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This content downloaded from 103.27.8.43 on Mon, 27 Jul 2015 11:04:36 UTC
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THE SCHEDULE-SEQUENCING
PROBLEM*
Edward H. Bowman
MIassachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
' TIHE' scheduling problem iii its most simple form consists of a number
of jobs to be done on a number of machines, each job having a number of operations to be performed by the various machines in a specified
sequence;what feasible schedule covers the least total time?
The linear-programming approach presented here is a solution in the
sense that the problem is stated in the form of a set of linear inequality
(or equality) constraints and a linear-objective function employing the
same variables as the constraints. The variables are all to take the values
zero or one, and therefore a solution hinges on the recent work presented
on algorithms for integer solutions to linear programs (see especially ref.
1, and also refs. 2 and 3). Complete enumeration might be included in
a list of the various approaches to this problem. Work has been done,
mostly of a partial enumeration form, on 'practical' approaches to this
problem. [4] No claim is made that the approach taken here is a practical
one. Statements exist in the literature to the effect that . . . here we
have an unsolved problem."[5]
A solution to a version of this problem, restricted in several aspects,
has been presented earlier.61 No formal restrictions, including the size
of the problem to be solved, are inherent in the following method. However for even a problem of modest size, the computation required will be
quite large, and therefore the phrase is recalled-such solutions are very
little solved. It is hoped that mechanical and conceptual advances might
help overcome this computational road block.
* Thanks are due DR. S. VAJDA of the British Admiralty Research Laboratory,
and PROF. T. P. FRENCKNER and his associates of the Stockholm School of Economics for their suggestions concerning an earlier draft of this paper. The referees,
including PROF. ALAN S. MANNE of Yale University, are also thanked for their suggestions and additional bibliographic references (7-9).
621
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Edward H. Bowman
622
THE PROBLEM
IN ORDERto make the approach taken here most clear, specific product,
machine, and time notation will be used. Let the products be x, y, and z;
the machines be A, B, C, and D; and the time periods (small) run from
1, 2, 3, **, T. The times required (in time period units) are:
y
z
C
8
8
o
A
5
4
3
o
D
7
5
OF PROBLEM
CONSTRAINTS
XA 1 meaning
1. All these
period
A
during
time
operation
product x having machine
variables are to take the values zero or one in the solution-that is, this
process either is or is not taking place during this time period. The form
of the constraints are:
>_ XAJ:,
XA :2,
I YAJ
...
*
YD: TN *,ZD:
T>_ ?
It is necessary to include constraints assuring that the individual operations will be performed. For instance product x requires 5 time units of
processing on machine A. The form of the constraints are:
E-=1
Z=_1
XA:i-5,
XB:i
=2,
X EZi=1
YAi4:
Ei1
ZD:i=6.
XA:1+YA:1+ZA:1?1,
XD:T+YD;T+ZD:T
1.
Proper sequencing is probably the key part of this problem. No operation may be undertaken until the previous operation on the product in the
specified sequence has been completed in a previous time period. For
example, product x requires 5 time units on machine A, before its operation
on machine B can be started. This operation on machine B (2 time units)
in turn must precede the operation on machine C. The form of the constraints are:
5 XB? j_
for allj=1
i1
XA:i,
2 xc :j<
XB:i,
6 ZA:j<
-i
toj=T.
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ZD:i,
Schedule-Sequencing Problem
623
XA:j<
ZT?+2
5,
ZT?+2
2XB:i-2XB:i+l+
6ZD:i-6ZD:i+l+
XB:j<2,
=i+2 ZD:j=<6,
is excluded, because
5XA:5-5
XA:6+
Z (XA:7+XA:8+XA:9)
=5-0+2=7,
which is not ? 5.
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
(XD:23+YB:23+ZA:23)
+16
+4
:24)
(XD:24+YB:24+ZA
(XD:25+YB:25+YA
:25)
+64
* +KT
(XD:26+YB:26+ZA
:26)
(XD:T+YB:T+ZA:T)7
where KT=4 KT-1, etc. The rationale of the objective function is that it
makes operations (the last ones on each product) toward the end of the
time periods costly. The number of time periods, chosen in adVance of
solution, may certainly be equal to or less than the simple sum of all operation times (55), and can be no less than the sum of operation times required
on the longest product (22). The cost associated with any operation in
a time period is a synthetic one equal to the sum of all prior costs plus one.
This exploding cost function thus forces operations toward the beginning
for economic reasons. No later time period will be ultimately used than
the minimum (optimal), as this one 'cost' is larger than the sum of all
prior costs. That is, given some feasible solution, the latest (and last)
operation would be moved earlier by one time period, and all other opera-
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Edward H. Bowman
624
tions could be moved later by any number of time periods (excluding movement into or beyond the original last time period) and the exchange would
be favorable. Actually, it would only be a pathological case that requires
such an exploding cost function. A problem where different specific costs
can be assigned to uncompleted products beyond certain dates would of
course not require the generation of synthetic costs.
THE COMPUTATIONAL
PROBLEM
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Linear
Programming
Model
for Machine
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