Chapter - 1

COMPANY PROFILE

1.1

About Company :-

"Rajasthan state electricity board" started working from 1st July, 1957. This is the body of big
organization and is to function under provision electricity act, like public limited companies.
The board does not have article and memorandum of association.
In order to carry out its function, its rules & regulation and his mad other necessary
administrative arrangement. After the acting of RSEB six dimensions along with 64 offices
&about 300 employees were transferred to its control by the state Govt.
The aim of RSEB is to supply electricity to entire Rajasthan State in the most
economical way. There are no possibilities of staking or electricity so the target of board is to
distribute the energy in the new area as possible. The board has to carry the business on profit
without losses.
After an efficient starting, for the better service privatization of RSEB has been done
recently, it has been divided in five main parts, they are:

Electricity production authority: RRVUNL

Electricity transmission authority: RRVPNL
Distribution authority for Jaipur: JVVNL
Distribution authority for Jodhpur: JDVVNL
Distribution authority for Ajmer: AVVNL

Chapter - 2

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PLCC

2.1 Introduction :Different communication technologies are being used for the transmission of
information from one end to another depending on the feasibility and needs. Some
include Ethernet cables, fiber optics, wireless transmission, satellite transmission, etc. A vast
amount of information travels through the entire earth every day and it creates an essential
need for a transmission medium that is not only fast but economically reasonable as well.
One of the technologies that fit in the above stated criteria is PLCC.
As electronics play a vital role in the industrial growth, communication is also
backbone of any power system. Communication between various generating and receiving
stations is very essential for proper operations of power systems. This is more so in
the case of a large interconnected systems, where a control load dispatch station has to
coordinate the working of various units to see that the system is maintained in the optimum
working condition, power line carrier communication for medium and long -distance in
a power network. For short distance the ordinary telephone system is being used. Open
wires or underground cables and in some cases VHF wireless communication are found to
be more economical as they do not involve the use of costly high voltage coupling
instrument.
Among many facilities that such means of communication are expected to
provide, the following are the important ones:

Speech transmission
Remote control and Tele-metering
Power line protection
Direct breaker tripping

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Many different methods are possible for sending speech or other signals from point to
point in an interconnected power grid. Some of them are:

Public telephone network

Direct lines
Radio circuits
Power line carrier communication (PLCC)

PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) is the use of existing electrical cables
to transport data, and it has been around for a long time. Power utilities have been using
this technology for a long time to receive or send data on the power grid using the
existing infrastructure. For instance, the electrical power utility in London used PLCC to
remotely control some of its equipment on the grid (such as high-voltage switches) in
the 1920s. This technique is still employed by several utilities that use analog or
digital devices to transfer 9.6 Kbits/s over many miles of electrical cables.
In the 1920s at least two patents were issued to the American telephone and
Telegraph company in the field of Carrier Transmission over Power Circuits. United
States Patents numbers 1,607,668 and 1,672,940 fields in 1924 show systems for
transmitting and receiving communication signal over three phase AC power wiring. Power
line communication (PLC) is a system for carrying data on a conductor that is also used for
electric power transmission. It is also known as power line carrier, power line digital
subscriber line (PDSL), mains communication, power line telecom (PLT), power line
networking (PLN), and broadband over power lines (BPL).
Power line carrier communication (PLCC) is mainly used for telecommunication, teleprotection and tele-monitoring between electrical substations through power lines at high
voltages, such as 110 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV. The major benefit is the union of two applications
in a single system, which is particularly useful for monitoring electric equipment and
advanced energy management techniques.
In PLCC, the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage
lines result in increased reliability of communication and power attenuations over longdistances. When the distances are large, it will not be economical to provide separate
wires for communication purpose. In fact, for such large distances, the power lines

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themselves provide a very good medium of transmission of information. So the PLCC is

mostly used.

Fig.2.1 P OWER LINE C ARRIER C OMMUNICATION

A wide range of power-line communication technologies are needed for different

applications, ranging from home automation to Internet access which is often called
broadband over power lines (BPL). Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one type of
wires (such as premises wiring within a single building), but some can cross between two
levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring). Typically
transformers prevent propagating the signal, which requires multiple technologies to form
very large networks. Various data rates and frequencies are used in different situations.

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2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE OF PLCC :In PLCC, the higher mechanical strength and insulation level of high voltage
power lines result in increased reliability of communication and lower attenuation over
long-distance. The idea of using power lines as transmission lines for communication
purpose was the first thought of at about the beginning of the century from 1920 onwards.
These systems have now developed into extremely sophisticated and complicated systems and
widely used in all modern power systems. Since telephone communication system cannot
be directly connected to the high voltage lines, suitably designed coupling devices have
therefore to be employed. These usually consists of high voltage capacitors or capacitor
with polaritical devices used in conjunction with

suitable line matching units for

matching the impedance of line to that of the coaxial cable connecting the unit to the PLC
transmit -receive equipment.
Also the carrier currents used for communication have to be prevented from
entering the power equipment used in GSS as this would result in high attenuation of
even complete loss of communication signals when earthed at isolator. To prevent this
loss, wave traps or line traps are employed. These consist of suitably designed choke coil
connected in series with the line, which offer negligible impedance to RF carrier currents.
Wave traps also usual have one or more suitably designed capacitors connected in
parallel with the choke coils so as to resonate at carrier frequencies and thus offer even
higher impedance to the flow of RF currents.
The communication device used for the communication over the power lines is a
MODEM, commonly known as Power Line MODEM (PLM). It works as both transmitter
and receiver, i.e., it transmits and receives data over the power lines. A power line modem not
only modulates the data to transmit it over the power lines and but also demodulates the data it
receives from the power lines. By using modulation techniques, binary data stream is keyed on
to a carrier signal and then couple d on to the power lines by PLM. At the receiver end another
PLM detects the signal and extracts the corresponding bit stream.

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FIG.2.2 PLCC S YSTEM

The above image shows the working of a PLCC system. Data is processed before
transmission on power lines according to the above figure. First data is modulated &
filtered and then by using couplers, it is sent over the power lines.

Fig 2.3 Basic PLCC Circuit In Transmission Line

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Chapter-3

PLCC MODUEL

3.1 PLCC COMPONENTS:Telephone communication system cannot be directly connected to the high voltage
power line, therefore we have to suitably design the coupling devices. These usually
consist of high voltage capacitor or capacitor with polaritical devices & used in the
conjunction with the suitable line matching unit for matching the line impedance to that
of the coaxial cable connecting the PLCC Equipment.
In PLCC the following equipment are used: 1. PLCC Station
2. Line Matching Unit
3. CVT
4. Earth Switch
5. Lightening Arrestor
6. Wave Trap
7. Coaxial Cable

3.1.1 PLCC Station:- It is the station where (Modulation) Transmitting, Receiving

Demodulation), Amplification, Filtration are performed.

3.1.2 Line Matching Unit :The output of PLCC is connected to the line matching unit before to the power lines to
achieve the proper impedance matching in between PLCC Equipment and power line.

3.1.3 CVT/CC (Control Voltage Transformer/Coupling Capacitor) : It is connected to the line matching unit to the line matching units and the power line this is
used for blocking the high voltage entering to the PLCC Equipment.

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Fi g. 3. 1 P LC C S ta ti on

3.1.4 Earth switch:This is used at the time of maintenance of LMU. Earth Switch is used to discharge the
voltage on the circuit to the earth for safety. Earth switch is mounted on the frame of the
isolators. Earth Switch is located for each incomer transmission line and each side of the busbar section.

Fig
Fig 3.2 Earth Switch

3.1.5 Lightening Arrestor:-

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Lightning is one of the most serious causes of over voltage. If the power
equipment especially at out doors is not protected, the over voltage will cause burning
of insulations. A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and
telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels
along the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor,
in most cases to earth. This is used for arresting any A.C. High voltage spike entering to
the L.M.U. PLCC Unit.

Fig.3.3 Lightening Arrestor

A good light arrester must pass the following properties:

It should not absorb any current during normal operation, but during over voltage
surge, it must provide an easy way to the earth. After the first discharge of current has
taken place though then must be capable of carrying the discharge current for same
interval of time without any damage to them. After the over voltage discharge, it
must be capable of interrupting the normal frequency of current fro m flowing
to ground as soon as voltages reaches below break down value.

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F i g 3. 4. Arr a n ge me nt o f Li gh tn in g Arr es te r

The lightning arrester used may be vacuum type arrester whose over voltage lies
below the rated voltage of the tuning capacitors, but about the voltage
produced across the coils during a short circuit current surge. The lightning
arrester therefore protects the tuning capacitors against momentary overvoltage caused by traveling waves. Sustained over voltage resulting from short
circuits currents are not high enough to cause the lightning arrester to be
over. Hence, a sustained are and consequent destruction of the arrester are avoided.

3.1.6 WAVETRAPS :Wave traps (WTs) are used between the transmission line and the power
stations to avoid carrier power dislocation in the power plant and cross talk with
other power line carrier circuits connected to the same power station.
WTs also ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLCC
transmit received equipment irrespective of switching conditions of the power circuits
and equipment in the station. It prevents carrier currents from entering to the power
equipment. It offers negligible impedance to power frequency & high impedance to carrier
frequency.
A wave trap must satisfy the following requirements:
It must block the carrier currents. By blocking, we mean that the track should attenuate
the H.F. signals by at least 8 to 10 db.

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It must carry the power frequency current safely during normal operation as well as
during short circuit fault conditions.

F ig. 3 . 5 Wave Tra ps o r Lin e Trap s

Construction:It is constructed by taking the parallel combination of the inductor and the variable
capacitor this will form the tank circuit. Which form the tuned circuit, which tuned the
frequency at 50Hz, known as power frequency. This is known

as tuned frequency. The

inductors which we use have the range of 0.5mH to 500 H. The capacitor are having the
range of 4400pf to 5500pf. All wave traps have a choke as a main part. This coil may be
a single layer or a multi layered coils made of special aluminum alloy and designed to carry
the full load current. The low inductance resonant types of traps are usually wound as
a narrow cylindrical single layer, whereas the high inductance broadband traps are invariably
wound as large diameter disco shed coils.
3.1.7 TUNING CAPACITORS :Used are high voltage, high stability mica capacitors with low losses. For lower
voltage class of tuning units (with impulse test voltage rating up to 40KV)
polystyrene capacitors are used by some manufacturers. For higher voltage class of
tuning units with impulse test voltage rating upto 150 KV), capacitors with mineral oil
impregnated paper die electric are used which are similar in construction to coupling to

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capacitors. All types are molded in epoxy resin. Single frequency traps have a single and
double frequency traps have a double tuned parallel resonant circuit. All the elements
belonging to the tuning circuit are usually mounted in a common housing, which can
be revolved and substituted with another similar tuning device to resonate trap to a
different frequency.

F ig. 3 . 6 Tun in g Ca pa ci to r

3.1.8 CO-AXIAL CABLE:This is used for inter connection between PLCC & L.M.U. for carrying the high
frequency signal. Coaxial cable is a type of cable that has an inner conductor surrounded by a
tubular insulating layer, surrounded by a tubular conducting shield. Many coaxial cables also
have an insulating outer sheath or jacket. The Term coaxial comes from the inner conductor
and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis. Coaxial cable differ from other shielded cable
used for carrying lower-frequency signals, such as audio signals, in that the dimensions of the
cable are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to
function efficiently as a radio frequency transmission.

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Fig. 3.7 Co-Axial Cable

3.2 COUPLING DEVICES:Earliest coupling devices used

This was

were antenna as similar to these used in radio work.

because capacitors capable of withstanding the high voltages used

in

transmission of electrical power were not available at that time. The antennas used for
coupling the PLC Equipment to the transmission lines were usually more than 300ft long and
were tuned to the carrier frequency employed.
By about 1930, suitably paper and oil capacitors were developed which could
withstand the high voltage and serve as affect dive coupling units to PLC Equipments.
A modern coupling consists of a stack of flat would element of pure cellulose paper
and aluminium coils held between insulating roads.
under optimum pressure to minimize capacitance the changes with time and temperature.
The interconnection are designed to obtain highest possible range withstand capacity and
highest cut -off frequency. The entire stack assembly as placed in a suitable pro -claim
insulating shell filled with insulating coils and hermetically sealed by metallic flanges
and gaskets of synthetic rubber with a dry nitrogen gas cushion. The mechanical strength
of the shell and flanges are carefully matched.
Coupling capacitors are designed for outdoors use and withstand normal atmospheric
phenomenon such as temperature and humidity rain, show etc. The capacitors used in

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modern PLCC Systems have a capacity between 2000 and 8000ft. The usual value is
between 3000 and 5000ft. The units are designed to have a very low loss (<0.5dB). They are
usually mounted on pedestals below the line conductors.

F ig. 3 . 8 Co up li ng De vi ce s

Chapter 4

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TYPES OF COUPLING

4.1

Phase to ground coupling :The figure describes that the wave trap and coupling capacitors are all connected to

one conductor of the power line. The remaining two conductors, though not directly
connected to the line carry a portion of the returning carrier current because these two
conductors do not have wave traps, a portion of the carrier energy is lost. Also radiation
losses are gone high as earth forms a part of

the

circuit

and

the noise pickup is

correspondingly higher. The method of connecting is inefficient and the connection at the
receiving end cannot be made to match the line perfectly. This is because the impedance of the
line cannot be calculated correctly as it depends partly on the s oil conductivity enroot the line
which varies from place to place and time to time and partly on station switching
condition.

Fig. 4.1 Phase to Earth Coupling

4.2

Phase to phase coupling:-

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This type of coupling was formally being used to improve the reliability of
communication case of breakage of one of the coupled conductors. The system used double
the number of wave traps and coupling capacitors used in phase to ground and hence is
costlier. This coupling capacitor at each and have the line are connected in parallel to the
LMUs. Through this type of coupling there is increment in the reliability of
communication, the attenuation, the interference from radio transmission and monitoring
possibilities are all higher than those of phase to ground coupling. Hence this type of
coupling has been discontinued and super sided by the phase -to-phase coupling system.

Fi g 4. 2 P ha se to P has e C ou pl in g

4.3 Interline or inter circuit coupling:-

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This is the same as phase to phase coupling but with the difference that the two
conductors used for communication belong to two -different power circuits carrier on common
towers. This type of coupling is not employed where the two circuits are carrier on two
separate sets of towers as it then behaves more like a double phase to ground coupling and is
found to be impracticable. This type of coupling is even more reliable than phase -to-phase
coupling on the same circuit than it permits operation with one of the two circuits
opened out and founded for maintenance purpose. Inter phase or inter systems coupling are
always employed on 220KV and 400KV lines where the interference levels are therefore
also used on very long 110KV lines where attenuation becomes a problem. This type of
coupling permit higher reliability of operation under breaker conductor conditions and are
always employed where carrier line protection systems are employed.

Fig.4.3 Interline Coupling

4.4 Comparison of phase to phase and phase to ground coupling

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The phase to phase coupling has the advantage of requiring only half the
number of wave traps and coupling capacitors in comparison to phase -to-ground. But
it is inferior to many respects as would be evident from the following points: The phase-to-ground coupling has higher attenuation and unlike phase -to-phase
coupling, the attenuation varies with station switching conditions.
The variation of attenuation function with changes in weather condition is greater in
phase -to-ground coupling. Reflection and echoes due to mismatch difficulties
are much greater in phase-to-ground coupling.
Signal-to-noise ratio is poorer due to longitudinal noise voltage induced in the line.
In phase -to-phase coupling the noise voltage tend to coupled conductors, which
oppose each other in the circuit.
Radiation from phase -to-ground case is about double than that in the other
case.
A break or fault of some other kind will hamper the transmission in
Phase-to-ground coupling much more seriously than in the other case.
Hence, phase -to-ground coupling is used due to its cheapness, especially when frequency
used and distance to be covered is suitable, and radiation not particularly objectionable,
as may be the situation in sparsely populated areas.

CHAPTER-5

SPECIFICATIONS OF PLCC

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1) GENERAL
Carrier frequency range
:- 40 to 512 KHZ
Gross Channel band width :- 4 KHZ
Useful AF band
:- 300 to 3,700 KHZ

2) PERMISSIBLE ROOM TEMPERATURE IN CLIMATES

Data guaranteed within reliable :- 0 to 45 degree Centigrade
Operation Guarantee
:- 20 to 45 degree Centigrade
Frequency stability of R.F. oscillator :- 5 HZ

3) TRANSMITTER

R.F. transmitting power:

Peak envelope power :- 25W
Side band power :- 15 W
Auxiliary carrier frequency :- 16 KHZ

I.F. Carrier frequency

:- 16 KHZ

Pilot tone

:- 3,600 HZ

Test Tone

:- 1000 HZ

Synthesizer reference frequency :- 8 KHZ

Dummy load

:- 20 OHMS

1) TRUNK DIALING
Shifting the pilot oscillator frequency of 3600 +/-30 transmits
Dialing criterions of a speed of normally 1- pulses per second

2) POWER SUPPLY

DC supply

:- 49 TO 60 (-10/+25%), 180W

Approximate maximum supply 2 percent

Capacity
: - 800 AH.
A.C. supply :- 220+/- 15%, 50 HZ

Chapter-6

Battery charger
6.1 INTRODUCTION :PLCC works on rectified AC or main, when make supply goes off. We use of a device
for proper functioning of PLCC, called BATTERY CHARGER. This is the device that
provides supply to the PLCC equipment for uninterrupted working. It provides DC to

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the panel by battery of 48V. In this type 24 batteries are connected in series and
individually per battery has approximately 2V capacities.

General description:Battery charger mainly consists of 4 sections: Float charger

Boost charger section
Control section
Alarm section
All the four sections are situated in mounted sheet steel. The sides and tops of the
frame are provided with removable panels suitable recess has been provided in front
panel to prevent the component from projecting out. All meters indicating lamp s,
push buttons have been mounted on front panel.

Technical specifications :o Normal input :- 415 V AC 3 Phase

o Input variation :- +/- 20% of voltage

Float charger:o Efficiency :- >70%

o Line regulation & load regulation : - +/- 1% individual
o Ripple :- 0.6 V PP (Peak to peak)

Boost charger:o
o
o
o

DC output : - 43.2 to 67.2 V

Output current: - 25-70 Amps.
Over load : - 10%
Efficiency :- >80%

6.2 Float Charger:The float charger is basically static type 3-phase charger with stabilized output DC
voltage. The charger output DC voltage is constantly compared with standard DC
reference voltage and error voltage is again amplified. This amplified voltage controls the
triggering signals of all the 3 thrusters of 3 phase bridge control rectifier, as the output voltage
tends to decrease than its selected value, it makes the triggering signals of each thyristor of all
3 phase, to advance for firing them, so that the output voltage remains within the specified

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accuracy. If the output voltage tends to increase more than the selected value, the
triggering pulses of these thyristors of all 3 phase are delayed in firing operations in
such a way so that the output DC voltage is again brought back to its stabilized voltage.

Fuse fail alarm:Fuse fail alarm is also available in float charger. In the event of any HRC fuse failure.
Corresponding types fuse blows and trip the corresponding relay.

Boost charger section:Boost charger is used to charge the batteries after power resumption. The input supply
is switched on mains of rotator switch RS-1, three numbers HRC fuse.

6.2.1 Operation of charger: The float or boost charger can be switches ONs by means of selector switch
RS-1. Thus at a time only one charger either float or boost can be operated. When the charger
is operated in float mode the battery is on float charge and all the VDDs are bypassed
through the contacts of DC contractor. This enables complete voltage appearing on the
load. In case of mains fall also the entire battery voltage is available on load through
contacts of DC contractor. When the charger is operated on boost mode, the contacts
of DC contractor are opened. Load voltage can be adjusted by VDD switch RS -8 as
per the requirement main switch RS-9 have been provided to isolate the charger from
load and battery. When the selector switch RS-9 is in charger mode then it will supplying
load as well as trickle charger. The batteries in float and boost charger, the batteries
mode when the switch RS-9 is in mains mode, then the load will be supplied by the
battery and the charger is totally isolated from battery for charger mains purpose.

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s Fig.6.1 Float Charger

Chapter-7

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

7.1 ADVANTAGES : No separate wires are needed for communication purposes, as the power lined

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themselves carry power as well as communication signals. Hence the cost of

constructing separate telephone lines is saved.
When compared with ordinary lines the power lines have appreciably higher
mechanical strength. They would normally remain unaffected under the
conditions, which might seriously damage telephone lines.
Power lines usually provide the shortest route between the power stations.
Power line have large cross-sectional areas resulting in very low resistance per
unit length. Consequently the carries singles suffer much less attenuation than
when they travel on usual telephone lines of equal lengths.
Power lines are well insulated to provide only negligible leakage between
conductors and ground even in adverse weather conditions.

7.2 DISADVANTAGES : Proper care has to be taken to guard carrier equipment and persons
using them against high voltages and currents on the lines.
Reflections are produced on spur lines connected to high voltage lines. This
increases attenuation and creates other problems.
High voltage lines have transformer connections, attenuate carrier currents.
Sub-station equipment adversely affect the carrier currents.
Noise introduced by power lines is far more then in case of telephone lines.
This is due to the noise generated by discharge across insulators, corona
and switching processes.
It is obvious that an effective power lines carrier system must
overcome these and many other difficulties.

CHAPTER 8

CONCLUSION

Power Line Communication (PLC) is a communication technology that enables sending data
over existing power cables. This means that, with just power cables running to an electronic
device (for example) one can both power it up and at the same time control/retrieve data from
it in a half-duplex manner. During the last years PLC technologies have been widely

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developed mainly due to new modulation techniques used for wireless telecommunication
systems that can also be applied to PLC systems. The current state of the art of PLC
communications is presents many possibilities and opportunities for the utilities. Besides the
Distributed Energy Resources integration to the distribution grid is done by plc with in smart
grid. The aim of this report is to make a review of the existing PLC technologies as well as
the analysis of an interesting range of electric applications of PLC.

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REFERENCES

The manual for substation construction published by RRVPNL.

Electric Power by Mr. J.B. Gupta

Power System Protection and Switchgear by B.Ram
Source for Transformer Protection Unit: The internet.
http://www.wikipedia.org/
www.kitsnspares.com
http://www.electrical.com/

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