MECH1641 - W2008 Lecture 07 - Bolted Joints I

MECH1641 Machine Design II
Lecture 7: Bolted Joints I

Quiz 2 Review
Review of Bolted Joints
Installation Torque
Preload
Proof Strength and Proof Load
Tensile Area
References
Joint and Bolt Stiffness
Closing Notes
1
Quiz 2, Question 9
Fatigue Strength Sf (ksi)
1000
160
100
41
Sf (ksi)
1.E+00
160
1.E+03
77.76
1.E+06
41
Sn
1.E+09
41
Sn
160 ksi
Sy
130 ksi
S'n
80 ksi
CL
CG
0.9
CS
0.88
CT
0.648
CR
Sf,N=1000
77.76 ksi
Sn
77.76
S-N Curve Data
Su
41.1 ksi
41
Su
Sf,N=1000
10
1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03 1.E+04 1.E+05 1.E+06 1.E+07 1.E+08 1.E+09
Life N (cycles)
Quiz 2, Question 9, 10
180
Stress Amplitude a (ksi)
Constant Life Line Data

a
a
m
3
6
N=10
N=10
-130
77.76
41
77.76
41
160
160
140
120
Yield Envelope
m
a
-130
130
130
100
77.76
N=10
80
a/m=1/2
m
150
75
60
41
N=10
a/ m =0.5
40
54 ksi
Fm
n
A
d
8 kip
6
2
0.889 in
1.064 in
20
0
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

20 40 60
Mean Stress m (ksi)
80 100 120 140 160 180

3
Objectives
After this lecture and associated homework, you will
be able to:
Distinguish between a variety of common
industrial fasteners.
Find fastener data from a variety of sources, and
apply it to bolted joint analysis.
Calculate the installation torque for permanent
and reusable assemblies from bolt size and
grade.
Distinguish between bolt fracture and joint
separation, and calculate the external loads that
will result in each.
4
Types of Threaded Fasteners

Threaded fasteners include screws, bolts, studs, and
threaded rod.
Screws thread into tapped holes.
Bolts use nuts to complete the joint.
Studs have no head, and are threaded into tapped holes,
leaving a protruding lug.
Threaded rod (sometimes called called ATR, allthreaded-rod), is just a length of threaded round bar.
Screw & Bolt Heads
Screw Heads
Hexagonal socket head has a hexagonal hole and is driven by a Hex
Wrench, sometimes called an Allen key or hex key, or by a power tool
with a hexagonal bit. Tamper-resistant versions with a pin in the
recess are available. Hex sockets are increasingly used for modern
bicycle parts because hex wrenches are very light and easily carried
tools. They are also frequently used for self-assembled furniture from
Ikea.
Torx is a star-shaped drive with six rounded points. It was designed to
permit increased torque transfer from the driver to the bit compared to
other drive systems. Torx is very popular in the automotive and
electronics industries due to resistance to cam out and extended bit
life, as well as reduced operator fatigue by minimizing the need to bear
down on the drive tool to prevent cam out.
Robertson head, invented in 1908 by P.L. Robertson, has a square
hole and is driven by a special power-tool bit or screwdriver. The
screw is designed to maximize torque transferred from the driver, and
will not slip, or cam out. It is possible to hold a Robertson screw on a
driver bit horizontally or even pendant, due to a slight wedge fit.
Commonly found in Canada in carpentry and woodworking applications
and in Canadian-manufactured electrical wiring items such as
receptacles and switch boxes.
Tri-Wing head has a triangular slotted configuration. They are used by
Nintendo on the Gameboy and Wii, and on aircraft.
Tamper-Proof Specialty Fasteners
Five-Point Tamper-Resistant Torx on Leatherman Multi-Tool
Sems
A sem or sem screw, is a screw that has a captive
washer built in under its head.
They save assembly time by combining two parts
into one, and prevent the wrong washer from being
used.
10
Carriage Bolts
11
Set Screws (Grub Screws)
12
Unbrako Fasteners and Socket Head Cap Screw

Unbrako makes a variety of fasteners, including the socket
head cap screw.
The inch series of these fasteners are high-strength,
essentially Grade 8. (SHCS are not made in accordance
with the SAE standards, but ASTM or ANSI.)
Metric series SHCS can be of lower strength.
13
Proof Strength
Proof strength is a material property of the steel
from which the bolt is made. It is slightly less
than the 0.2% yield strength.
Sp =33 ksi for SAE Grade 1 bolts, - 1
Sp =85 ksi for SAE Grade 5 bolts, 1
Sp =74 ksi for SAE Grade 5 bolts, 1 1
Sp =120 ksi for SAE Grade 8 bolts, - 1
14
Proof Load
Proof load is the tensile force associated with a
bolts proof strength Sp, the maximum stress the
bolt can sustain without damage.
Proof load Fp can be thought of as the maximum
allowable (or maximum safe) tension load in a bolt.
Fp is the load that produces a normal stress equal
to the bolts proof strength Sp.
At is the effective tensile area of the bolt.
Fp At S p
15
Juvinall Table 10.1 (partial) Basic Thread Dimensions
16
Juvinall Table 10.4 (partial) Bolt Strength Grades
17
Machinerys Handbook
18
Bolt Torque and Bolt Load

For most applications, bolts should be
torqued upon installation to produce an
initial tension force Fi in the bolt, nearly
equal to the bolts proof load.
Fi = K i At S p
where:
Fi = initial tensile force ( lb f )
K i = initial tightness factor ( 0.9 )
At = tensile area ( in 2 )
S p = proof strength ( psi )
The initial tightness factor Ki represents how close the

initial bolt tension gets to the proof load.
Ki=0.9 is recommended for permanent installations.
Bolts installed at this preload should never be re-used.
Ki=0.75 is recommended for non-permanent joints;
bolts may be re-used.
19
Why is the Preload So High

Installing a bolt so that it is loaded up
to 90% of its allowable tension
seems excessive. There are two
main justifying reasons:
For bolted rigid members, the actual
load in the bolt doesnt go up much as
the separating force increases, until
actual separation occurs. A high
preload makes the members less likely
to separate.
For loads tending to shear the bolted
joint, high initial tension creates high
friction, which is in fact what should
react the shear load.
20
Bolt Torque and Tension

The torque T required to obtain
this preload Fi is calculated by:
T = KFi d
where:
T = torque ( in lb f )
K = torque factor ( 0.2 )
Fi = initial tension ( lb f )
d = bolt diameter ( in )
21
Torque Factor K
The torque factor K is a function of
friction, lubrication and surface
condition.
Fi = K i At S p
T = KFi d
A surprising thing about K is that it equals about 0.2 when

the thread and collar frictions are 0.15, no matter what
the bolt diameter and pitch are.
The equation T=K Fi d is derived from the torque/load
equation used with power screws.
K=0.2 for normal lubrication.
K=0.3 for dry, black-finish fasteners
K=0.18 for well-lubricated bolts
K=0.12 with Bowman anti-seize compound
22
Benefits of High Initial Tension

For loads that tend to
separate bolted parts, the
bolt load doesnt increase
much until actual
separation occurs.
For bolted parts subject to
a shear load, the high
tension produces high
friction at the bolted
surfaces to carry the shear,
rather than direct shear of
the bolt itself.
23
Problem 1
What torque is required to produce a preload of 75% of the proof load in a 20 SAE Grade 8 bolt? What is the proof load of this bolt?
Does it matter what the bolt pitch is?
What is the difference between K and Ki? Which one is usually 0.2?
Is this a permanent joint or reusable joint?
Given: d = 0.25 in K = 0.75
From tables, for a Grade 8 14 -20 bolt:
At = 0.0318 in 2 , S p = 120 ksi
Assumptions: K i = 0.2
Equations: T = KFi d
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.25 in
Fp = At S p = 0.0318 in 2 120,000 psi
Fp = 3816 lb f
0.0318 in 2 120,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.75
1
in 2
T = KFi d = 0.2 2862 lb f 0.25 in
Fi = 2862 lb f
T = 143.1 in lb f
24
Problem 2
What torque is required for permanent installation of a
UNF SAE Grade 5 bolt? What is the proof load of this bolt?
Use your Machinerys Handbook to find At, and Sp.
Given: d = 0.75 in
From tables, for a
3
4
UNF Grade 5 bolt:
At = 0.373 in 2 ; S p = 85 ksi
Assumptions: K = 0.2 K i = 0.9

Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.75 in
Fp = At S p = 0.373 in 2 85,000 psi
Fp = 31,705 lb f
0.373 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.9
1
in 2
Fi = 28,534.5 lb f
T = KFi d = 0.2 28,534.5 lb f .75 in = 4280 in lb f
T = 357 ft lb f
25
Problem 3
This bolt has a diameter across the threads of
0.874 in, and a pitch of 14 tpi. What is it? What is
its proof load, and installation torque for
permanent assemblies?
Markings are for a Grade 5 bolt. S p = 85 ksi
Size and pitch indicate 78 -14 UNF A t = 0.509 in 2
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d = 0.2 Fi 0.25 in
0.509 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fp = At S p =
Fp = 43, 265 lb f
2
in
1
0.509 in 2 85,000 lb f
Fi = K i At S p = 0.75
Fi = 32, 449 lb f
2
1
in
7
T = KFi d = 0.2 32, 449 lb f in T = 5679 in lb f
8
26
Problem 4
Use the dial calipers and pitch gauge
to identify the bolts being passed
around. Determine the grade (if
possible) from the markings, and
look up the proof strength and tensile
area. Then calculate the torque
required for reusable installations.
Bolt
Major
Diameter
0.495
13
Long L9 bolt
0.363
Short hex bolt
0.429
Big stainless
SHCS
Pitch
ID
Grade
Sp (ksi)
At (in )
-13 UNC
?stainless?
70
0.1419
T (inlb)
(Ki=0.75)
775
24
3/8-24 UNF
L9
145
0.0878
716
14
7/16-14 UNC
120
0.1063
837
27
Torque Wrenches
The most common way to control bolt
torque is a torque wrench. However, the
variations in actual preload due to
friction is very high, about 30%.
Hydraulic torque wrenches are used for
larger bolts where the required torques
are too high for hand tools.
A better way to establish the preload is
to measure the elongation of the bolt
with a micrometer, and find Fi from this.
However this method is often
impractical. There are other, still more
elaborate techniques.
28
Turn-of-Nut Methods
In installations where no torque wrench or
bolt elongation technique is used, the turnof-nut method may be specified.
For heavy structural bolts, the turn-of-nut
specification requires 180 of nut
tightening after the snug-tight condition.
(This is about right for automotive wheel
lug nuts as well.)
Snug-tight is the torque produced by the
full effort of a normal person using a
normal wrench.
29
Problem 5
A very old study found that mechanics tend to hand
tighten bolts as a function of bolt size. The relation
found was Fi=16,000 lbf/in d.
With this in mind, what preloads would you expect
to get in a -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt if no
specification is provided for installation torque?
How about a UNC SAE Grade 5 bolt?
Fi = 16000 lb f in d
Fi , 1 " = 16000 lb f in 0.25 in = 4000 lb f
4
Fi ,1" = 16000 lb f in 0.75 in = 12, 000 lb f

Note that in the previous problems, these values were
determined to be 2862 lbf, and 28,534 lbf respectively.
It is common (but problematic) for small bolts to be overtorqued,
and large bolts to be vastly undertorqued.
30
Problem 6
A -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt has been installed with
a torque of 140 inlb. What is the preload? Is this
a permanent or reusable joint?
What will be the tensile load in the bolt if the
separating force on the members is 1000 lb? Is it
just the initial load + 1000 lb?
Given: d = 0.25 in T = 140 in lb f
From tables, for a Grade 8 14 -20 bolt:
At = 0.0318 in 2 ; S p = 120 ksi
Fi = K i At S p
Analysis:
T = KFi d Fi =
140 in lb f
T
=
Kd 0.2 0.25 in
Fi = 2800 lb f
2800 lb f
1
in 2
Fi
=
Fi = K i At S p K i =
At S p
1
0.0318 in 2 120,000 lb f
K i = 0.73
installation is reusable.
Fb 2800 lb f + 1000 lb f Fb 3800 lb f
31
Loads and Stiffness Considerations

When a bolted joint is first assembled,
considerable wrench torque is applied to the
bolt. This has two effects:
It produces a tensile preload Fi in the bolt.
(I.e., Fb=Fi.)
It produces an equivalent compressive
clamping force in the joint: Fc=Fi.
As the external force Fe rises, two things happen:
The bolt force Fb goes up, approaching Fe.
The joint clamping force Fc goes down, approaching zero.
If the external force Fe continues to rise, something will happen:
If Fc gets to zero, joint separation will occur. At this point, the
bolt is taking all of the external load Fe.
If Fb exceeds its ultimate strength, bolt fracture will occur.
32
Bolt Force, Clamping Force, External Force

Bolt load Fb takes all
of the external load
after separation.
kb
Fe
Fi +
k c + kb
Fb =
F
e
for Fc > 0
for Fc = 0
kc
Fc = MAX Fi
Fe ,0
k c + kb
Separation
occurs at Fc=0
33
Extreme Case #1 - Low Stiffness Clamped Joint

Consider plate bolted to the head of a pressure vessel, with
a thick, soft rubber gasket between the steel end-plate and
the cylinder flange, which are bolted together.
Because of the rubber gasket, the bolt is much, much stiffer
than the clamped joint.
34
Extreme Case #2 - Low Stiffness Bolt

Now consider a similar joint, but with a captive O-ring in a
groove, which deforms easily and seals when the two flat,
smooth steel flanges are brought together. There is now no
soft, flexible element in the bolted joint. (To exaggerate this
case, consider the unthreaded part of the bolt shank to be
made of hard rubber.)
35
Joint Stiffness Calculations

Proper analysis of a bolted joint
requires values for the bolt stiffness,
kb, and the clamped member
stiffness, kc.
The stiffness values kb, kc can be
calculated, but the calculation for kc in
particular is very complicated.
Ac Ec
kc =
g
Ab Eb
kb =
g
Ab =
Ac =
dw + d2
4 2
d 2 = d w + 0.577 g
36
Joint Stiffness Calculations

Alternatively, if their relative
values are known or can be
estimated, the actual
stiffnesses are not needed
For many typical
ungasketed joints, you can
use kc=3kb to kc=6kb.
37
Load Factor
The load factor n is very similar to a safety factor.
It is the ratio of the proof load (maximum safe load)
over the actual bolt load.
It is also proof strength (maximum safe stress) over
the actual (or service) bolt stress.
n=
Fp
Fb
Sp
b
38
Problem 7
A -20 SAE Grade 8 bolt has been installed with a
torque of 140 inlb. Assume kc=3kb.
What will be the tensile load Fb in the bolt if the
separating force on the members is Fe=1000 lb?
What is the value for the load factor n?
Is the external load enough to separate the joint?
Is the external load enough to break the bolt?
If the external load were to increase, which would
happen first: Bolt fracture or joint separation?
What external load would result in bolt fracture?
What external load would result in joint separation?
39
Problem 7 Solution
From previous problems,
d = 0.25 in; T = 140 in lb f ;
At = 0.0318 in 2 ; S p = 120 ksi; Fi = 2800 lb f
Also kc = 3kb ; Fe = 1000 lb f

0.0318 in 2 120,000 lb f
Proof load: Fp = At S p =
in 2
1
kb
+
F
Fe for Fc > 0
i
k
+
k
Fb =
c
b
F
for Fc = 0
e
Fp = 3816 lb f
kc
3
Fc = MAX Fi
Fe ,0 = MAX 2800 lb f
1000 lb f ,0 = MAX ( 2050 lb f ,0 )
k c + kb
1+ 3
Fc = 2050 lb f I.e., the external load is not enough to separate the joint.
Fb = Fi +
n=
Fp
Fb
kb
1
Fe = 2800 lb f +
1000 lb f = 2800 lb f + 250 lb f
k c + kb
1+ 3
3816 lb f
3050 lb f
Fb = 3050 lb f
n = 1.25
40
Problem 7 Analysis for Bolt Fracture

Find Fe so that bolt failure occurs, i.e. Fb = Fu .
Su = 150 ksi d = 0.25 in; T = 140 in lb f ;
At = 0.0318 in 2 ; S p = 120 ksi; Fi = 2800 lb f
Also kc = 3kb ; Fp = 3816 lb f
Bolt failure occurs when Fb > Fu
0.0318 in 2 150,000 lb f
Fu = At Su =
1
in 2
kb
Fe
Fu = Fb = Fi +
k c + kb
Fe,bolt fracture
Fu = 4770 lb f
Fu Fi Fu F kc + kb 4770 lb f 2800 lb f i 3 + 1
=
=
kb
kb
1
1
1
k c + kb
Fe, bolt fracture = 7880 lb f

41
Problem 7 Analysis for Separation

Find Fe so that joint separation occurs, i.e. Fc = 0.
Su = 150 ksi d = 0.25 in; T = 140 in lb f
At = 0.0318 in 2 ; S p = 120 ksi; Fi = 2800 lb f
Also kc = 3kb ; Fp = 3816 lb f
Joint separation occurs when Fc = 0
kc
Fc = 0 = Fi
Fe
k c + kb
Fe , separation
Fi ( kc + kb ) 2800 lb f ( 3 + 1)
Fi
=
=
=
kc
3
kc
k c + kb
Fe, separation = 3733 lb f

42
Homework
1.
Identify the name and units for each of the following variables:
d At T K Ki kc kb n
S p Su Fb Fi Fe Fc Fp Fu
2.
For each of the following fasteners, use Excel to calculate/tabulate

proof strength, tensile area, proof load, ultimate strength, ultimate
load, installation torque for reusable assembly, and installation torque
for permanent assembly.
Grade 5, UNC
Grade 5, UNF
Grade 8, UNC
Grade 8, UNF
Grade 5, UNC
Grade 5, UNF
Grade 8, UNC
Grade 8, UNF
3.
Grade 1,
Grade 2,
Grade 5,
Grade 8,
Grade 1,
Grade 2,
Grade 5,
Grade 8,
UNC
UNC
UNC
UNC
UNF
UNF
UNF
UNF
Repeat Problem 7, but for a UNC Grade 8 fastener, torqued for

permanent installation. Assume kc=4kb. The external applied load Fe
is 2500 lb.
43
Closing Notes
Test 1 (20%) is on Friday February 22.
44

MECH1641 - W2008 Lecture 07 - Bolted Joints I

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MECH1641 - W2008 Lecture 07 - Bolted Joints I

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Lecture 7: Bolted Joints I

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Fatigue Strength Sf (ksi)

S-N Curve Data

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Stress Amplitude a (ksi)

Constant Life Line Data

-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0

80 100 120 140 160 180

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Types of Threaded Fasteners

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Screw & Bolt Heads

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Tamper-Proof Specialty Fasteners

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Five-Point Tamper-Resistant Torx on Leatherman Multi-Tool

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Set Screws (Grub Screws)

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Unbrako Fasteners and Socket Head Cap Screw

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Juvinall Table 10.1 (partial) Basic Thread Dimensions

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Juvinall Table 10.4 (partial) Bolt Strength Grades

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Bolt Torque and Bolt Load

The initial tightness factor Ki represents how close the

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Why is the Preload So High

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Bolt Torque and Tension

MECH1641 Machine Design II

A surprising thing about K is that it equals about 0.2 when

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Benefits of High Initial Tension

MECH1641 Machine Design II

At = 0.0318 in 2 , S p = 120 ksi

MECH1641 Machine Design II

UNF Grade 5 bolt:

Assumptions: K = 0.2 K i = 0.9

T = KFi d = 0.2 28,534.5 lb f .75 in = 4280 in lb f

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Short hex bolt

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Fi ,1" = 16000 lb f in 0.75 in = 12, 000 lb f

MECH1641 Machine Design II

At = 0.0318 in 2 ; S p = 120 ksi

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Loads and Stiffness Considerations

MECH1641 Machine Design II

Bolt Force, Clamping Force, External Force