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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003
I. INTRODUCTION
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a set for which the Hausdorff Besicovich dimension strictly exceeds its topological dimension. Every set having noninteger dimension is a fractal [1]. But fractals can have integer dimension.
Alternately, fractal is defined as a set of a fine, irregular structure having at least statistical (if not geometrical) self-similarity,
and its fractal dimension greater than the topological dimension
[22]. An additional feature of most of these sets is that they can
be described recursively.
A. Fractal Dimension
OF
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003
(a)
(b)
Fig. 2. Generalized Koch curves of first four iterations with two different indentation angles. The length of subsections for a given iteration is a function of angle
of indentation.
(10)
(11)
(2)
where the scale factor is angle dependent and is given by
(3)
(4)
(5)
(12)
This ensures the distance between the start and end points
for all iterations is the same. It may be easily verified that this
formulation degenerates to the standard Koch curve for
.
The generator can be obtained similar to (6). These affine
transformations in the generalized case also lead to a self-similar
fractal geometry. The similarity dimension is obtained as
(13)
(7)
This follows from the observation that at each iteration there
are four identical copies of the original geometry that are scaled
down by a factor of 3.
(8)
(9)
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003
TABLE I
PRIMARY (FIRST) RESONANT FREQUENCIES FOR DIPOLE ANTENNAS
WITH KOCH CURVES FOR VARIOUS ITERATIONS OBTAINED BY
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS
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TABLE II
GEOMETRIC INTERVAL BETWEEN RESONANT FREQUENCIES OF GENERALIZED
KOCH DIPOLE ANTENNA. ALTHOUGH THE RATIOS ARE DIFFERENT FOR EACH
INTERVAL, THEY REMAIN THE SAME FOR DIFFERENT FRACTAL ITERATIONS
Fig. 9. The ratio of first two resonant frequencies of multi-band Koch dipole
antennas as a function of fractal dimension of the geometry.
Fig. 10.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 51, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2003
Fig. 11. Return loss of dipole antennas with second iterated Koch curves with
different indentation angles.
Fig. 12. Primary resonant frequencies for dipole antennas with Koch curves
of various indentations.
Fig. 13. Ratio of resonant frequencies for dipole antennas with Koch curves
of various indentations.
In this paper, multiple resonant frequencies of a fractal element antenna using Koch curves is related for the first time
to the fractal dimension of the geometry. The similarity dimension of the Koch curve geometry has been varied by changing
the indentation angle used in the recursive IFS. This is found
to have a direct bearing on the input characteristics of dipole
antennas using this geometry. The primary resonant frequency,
the input resistance at this resonance, and the ratio of first two
resonant frequencies, have all been directly related to the fractal
dimension. Curve-fit expressions are also obtained for the performance of the antenna at its primary resonance, in terms of
fractal iteration and fractal dimension. The antenna characteristics have been studied using extensive numerical simulations
and are experimentally verified. A similar approach has been
verified independently in other fractal geometries such as fractal
trees [24]. These findings underline the fact that fractal dimension, being an important mathematical property of fractals, can
be used as a design parameter for antennas. This is consistent
with findings in several other fields of application of fractal
geometries. It is expected that these ideas would significantly
reduce the computational intensity of optimization approaches
for design of fractal shaped antennas, and would help antenna
designers approach the problem more systematically. Furthermore, identifying similar parameters with other known fractal
geometries would also help analytical design of multiband and
multifunctional antennas for modern wireless applications.
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