cch [18, 16]
(12) I dont know, aunt [6, 10]
3.1.1.2. Use of slang, jargon, or dialect
Jargon, dialect and slang particular linguistic units are used to indicate the same
profession, the group...They are deemed as most effective ways to show in-group identity
in communication. The following examples show us that communicative partners are in
the same region, group.
(13) " Caf Select" I told the driver [1, 18]
(14) Giang h? Tri i ! Lm sao hm nay mi m ti
In examples (13), (14), Ss use slangs, dialects to communicate with Hs. This
approves that they lived or are living in the same region in respect of geography. They
understand dialect and use them in communication.
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3.1.1.3. Use of abbreviation and clipping

With this strategy, Ss imply by accident or intentionally that Ss and Hs have the
same understandings or knowledge of what Ss and Hs mention in communication. Thus,
with abbreviation or clipping, communicative interlocutors can understand with each
other in the following example:
(15) Next stop V.F.D! If you look out the window, you can... [17, 22]
In above example, Ss use abbreviation to utter and S is certain that H understands
and receives utterance easily because S and H have the same experience, knowledge in
specific situations.
3.1.2. Strategy 2: Intensify interest to H

Another way for S to show solidarity with H that he/she shares some of his/her
wants is to intensify the interest of his/her own contribution to the conversation, by "
making a good story". This may be done using the ' vivid present', for example; this
is a common feature of positive-politeness conversations, as it pulls H right into the
middle of the events being discussed, metaphorically at any rate, thereby increasing
their intrinsic interest to him. For example:
English:
(16) "With what" Ben asked. Let me tell you something. I know for a fact that
the Blaylock Corporation is represented by Raven, Tucker & Tubb, the largest firm in
Tulsa,... all to run down the clock- and run up the tab. This litigation will cost thousands
of dollars- probably hundreds of dollars. Who's got that kind of money? I certainly
don't. Do you? [10, 121]
In above example, S tells H about something. To the end of his story, he says:
Who's got that kind of money? I certainly don't. Do you? S knows that H doesn't know
anything about this story but S asks H a question with a view to attracting H into this.
And H feels interested into that.
3.1.3. Strategy 3: Avoiding disagreement or seeking agreement

Disagreement is a big FTA (Face- Threatening Acts) behaviour. Thus, every

cultural-linguistic community uses strategies to avoid disagreement in communication.
Ss can use the following ways to seek agreement or avoid disagreement between them
and Hs.
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3.1.3.1 Formal agreement.

With this way, Ss can use words, phrases, clauses... to express semi-negative
meaning according to the semantic axis "Positive - Negative" as follows:
3RVLWLYH

6HPL

1HJDWLYH

In communication, when Ss don't agree with Hs about anything, but they can't
reply "No" explicitly because they don't want to lose solidarity between them with their
communicative partners. Maybe, at the beginning of utterance, Ss show their agreement
with communicative partners, then they express their own opinions. By this way, they
make them gain positive relation with Hs.

IRUPDODJUHHPHQW


GLVFRQQHFWLQJHOHPHQW
EXWKRZHYHU

RZQRSLQLRQV

Examples:
(17) Yeah, maybe. But I had the sense... there was something else [10,171]
(18) Phi, cng nh, nhng th th . Cng cng li [14, 113]
In (17) (18), at the beginning of their utterances, they agree, but later they add a
reason with but I.... In reality, in these situations it is clear that Hs don't agree with
Ss at all but Hs don't reject Ss' suggestions, opinions...immediately to remain solidarity
and discourse, so Hs give a formal agreement. Some markers that help us recognize
understand and know this strategy:
English expressions
Yes, perhaps, but...
Yes, maybe, but...
Yes, but...
OK, but...
...

Vietnamese expressions
/phi, nhng m...
Vng, nhng m...
Tt nhin, nhng m...
Anh ni cng c l, nhng m...
...

3.1.3.2. False agreement

(19) Em chu lm chnh ch bt nht bo hay khng?
em suy ngh t ba na ri em s tr li cho ng [12, 17]
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In (19), H agrees with S's invitation, suggestion in the indefinite way. H can not
decide right after S puts out invitation, suggestion. But H still has false agreement with
S with a view not to making S disappointed, lose his/her interest.
After discussing, negotiating...both S and H come to conclusion by saying: vy...
vy l, vy th to agree with each other.
(20) , , vy h ? [12, 15]
3.1.4. Strategy 4: Show the same opinions with the hearer (speakers)

In communication, sometimes Ss put opinions/ facts and these opinions/ facts can
coincide Hs ones or not. But how Hs express their opinions with Ss without making
harmony in conversations is not easy at all. We consider the following examples.
+ In Vietnamese:
(21) Ti ng quan im vi anh [16, 45]
+ In English:
(22) I quite agree with you. [1, 37]
In this strategy, English and Vietnamese expressions are recognized easily such as:
English expressions
Exactly
Yeah
Absolutely
Definitely
I agree with...
...

Vietnamese expressions
Vy ?
ng vy
ng th !
Ch phi
Ti ng ()...
...

3.1.5. Strategy 5: Attend to Hs' interest, wants, needs

This strategy is used in communication with a view to satisfying one certain aspect
of positive politeness
When we carry out a certain action (considered as a good one), have a personal
change (positive), or possess a thing (beautiful), pursue a certain idea (good) or wish
to satisfy a certain demand (legitimate), we always expect others to pay attention and
comment, evaluate (with the positive or objective ways ). In general, this strategy is
put into an action by a compliment which Ss give to Hs with a function of intensifying
interpersonal relations and communicative point such as hint, get into conversation with
somebody, show admiration, express attention, show gratitude to somebody...
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Examples:
(23) sng mai ti biu th may ln n sa qun cho. [13, 27]
(24) "You feel the cold, Monsieur Jefferson", Vergenees said: "Move closer to the
fire" [8, 119]
In (23), (24) Ss take care of Hs, Ss pay attention to Hs' wants, needs. Ss can look
Hs' gesture, face and they can understand what Hs want or lack. So in this situation, Ss
express their cares of the others.
In communication, "compliment" is really very important and it makes Hs feel
them in the good feelings when hearing from Ss. This makes distance between Ss and
Hs become closer.
(25) Tim no may o cho ch y kho qu. [13, 67]
(26) Good-ness gracious [8, 228]
In (25), (26) Ss intend to compliment Hs on their clothes and manner. This really
makes Hs feel good. And Ss can base on Hs' feelings and they ask Hs something more easily.
3.1.6. Strategy 6: Include both speaker (S) and hearer (H) in conversation

In English, the plural first pronoun "We" means both "exclusive we" and "inclusive
we". "Exclusive we" stands for that Hs don't belong to the group of the Ss, whereas,
"inclusive we" means Hs and Ss are in the same group. Thus, base on the structure of the
sentence and context, we can define the meaning "Exclusive we" or "inclusive we" easily.
(27)"Tonight we go to Shep's " Roy said to Toney and Anna Lisa [9, 145]
(28) Ta ngi xung y nh! [17, 106]
Communicative context includes intralinguistic context, paralinguistic context and
extralinguistic context. Extralinguistic context comprises kinesic context, artifactual
context and environmental context. So we base on communicative context, we can
define the meaning: exclusive and inclusive of pronoun "we" in English. On the other
hand, In Vietnamese, we do not base on structure and communicative context to define
the meaning: exclusive and inclusive of pronoun "we".
In this strategy, we use pronoun We (English), Chng ta (Vietnamese) with the
meaning: inclusive to increase quality the same group or ship" between Ss and Hs, and
decrease FTA, but not attract both Ss and Hs into the certain action.
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We
Chng ti (Exclusive we)
Chng t
Chng em
Ti em
Chng ti
...

Chng ta (Inclusive we)

Chng mnh
Anh em mnh
Ch em mnh
Ta
...

Besides "We", Ss can use structure "let's" (English) to demonstrate that Ss and Hs
are in the same group or ship.
(29) Let's go and see [6, 97]
3.1.7. Strategy 7: Offer or promise

This strategy is used to set up and consolidate solidarity between communicative

partners. Ss, through actions of promise and invitation, imply that they want to maintain
and develop relations with Hs, that Hs are the objectives they want to cooperate, and that
they wish to satisfy Hs' demands.
(30) Cm n, ti vn bnh thng. No, mi c v cu n tri cy i [17, 146]
(31) Would you like to drink, Tom Sawyer! [7, 203]
As we know, there are two kinds of invitation. That is: definite invitation and
indefinite invitation. The degree of definite or indefinite is regulated by many elements:
intralinguistics, extralinguistics or paralinguistics, but the most remarkable things: space
and time. If both are defined clearly, that invitation is definite and genuine. For example:
(32) M mi anh th su ny n d bui u bn kt ca M, Nhn li khng?
[11, 19]
In communication, sometimes promise plays an important role; it contributes
to strengthening cooperation and solidarity. The following example shows us that Ss
promise to do something so that they can share and help Hs when Hs meet trouble.
(33) Ill show you. By Heaven! Ill show you. [2, 30]
The vocabulary and structure markers are realized clearly in terms of linguistics in
this strategy as follows:
English expressions

Would you like +...

Vietnamese expressions

Anh/ Ti mi...
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English expressions

We +verb+ appealer markers?

Why dont we +...
We/Ill + verb...
We/I promise ...
...

Vietnamese expressions

Chng ta... nh/nh/ch

Ti/Anh...ha s...
...

3.1.8. Strategy 8: Exaggerate interest in H and his interests

With this strategy, Ss often exaggerate their interest, appreciation, positive

sentiment towards Hs.
Examples:
(34) Rt tt, Em ni tip i- thy Thnh c v [17, 22]
(35) Youre very, very kind to me, maam, said Oliver. [3, 127]
By this strategy, Ss can improve and strengthen solidarity with Hs easily. Ss can
compliment things or characteristics which Hs possess at the bottom. When Hs receive
this, they feel themselves good.
According to the investigated statistics, intensifiers markers used as follows:
English expressions

Vietnamese expressions

So

V cng

Such

Rt

Extremely

Thc s

Absolutely

Lm, qu...

Really...

3.1.9. Strategy 9: Joke

In general, a joke is given, received and accepted by basing on a series of

presuppositions which Ss and Hs share, or Ss think that Ss and Hs share together
Examples:
(36) Chng no ln thiu t, em ?
Ci d m i ca. Nu mun ngy mai em ln lun trung t cng c [15, 26]
(37) My husband and I joked that we should walk by the pastor and say,
"Happy Birthday Pastor!" he would, of course, say "It's not my birthday" [3,115]
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However, to apply this strategy in communication, it makes sure that Ss and Hs

have common understandings of the same issue, topic otherwise, they can't understand
and even this makes them misunderstand. This strategy should be used in some special
situations such as there is a stress or other mental obstacles in communication between
Ss and Hs.
3.1.10. Strategy 10: Reciprocal exchange

The fact that communicative partners assert or need reciprocal exchange is a way
to show their cooperation and solidarity in communication. This solidarity is concretized
by action, events and reciprocal benefits, obligation in communication.
English
- If you..., I'll...
- Let me...

Vietnamese
Nu anh/ch...(th) ti... s...
- V anh/ch... nn ti s...
Ti s... vi iu kin l...

(38) Nu m ha con mt iu, con s cho m gp anh Chng [15, 218]

(39) If youd like to talk again, Id like to talk too [9, 95]
3.1.11. Strategy 11: Consoling, encouraging, sympathizing and advising

S can share his/her sympathy, understandings, and cooperation with H. By

consoling, encouraging, sympathizing with or without purposes, S can:
Take care of H, and/or understand thoroughly failure/difficulty/problem H is
facing, and/ or bridge the gap between S and H, and/or...
(40) Go on, Tom! [6, 119]
(41) Ti khuyn ng phi i chi, i x ny x kia t nhin khuy lng [13, 21]
The following utterances are used for this strategy:
English
All Right
Don't worry
Go on
Come on
No problem
Never mind
...

Vietnamese
c y/lm
Kh y/lm
Vui ln no
Thi, ...
C yn tm
C bnh tnh
...
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3.1.12. Strategy 12: Show optimistic feeling

Through findings and discussions, we can use five following ways to show
optimistic in communication.
3.1.12.1. Use of Understaters:
In this way, Ss can use understaters in the following examples:
(42) Tha, mi may c mt cht, c chi u m mt [13, 30]
(43) Put down that tray and come lace me tighter, said Scarlett irritably. And
Ill try to eat a little afterwards [5, 43]
English
+ a bit, a little, a little bit, just one...

Vietnamese
+ mt cht, mt t, mt to, mt lt...

3.1.12.2. Use of Appealers or Token Tags:

Appealers makers or token tags are often used in both two languages:
English
OK ? Right ?... isn't it ?...

Vietnamese
+ Nh, y nh, nh, y ch, ch...

Examples were found in the investigated corpus such as:

(44) Ch bit rng lm nh? [9,4]
(45) You're happy, all right [1, 10]
3.1.12.3 Use of Hedges
Ch, ci ngy cho c i hc tht c th gi l mt ngy lch s ca nh h
Phm. [1,4]
(46) Maybe, theyre hunting for us now, Tom [6, 191]
The research shows us that the following hedges markers are used commonly in
Vietnamese and English.
English
Perhaps, maybe, possibly...

Vietnamese
C l, c th, c khi, c kh nng...

3.1.12.4. Use of Conventional Gambits:

Vietnamese conventional gambits used in this strategy such as: Mnh (t, ti) hi
vng l/ ngh l, Ti (chc, tin bit) l... Chc l cu (anh, ch...) s....
In English, conventional gambits such as: I know that..., Im sure you wont mind
if I..., you wont mind, will you, If I... are used widely.
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(47) "Oh yes !" she said ," I know all about boils . The father appears first, then he
takes to himself a wife, and they bring a family of children to birth " [1, 83]
(48) Mnh bit th m [18, 217]
3.1.12.5. Use of Talking-Up
(49) Con b ngy cng xinh nh [17, 280]
(50) You look very very beautiful, Anna [9, 33]
By this way, Ss can use stylistic device "hyperbole" to talk about their partners in
communication and it is certain that Hs feel interested. Or intensifiers such as: qu, cng
cng, rt rt... (Vietnamese), very very, absolutely, perfectly... (English)
English
Very very, absolutely, perfectly...

Vietnamese
+ Qu, cng cng, rt rt...

3.2. Frequency of solidarity strategies investigated

After finding out samples used in English and Vietnamese novels, they were
classified into each strategy as follows:
Strategies

English (samples)

Vietnamese (samples)

Strategy 1

50

37

Strategy 2

20

Strategy 3

25

15

Strategy 4

19

17

Strategy 5

22

19

Strategy 6

18

15

Strategy 7

16

21

Strategy 8

18

18

Strategy 9

14

15

Strategy 10

20

18

Strategy 11

25

32

Strategy 12

25

32

Total

250

250

From the above figure, the frequency of the 12 solidarity strategies investigated
in the 34 English and Vietnamese novels (mentioned in chapter 3) can be illustrated in
table 3.1 below.
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Table 3.1. Frequency of 12 solidarity strategies investigated in the corpus

ENGLISH
(frequency %)

VIETNAMESE
(frequency %)

Strategy 1( Use of in group- identity markers)

24 %

22%

Strategy 2 (Intensify interest to H)

5.5%

11%

14.5%

12.5%

Strategy 4(Show the same opinions with the hearer

(speakers)

12%

11.5%

Strategy 5(Attend to Hs' interest, wants, needs)

9.5%

13%

Strategy 6(Include both speaker (S) and hearer (H) in

conversation )

11%

9.5%

Strategy 7 (Offer or promise )

6.5%

8.5%

Strategy 8(Exaggerate interest in H and his interests )

5.5 %

11 %

Strategy 9 (Joke)

3.5 %

8%

Strategy 10(Reciprocal exchange )

7.5%

12 %

7%

15 %

12 %

6%

STRATEGIES

Strategy 3 (Avoid disagreement or seek

Agreement)

Strategy 11(Consoling, encouraging, sympathizing and

advising)
Strategy 12 (Show optimistic feeling)

3.3. Some remarks from the contrastive analysis of solidarity strategies in English and
Vietnamese novels: the similarities and diffrerneces
3.3.1. Semantic and pragmatic similarities

Firstly, on the semantic and pragmatic level, solidarity strategies in English and
Vietnamese novels share a number of properties such as the semantic key notion for
their shaping of meanings such as in-group identity markers, intensifying interest
to H, avoiding disagreement or seeking agreement, attending to Hs interest, wants,
needs, including both S and H, offering or promising, exaggerating interest in H and
his interest, reciprocal exchange, consoling encouraging, sympathizing and advising,
showing optimistic feelings, attending to Hs personal issues to remain solidarity in
communication.
Secondly, the motivation of solidarity in English and Vietnamese can be identified
by judging the information status of utterance in terms of the goodness about the stateof-affairs mentioned in the utterance. The favorable or unfavorable aspects of the
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information relating to the speaker and hearer can be seen as components that govern the
speakers choice of a specific solidarity strategy in a particular context.
3.3.2. Semantic and pragmatic differences

As presented above, there are a significant number of similarities in solidarity

strategies in English and Vietnamese with reference to semantic and pragmatic features.
However, there are many differences between English and Vietnamese in terms of
solidarity strategies. Both languages have a wide range of linguistic units to signal
solidarity meanings. However, it can be also noted here that the inventory of structures
derived from the lexical head carrying the essential meanings of assertion in each
language is not the same. English corpus has yielded more structural as well as lexical
variants of solidarity strategies than Vietnamese corpus.
With reference to strategy 6, Ss use we to include Hs in conversation. And the
meanings of we depend on the context. Besides, we, according to the investigated
corpus, structure lets is occupied in English, on the other hand, this structure was not
found in Vietnamese corpus.
4. IMPLICATIONS FOR LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING

It should be noticed that the perspectives on solidarity of speakers of different

competence are different in some way but apparently, most speakers often bear in their
mind the awareness of solidarity and attempt to show this to their partners in daily
interactions.
Therefore, in the process of language teaching and learning, it is expected that
teachers help their learners equip themselves with an awareness of the social and
cultural factors affecting strategies to maintain solidarity as suggested in the research.
The awareness of these factors and the use of these strategies are important steps in
improving communicative competence of language learners.
From the findings of the study, teachers can introduce twelve solidarity strategies
in terms of semantics, pragmatics to learners of English and Vietnamese. The use of
twelve strategies will help them communicate more effectively within their language
competence.

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REFERENCES
ENGLISH
1. Hemmingway, E (1926), The Sun also rises, Publisher Charles Scribers Sons (USA)
2. Jennifer and L. Armstrong (2009), Dreaming in Arabic, Jennifer L. Armstrong
3. Lemony, S (2001), The Ville Village, Harper Collins
4. London, J (1903), The call of wild, Macmillan
5. Max, B (2003), Jefferson, Winter Ventures, London, CA, United Kingdom
6. Salinger, J.D (1951), The catcher in the Rye, Little, Brown and Company
7. Steinbeck, J (2006), The grapes of Wrath, Penguine Books
8. Wapinski (1995), Carry me home, Bantam Dell Pub Group
9. Wells, H.G (2004), The invisible man, A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication
10. William Bernhadt (2001), Silent Justice, Ballantine Books
VIETNAMESE
1. V H Anh (2003), Con b ti yu, NXB Vn Ngh
2. H Biu Chnh (2005), Hai khi tnh, Nh Xut Bn Vn Ha Si Gn
3. H Biu Chnh (2006), Thit gi, gi thit, Nh Xut Bn Vn Ha Si Gn
4. Phm c (2007), Ti vi Dim nhng thng ngy, Nh Xut Bn Lao ng
5. o Hiu (2000), Ci v, Nh Xut Bn Gio dc
6. Nguyn Ngc (2006), Thc nh m, Nh Xut Bn Vn Ngh
7. Thin Sn (2007), Mu xanh k c, Nh Xut Bn Cng An Nhn Dn
8. L Vn Trng (2008), Ba ngy lun lc, Nh Xut Bn Vn Hc

74

AI HOC ONG A
So 8-2012