Astrophysics 1, Exercise 4

Adar Sharon, 305795791

17/7/15

1.

a (t) = H0 (t + t0 )

First, since a (0) = 1, we have H0 t0 = 1. Thus we take t0 =

We want the relationship between 0 and z . Write:

0 = 2.5log

1
H0 .

1
1a
a=
= z =
z+1
a
!

4F (10pc)

= d2L = (10pc) 10 2.5 = dL = (10pc) 10

0
5

thus we need the relationship between a and dL . Use:

a dL = dc =

cdt0
1
= dL =
a (t0 )
a

solve:

now
cdt0
a (t0 )
t







t0
now
0
c
ln
0
0
c ln a1
c ln Ha0 t0
t+t0
cdt
1
cdt
1
= dL =
= 2
=
dL =
=
a t
a (t0 )
H0 (t + t0 ) t H0 (t0 + t0 )
H0 (t + t0 )
H0 a
H0 a
1
c ln( )
And so we can t the data to dL = H0 aa to nd H0 . We obtain

H0 = 56.72

This appears to be a good t.

1

km/s
Mpc

a (t) =

(t+t0 )2/3
2/3

t0

This time:
1
dL =
a

now
0
4/3
4/3
h
i
cdt0
ct0
dt0
ct0
1/3
1/3
=
=
3t

3
(t
+
t
)
=
0
0
2/3
2/3
2/3
a (t0 )
t
t (t0 + t0 )
(t + t0 )
(t + t0 )

t
t0

3ct0
2/3
+1


1

we have

a (t) =

t
+1
t0

2/3

and so
dL =

3ct0
2c
1 a =
1 a
a
H0 a

Fit to nd H0 :

km/s
Mpc
This doesn't seem as good a t as in (1), but we cannot reject this model on the basis of this data.
H0 = 50.37

3 Accelerating Universe

This time:
dL =

1
a

now

cdt0
1 0
dt0
=
a (t0 )
a t H0 (t0 + t0 ) + (t0 + t0 )2
t

change variables to u = t0 + t0 and obtain

t
+1
t0

1/3 !

 now
cdt0
=
a (t0 )
t

du
c t0
=
=
a t+t0 H0 u + u2
t0
c
1
du
=
=

2


a H0 2 t+t0 2u
+
1

1
2
H0





c
H0
2t0
2 (t + t0 )
1
1
=
tanh
+ 1 + tanh
+1

2
0
2
H0
H0
a H
2

1
dL =
a

nd the relationship between u = t + t0 and a:

2

a = H0 u + u

r

2
H02
a
H0
H0
H2

= a = u +
= u =

+ 02
2
4
2
4

t + t0 need to be positive and so we have

H0
+
u=
2

H2
a
+ 02
4

plug this in and obtain:

"
2c
dL =
tanh1
aH0

4a
+1
H02

!
1

tanh

2t0
+1
H0

#

Finally, we have
1 = H0 t0 + t20 = =

1 H0 t0
t20

thus we have
"
2c
dL =
tanh1
aH0

4 (1 H0 t0 ) a
+1
H02 t20

!
1

tanh

2 (1 H0 t0 )
+1
H0 t0

dene = H0 t0 and obtain

"
2c
tanh1
dL =
aH0

4 (1 ) a
+1
2

Fit to nd the parameters:

!
1

tanh

1
2
+1

#

#

 = H0 t0 = 0.9966
H0 = 56.6

km/s
Mpc

from which we conclude

=

1 H0 t 0
1
= 10.97 2
t20
s

This also appears to be a good t, but this could just result from the fact that we added an extra parameter to the t.
Q. 4

Need to solve:
 2


a
m,0
+

= H02
,0
a
a3

Calculate:
dL =
=
=
=
=

now
cdt0
=
a (t0 )
t

dt0
1 now c da(t0 ) da
=
a t
a (t0 )

c now da
=
a t
a a
a(now)
c
da
p
=
aH0 a(t)
m,0 a + ,0 a4
a(now)
c
da
p
aH0 a(t)
m,0 a + (1 m ) a4
1
a

Fitting this horrible result using a 2 analysis (see code in appendix 1) we obtain:
4

m = 0.16,

= 0.84

H0 = 61.7

km/s
Mpc

This doesn't appear to be a perfect t, but still not bad enough to reject this model.
Bonus:

It seems as though we can t this data to almost anything. Specically, it seems as though the t to a (t) = H0 (t + t0 ) is
just as good as the t to and accelerating universe, even though the accelerating universe has an extra degree of freedom.
Thus this exercise does not convince me that the universe is accelerating.
Appendix 1

Code for part 4:

N = 300;
Chai = 1 0 0 0 0 0 ;
Omegal = l i n s p a c e ( 0 . 1 , 1 ,N) ;
H0 = l i n s p a c e ( 4 0 , 8 0 , n ) ;
f o r i = 1 :N
f o r j = 1 :N
for dl = 1: length ( z )
f = @( x ) ( 1 . / s q r t (H0( j )^2 ((1 Omegal ( i ) ) . x+Omegal ( i ) x . ^ 4 ) ) ) ;
lim = 1/(1+ z ( d l ) ) ;
d l ( i , j , d l ) = (1+z ( d l ) ) 3 E5 i n t e g r a l ( f , lim , 1 ) ;
end
end
end
f o r i = 1 :N
f o r k = 1 :N
dL_temp = d l ( i , k , : ) ;
c h a i ( i , k ) = sum ( ( abs (dL_temp(:) d l ( : ) ) . / e r r o r ) . ^ 2 ) ;
i f c h a i ( i , k)<Chai ;
5

Chai = c h a i ( i , k ) ;
I1 = k ;
I2 = j ;
end
end
end
dL_final = d l ( I1 , I2 , : ) ;