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AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE
ON
AND
BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS.
AN ELEMENTARY TREATISE
ON
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS,
LAME'S FUNCTIONS,
AND
BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS.
I.
TODHUNTER,
M.A.
F.R.S.
Honlron:
MACMILLAN AND
1875
CO.
PRINTED BY
C.
J.
CLAY,
M.A.
PREFACE.
The
present volume
is
devoted mainly to
an, investiga-
were
first
now known
which
Some
as Laplace's Coefficients
is
modem
and
given in
researches
The book
by
name.
his
The second
of Laplace's Functions.
The
PREFACE.
VI
matics to physics
of
it
may be
them here.
The demonstrations which
J.
press, I
have had
Sephton, M.A.,
Head
St John's College,
November, 1875.
TODHUNTER.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
CHAP.
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
Introduction
The
coefficients
Diflferential
is satisfied
13
equation which
30
by Legendre's
41
coefficients
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.
68
Associated Functions
76
Continued Fractions
90
Approximate quadrature
96
Coeffi-
110
cients
XII.
Miscellaneous propositions
XIII.
Laplace's Coefficients
XIV.
Laplace's Coefficients.
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
117
131
Additional investigations
139
Laplace's Functions
161
Expansion of Fimctions
Other investigations of the expansion of Functions
Expansion of a Fimction in sines and cosines of
159
multiple angles
XXIV.
61
171
177
186
194
.
210
219
224
235
CONTENTS.
Vlll
CHAP.
XXV.
XXVI.
XXVII.
XXVIII.
XXIX.
XXX.
XXXI.
XXXII.
Physical applications
PAOE
241
252
Lamp's Functions
Separation of the terms
259
Special cases
269
Miscellaneous propositions
Fourier's expression
XXXIII. Large
XXXIV.
XXXV.
XXXVI.
....
274
284
294
304
309
319
Miscellaneous propositions
340
328
CHAPTER
I.
INTEODUCTION.
substitute
the
(ft
6^
as variables,
and
is
((/>
</>J,
T.
:y
INTKODUCTION.
Becherches sur
. .
les
.Bruxelles, ]1858.
investigation into
INTRODUCTION.
As we have
panded in a
said in Art.
series of
2aa; +
2, if (1
ascending powers of
a,
a" is a function of
the n'* order
We
we
shall
shall often
omit the
x,
ceed to
commonly use X^
develope P^ explicitly.
writers very
+ |a(2x-a)+|^a(2a;-ar + ^^|^^a(2^
1.3...(2n-l)
,^
^
2.4...2ri
we
obtain
_l^S^5^^^(Pi-ri
\n
^~
1.3.5...(2n-3)
^
2 \n-2
^
If
n be even, the
last
term
is
l)'^
...[n
^^^
.^
^^
2. 4... 71
beodditis(-lp'^-li|^a;.
Thus P (x) is a rational integral function of x of the
degree n, and it involves only even powers of x, or only odd
powers of x, according as n is even or odd.
INTEODUCTION.
8.
l,3.5...(2n-l)
n{n-l)
\n
2(271-1)"^
"^
'"]'
2A.{2n-l){2n-S)
p_5.7
3^ ^9 2, 1- ^
p_ 7.9.11
5.7.9 ^ , 3.5.7 ^ ,
2.4.(5^^+2.4.6^'^
^~2.4.6''
1.3.5
27476'
and generally
P
where
^.
,._, (25
+ 1)
(25
+ 3). ..(25+2n-l)
p_7.9
x (j^y *)
stands for
,,
to n,
-~^
5.7^ 3_^3.5
^-2:4^""2.4'^^"^274'^'
^ 9.11.13
^'2.4.6'^
5.7.9
7.9.11
2.4.6*^^+2.4.6'^'^
3.5.7
2.4.
6^^'
INTRODUCTION.
and generally
2 and
where
;^
(n, s)
number
equal to the
% (n, s)
is
of the combinations of
at a time.
10.
The numerical factors which occur in the preceding
Article admit in some cases of further reduction ; and they
can be put in such forms that the denominators of the
fractions consist entirely of powers of 2.
Thus for example
231
^"
It
the
10
315 4 105 ,
"^"^
16
16 ^
'^"
expansion which
we have given
|2m
is
|2m
~~.
\m\m
is
an
integer,
^
"'
'
thatis
5v^r^l a"*(2a;-ar,
^
^
2 |m2 |_m
16*
must be the
is
first
_5^
a"*
^
|2?7i
,^=
-.
2m
we
that
^^
Now
2/
We may
|2m-l
go a step
*
^ further ' for \m\m = 2 |m |m
:
aV
(x-^)
7,
a)*",
(2x
/a\"* /
\m\m\2/
For in
case.
in Art.
z- ,
and
is
therefore
higher than
11.
2**"'.
The
compact form
P.=
c^"(a;'*-l)"
2"[n
dx'
For
and
let
INTRODUCTION".
= the
product of
(--^Y--" n(n-l)
(n-s +
1)
.^^^
{2n-2s){2n-2s-l)...{n-2s + l)
{n-2s + l)
^ {-iyx''-"'{2n'-2s)(2n-2s^l)
2"jnj-5|
^ (- lyx^'^n
~
3 5
.
... (271
we
see
- 2g - 1) ^ {-iyx^-^'\2n- 2s
"" 2""
n - s \s \n - 2s
2.4i.,.2s \n-2s
^
~ (-lYx''-^'(2n-2s)(2n-2s--l)...{n-2s-]-l)
2^
[n-g |g
This agrees with the former result, and thus the identity
two forms of expression for F^ (x) is established.
of the
12.
Assume
V(l
therefore
-r-
dx
Hence we
-^ in a
series
= rrt
^
^{l-2ax + a)
;
a.
CLX
Now
- 2ax + o.'^
(1
y=x + a ^^
therefore
may now be
It
is
-^,
n-x
dit
T\n
dx""
is
CHAPTER
11.
We
J 1,
(1 - 2a cos 6 + a')-^ = {1 - a (e^ + e"'^) + a'^}"^
= (l-ae^O-i(l-ae-^T*.
have, putting
Expand each
factor
for
obtain
Multiply the two series together, and pick out the term
a"; it will be found that the coefficient of this
which involves
term is
1.3-(2-l)
2.4...2
+ hl
1
^
1.3...(2n-3)
,.
^2'2.4...(2n-2)
l-3 -(2n-5)
^2.4-2.4...(2n-4)*
+-+
1.3-(2-l)
2.4...
2)i
'
Now put for eacli exponential its value derived from the
e^^ = cos rd + l sin r6
then the imaginary part dis-
formula
appears,
Pn
(cos 6)
^ jcos
ne
result
+ ^^^2n-l)
l.S.n(n-l)
''''^
(^
"
,,.
^)
15.
We may state the result with respect to the series
within the brackets of the preceding Article in another form,
+^r
Ti
thus
if
+1
series to
terms, and
if
series to
last.
The formula
that
P^
(cos 6)
(1
2a + a^)~^,
the value
is
that
unity.
is
in the expansion of
(1 a)~^; and
so
17.
that
For assume 2x = f +
so that
^S
and 2 V(^' -
^ = x + aJ{x^-1), and
- ^'^" ( ^^~^ )
P
Then
Ihen f,
(xS
[X)
'
2 |n
^~^
J^1^
1) = ?- T',
= x- \/{x^ - 1).
+
-J.
^-^
(2^-
fcn-2
1)
1.3.n(7i-l)
^,
'^1.2.(27i-l)(2w~3)^
"*]
isf-".
To demonstrate this formula we observe that the righthand member when developed will become a rational integral
function of x, and the left-hand member is always such by
Art. 7. Moreover, we know by Art. 14 that the two members
are identically equivalent when x has any value less than
unity.
Hence they are always identically equivalent.
By
18.,
Let (2
we have
Art. 11
+ a;
1)"
a;
thus
n(yi-l) ^_,^^_^^,,_^
_^
-1
-
{n->rV)nx-l
1'
(yi
(?i
+ 2)(n + l)n(?i-l)
"^
2^*
x = cos 6, then
P
2'
19.
(a;-l)'
r.2'*
(cos d)
a?
=1 -
1 = 2 sin^^
thus
sin'^
"-Y^
^ (n+2)(n + l)7i(n-l)
VT
This
may
also
10
(1
- 2a
cos(9
= j(l-a7 + 4asm^|p.
Expand by the Binomial
the general term
Expand
(l-a^^^
\m
Theorem
thus
we
\m\m
obtain for
{l-aY'"^"
ol)'^""'^
(1
as before
D
P
n\
(cos e)
^0
= 1l- (n-rV)n
^J &m'^
.
{n-\-2){n
+ r)n{n-r)
P72^
20.
Again,
,6
sm--..
.
we have
(a?
+ l)";
thus
^(_^\nU
^
(^
+ 1)^^ + 1
(n
+ 3)
(n
+ 2)
(yi
+ 2)(n + l)n(n-l)
2
(71
+ 1) n (n- 1)
(rz
- 2)
(a?+l)
2'
r.2'
(^+1)'
11
21.
X cos 6y then
a;
+ 1 = 2 cos* ^
thus
(n4-l)ji_,^
(cos 0)
= (- 1)~ j 1 - ^-^?^
(n
cos-
+ 2)(7i + l)n(n-l)
P^2^
may
This
also
form | (1
in the
be obtained by putting
+ a)'^ 4a cos'^^ V
(1
,^
2" "'J*
2a cos^ + a^ "^
or
22.
By
we have
(.+ir(.-i)"=(x-M)-^^^"
n d{x
"^1
+ iyd''-'(x'-lT
dx
doT-'
n{n-i)
d:"
1.2
*"
dx"-^
HenceP = ^^(.4-ir(.-ir
=^n[{^+ir+(iy(^+ir(^-i)
23.
a;
= cos ^
then
a;
+ 1 = 2 cos' ^
and
a?
1 = 2 sin* ^
*^^^
P.(cos.)=cos-|[l-f>an|V("^tanff-...]-
12
We have
(1
thus
we
obtain for
1.3...(2m-l) [ol'{1-x')] m
"^
^"'\m
{l-OLxf'^
(-irgm a--(l-a.T
thatis
Expand
(1
ax)~^'^~^
Hence, puttmg r
,,'-
for
we
obtain finally
25.
X=
cos 0,
then
1x^
= tan^
-^j
thus
a;
P (cos
6)
= cos*^ ^1 1 - ''
^''^7
-^^
tan^ ^
+ "^"-^^ir-.^^^^^-'^an-^-
We
13
CHAPTER
III.
l=Po,
a^=P
^'=^P.+ 3'
3
_3^1
.6
^._lp
"35^*^7
"^
6/2
IN
35^*^7 V3^^3j
35
^
35'
a,P,
where
+ a^_,P,., + _4P-4 +.
a, a^_^,
a^^_^,
...
To shew that
P^Pdx = 0,
if
and n are
^^
1
P^P^dx =
'-1
2w
dx
r
I
._
wa bxya b'x
.
dx
I.*J[aa
{ah'
+ ah) x + hb'x*]
that
is
un-
14
We
by the Integral
shall find
Thus
dx
dx
log
Vl-2/3a; +
/8'
Va/3
l+Va^
^l-VayS
^3/Q3
,2/02
-{>-f-f-f--)
Now
left-
hand member
(l+aP,+a^P,+...+a"P+...)(l+/3P,+/3'P,+...+^'^P+...).
we
see that
/>if
29.
We have
;"
and that
. . .
we have
/:,-
2m +
l'
2m +1
therefore
15
f P^x^dx.
factors can
be expressed as definite
integrals.
It follows
30.
positive integers,
f/This
is
m and n are
if
and
a;"
dx
= 0.
Coefficients.
result thus: if
n,
then
/>
x^'dx
= 0.
where
By
^^
x.
By
may
integration
also
be
by parts we
Art.
U, we have
this vanishes
f,
both when x
^^
=l
+ 1)" (^ _ i)
and when x =
l.
and
Thus
where
f,,
stands for
16
where
|,
we have
^^^
(a;
finally
+ 1) (^ - 1)".
a;
of a lower
P,ydx=0.
/;
82.
"We shall now shew that no other rational integral
function of x of the n^^ degree except the product of a constant into P,^ {x) has the important property noticed in
Art. 30 ; that is if ^ (x) be a rational integral function of x
of the
71*^
(j>
(x)
Let
4>i{^)i
X formed
^2(^)1 ^3(^)j---
integration
by
Now
w 1,
x
any
^A^)dx,
so on.
By
<f){x)
is
^8{^)=J
and
x^dx 0, when
\.
if
parts,
a;
we have
both inclusive,
Put
for
m in
^{x) o^dx
is
and
x'^'^'
l,...7i
in the
^aW^-'^nW
17
when x = l:
down
vanish
coefficients
A{x +
the form
Therefore
of
it
1)" {x
1)",
where
is
CP^^{x),
constant.
is
is
where
some constant.
33.
If
711
is
and
ti
x'^PJx
= 0.
/,
For by Art.
7,
= x'^PJ^x) when
Therefore
in.
Ic
is
even.
is
this case
[ x^'-PJx
34.
wm
r x'^PJx = 0.
where
x^P^jdx,
fractional.
We know that
where
a, /S^y,...
Hence
x'Pdx = .
?L_-4._-^__ + _
/,
I.
T.
Suppose n even.
...
of the fractions
'
y
PKOPERTIES OF LEGENDRE's COEFFICIENTS.
18
common
fractions to a
where
+ 7^ -
is
some
pendent of
h, since
by
is
h,
when
(^
h of the degree
hence /^must
2, n 4,.
2,
ti + 2), where \ is inde. .
. . .
(A;
of the degree ^
is
Moreover by the
we must have
a
X = P^X1) =1. ^y
Therefore
. . .
Art. 33 that
X=
is,
??.
in which
highest power of
that
+ - 3)
1 ) (^b
1 ) (A;
we bring the
+ 71 +
way
we
If
(A;
Now we know
denominator,
+ 1.
ti
+ /3 + 7+---;
^rt-
1<5.
is -even
Suppose n odd.
II.
By
of the fractions
we find
that the
sum
is
K
(A;
where
77-1
.
is
+ +
71
some
Then
l)(/c
+ 71 -
l)(^^
+ - 3)...
71
(A;
+ 2)
h of the degree
\(^-l)(^-3)(^^-5)...(A;-7l+2),
and as before we
find that
X=
1.
'
when n
Therefore
is
odd
(A;+7H-l)(A;-f 7i-l)...(A; + 2)
I.
19
when k
Hence
that
if
A;
when the
is
2.
is
supposing
an odd number
and
fraction
is
1.
First suppose
result in I
1
3...(^'
^
2.4...(A;-?i)1.3.5...(^
Next suppose k
+ n + l)*
odd,
Ij
4...(A;
- n)
5...(A;
+ + 1)
71
As an example we have
[n
__
_2"[n|n
25
20
By
we have
Art. 29
is
2m+iri
wm
is
even,
we
have, by
a,
and
by
therefore,
= (2m + l)fW^cZ^;
Art. 35,
(2m
+ 1)
\n
2.4...(?i-m)1.3.5...(7i + m
Hence,
+ l)
finally,
^ "'1.3.5
^(,_,^(2^1)(2^)
2.4
37.
As an example we
yx
by the aid of Legendre's coefficients, under two conditions
which will appear in the course of the process.
*
The
first
condition
is
that
y be greater than x
then we
have
where the
x""
y-x
y^
Now
coefficients
a;"
:,^>
aj"+2
^+*
^^ ^>
y
if
^^^
it,
1.3.
(ff"
from
Ti we get
^
a;"+
from
-^ we
5. ..(2/1+1)
-rri
2/
(2;^+1)|m4-2
"
get,
rt-a >
y"
"
-r we
(2n + l)k + 4
:
iiget,
5
2.4.1.3...(2w + 5)
a;"-^*
irom
1^=
-^
2/
21
2.1.3...(2ri
3)
y
1
.
-zzs
2^^
and so on.
Thus
let (271
+ 1)
(2/)
1.3...(2n-l)f
(n
"^
2(2?i
+ 3)
+ l)(n + 2)(n+3)(n + 4) _,
^
2.4.(2/1 + 3) (2n + 5)
-^-l*
1
then
where
yX
to
infinity.
To
express
The powers
of
dP"
7
x which
we may
dP
-^
dP
where _,, rt_g, a_5, ... are numerical factors to be determined.
Let a^ denote any one of them then, by Art. 28,
;
2m + ir p
dPr,.
(..
22
Now, by
Art. 30,
we
m with
'-1
Multiply
by
(2)
(2).
^-S''^
^^^^
and add
2m + lf' /
to (1)
JP
thus
^ JP
/:(--f-^-s)^-
Therefore
Thus
-^ = (2 - 1) P..,+ (2 - 5) P^ + (2 - 9) P^ +
is
SP^
if ti is
even, and F^ if n
is
. .
odd.
a, sin
\-a^ sin
2^
ttg
sin
3^
. .
a=l/;/(^)
We
/(^)
shall
now apply
sin
md dO.
which
P(cos^).
than n
1.
We
know
that sin
mO = M x
where
sin 6,
denotes a
see
m1:
Thus
23
m9 dd =
(cos 6) J/sin 6
dO
J a
= f P,{x)Mdx,
'-1
where
is now supposed to be expressed as a function of
by putting x for cos 6,
Hence by
than
Art. 30
it
x,
is less
n+1.
We
shall
zero
is
\i
mn
is
equal to
For
being expressed as a function of a; as before, the
product P(x)M will involve only odd powers of x, and therefore the integral of it between the limits 1 and 1 will
vanish.
Thus we have
to find
Now, by
Art. 15,
26^ cosnd
a,
1,
n+S, n +
we may put
+ 2&_, cos
(n
-2)6+
2b^_^ cos
- 4) ^ +
(ii
Hence
P(cos 6) sin
m6 =
5,...
(sin
(m
n)6
2\ cos
. .
.,
6,
and
+ sin {m n)6}
+ J^2{sin(m+ 7i-2)^-|-sin(m-w+2)^}
+Z>_Jsin(??i+?i-4)^+sin(w-n + 4)^} + ....
111
and
for
tt
"
\m + n "^
""^
\m + n-2
\m + ?i 4
"^
^ ; thus since
m-w + 2/
m-n + 4/
24
is
\2n
m = n-\-2k+l',
if
is
odd, and
+ 2k+l ^ W+i)
"^
^^"-^
^ ^^"-^
Bring
we
=-
even.
Let
^^
z:
all
[2n
+ 2k-l
U^ + 2k - 3
"*
"*"
2kTs)
IFfsj
common denominator
these fractions to a
^'
thus
obtain
K
{2k
+ l){2k+S)...{2k + 2n +
'
1)
where
denotes a rational integral function of k of the
degree n. Now
must vanish when k has any of the values
l,2,... n; for in all these cases sinm^ becomes numerically equal to sin /jlO;- where fi has some positive integral
value which is less than n-i-1, and therefore, by what has
P(cos 6) sin
md dO vanishes. Hence K
is
+ 2)
...
{k
+ n),
is
odd or even,
or
where \
Hence Tp^Ccos
X=
2"+'P,Xl)
6) sin {n
2"-*-^
+ 2k +1)9(16
+ 2)...{ k + n)
+ 3) ... (2^ + 2n + 1)
2'''''(k+ l ){k
{2k + l){2k
*
.
and
a,^+2;fc+i
is
'
Thus
finally P(cos 6)
2A...2n
f.
1.3.(n+l)(n + 2)
1.2.(2n+3)(2n+5)
l.(n +
^.^
l)
sm(n+5)^
1.3.5 (+l)(n+2)(n+3)
,^,..
1
1.2.3(2+3)(2+5)(2+7)'"'(" + ^)^+-r
25
The value
of
P(cos 6) sin (n
+ 2A;+1)^ cZ^
can be put in
Jo
the form
thus
we
see that
indefinitely small
40.
P,^ (cos 6)
it
less
is
when
Ic
is
than
is
therefore
indefinitely large.
= -4
r
J sin
(
^ + - sin
3
3(9
+ V sin 5^ +
These
the limits
...
=1
lo
thus
results
are well
So
known:
and 312.
We
Arts. 311
for
TT
41.
and
P,(^x)
and
1.
26
Suppose n
I.
By
even.
we have
Art. 30
P^dx
= -l
= 1.
ic
= 0.
= {x^
tion of
Then
cb^) i^,i_2
P(-
x)
where Y^_^
is
since
of the degree
{x^
ay Y^_J,x = 0.
a?
it follows that
a rational integral func-
2.
we have
= PJx)
Hence
= 1
- a") PJx =
{x^
there-
Y^_^
and x
l.
Then, as before,
we
is
a rational
and
degree
n.
-X
is
factors x^
some numerical
P(a7)
P,
u^
&,...
is
the
still to shew that the factors of P,, are all difIf possible suppose that two of them are alike, so
so that
x^
have
ferent.
that P,
a^,
We
h'){x'-c')...,
_^[x
Hence the
II.
we have
factors of
P^ must be
Suppose n odd.
xPdx =
In
have
PnZ^_,dx =
0,
"'
obviously impossible.
all different.
this case
P (0) = 0. By
and since P ( x)
= Pn {x)
it
Art. 30
follows
-1
a!
=-
and x=l.
27
Then
(x)
we have
a?(a;* a')PcZa;
= 0;
there-
x^(x^-'ayY^_^dx
ic
F = Ax{a^-a'){x*'-h')(x'-c*)...,
degree
and
some numerical
a^,
x^
Jf,
coefficient, since
x^
c^,,,,
is
is
of the
n.
Thus we
between
of
is
factors x^
and
P^ (x)
+ 1.
factors
Since the roots of the equation P (x) = are all com 1 and + 1, it is obvious that P (x) can never
vanish when x is numerically greater than unity. This can
also be readily inferred from some of the expressions previously given for Pn{x).
42.
prised between
Thus in Art. 17 if f be expressed in terms of ic, and reductions effected, we obtain only powers and products of x
and x^ 1 with positive numerical factors ; so that the whole
is necessarily positive when x is positive and greater than
And as P^ (-a:) = (- 1)"P {x) it follows that Pr,{x)
unity.
will not vanish when x is negative and numerically greater
than unity.
The same
conclusion
may
also
28
'
for a,
.^
and suppose
so as to ensure a convergent
^^^^^^^
V(iTW)
1 -//?/'
Hence 2 ^/"5o^.
and
'p
seri-es.
Thus
UCJJ. ^^
%Ki
^^^^^
'
_ y
= 1^^
{1
- 2^93/ +/ (1 - P f)X"^
k
therefore
(l
By
+ k'x')'^'
Take the
and
^{1
(1
integration we have
+ J^)'
and
^f{l+I^')'
^=
fc,
and tan J? =
-^/Vtk
There-
PROPERTIES OF LEQENDRE'S
COEFFK'I'.'NTS.
21)
therefore
^(^
+ ^=cos^ cos J5
V(l+/v'+/A;0
of
limil/
<^
(1
tanul tan^) =
jp^
tan"*
jr-
(A +
B).
- A + B,
IT
A B, Hence
= r = 7 tan
Expand
is
cos
j)k
-^t/^
V(l
in powers of
tts
^')
;.,,
,,..
thus
2/'\P^
(I 4-
A;*
a;*)~
(2?i
+ 1)
^^3 is zero if
2 (- 1)"
A;"
-;^:pj-
(n
1) (1
A
Jc:
if
to
coefficients of the
n be
evexi.
+ k'y^'
?i = oo
(1
powers of
n be odd, and
is.
p we
equal to
30
CHAPTER
lY.
positive
For we
may assume - =
:j
>
where
c is less
r_|i_=ir_|i
a
aj
thus
by Integral
f,
Jo l
+ b cos <p
zc
+ c''+2ccos^~
than unity;
cos^
*l-c''
Thus
is
TT
_ TT
(1
+ C^)
(1) is established.
'
we
(1)
get
1
defy
Jol-
oix
+ a V(a;* - 1)
31
cos
<f>
(i
2aa: + a')^
powers of a, and
have, by the definition of
sides in ascending
a",
we
Art. G,
Pn{^)=l^{x-^/{x'-l)cos<|>Ydc|>
Thus
is
Pni^o) is
(2).
we found
that
it is
true for
all
values of x For
if
[x
^/ (x^
1) cos <^)"
46.
values of a.
The
to reproduce
some
1
For example -
44 can
easily
be made
d(j>
''
J Q
<l>
As we have
will disappear
l)
...
di>.
32
we
obtain
= ^" + '^^V^^^'^-^(^-l)
2^
.(n-l)(..^2)(^-3)
^.,.^^._^^.^^^^^
_^
47.
may
also take
P^ = 1
{ic
cZ(^,
when
48.
definite integral.
where
is
put for
J -1.
Thus
if
we
= a//x1
have
re
By expanding and
product
(1
multiplying out
we can arrange
. .
.,
anda=l + nV + j^^^^)}V*+
This coincides with Art. 22,
the
to
tt
'
49.
44
may
^/r
S3
be transformed when x
than unity so as to give the formula
in Art.
INTECJKALS.
is
positive
and greater
connected with
<^
by the
relation
cos
<f>
XC0&
{ J ix^ 1)
^7-2W~cos Y
-^ir
x-\- a/(x
1)
which leads to
1)
J(x*
^^
'
sin
cos
ylr
=
rr-7.
9
^ x + V(^
vrr
1)
cos
ylr
=
6
jr,
^ X+ J{X'
-
COS
yjr
sin
X+
^/{xr
TT
1)
>
'
1) cos "^
50.
a;
= cos ^
,.
-f
\\
then by equation
(2)
rni+r-
of Art. 44
we have
P^
(cos
^=-
f""
(cos
P (cos
6) involves
by means of
which the imaginary symbol does not
occur
We have
where
T.
t.
his investigation.
,,,
V(l-2acoa^
+ a')s^
= Sa"P"^(cos e\
to
n = go
Let a = COS ^
H-\- iKy where
sin
then 2a"P^
6),
separate
^rr
n;
-^
-^
form
(1).
into
its real
We suppose both
If ^
is
and
greater than
tp
<j>
to lie
then V(cos
<j)
cos
J2
62^-^)
(cos
tt.
^) is real
thus
cos5 *sin5
-^
and
between
^ - cos 6)
j2{cos
<^
-cos ^i)
is less
we multiply
by
that
c,
is
by
V2
e'^'^)
Hence we deduce
(cos
^e
obtain
sin^+Cos
ifTT-^)
^ - cos ^)
V2(cos6^-cos^)
that
<^
cos^
"
when 6
H = V2(cos</)-cos6>)
'
is
sreater than
^
<f>,
Rm|
and
when 9
is less
V2(cos^-cos</))
sin
K ==
when ^
than ^
6
is sjreater
\/2(cos^</)-cos^)
than 6,
^
<^
and
when 6
V2(cos^-cos^)
is less
than 6.
Now
5"= 2
(cos 6)
=-
n^P^ (cos
we obtain
6)
It
cos
except
when n
is zero,
\-liy^.
Again, from the equation
-ff
= S sin n^ P^ (cos 6) we
obtain in
manner
like
P^
(cos 6)
/*"
= 2-
jK'sin n(^
d<f)
"J
for every positive integral
for
H and K we have
P(cos^)
^ [
ttJ
cosTK^cos^
-7(p0^2
(cos
cos?i<^sin^
l=d6+-\
^2 {cos 6- cos
'rrJ 9
COS d)
d6...{2);
<t))
when
= 0,
side
and P
(cos 6)
=
^
ttJ
tliis
\/2
>v/2
'
6^
(cos (h cos ^)
^.
<j>
?'''
'n'J
^
'
V2
(cos
cos <^)
(Z<^...(3);
zero.
The
P,^ (cos 6)
51.
Multiply the
first
of
equations
(1)
of
the pre-
H and K:
thus
we get
32
X sin
and
P^
<j>
V2
(cos
and
K\
- cos ^)
we
is
when 6
is less
by
than 6.
^
cos
is less
when 6
(cos
2/1
ttJ
V2
(^- cos
is
greater than
^
+1
~Y~ ^
(cos
^-
-^J
cos 0)
^^^
V2
cosg
V2
<f>.
(9j
we have by
(cos
+l
"~2~ ^
2n
(cos
(9
- cos
^'
</))
sm^
P(cos^)
^^^
the
than ^,
re
^ and
(cos 6)
when
V2
greater than ^,
get
2 cos -2" ^ Pn
when ^
of equations fl)
first
thus
and
sin ^ and
second by
(eos ^)
(f)-cosd)
that
^ + i? = P
(cos ^).
first
^ /
^"
Now
place
A^
is finite
^ retains
'^'^
[9
-J, ^(,i.|_sin.|)'^*'
we know by the
integration
for
-
^j V2(cos./.-cosy)
as cos
cos^
'/.'THf-rf)'*
where 7
is
of
intefjration.
COS^
if
J
^/(-1- ^4)
so that ^ is finite.
is, less than unity
Since A^ is less than unity the series of which a"-4 is
the general term is convergent if a is numerically less than
unity.
This series, putting for A^ its value, is
that
^VV
is
+acos3(^...l#.
2-'^^2J
._.^i
- 2a cos (^ + a*
<A
cos9
Thus S
J
brackets
(7<^
2a cos
^/Hs-'-D'
</)
+ u*'
88 THE COEFFICIENTS EXPRESSED BY DEFINITE INTEGRALS.
Assume
sin
then
^ dcf)
= 2dylr,
sm--^-sm=|]
V(
and
2a cos ^ +
a'^
(1
- a)' cos' t +
1(1
(1
- a)' cos'
(1
n|r
- 2a cos ^ + a')
sin'
yjr.
TT
Hence
2aM" =
^ l-g'
TT
a' r2
TT
d-ylr
r^
^-,
^
r^
27-^-2-.
^^
(l--a)-'cos''v/r+(l-2acos^+a')sm'^|r
(l^a)^cos'^
,^,
jj,
j,
V(l-a)'(l-2acps(9+a') 2
*
'
Next consider
'^
COS
J.
^"
"We have
a"5^.
2)
l + g
~ 2 V(l - 2a cos <9Ta')
TT^
71(f)
sin
=-
^
deb;
7rj^V2(cos^-cos<^)
by changing ^ into
tt
^' we
obtain
TTT-d
^
^
cos
^=(-1)"^
"
TTJo
,,
n<l>
6
cos^
-^
d6\
V2(cosf-cos(7r-^) ^
V^nD
"^
0^
"~2V(l-2acos(9+a')*
Therefore Xa" (^
+ B) =
"^
equation
(3) of
Art. 50.
that a^P^
= 1, we must
shew that
=1
to
ti
= oo
We
2
[asm<j>+a'sm2<f>+a'sin2<l>+
. .
.]d<f>.
V(-1--1)
is
brackets,
asm<t>
l2acos(j>
Thus2a"a = -?|-
+ a^'
sm<^<i<^_
y(sm=|-sm^|)
Assume
sin
^ = sin ^ sin
'*
But 4a sin* ^
""
TT
-^/r ;
2acos<^ + a*
thus
2a cos
= 1 - 2a cos <^ +
a'*
</>
+ a*
(1 a)'
so that
'
and thus, by the aid of what has already been given, we have
We may
2 V(l
- 2a cos + a')
6>
Thus
2
Therefore Sa" [C^
'
2V(l-2acos6/ + a')
+ ^J = ~ 1 +
V(l-2acos^ + aO
41
CHAPTER
V.
54.
Let
V(l-2aa;+aO
|^=
then
-,
= an
^ (l-2a.-Haf = ^^-^^^
p= 3aF'^r=3a'F',
hence
Therefore
I
and
Sa^'ll
thus
Also
-x')
(i-.=)^^^.,^^.2aF3.
2aj^-2a'^=2a*P^.
42
Therefore,
this
may
also
by
SATISFIED
subtraction,
be written thus
IS
,,dV]
(,,
d( ,dV]
,,,
w-
^f-^)-^r4'^}=^
By
V in
definition
(1),
we have F=Xa"P;
and equate
dx
thus
{i^-^')^}+''(''+^)Pn-0
n*^ Coefficient
which may
also
(2).
must
satisfy the
be written thus
(3).
We
55.
have shewn in Art. 41 that the roots of the
are all real and unequal, and comprised
equation PJx) =
between the values 1 and + 1. Part of this proposition
may be deduced immediately from the formula
^^^^^
2'^ [21
dx""
'
For the roots of the equation {x^ 1)" = are all real; namely,
n of them equal to 1, and n of them equal to + 1 hence,
by the Theory of Equations, Art. 105, the roots of the equaare all real, and comprised between the values
tion P^ {x) =
- 1 and 4- 1.
:
a,
then P
(a?)
and
dp
(x)
BY leoendre's coefficients.
when
a;
=a
hence from
(3) it follows
that
4.1
d^P
(x)
jIx
will also
y^
we know by
for
and
Art. 8 that
For
it
+ 1) ? - (2 + 1) ^-P. + "J'n-. = 0.
Put
V its
for
efficient of a"
57.
From
equation
(4)
by changing n
into
(4).
n 1 we
obtain
P.-(2-l)a!P^.+ (n-l)P^.= 0,
and then we may again change n into w
From
1,
and
so on.
44)
IS
SATISFIED
58.
From
equation
(3)
of Art. 44
we have
thus
(5).
rP"-^
1
p _
~
"
f"
TTJ
{^
{X
<j> ]
Jo\x +
IT
ic
71
thus
+ V(^^-l) COS - 1
+ ^{X' - 1) COS ^J"-^^ "^^
d
C?^
J(X'
\/(^^
p"-*
^^
- 1) -
COS ^^"'^^
^}'
'
^(^P^_^PJ = -(a,^_l)^t
(G).
BY legendre's coefficients.
4.5
By adding
and
(5)
(6)
we
obtain
59.
Article
tion
with
(4).
may be
a;,
obtain
1
(l-2aa7
+ a')*
dP
dP,^^,dP
dx
dx
^'
dx
^^-|^ = P.^.2P,a +
From
(7)
and
(8)
we
3P3a.
coefficients of a""*,
4t-%-'=<
(7)
(8).
get
Again from
we have
we
get
(^)-
46
IS
member
SATISFIED
its
coefficients of a"
thus
".-^--s-'-t
From
(9)
and
we have
(10)
^i_^i =
60.
n--4i,
*'
dx
dx
so that
...
(">
(2n
+ l)P^
(11).
By
integrating (11)
obtain
+ l)J_'^Pcfo=P-P_.
{2
constant term
we
ic
(12),
= 1,
so that
no
required.
Similarly (2
+ 1)
(13).
differential equation
we have
-n(.-M)/p.P<f.=/p4|(l-.^)}<&;
integrate the right-hand member by parts, and take
thus we obtain
-i- 1 as the limits of the integration
:
n( + l)/P'^.=/Nl-.^)'|-g<fx.
and
BY legendre's coefficients.
may shew
Therefore
Hence
if
m(m + l)[
If we consider the
method of this Article
that
F,PJx = n{n +
47
l)
F^PJx.
must have
indefinite integral
we
obtain by the
this
may be immediately
by
verified
differentiation.
example
for
[x)dx
=
71
the value
when
a;
of \p^ {x)
for
thus (2m
= the
(2m + 1) -
value
when
a;
^^^ - P^ (^)^^
member
(2n - 1)
2m
Put
vanishes
for
2n} f
Jo
if
^^ 1.3.5...(2m-l) 1.3.5...(2n-l)
^
^
"^
2. 4. ..2m
2.4...(2n-:i)
Jo
f
Jo
P^{x) P^^_^{x)dx
- | PU^)^^^^^\
of
anti
and 2n
P^{x) P^,{x)
dx.
4S
IS
SATISFIED
Put
I.
a?
we
= cos ^
III.
Let
2f
or
+7i( + l)sin^P.
_^. + cote-^"
II.
2a;
= l;
= 0,
+ j( + l)P = 0.
then
= f + 1"'
of these.
^(sin^^)
or
some
will notice
(2)
then
\f-\dP,\
becomes
(2)
becomes
,
,,
The
differential equation
may be employed
to deduce
Assume then
that
.
.
sin(9|^ + 7i(72-i-l)PUcos6'^^ = 0.
63,
BY legendre's coefficients.
The term
a
that
sin
md
sin 6 sin
gives rise to
m9 jn (n + 1) m'S- + m cos
(m -
1)
^ - cos (m
+
The sum
(n
mO
i?!
L (n +
jcos
{m
- m'l
1)
-1)6 + cos
is
zero
hence multiplying by
sum
is
zero
(7?i
+ 1)
(9|
by virtue of the
2, and rearrang-
+ 1)
lri(n
+ 1)
differential equation
cos
to
is
jcos
'[j
a^
49
in (n
+ l)-2'+2|-
cos ^
+ 1) - S'^-f SJ - a, L
{n
cos 20
+
+
fl',Jn(n+l)-?7r+mUa,_j7?(n+l)-(m-2)''--(;7i-2)|
cosm^
+
As this must vanish for all values of 0, we find in succession a, = 0, a^= 0, Og = 0,
a = 0. Then when
=
1,
we see that the coefficient of cos (n+l) vanishes, whatever
m n+
. . .
finite
^^n+i>
value
'"'
_ (m 71 2) (m + w 1)
~ (m - n - 1) (?/^ + w) ^
Thus we obtain P
^"*-*
...
= 0. And
(cos ^)
T.
1.3.(n
l)(7i
2)
.,.
50
factor.
and since
a^^_^
= Z,r^ni(iOBe)
= 0, we
sin
(71
have
9 fT
=
thereifore,
by
+ 1) Ode
"-
(cos 6) sin in
- 1)
edO;
subtraction,
a^^,.
4
-
/*"
(cos 6) cos
nO
sin Ode.
Now
=-
_4
/-I
<?\n
Tsin'^-'^n/rc/i/r
~ it'
=-
Psin'^"-'^ i/r^i|r
2yi(2n-2)...2
(2/^ + l)(2n-l)...3
^^1
CHAPTER
YI.
satisfies a certain
equation of the second order: according to the
known theory of differential equations we infer that there
must also be another solution, and this we proceed to in-
60.
(lifFerential
vestigate.
GG.
Take the
differential equation
and
Assume
= x'^-\-
a^x"^"^
+ a.x"''"* +
. .
rt,,,,(m+2r+2)(m + 2r+l)
-a,,|(7w
.
+ 2r) (m + 2r- 1) +
therefore
a,^
f2r4-w
--
2 {m
+ 2r) -
+ 1)1 = 0,
+ w4-l)(2r + m-w)
-17773
TTT" ^v
But
n (
r.
the term
have either
m=
or
771
1.
42
52
Take
vi
= 0;
+
^K^
then the
1) ^.
^+
.
series
becomes
(n-2)n(n+l)(n +
Take
m=1
then the
series
,
X-.,..
becomes
x+
S)
1^
a:-....
j3
Now
number
of terms,
a.ff
^^17^'+
+ l)j9(^+l)
1.2.7(7+.l)
^
and
this is conveniently
In both
The
series a,
series
/3,
which
l)(7
denoted by F{a,
but divergent
unity,
unity
m m
1.2.3. 7(7 +
'
<x{^+ 1)( + 2)
-
The
series are
.
/8,
2)
+ 2)
7,
,,
'+'
t).
denoted respectively by
n-\
+2
.A
+ /3 7 = 0.
is infinite is
if ic is
Assume
a?"*
+ a^rc*""^ + a^cc""* +
. .
53
th-j
(V(m-2r)(m-2r-l)a,^^,j(77i-2r-2)(m-2r-3)+2(m-2r-2)-n(n+l)l = 0.
This holds for every positive integral value of r.
But
remain
still
the term
+ l)-m(m4-l)[
a;*"|w(n
and to make
this vanish
so that either
Take
we must have
n(7i + l) -m(m + l) =
=
m n orm = n 1.
m n;
then the
series
0,
becomes
_<n-l)_
n{ n-l)(n-2 )(:n-S)
2.(271-1)
"^2.4.(2n-l)(2n-3j
so that it is finite,
,__
(7 is
constant.
Take
m = n \\
+ 2)
+ 3)
(n4-l)(n
1
a;"^^"^
2.(2w
1
_1
,n+3
"a;"'
(n
and
+ l)(n+2)(M-f-3)(n + 4)
2.4.(2n + 3)(2n + 5)
n+2
1 ^/n + 1
^1^(^-2"' ~2~
If Q,X^)
finite series
be denoted by
2n4-3
'
1
o;"-^''*'
_,\
'
^ ;
if a; is
greater than
= CQ^^{x),
1,
this in-
54
We know from
69.
Art. 63 that
f=
a;
+ V(^'-l)
Assume
''-'''
as before,
we
transformed into
Thus
may be
= T + ^sr"" + 4?"'"' +
then,
by assumiDg
either
(711
m=n
+ 1) n
or
(?2
m==
= 0.
1)
''^''
-,
rF{l-n,-'^,r),
r-j^(|, +l,
and
^+i,r).
where X
is
some constant.
To determine
Art.
37 we have
finite.
this constant
that according to
r,^
^ -7^
1 ,6.5...{2ri-\- 1)
is infinite
x'^'^^Qfx)
But when x
we observe
"^
..
when x
is
in-
\=
tlierefore
55
1.3.5...(2n+l)
infinite series.
71.
finite
We may however
Take the
form.
We
know
differential equation
that P("^)
is
a solution, so that
and
f,
and the
latter
by P^
Hence by
integration
log [P
% - ?5} =
or
according as
we obtain
''"i^t^''t
is
a;*)
56
Hence, in both
cases,
we Lave
a constant,
'
dx
dx
dj=
\Pj
C
{PS{a?-\r
= ^'^"
therefore
therefore
G being
a;"
dx
'
(^'
J (PJ-
1)
(-)=t/p./(pj4:.-i
72.
The
ceding Article
may be
effected.
Let Of, yS, 7, ... denote the roots of the equation P^(x)=0,
which we know are all real and unequal. Then by the
theory of the decomposition of rational fractions explained
in the Integral Calculus, Chapter ii, we have
x-1
{FJ{af'-l)
x+1
'
(x-ay
'
^ x-a'
S denotes a summation
considering all the roots a, f3,y, ,,., which will
oive rise to other constants like
and A'.
o
where
to be
h, h,
made by
We proceed
We
and
have h
,,
..
k = rrrrr?
tt^
when x = 1,
7T
when
>
ic
so that h
= 1, so that k = -
Oi
and
We
shall
Let P
now shew
= {x a) By
Substitute
thus
(j:
=0.
that A'
so that
a) jR
for
P^
+ w(7i+l) (aj-a)P = 0,
so that
A' =
when x = (x we have
if
<?. (^)
if
where
x')
Ex =
therefore
Hence we have
0.
Therefore
and
{1
we may
is less
(7^
is
than unity
denotes a constant.
write
^+
C.}
....(1),
58
We
74.
(7^
Suppose
and put
for
x+
iC
^'^
./111,
n=l.
\x
^x^
DX''
Take
X
Also in this case a =
0,
and
=-
and
J.
= 1.
(1)
^^3^ + ^+"
75.
In like manner
if
is less
stance, take
=1
then we get
-'11'<^M+''.}
of Art. G6,
first series
+ iC
-
if
L9
we put
in ascending
powers of or.
^V^^^
2.(2/1
'x''''^""y
3)
when x
is
where
very great.
.n-4
a;""^, oj"
1.3...(2n-l)
^
.
\n
ByArt.7lwehaveP.f-Q45 =
so that
when x
is
very great
hk{2n +
l)
x^
C= ikk
and therefore
^,
~x'--V
{2n-\- 1).
^i
= Ti
(2/1
TT-r
1)
A;
'
and (7= 1 in
than unity,
(1)
60
this agrees
of Q^ (x)
when x
When X
is less
<3W = -Pw{|iogJ^ +
a)
78.
"We have then by the preceding Article, for the case
in which x is greater than unity,
where
We
Leofendre's Coefficients.
of Art. 6Q,
^jiog|;|(i-.o'g.-2.5+.(+i)p}
By
and
therefore,
- 1)
=2
by
P..
Art. 88,
(2
J(2
ctjj,
ttg, ...
Assume now
cTjj
. .
.
where
'
TIIE COEFFICIENTS
When
P_y
reduces to
r
+ 1 r)
(2/1
hand
that
j/i
if
+ 1)
(n
(n r)
(n - r +
1)
P^, that
is
it
to
P_^.
we
side of (3)
put for
is
CI
r be odd -.=
see that
r^^
(2n
if
_
-f
r)r^
Thus
finally
"^
series in
even,
(4)
if
n be
79.
tlKin unity
universally true
tliat it is
P {x) S
(4)
when x
is
greater
80.
We may shew
in another
way
that
(3.(^)=ip.(x)log^J-i?.
wlicre li denotes a rational integral function of the degree
n 1.
For by Art. 37 we have
therefore
this
by Art.
may be
28,
written
62
"
The expression
{x)-P^^-^^
(y)
is
obviously a rational
xy
integral function of x and y of the degree n 1, and after
integration with respect to y between the limits will be a
rational integral function of x of the degree n 1.
Also
fjij
so
-^
log
-4-
1
.
result
is
obtained.
/:
It
81.
for
-7-
is
found convenient
for abbreviation
thus
may be
to use the
-7-^ is
/ may
symbol
D to stand
often denoted
be used
by
B^v.
for integration
if
\vdx
is
to be
re-
sults in
82.
^^rii
which we
may
write thus,
p(^)=ci)(^-ir
(5).
Now we
But according
g.(<r)=C7p^.,i
(6),
which
^-0.(-) =
Art rjlmely
of
and
63
is
differentiate
^" "^
(^
"'""" '"
(7).
^""
'^"
""
'*
''^="""'"
n + 1 times.
'^^,%enal coefficient of li is zero.
Apply
to the first terra in
Q.
of P. is zero. The first
Tk
^fr
V''*''J"'P"'='
Tho
^l'iu..r^'''''"'Ibe (n
1)".
+
differential coefficient
1
|^
is
- -^^
and eveiy
to
common
Moreover
of
ic
in
when
all
introduce another
Thus the (+!).'
the terms are brought
must be a
constant.
^^^7
For
is
a ^"""*'";
if
^'
very large
^^ would
whereas
we'know from
^f ,^^,*^i?
!f^
Art.
08 that it
must be of the same order as a;"^"-^
HenPn
IS
constant,
1
and thus (7) is established
ArtSe in^'a^oSr;
Take the
P--ding
differential equation
d
dz
a2\
~''^5J'-2->=rf^ + C + 1)^=0
z
we
obtain
(8).
G4j
Differentiate again
differentiations
().
Now
(8) is
-,-",
da^
Let
77^
=n
then
(9)
becomes
dx''^'
'
^'
^ dx
CL
^,
therefore
u dx
log u
=-
log {x^
- l)""^^ + a
constant
C
therefore
(x--^-lj'
d^'u
thus
;^n
'
2{n4-l)x
Xi I
Idu =
- t"
therefore
in (9) is
^f
dx
^j^^._i^.l.
tl lUS
CL
Hence it follows
we must have
C5
dx
J"P
r
d^Q^ _
^'^d^^^^'dx-'-^Ji^^^i
But
dT
,
,,"
dx
is
this agrees
We may
85.
may be put
in
the form
(n-^)(+m+i){i-.TSH-|{a-^r-:.}=o;
be satisfied when for z we put Pni^)- This equation
with respect to P^i^) has been called Ivory's Equation; it
was given by Ivory in the Philosophical Transactions for 1812,
this will
page 50.
86.
differential equation
we
we
obtain
7ru
4- (n
i
Thus
which
T.
is
if
= m we
of the
m + r 4- 1)
(n
+ m r)
-j-\.
= 0.
have
same form
as (8).
(jQ
Now
if
m=
7i
lilND.
we may
may be
Or
if
we
m =n
is obtained by taking
Hence the solution of (11) if
But we know that
this value of f and differentiating n times.
the solution of (11) is of the form C^P^^{x)
G^Q,X^). Hence
As
w^e
power of
know
ic,
at least
that
"(-)=^{^^'-'^"/f^'}
^''^-
87.
it
G may
for
this gives
C = [272.
G7
is
is
forms
(6)
and
(12).
52
68
CHAPTER
VII.
Suppose x
have by Art.
We
positive
17,
p.w=^r{i+r:^)r
1.3. (-!)_ g^,
"^
(2/1
- 1)
(27J
1.8...(2n-l)
where h stands
for
T\n
that
(i-r)"^.
is
p(^)=^r{(i-n'^+e},
Thus
where e denotes a quantity which diminishes
n increases indefinitely.
indefinitely as
|2n
Now
Iz
= afri~
we
see that
when n
is
very
unity,
P*
v^v(i-r)
We
The
case in which
may
than unity
Now
89.
cos 6 for x.
Put
+ 114_(!?JQ|^3in(+5)^
+ ...l,
2
(2n +
.
where
If
5)
(2/1 -f 3)
'
A;
we suppose n
between
that
1)
+ 2 sin (ri + 3)
sin
is
nd \cosd
-[-^
+ cos nd jsin ^ +
We have
13
+ ^^ sin
cos fid
(?i
+ 5)
...,
+ ^^ cos 5^ +
- sin 3^ +
sin
5^
...
[
infinite series
just indicated.
Let
be a quantity
less
than unity
+ i^i'cos5^ +
put
<cos^ + ^e'cos3^
and
tsme-\--f sin 3^ + ^.
Thus both
C and S denote
IS
i'
convergent
sin
5^
...
=(7,
4- ...
= S.
series.
'
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF
70
C + cS = te^' + lt^e^^^-{-l^,tH'^'+...
Then
2.4
- ^2 g2.d)
= 1 2f cos 26 +
so that p^
'^
f*,
=
and tan 6
^
-f r
sin
-^
26
^n
cos 2^
Then C-^cS =
(7=^cos^l9 + |V and
so that
/S^=-~.sin('(9
+ |)
p'=2(l-cos26'), sothat
=
tan^
^
,
sin
2^
^
cos2^
Hence when n
V^-V2sin^;
cos^
a\
= ~^-p^
= tan f"^
--^),
sm^
\2
J
is
very great
/5
4-1
+ ^
so that (/>=^-d/.
"^
we have approximately
sinn^cos [^ + ^j +cos92^sin f^ +
^j
^''' ^)
= rfn
~ irkn
and Sish
= -j-^
Vf^^l
approximately
Nnir
mation when n
is
"^^
V2 sin
very great
we have
V2sin^
finally as
'
an approxi-
The
90.
71
is
due
it
Laplace himself gave two investigations, both in the Mecanique Celeste, one in Livre xi. 3, and the other in the
Siij)pUment au 5* Volume; they differ from that of Art. 80,
will reproduce the
but do not seem more satisfactory.
We
latter of
By
them.
Art. 63
we know
that
that
(2),
(3).
du
du
1 /d'^u
/,
^ ^^
If
ri is
2^1 + ii'cot6>=0;
2^'4-wcotl9=0,
au
do
U=
H.
ir
u =-7-=-,
vsin^
vsin^
may be
regarded as
H
Vsin^
first
approximations to the
X
a'
IF
Vsin^
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF
72
But we
so that
(3)
we have from
(2)
P = -^^
(ZTcos aO
+ H'
sin aO)
V sin 6
=:-_^__ cos(a6'
+ 7),
Vsin 6
where
G and
And ^s a = Jn {n +
we have approximately a = n + ^
1)
C
P= ^==-
so that
cos (71^
V sin ^
+ -+
^
7)
/
"
TT
when 0=^\
that
=-
constant
2m we
G we
have by Art.
1
therefore
if
TT
7,
we have
88,
VnTT
n be even
when 0=^,
^=2^^^^^^^
VmTT
observe that
2m
Thus our
n be odd
so that
P=-7-^-cos 71^4-^- J
and denoted by
if
IT
this leads to
To determine the
73
Assume
a;
= p cos
~~
Pn(^)
aJ(\
x^)
i|r,
thus
[x
</>
cos
(^j" d(f>.
= p sin-i/r
f""
TTJo
^"^^ "^ *
P" {^^^
^^^ ^"^1 ^^
P^ [x)
d(f>.
92.
Another investigation of the value of P {x) when n
very large is given by M. Ossian Bonnet in Liouville's
Journal de MaMmatiqueSy Vol. xvil. pages 270... 277.
is
We
have
P^ = u
Assume
+ n(7i + l)P= 0.
cot (9-^y
(sin 6)~^\
thus
we
obtain
de"
puttmg
m for
71
+ - we
Multiply by sin
have
d^U
,^-^ -f
oLu
Ji
mO
U
ma = -7---^
Sin
and integrate
,..
Ti
>,
thus
^du
^
^ - ir^wsinm^,^
sm mO -T5 mw cos md = (7,
r
^-j-^r du
/
[*
(4).
(/
...
(o),
APPROXIMATE VALUES OF
74
md and
md
mic
C^ sin
4Ja sm
-77,
do
Eliminate
(4)
-^^
between
m^
cos
(7j
T1 sm m6^
and
(5)
(6)
thus
Cousin mO
1
sm'^mO
-.- da + cos m^
4
sin'^
^
T^
-r
Ja
(0).
.,
md
f^u cos
by
obtain
^
^ 1 f^ucosmd dU
^^
+ mu sm m6 = C\-:
^
^dic
cos
we
integrating,
(Zl9.
sm md^
-o-TT-
ja
= - sm md^
sm'^md
^ u cos
f ^ic
,^
.^
sm'^
Ja
.,
^,
^ 2^'
,,
-it
-,,
dd
md
.,
dd
sm'^
r ^ w'
+ cos md
Ja
sin
sin
sm'(9
ja
f^ u cos m^'
.
r
[
+ cos md^
tt(7
m (d' d) dd'
7/j,
sin=^6>'
/,
C^
new
_ h cos
(7?i^
A^)
m
Denote
u sin
4m j a
(md + /3)
h cos
m [d' d)
sm
:
.^.
,^,
,/3v
4m
'm
h cos
""^
{md + /y)
r^cos {md'
+ /3)
si
n m(l9^-
(9)
,.,
"^
"^4^J.
1
sii?^^'
f^
+ 16^^ J.
>/r
S?^
^^.
'^'^-
(7),
COEFFICIENTS OF HIGH ORDERS.
The
75
w', for u
The process of substitution may then be
performed again if we please and so on.
last
occurs in "^(O').
93.
is
We
We have by Art.
this
positive
(2/1
zj where k
,
+ 1) A;'
unity.
69,
and X
Q^ (x) when n
is
is
very great
approximately
thus
76
CHAPTER
VIII.
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
There
94.
analogous to
P^x)
We have
95.
PM = [[x + ^J{x'-l)co^<i>Yd^
(1).
J Q
where
Hence
it
follows
from
(1)
that
*'
therefore
We
shall
= -P (x) = ^~
a^,
value of a, where
a,
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIQJIS.
77
We have
liG.
a;
+ V(^' - 1)
^ 2a:e^+V(a;
cos
(^
- l)(eg"^+l)
= a: + V(a^ - 1)^^^-^'^
2xJ{x^-
1) e*
+ {a?- 1) (e*'^ + 1)
_ (a; + g)-.l
2^
where z
is
put
for V(ic'
l)e**.
Now we may
Taylor's
Theorem
__
The
series
f* <^"
2*"
.
^M
is
here ex-
pressed, because
+ V(^' - 1)
cos ^1"
z
d^'^'u
z^
2"
d^-^u
^'V
'
\n-^\dx^^^ '|7i+2
z-^
d'^'u
-*
rfa;"-^^
'
^r2nc^u;''"
d^'-^u
..-fs'V
c^x""""
(a^-l)"*J'
\7\-m
sin
dx""
772<f
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
78
separately vanish
so that
TO
TO
+m
\n
""^
\n-m
^^"^"
dx""-"'
from
1 to
^'
in-
clusive.
Hence
2"[jJ
we have
finally
+ V(^'-l)cos^}"
1 ^" (x'
- ly
.
Avhere
1)1
d'^'^'ix'
- 1)"
inclusive.
to
^^ {x'-
m in
Moreover by
(2)
we may
if
we
,^.
from 1 to
please change
oi
(3).
We
is
^{x'-i)^ d^'^'^ix'-ir
In
+m
n+iu
dx'
d^^'^jx'-iy ^
2^
|7i-mf
dx""^""
n-^
{n-m){7i-m-l)
2.(2?i-l)
"^
We
shall
ST (wi, n)\ so
therefore
that
.(.,)=
^_^X___
^^
(4).
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
the form
(3) in
+ ^{x'-l)cos(t>}''
m- + 2S
(^
H=
We may if we please
replace the
Id'^ix'-iy,
so that
TTT ]^
+ "J^^^ ~
^
,
In cases where
we might use
rs
1) ^<^s
?i,
-^
CT
first
term
i!x
(m, n) cos
m6.
[2/1
^f
+ 2S
it is
(m,
1)
^-
-cr
(w, n),
98.
('2)
{x-VaY(x^rVr_ <^"^(a?+ar(a?+6)"
'
\n^-m
dx""^'
To demonstrate
this,
\n-m
Ja;""'"
Then
in the development of
k]-^
|w
\n-\-m
that
7'^*'
is
is
i)""""
{x
V-r-
for abbreviation.
+ of {x + J)",
the
ITix-^- aYD"" ix
first
+ hYy
\n
|?i|m I
m*^(aJ
+ &)""^;
^
'
and
in like
manner the
first
will
|7i+m
^Y
D"-^^ {x
+ aYD'^'^' [x + h)\
term,
m
80
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
that
is
\n+m
\n
n r + 1 m+rl\rl^
we
\n
'
'
'm
r-\-\
'
denote this by A,
will
we
Similarly
+ a)"(a; + 5)" is
\nm
m r+ 1 r 1
of i>"-^(a;
that
is
m.
\n
In
m r+1 r 1 m+r 1^
In
|_
\n.
we
T\n-r+l
'
see that
{x
and
/^
w r + 1
by B.
Then we
ifn+r-l
'
+ aT{x-\-hT ^^_
n + wi
^,
1
71
The
99.
1 00.
Art. 84
equation
We
is satisfied
(4) of
Art. 97
we
see
the
'CT
96.
(ti
is
is
follows that
m) (n +
expression
(m, n)
by Art.
it
P^^ [x)
dx
Now
(x"^ ly
when
dx
771
+ 1)
-ST
we
which
equivalent to
(m, n)
have
{x^1)
Hence we have
tj (m, n)
= {x^ 1)""
tsr
(- m,
n),
(5).
denoted
by
'GT{m,n), as
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
and substituting
in (5)
we
81
find that
+ {n + m) {n m + l)'ST{m,n) =0
It will
be seen that
(6)
differs
from
(5)
(G).
only as to the
sign of m.
We
have deduced
relating to w(77i,
??)
Now we know
(6)
from
(5)
except that
it satisfies (5).
may
(G)
be expressed thus
of the constants
we
shall
have
C,D-'P,{x)+0,D-'Q{x).
By
of
X which occur
and
{x'-iyC,D"'P^(x)=C,ir^P^{x)
(7),
(x'-irC,D-Q^{x)=C,D--Q^{x)
(8):
n.
Equation
expression
T.
we
(8)
82
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
Chapter
VI.
results, in
which
The
- IT p-""^' rr^Kv^^i = or
constant
C may
"We
+m
\n m
\n
C=
+ 77i
yZn \n m
1
C -^r-
and
C=\2n
|7l
\n
'
\n
+m
m
Of the first and second cases one will follow from the
other by the aid of the result obtained in Art. 86, if we intimes; in like manner of the third and
tegrate that result
fourth cases one will follow from the other.
102.
We
see
by
namely
(ti
m)
(n
+ m + 1) CT
(m, n)
= 0.
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
Put y =
(a;*
1)2
substitute in
-or
(5),
+
Conversely
83
(a;*
1)
{n(?i
+ l)-m-n(n + l)a;*}y =
we may deduce
(5)
from
m
y={x^ ly^ vr {m,n). As the general
known we know that of (9), namely
(9).
by putting
(9)
solution
of
(5)
is
Put
103.
from
-CT
is
equivalent to
for CT (wt,
11)
for abbreviation
thus
we have
(5)
We
already
made
2a;
d-cr
^
^ ^"^
dx
do;'^
tff
therefore
_ d'ur d^ _ d^
~
"
"^f J^
U? ?' - 1 J
(/a;
which we have
f-rX
of
= ?+ f 'S
2V(a;'-l) =
so that
by a substitution
use; namely
_^'^
V(^'^/ ~
1,? "
- 1;
dS
d^'
f+f
f-,
~^\
"^
V F^"V
{^'
-Ty
'
d^
^,
-,
cZtsr
2(7^i4-l)(?'+l)fr7t3-
62
84
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
Hence by
we
-(?^-m)(7^
+m+
finally obtain
l)(P-l)tJr
(10).
From
for
-ST
^ = a^ p + a^ p"^ +
Assume
in (10)
substitute
St
and equate
0^4
P'^
.,
^'^
thus
2r+2 (
- 2r - 2)
- 2r - 1)
+ 2 (m + 1) a,,^, (5 - 2r - 2)
- 2r - 3) - a,, [s - 2r)
{s
(5
-(?i-7n)(n + m+l)(a,,.^,-aj=0
(11).
= n 7?i
From
is
a solution.
(11)
we have by
reduction
a,^A[s-2r-2){s-2r + 2m-l)-[n-m){n-\-m-\-l)\
2.-+2
2r - 2i
for
5,
1)
(n
- m)
and we obtain
(71
771
1)1
finally
^^'
Thus we get
(n
"*
77^)
(n
771
- 1) (2^72 + 1) (2/71 + 3)
^,.,,,
I
'
^J
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
the series between the brackets
terminates of itself.
The value
85
to be continued until
is
it
the first
with the first term of the expansion
of CT in powers of x, which is given in Art. 97, and supposing
X indefinitely great thus we get a^ = 2""'^''*.
term of
of a^
this expansion
1.2.(2..-l)(2;z-3)
The
104.
last
of CT
...J-
is
to be continued until it
ct is
may
manner.
By
(4)
we have
^n-m
- (m, n) = j-^
when
d'*P{x)
cc
{n
d^^P^ix)
-^ ^^^^
-^^_
we have
+ m)(n + m l)...{n m
~djr
\m \m
\n-\-m
2"[m
so that
when x = l we have
(in,
n)
|7i+m
2" |m 1.3.
5... (2/1-1)*
-\-
1)
j^
2"*
_
.
86
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
105.
If in the process of Art. 103 we change the sign of
m, we shall obtain an expansion for -cj ( m, n) and thus we
deduce another formula for tsr {m, n) by aid of the relation
CT (m, n) = {x^ 1)"^ 'CT ( m, n) given in Art. 100.
;
We
106.
know from
^ cos
= COS- e - ^'7'\^""
(n-m)...(n-m-S)
+ 2.4.(2^-l)(2n-3)''''^
It is obvious that
may
6'
+ cos' ^ = 1,
(n
m)
. .
.{n
To
sin'
m S)
6>
. .
ot (m, n, cos 6)
6 sm'
cos'
'esm'e^..\
4'.(77i+l)(m+2)
is
(9
(m, n, 1) -^cos"^" 6
-cr
-'
this series
(12).
denoted by
cos"- e
divide
by
cos"- 6,
+ a,(l +
and from
for tan' d
is
this identity
we
Z>o
...
that
= 'cr(m, n,
1).
i;
thus
h^,...
we have
87
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
Equate the
6,
= a, -f
coefficients of
thus
we have
.(r + 2)(r+l)
(r
+ IN
1) a,,, 4-
^r+,
(r-t-.3)(r
+ 2)(r4-l)
. Il
rr 4. 1^ ^'-t
(r
.
(w
( m 2r
27(2n:-^2r-l)
- m 2r)
"^
71
_
~
(w
% =
(?7i
+r +
^( + r
2(2n-2r-l)
(ri
1, ti
1)
r 1,
*"]"
1).
+ 1, n-r-1.
1)
+ r-f 1, n r 1,
^(m + r, 7i-r, 1)
-crf^w
*
m 2r
"37
this
1)
'
^r+i __
""
and by
^.,,
1).
m 2r) (n m 2r 1)
by Art. 104 we
+ l)
(yt-^-2r) ...(7i-m-2r-3)
2.4.(2;i-2r-l)(2/i-2r-3)
= a^-cT (7^ -f r, r,
Similarly 6^^^ = r+i^
Therefore
,^
(r+3)(r4-2)(r
= aJ
+ 2)(r + l)
(n
m+ l)
2r
1)
4'(m + r
series
given in (12).
(l"*J> (x)
1)'*
-j^
-d"'Q
(a;*
1)'
(x)
^ "^
88
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
Now
~^r
dx"^
2.(2/2+3)
\ = -^J-===^--
where
.3
. .
(2/1
"^
"^"r
+ 1)
the associated
--iDifferentiate
= 2(2 + l)P(^)Q(y).
to y; thus
1^
d"^0
(?/)
(-ir[!^
r PJx)dx
d^
j-i(^-0
109.
"We shall not find it necessary to discuss the associated functions of the second kind beyond one more formula,
wliich
we
for
will
7,
(^'
now
give.
Put
- 1)^^P
and
. for C, {^^
- Vf^-jp
ASSOCIATED FUNCTIONS.
where
0,
tlien
8J
we know
that y and z
<'^-')i{='l-j--^'(4'-l)Hence by integration
dz
C
djf
ya.-'dx^^^:^i
where
(7 is
,-.
(^^)'
a constant.
Then by
integrating again,
y~~
L{^--i.)f
No
additional constant is
vanishes when x is infinite.
now
Now let (7, and C^ have such values that y and z represent exactly the associated functions of the first and second
kind respectively. Then when x is very great we have ultimately y x"" and z^^x"""^ see Arts. 99 and 107.
:
Hence by
(13)
we have
(7
= (2/1+
1),
=(^'^+<(5^V-
and thus
finally
90
CHAPTER
IX.
CONTINUED FRACTIONS.
110.
It
is
tient obtained
shewn in the Algebra, Art. 801, that the quoby dividing a certain hypergeometrical series
by another, namely,
'
s'
r!
>
can be developed
a(a +
-,
As an example, suppose
-z,
for
l)
=^
and 7
=^
and put
that
f log
is for
^
1
>
^^^^
^^
_z
^^^ o ^^o
2/~^i
2/
Hence, dividing by
log
i/,
we
of
it is
L
I
i.y
1-
^^
1-...
91
CONTINUED FRACTIONS,
1
that
is,
y-
^
Moreover
a^
= -^,
a^
y-...
4.4
3.3
2.2
"3.5'
^~5.7'
111.
1
a?
for X log
+
=-
by the aid
of Legendre's Coefficients
a
*
X ...
the
the denominator of
Let TJ denote the numerator and
^T^^ convergent to this continued fraction.
Then
K=
^^
And we have
^2
in the usual
way
^ = ^ ^n-i--i
n
n-l
n-1
^-2.
From
(2)
we
obtain
(2),
n
a;,
and E^
is
of
, ;
CONTINUED FRACTIONS.
92
of this formula
we
U^,E^_,-E,U^_^ = a^^_,a^_,a^_,,..a^
From
(3)
we
obtain ^^^^
^'
there
-r^
when r
such a limit
is
XE^
results,
and denoting by \
get
^n
Thus we
we
EE.n+l
infinite,
is
(3).
^"
E^.
find with
that
(1)
a,.
descending powers of
U^^ is
re
113.
AVe can now arrive at some results respecting the
forms of U^ and E^^. It will be found that
U^
and
is
of the form
E^^ is of
x''~^
the form
x""
+ h^ x""'' + \ cc""' +
+ c^ x""'^ + c, ic""* +
. .
. .
that
is,
114.
I.
We
XL
is
cases.
of the form
+ C2a;'^' + c,a;"-' +
+ c,a;"-^+
is
+c.
of the
form
+cJ.
CONTINUED FRACTIONS.
111
is
to
93
x-\-l
x^
x~^
_,
^ = 21%-!=^
+T + T-*---
115.
In case I. we find that no even power of x will
a;"""^^
occur in the product \E^ and in order that x~^, a;"',
may disappear, we must have the following equations
. . .
satisfied
!++
^^,=''
-l^ + l^
^ 'In-l
to determine the
ing
we may
pro-
E,,dx
= 0,
*'-i
J5;a;Va:
[
"^
= 0,
[ r:t"-Va'
...
[ E^^xdx
Hence
^-
it
= 0,
follows,
,
E^x'dx
by
where k
= 0;
J -1
-1
^ quantities
= 0,...
is
some
x,
we know
E^x''-'dx
that
= 0.
constant.
CONTINUED FRACTIONS.
94
117.
Since
follows that
we know
that the
first
term of E^
is
x"^,
it
\n
Thus
\zn
Un
118.
We have next to
Since
find U^.
is
that
that
is,
But by
Art. 78
we have
|p(^)log|| = i? + (3(a.),
where
R is integral,
Hence
it
and Q^
(x) is fractional.
.1
x+
Thus if- log -_
that ^ log
to find
+1
really can
We know that
^ log
~- ^ = -^^-^ +
^^j
CONTINUED FRACTIONS.
Now suppose, as
greater than unity
is
then Q^
Hence ^
A
finitely great.
we do throughout
;
1 = the
iB
when n
vanishes
[x)
log
95
limit of
is
is
inde-
py^
when
JT^ [X)
indefinitely great.
We know by Art.
56 that
nP,(^)-(2n-l)^P.,(^)+(ri-l)P^,W=0;
2" \n\n
let
Fn stand for
}z^
{x),
that
L"
1.3.5...(i-l)
thus
w -.r,..
r {x)
so that
"''"^"
(.)
P.{x);
+ (,J"3-,'f _
'-'"
for
is
F,_, (*)
by ^ log
(4)
(4)
From
(4),
x-\-l
Z.
part,
x-\-l
-^^
W =^'^,-. {x)-a.,Z^_,
and
(5)
= o.
(2,.-3)(2n-r)-
r:., (.)
1)
we
see that
we
and denoting
get
{x)
~ can be put
(5).
in a con-
component
Also a
"*
=
And
a^
:j-^Q
equal to
is
^-^
p 7^
and generally
(2wi-l)(2wi +
l)
1;
9G
CHAPTER
X.
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
120.
integral
of a certain
f{x) dx
if
the in-
-1
curves.
121.
The matter
is
vii,
122.
Let f{x) denote any function of x^ which is supposed to remain continuous between the limits 1 and -{for X.
Now a function of x can always be found, Avhich is
rational and integral and of the degree 7i 1, and which is
equal in value to fix) when x has any one of n specified
values.
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
For
let
ttj, ctj,...
97
put
(aj-a,)i|r'(ajr
then
</)
For
</)
degree n
such a function as
is
(a;)
(a?)
1.
is
required.
is
X ~~ Ctf
<^ (a:)
when
a;
when
a;
= a, is
= a^ is f{a^.
i/r'
(a^)
Moreover
there
is
if
We may
123.
fall
between
</)
(x)
dx may be taken
as
an approximate value of
amount
124.
Let
<f>{x)dx
/
Now
here
it
will
be observed that Ar
T.
then
+A/W
= AJ{a;)+AJ{a,;) +
is
(1).
quite independent
(a;)
so that
'
APPROXIMATE QUADEATURE.
98
Thus
a^,
t/t
n be even
but
if
Hence
and therefore
so that
^-2r+l
a^,.n
so that if
n^
2(n-r)
,
= -l+
^_^ =
(a?) = (a? aj (aj + aj
,
so that
=-r>
^_-j^
(a?
aj
{x
+ aj
(a:;)
= (- ly {x)
( x) = { ly
(a?),
=
ly'
(a;).
{^'
f'(-x)
^Jr
{- x)
yfr
yjr'
-^jr
-r+i
c?a3
(x) d,
'yjr
p ->|r(-a;)c7^
(-l)"^(aj)^a;
'^{x)dx _
A^,
first
A^
and the
ff(x)dx-tAJ{a;);
here and throughout the Chapter 2 denotes a summation
with respect to r from r = 1 to r = n, both inclusive.
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
99
then
it
a^ in such a manner
Gauss proposed to take a,, a,,
that the error should also vanish when f{x) is any rational
integral function of a; of a degree not exceeding 2nl.
To
this we now proceed.
= c, + c,x + c^x^+
'^\~^J^
Yix)
so that
f(x)
= <^
(a;)
+ ^/r {x)
{c^
+c""^^a?""',
'
+ c_^x'''^].
+ c^x-{-c^x^+
a;.
f(x) dx
must have
x""
/ [x)
=
ti 1
-^{x) dx
<f){x)dx
may
vanish
we
inclusive.
Hence it follows by
of r between
and
Art. 32 that
[x) must be of the form (7P (a;), where
must be
(7 is a constant; and theriefore the roots of >|r (a?) =
those of P {x) = 0. This determines the law of succession
of the quantities a^ a^y...a^.
a;"
in ^^ {x)
is
supposed to be unity
we must have
\n
i.a.5...(2?i-l)'
it
127.
Since by Art. 7 we have a^
follows by Art. 125 that A,^_^_^_^ = A^.
Thus we
a^,
aj,...a
is zero.
and integral
/ (x)
dx
72
is
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
100
ex actly equal to
of P (^)
or,
(x) dx,
when
a^, a^,...
figure
We
method
129.
series so that
f[x)
The whole
and
for
/(aj
= h,-v\x-Vh,x''+...-\-\x'' +
error
is
f(x)dx X ^^/M-
(2).
^^^
for
f{x)
is
h^^f'^x-dx-^XA^aJ^y,
we
by h^ E^.
Now we know
'
^2n+l
^2n+l
"r"
^2n+2 ^2n+2
~l~
130. "We have first to observe that all the terms wdth
odd suffixes will disappear from the preceding series ; that is,
2p + 1 being any odd number, we shall have
/
For
x^^^
dx
-1
is
XA^a^^^
is
zero
by reason
131.
of the facts
is
x^^
dx -XArOr^^,
'
2
that
is
-^
XA^ar^',
it is
is
equal to the
~
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
coefficient of a"*^* in the
development of log
in descending powers of
z.
101
2+1
A
^ z% -^
A = :p;^)J_^^3^;
Now
%w<^^4^f^^
^(aj=J^^^^^^, forP,(aJ=0;
then
^^"^
^' =
But %
1,
Thus
(z) is
^'^-
?US
jfrom (4)
and
(5)
we
and
C^)'
therefore,
by
get
addition,
xW=zP.{z)S-^..
z
ttf
Hence
2 -23^2 =
pA;
>
But by
(3)
p v4
z.
we have
by Art.
80.
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
102
Hence
E^^
finally
the development of
^^*
is
in descending powers of
J;"
2gj^) =
^
i^n(^)"^
*^^^ ^^ ^"^^
'
+ l)(^ + 2)
+ 3)
;^
(^
^_,_3
2(271
^(^-1)
n-2
^^
thus
+11
+ l){n + 2)
^
2+3
^^^ =
we have
n{n-
+^^r^^^
^1
2 I
271
we
obtain
-2n-3
/x,
71(71-1)
_/.f (7^4-^)(r.42)
2+2
z.
*"
27^-1
We
132.
may investigate somewhat more closely the
extent of the error to which the new method of approximation is exposed.
Ey
Arts. 72
and 77 we have
F^{z)
C, =
where
so that
z-a
jp (l)V'^^^-i)
^^^^
""
^''
^'^={P;(ajr(a;-l)-
Thus
2|^ = logiU2X
But
since a^_r+i
P. (^)
'"=
this thus
(.'
- <)
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
Let
this
103
2
2^-f-l
By comparing
Art. 131,
we
this
-22
E^
>y
at the beginning of
.
This furnishes
it
is
necessarily
positive.
Let 8^ stand
Let
for
XA^aJ^, so that
E^=
.,
S^.
than
less
^r
^^
22q-l
and therefore
2y3^*
by
2n +
much
SO
as
-^
2^17
is
zero
when p
is zero,
...
We may
*^
u4^ is less
than
observe that
2.
For since
we have
unity, since
are equal.
133.
old
method of
equidistant ordinates.
We
suppose that n ordinates are used besides the extreme ordinates. Suppose as before that /(a*) can be put in the form (2).
Then according to the old method the error may be denoted by b^E^ + b^^^E^,^^ + ^+2^,.+2 +
^^^ ^Y ^^^ principles
of Art. 130 this reduces to bJJ^^-\-h^^E^^ + b^E^^-\- ,., if
n be even, and to 6^,^^, + b,^^,E^^, + b^^,E^^ +... if n be odd.
'
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
104
may be
^^
denoted by
^^^^ ^^ ICmembered that such a symbol as E^ does not denote the same
thing in the two methods; for this reason, and because
' ' ' '
^^^
K^K+v"-
we
II.
The new method by using n ordinates is about as
advantageous as the old method would be by the use oi 2n
ordinates.
We
lWm-'t>{4^dx.
since f{x)
{x) vanishes when
assume that /(a?) <^ (a;) is divisible by
Now
will
[x)
\/r
(f)
vanishes,
'>^{x)\ this
we
would
Let then
so that
of ^
X (^)
.
Now
f(x)-<l>
= -^
()
X (aj),
(^ {x) is
the expansion of
of
(a?)
a?.
^\
i^r (a;),
and
so
powers
+
APPROXIilATE QUADRATURE.
105
fix)
% (a:)
equal to the
fix)
aggregate of the terms in the expansion of j^/i which involve 'positive powers of x.
=+
A+A
+...;
(6).
rK^)-^
2.(2n-l)^
the values of
2.4.(2n-lj(2/i-3) ^
are found in succession from the
e(}uations
^^
2.(2r6-l)'^'
^*
2 (2n
n(M-l)
- 1)
Now
the error
by
(2)
and
(6)
fix)'
*
2 4 (2n
.
/(a:)
= *.A
n (n-l)(n-2)(7i-3)
'^^ "^
(f>
{x)[
dx =
1) (2n
- 3)
'^{x)x
^*''
[x]
dx;
KA^ + K A^ + 0,)
:
J..
A^ +
where B^ stands
for
'-1
O^a;
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
106
Now
x^'^{x)dx vanislies
Also
-vlr
(a;)
m is less than w
if
+ \^^^B^^^ + \,^,B^^, +
. . .
In
(7P
"
ix),
where
(7
stands for
..
>
1.3.0
-"^^z;
... (27i
r^
1)
integrations
giving to
error
+.6
fjb
[.
may be
effected
by
. . .
(n+i)...(;+4)
(^+i)(^^+j)
135.
We have supposed throughout that the limits of
the integration are 1 and + 1 but by an easy transformation we can adapt the process to the case of any other limits.
Suppose, for example, that we put ^ = 2^1; then f =
when x = l, and f = 1 when a? = 1, so that
;
Jo
J -I
Let/(2f-l) be
called
<(>
(f);
then
/V(l)<^f=|/'^'/>(^2'')^;x
(7),
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
and thus we
shall
107
{^(?)rf|=|2^,'^(4^)
Let -/
= C^y
and
^ =
7^:
(8).
then approximately
fV(?)^f = SC',^(x)
(9).
equation
be observed that
7i, 73,
= 0, when
for
... 7,,
x we put 2f 1
j^^n
^\ that
is
so that
roots of
The
which we
(9),
sup-
*(| + i) = 4+Ai+A(|)V....
then as this
is
the expansion of
f{pc)
relations
Moreover from (7) and (8) we see that the expression for
the error will be half that formerly obtained; so that it will be
108
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
2
'^^'^^4
271+3
that
^ 2n-l T^
is
A*
/^
{n+l){n-{-2)
yzn+l -"2/1
We
136.
in the
2n
will
formula
yi(n-l)l ^
2n-l
+S
now
(9) for
=l
= -5
C, = l
7i
71 = 2
=
2113248654
7i
= 7886751346
72
^.= a, = -5
w=3
=
-1127016654
%
= 0694318442
7i
72= '5
7.= -3300094782
= 6699905218
= 9305681558
74
73
-8872988346^
Or=C,^ = ~
18
'
'^.-5
n=5
=
-0469100770
7,
7, = -2307653449
% = '5
74 = -7692346551
= -9530899230
7^
(7,=
(7,=
(7,
= -1184634425
(7, = -2393143352
(7,
= -2844444444
71
=4
78
= -1739274226
=
^.= (73 -3260725774
^.=
(7,
=6
= 0337652429
7i
= 1693953068
72
= -3806904070
73
= -6193095930
= 8306046932
75
= -9662347571
76
0.= (7, = -0856622462
= -1803807865
^2 = Cg
= -2339569673
^3 = C,
74
APPROXIMATE QUADRATURE.
71
=7
= 0254460438286202
= 1292344072003028
72
= 2970774243113015
78
7i
=
75 =
=
7
77 =
74
7029225756886985
8707655927996972
9745539561713798
= -0647424830844348
0,= ^3 = -1398526957446384
C3 = a, = ^1909150252525595
a, = -2089795918367347
c.=
Or
109
no
CHAPTER
XI.
188.
if
possible
suppose that
fix)
where
(1),
/.(-)/(-) ^- =
/;
therefore
Thus
\i
?^
and
+1
2^^.
j" P^{x)f{x)dx.
sides of (1)
1
(1)
(2).
the constants
(2).
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
Ill
may
fix)
and also
By
subtraction,
0=a-h+{a,-b,)P,{x) + {a,-b^P,(x) +
....
2n+l
Therefore
= &:
140.
We have shewn thatify(ar) can be expressed in
terms of Legendre's Coefficients the expression takes a single
definite form
but we have still to shew that such a mode
of expression is always possible.
This we shall do, at least
partially and indirectly, by finding the value of
;
X
where
*'
-I
now be
141.
a;"
(j)
If
yXj
given.
</)
(x)
be such that
dx vanishes, where
it is
p and
always
finite
and that
<^ (a?)
must be
For if
{x) be not always zero between these limits it
must change sign once or oftener. Suppose {x) to change
its sign m times, and let aj^, aj^, ... x^ denote the values of x
</)
</>
at
(a;)
(a;
place.
- a: J
(a?
Let
a?,) ... (a;
- J
a?
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS
112
Now we
A^
...
. . .
+ ^,,
are constants.
have by supposition
f x''cl>{x)dx =
In
(3)
put
(3).
for
(x)
dx = 0.
Jp
But
together, so that
'\}r
^ (x) does
that ^ (x) is
(x)
'sjr
(x)
and
<j)
{x)
change sign
The condition
to remain finite is introduced because we can have no confidence in the results of
integration when the function to be integrated becomes infinite.
We
142.
now proceed
2n
We assume that it is
finite,
and denote
it
by F{x);
so that
F{x) = ^^!^PJx)f^P{x)f(x)dx.
Multiply by P^
+ 1 thus
and
{x)
limits
fp^
therefore
{x)F{x)
P^{x) [F {x)-f{x)]dx
(4).
Multiply
1,
?i
2,
by
(4)
. .
.,
c,
and add
ll.*)
thus
x''{F{x)-fix)]dx^Q.
143.
is
Thus we
really finite,
271+1
it
is
FA^)f
by
Pni^)fi^)dx
we
MatMma-
II.
V.
is
series is finite,
is
to
Then
a:*P^ {x)
dx =
=2
and
when n
0,
a?*P^
is
(a?)
odd,
dx,
when n
IS
even.
Jo
^ -/;+!+
(A:+l)(A:+3) ^^^^"^(A;+l)(A;+3)(^'+5)^*^^^'*'
{4^m
*"
(^
+ l)k{k-2),..{k-2m-^2)
+ lj(^+3)...(^+2m + l)
^-^^^
+ --
T.
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS
114
indefi-
nitely small
4m + l
k + 2m +
that
IS
2m +
to
-J
k+
'
.^
..
\2m-l
m is infinite.
when
As another example we
145.
will express
-.
wr
in
In Art. 14 suppose n
dependent of 6
1
thus
f"
I
if
we put
146.
be found to be
F^^ (cos 6) dO
this is zero
just found.
If
will
even, say
is
n be odd, and
(1) and
= we
Again,
we
if
I"
1'
in-
^^^
n be even
we have
it
(2)
deduce
will express
Legendre's Coefficients.
'
Thus by
in
series
of
115
l;
}-2rqr2^^^^>
2.4,2r
and thus
Td ^ /^ /i^/j
-j^P,^,(cos^cos^^^=j
fl.3.5...(2r-l)]2r+l
Now
f ' ^;,^^^- f^
this is zero
just found.
if
-2747:72^} 27T2-
= f > (cos
6>)
cos
6^
J^
it
Thus by
(6).
147.
Integrate
(5),
making use
?8in-x=3(gV.(.) + 7(2i^)p,(,.)
Integrate
? V(l
-^) = 2 -
148.
-TTz
making use
(6),
5 (i)'.
Multiply
jT,
the
P. {-)
- 9 (^i-JI P. (-)
member
left-hand
of
(5)
by
. .
we get
82
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
116
dx
that
is
de
V(l-2acos6'
+ a*)
(6)
117
CHAPTER
XII.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
149.
X + VC^'-" 1)
where
or as
we have
Now
m=
let
pose that
2
i7^
:^
we take
is
positive
independent ofx
greater than n,
pendent of
-n+sr-
is
+ a^ cos ??<^,
(a;* l)''^CT(m,n)
...
a;
-^
. . .
in Art. 97,
it
n+w n
we expand
Z>o
cos 2(^
|2n
2
2'*
X be
<7j
(ic'-lVcZ^-^'V-ir
expressed
m =
but when
= a^ + ! cos <^ +
cos ^}"
we may
Z^,,
cos
'"^
^^^
w</)
+ ...,
is
indeed as a^
is
-r^ is
zero
x.
we have
now
when
always inde-
^'''"'
in fact
shewn
in Art. 49 that i^
m is zero
= 1. We
shall
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
118
We know that
150.
a^=-\
we
{x
if
m is greater
+ \/{x^ 1) cos
Also
we know
that
_2
if
than zero,
</)}"
by
cos
J"^,
m^
dcj)
so that
/''^
cos
m(l)d(l>
V(a;''-l)cos</>r-'''
we
by J^^-n
^^ ^^^*
*-=^'^--.-
We
shall
It is
shewn in the
= x dr^O^fT'^
dt
sinm <^_
m
where
= cos<f)^
Hence
.-4
77^
1.3.5... (2m
and X=--
cos
Substitute in J^
m^
d(j)
thus
Integrate by parts,
until the operation has
d'Ci
Bl-l
=X
it
tt
1)
^/
dt.
becomes
fyi
vanishes at the limits so long as r
-77;.
which
is
X(-l)'"|7i(a;'-l)^/-i
*/-
~''
nm
'+1
we
obtain
is less
than m,
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
Then
restoring cos
<^
for
119
we obtain
= n^ + V(aj'-l)cos<^}'*^sia^'"<^t/<^
(1).
Jo
If
we apply a
we obtain
-"
\n
^'^^
""Jo{^ + V(^-l)cos(/>r"*^^
then
it
becomes
(j)
into
{x
tt
</>
- aJ(x^ - 1)
cos <p]"~^
siir^(j>d(t>,
Jo
Now
sin
=
6
^
X >J{a? 1) cos^
cos
y}r
,,
^,
X + tj [x 1)
cos
yjr
X + aJ{x^ -
1) cos
d4>-::r^J^
x + aJ{x 1)
thus
jlx - V(a;' - 1)
1)
1)
x + V(a;
'
^/r
cos-*^
J,[x'\-^{x'-l)cosfY^'^'''
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
120
Hence from
(1)
J
V^
so that
Wo
the
first
and 49
and
and
(2)
we have
|w In
^=
?=
(-
1)*".
namely
2"
Iw+m In m
TT
[2n
when x
also
is
[it
\
+ \/(^ 1)
cos
C^j"
cos
</)(?</>,
Jo
positive
m
(ic* l)*r(w?, n)
(-
1)"*
rtr
The
151.
\x
cos
7rl.3.5...(2n-l)j,
{aj
m^d^
+ V(i"-~1) cos^*
+ \/(^'* 1) cos
For
if '>^{x)
for ,
-j^
{a;
'v|r(a?)
cos
</>)**
-\ in powers of
^^^
for a*.
We
z^
may be found
at the end put
2"
I
|/?-fr/i
where i) stands
theorem
for
''
-,
\nm
in
1:!'
D"^(a^+a7
//
is
to
121
"^{a^+ay
152.
as a determinant.
...
A^
ri
if
is
values 0,
afdx, so that
odd.
1, 2, ...
VoTdx
(3),
Put a^"ol
For put
Oy
0,
is
when
is
n.
if
even, and
n 1,
Ana, An^,a,Jr...-frA,%
w.
^ , + ^.a,+
Wo may
we
+ A,a^,0
thus
...
A,
...
(4)
form n
i4 in ternis of
1 cqufitinjiM
V, x, a, ,,...a^.j
^,xJJf- KxiV,
where
Jlf
1,
a?,
a^t
... aj*
and
122
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
Now we know
by
Art. 32 that
F, and as
Pn {x)
'-^
'-
is
^_
1. 3. 5. ..(271
Thus P^ (x)
is
P^
we have
-1)
F_ 1.3.5...
(2/1-1 ) if
\n JSf
153.
property that
For
to be
row
since
(x)
x^dx
= 0, when m
AM the value
immediately the
is
any
positive
n.
V= L-
A a where
'
of
P^
verifies
"
fju
be found
of J
Vx^dx
-IL
obtained from M by changing the
is
will
last
M into
A,xM^==VxN^,
where 3L and
i\^,
are determinants.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
If w
= 2r we
have
for
a^,
ttg,
If
71
= 2r + 1 we
M^
123
the form
a^
...
2,
a<,
Og,
...
a^^^
a^,
6'
^8,
ar-M
^ar>
^2r+2
2r+2
^J
"^2r+4'
...
a,.
a*,
a;
a;
As
before
ex-
we have
l!!
so that
I.3.5... (2-l) M,
P.Ca')
155.
if
^ = -57
(m, n)
Rendua
(a:''
1)%
then
{l-xy^,--2x{l-x')^+{n{n+l)-m'-7i{n-hl)x']y=0;
we
will
denote y by
of this function.
<f)
{m, n),
124
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
K^
Let
156.
n and
will vanish if
<^
(m, n)
(f)
155 we obtain
-1
-^
integrations
K^
v are different.
'^
J _1
By two
stand for
/\(.,.,ija-^)ft-Kz)}^,
and
this
differential equation
by the
J -I
-1
Therefore
{v{v-{-l)-n{ri-\- 1)]
(^
(m, n)
and therefore
157.
By
if
We
z/
are different
(m, v)
(^.
we
'^)
dx
= 0;
K^ 0.
Art. 97
<i>
n and
(f)
K^ when v = n.
see that
h^
(^
- 1)
^^^
m
in the
into
Art. 96 we are allowed to change
expression here given without altering its value, so that we
by
have
also
Hence we have
c,r
s,2
h+^ W-^
~\2n\2n
d''^"'{x^-iy d'^-^ix^-ir
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
125
^^-^-(.p'-l)- i-"(:i;-l)
dx
dx"
du;""""
this
Thus
finally
when
2 (
^"""-^
i/
= n we
|n
1)"*
we
1^
arrive at
{\n 2')'.
have
+ m|n
^2/7Tr {iT3T5...(2n-l)}*
158.
last
(4)
/:.,
if
n and
dx-
dx-
v are different
-A
159.
(2n 1)
By
dx-
(1
^
^
We shall now
<^
(w, n)
^^
^^
"^^
"'
and
2\n + m
- xT dx = To-r'Tm
(2/1 + 1) n-m
'
<l>{m,n^
1).
D ior
-j-
i)"^"' (jc'-l)""';
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
126
and
ir^"^ {x''
(a;'
becomes
{n-m)I)'''-"'-'x{x'-lY-'
We
that
it is
D^-^'^a; {x^
and thus
(n
Assume
and
true,
(n
(5).
of Leibnitz,
(6)
may be
written
- m)D''^x {x' -
1)""^
(n
this is
m+l
when
But
(5) by changing
any value of m it
m
is
into
true
w+
(5) is true
when
m=
for
then
it
becomes
Tiir-^x {x^
that
is
n 1.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
127
161.
the form
f{x)
where
a^cj) (tai,
m + 2) +
. .
factors
may be determined by
the
general formula
ttr
{(j)
{m,
m-\-r)Ydx
f{x)
(in,
(j>
m+r) dx.
Again, suppose
\<i> (0, n)
then,
+ \<i> (1,
series
+ \<i> (2, n) +
. .
+ K<p{n, n)
if this series
we have the
n)
must
x,
be zero.
all
Then we have
zero
that
divide
^1
&i</)(l,
by \/(^~"
and so on.
</>
n)
1)>
+ b^i>(2, n)
= 1,
this
that
is,
we know
163.
the form
fix)
..,
w)
. . .
all
vanish
+ b,,(\>(n, n)
the numerical
l)
thus
always
we
when
a?
find
when
= l;
and
to
6,</)
(2,
7i)
. . .
b,,<f>
(n,
n) ;
may be determined
in succession, thus
"'
<^(0,7i)'
"
^(l,)V(a;'-l)"'-
MISCELLANEOUS PKOPOSITIONS.
128
164.
In various investigations of mixed mathematics we
obtain with more or less rigour modes of expressing a given
function analogous to those of Arts. 138, 161, and 163.
It
is usually shewn in a satisfactory manner that if such a
mode of expression is possible it can be effected in one
definite manner
but it is rarely decisively shewn that such
will give one
a mode of expression is certainly possible.
;
We
example.
is heated in such a
that the temperature is the same at all points equally
distant from the centre
and let the sphere be placed in a
medium of which the temperature is constant then it is
shewn in various treatises on the mathematical theory of
heat that in order to determine the temperature at any
time t of the points of the sphere which are at the distance x
from the centre, we must find a quantity u which satisfies
the following conditions the equation
manner
du _ ^d^u
dt-^'lb?
must
^.
^^^
hold, whatever
between
note by
l\
S + ^" =
(8)
Now we
will
x and
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
We
129"
series of
the form
= ^,e-'^^ + ^,e-a' +
w
stants
(0),
...
...
are con-
where
(7^, ...
determined.
^, = J5,sin'^,..
J, = ^,sin^,
c
(10).
acos
+ /ic sin =
c
Puta = c/9,
(11),
^
c
a^,
cZg,
...
cos pi
Thus we obtain u
+ h sin pi =
(12).
= XB sin pxe-''c'^
(13),
T.
r
130
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
The value of u in terms of x, when t 0, may be supposed to be given arbitrarily denote it by (f> (x) then we
;
must have
[x)
= ^B^uipx
(14).
and
pj
p^ denote two of the values of p ; and B^ and
B^ the corresponding values of B. Multiply both sides of
to x = l. Then, since
(14) by sin p^x^ and integrate from x =
Let
p^xdx =
^^^fr"-^>
__
we
find
by the aid
- ^Mp. + P^ ^
of (12) that
sinp^a? sin
p^xdx
= 0.
''0
.
f^
And
^2pj ^
=^
2
Jo
sm
2pj
Thus we get
sinpJcospJ
sm^'p.ajaa;
B: =
<j){x)
f^.
pj*
may be
w=s
satisfies (8)
cos pjj
get
^"^^"^^
^ [x)
sin pxdx
obtain indirectly
if
2p sin px
4> {x)
'
,~
p/
M^
pi sin pi cos pi
of u is determined. We
sin pjxdx
determined.
we
2p sin pxe~
=S
<^
{x) sin
-T-^"j
pfc ~ sm pi
pxdx
cos piJ
131
CHAPTER
XIII.
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
We
165.
for
we may
elements which
^
IT
let -^
call
^'
be the
latitude,
and
latitude
and let
by two
and longitude;
point let 7 be the arc which joins the two points: then
Spherical Trigonometry
;
cos
Suppose
7=
this
let
+ sin 6
sin
6'
cos (^
by
(j>).
n^
Coefficient
quantities,
namely
cases to regard
6'
and
</>,
92
132
Laplace's coefficients.
166.
use
/x
for cos^,
shall use
cZ/z,
fuf
this
Thus we have
cos
/Lt/x'
fjLfi
We
shall
167.
+ Vl - Vl - cos
+ Vi /A^ Vl fi^ (cos
sometimes use
We
((j>
fju"^
fju""
^/^
for
(f>
^
a.
(j>')
cos
(j>'
+ sin
(f>
sin
<}>).
(j)\
tion.
Let
then
ff'
dU
dni^
X
1
3(:E-a;')^
72
yT
72 T'T
-^^
and thus by
we have
d'U
d'U d'U
^+57"*-^ = '
Now assume
aj = r sin ^
cos
<^,
y=
r sin ^ sin
</)^
^'^'
= rcos^;
133
Laplace's coefficients.
then by Differential Calculus, Art. 207, equation
forms to
d*U
Id'-U
dU cote
dr^ r'
'dP^'^r'He''^ r
may
this
also
dt7
dO "^
(1) trans-
d'^JJ
r" s'm'
dcf^'
_
"
'
be written
d'{Ur)^ d
,^dUl
f..
d'U
may
=r
sin
d'
cos
1/'
(/>',
=r
U=
then
where \ stands
Suppose
r'
for cos
=r
cos ^'
^ cos
^+
greater than r ;
^\
we may put
r
for
(<^
<^').
U in the form
If
we suppose
and by equating
obtain
(4).
thus
r greater than
r',
we have
instead of (3)
we again
134
Laplace's coefficients.
^ and
that cos 7
fip!
is
+ Jl
fjL^Jl
fjb'^
(cos
an expression of the
(f)
first
cos
be of the
and Jl
n*^
(j)
<f>
/m^ sin
it
<^.
Hence
follows that
fi,
Jl
fju''
cos
Y^
<^,
^'), we
Also, since cos 7 = fifi +Jl fi^ Jl ^'^ cos ((/>
see that the powers of cos 7 may be developed in powers of
cos [(\) (/)') and then these powers may be transformed by
Plane Trigonometry into cosines of multiples of <^ ~ (/>'. In
this way we see that Y^ may be arranged in a series of cosines
of multiples of (/> <^'. As such a term as cos
(0 <p') can
of cos (<^ ^'),
arise only from the powers ??i,
+ 2, + 4,
;
. . .
form
A.ti''-^
jju.
We will denote
this
^o + AVl--ycOS'|r+...+^(l-/^')^COSm>|r+...
+ ^(l-//,')^cos%^.
Substitute this value in
and equate
when
(4),
d^Y = d^Y
-lya";
this is developed it
becomes
Laplace's coefficients.
135
('-'''^i--2("+>>(>-/'')'^-
+ w(7i+l)(l-/.v} = 0;
+
This
{(^
may
+ 1) - m' - m] (1 - /x^j^=: 0.
{^(^
be -written
- -"')"'
^j +
- )
+ + 1)
(1
- m')'-B = 0.
thus, using
?i
A ~
Hence we
-A
^.-^o|/^
!/.-
7>
^
The
cr
(m, w,
(ti
(^
yfr.
^^*
1)
A
'-'
find that
(n>m)(n-m~l)
2.(2,1-1)
m) (w 7?i 1)
(w
.,
m 2) (n ?n 3) ^*-'*_..
2.4.(2?i-l)(2?i-3)
expression within the brackets may be denoted
thus the term in Y^ which involves cos
;
by
m^
/a)
and
Tif fjb)
cos m>|r,
where A^
is
independent of
is
/x.
1S6
Laplace's coefficients.
But
of
fjb,
see
this
because
Aq must contain
finally the
(1
''*
/j.'^)
-cr
(m, n,
that
fjf
;
we
Hence
as a factor.
/jf)
it is
so that
is
fjb^)
fju,
and
yjr.
is
(n-m) (n-m-l)
p(
...1
V^
^|2.4...(7i-77i)(27i-l)(27i-3)...(7i
that
is
+ m + l)J
r' ^^-
^1
1.3.5... (2^.-1)
^^^^"^^
l.S.o,..(n-m-l)l.S.5...(n + m-l)
2.-4 ... (7im) 2.4 ... (n + m)
^,
that
IS
^{1.8.5...
2-
Thus we
(^-m-1)
^
is
1.3.5...(7i
^^
nm
is
to be
when
\nm n+m
+ m-l)f
m = 0.
(2 M-iy
^
to be taken
{1.3.5...
^^
6 = ^2
f^et
n+
'
taken when
m = 0.
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
f,
137
(7i-m)f7i-m~l)...2
)'
^^(2.4...(n-7;i-l)(2;i-l)(27i-3)...{7i + m + 2)J'
that
/7^^^(
is
IS
3.5...
6/./.
we
Also, if
(n~m) 1.3.5...
(n
+ m) ]
}
1.3.5... (2^_i)
neglect powers of
/a
and
yl
above the
first,
we
have
{1
- 2a
(/i/i'
>|r
+ a'')"^
(7i
will
+ m)
+ m-l)*
2{^-^-^^"^)^-^-^^ + ^)>'
is
nm n+m
we
tliis is
to be taken
^
before
getf as 1^
Thus
...(n
m- 1)2.4...
it
finally
is
to
6 = 2o
/^
when
m = 0.
{1.3.5...(2n--l)l*
r
w m \n + m
j
be taken when
m = 0.
we have
ISS
Laplace's coefficients.
Or we may
m = 0,
to
..
(1.3.5...
"
(2/2
-l)f
._
I^TS
+ A2,
^^ zs
^
,
^^
(m, n,
._
^^' ^'
^^
Lb) -cr
(m, n,
ii
cos
wy,
71
169.
the
first
y;=/l./*'
(l-^')^(l-/x')*cos^^.
^^^l(r^-l)
(''"-i)
+ ^ (1 - /^^)^ (1 - f^^')^
+ ^ (1 - /.') (1 -
/.') /./.'
= 27r
COS
2^ir
(/^'
(/^'^
^)
COS
I)
^Ir
r-^^
~\
tzr
(0,
71, //,)
CT (0, n, fi
).
manner
By
P' YJj> =
^
may
also be written
27rP (cos
6)
(cos
ey
139
CHAPTER
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
XIV.
ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS.
171.
In the preceding Chapter we have given all that
absolutely necessary with respect to the form of Laplace's
Coefficients in the present Chapter we shall shew how the
results may be obtained by other modes of investigation,
and shall express some of the formulae in a slightly ditferent
manner. The preceding Chapter was almost independent of
the processes already exhibited in this work in the present
Chapter, however, we shall make more use of those processes.
is
Suppose
(7(1
/A*)
becomes
The
/Lt'
=5
f6
''
(1
then
/a'*) * zy
{rriy
n,
/jl) 'uj-
{m, n,
cos m^f*
/jf)
highest power of
fju
in this expression
is fi^,
and
its
coefficient is
Also
fj'
fj^'
is
to
be expanded
becomes
that
is
ylr]
jc
>|r
140
LAPLACE
When
this is
will involve
S COEFFICIENTS.
ijiA:!
^/^'^"(l
coeflScient of a"
cos^^)";
is
and we must
when (1 cosi/r)'*
^jr.
"
But
(1
~^
(-ir^
_ 2 cos
n^m,1\n-\-fn,
"
myjr,
m
0^2 ^-3. 5--(2n-l)
[n
Thus
2/1
n+m
2'
{1.3.5... (2^-l)P
*
\n-^m In+m
^,
m = 0.
fi)
nW
also
\n-m
d'^PM
1.3...(27i-l)
dfi'
d'^ifju'-ir
^n\n
dfjC"
Thus
{1
. . .
(2n
^
- l)Y^^L.J^tO_!^ ^
\n+m
''
nm
nm
2'-^"
\n\n
n+m
=
where
(1
'^^
(i-yc^r (!-/.'
'
(1
- fjuy
d'
M= 12"[rilVyuV/
'
')
d''^'"(i-f^T d^'^ii-fi'y
dfM'
- /x')
^ (^^ ^^
-^ n+rndfArdfi""'
(l-^T(l-/)".
dfi'
ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS.
141
|n
d'^M
where
m from
1 to n,
, ,
^^
>
= -^^ +
^
2 sin 6 sin
cos
n{n + i)
d*M
^Jr
dji:di7
2.sm''0sm^e'cos2ylr
(n
- 1)
71
(n
d'M
+ 1) (n 4- 2) c^/xV/i,'"
\2n
We
dfiTdfi""'
mode
of obtaining the
We
tion
(4)
of Art. 167,
observing that
d^Y
-ji%^--rrt'y
m-^/r,
we
get
then
142
Laplace's coefficients.
(9) of
Art. 102,
and
where
respect to
But
is
fi,
though they
may
involve
fi.
^^
necessarily finite
infinite, as
yu.
{/jl)
{/jl) ;
u=
Hence
But as u^ involves
same manner that
C,(j.'-iyD"PJf.).
and
fi
fi'
symmetrically,
we
see in the
=c.(/a'=-i)Vpw>
where
D now
to fi.
Hence
where h^
is
stands for
it
-p-,
and C^
is
follows that
and
2)
denotes a sum-
/jl'.
And
/jl
tK
where h^
is
{H'^
1)
also
'
(^""^
- 1)
inclusive.
we may
a constant, and
is
also express
fjl)
cos rrff,
relation
tl.3.5...(2n-l)j
''-"^"'
ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS.
143
Thus we
find
(I.3.5.
(2n-l)|'
\nm \n+m
'
Xnvth
and hence
&^
= 2 -=-
n+m
(-
1)'
m = 0.
and
If
also -4*
A, B, and
J?*
G are
real quantities,
and
A positive,
G^ positive, then
dt
"
2'ir
dt
^ p'
A-\-Bcost+Gsmt
J^
p*^
Jo
dt
n^-y
dr
A-tp cos it-y)~ J .y 2+pc(
COST
Now
the last integral is independent of 7, for its differential coefficient with respect to 7 is zero, by the Integral
Calculus, Chapter ix.: thus the value of the integral is the
same as if 7 were zero.
= ], A+pcosr = ^{A^-p^)'^y^^^'
27r
^'{A'-B'^C}'
144
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
Now
2cLZ +
178.
of (1
P,^ (z) is
a^)""-',
for z
we put
a''
j''
Suppose
is
positive
/>t
positive
when a
is
1) sin
^T>
27r
^{l-2^z + a:')
2'^
r2ir
dt
COS (^
Expand the
- 1) - a
V(/^'
{/.'
of ascending powers of a
pMM'-+cos('^'-QV(A"-i r
-""-zttJ.
,.
{^+cos(</>-ov(/^''-i)r'*'
(,s
^
^-
that
{/.'+cos(f-ov(/^''-i)r
and that
hence r =^ ajb, + ^
afi^ cos
(^
(^
- <^') +
+ 2^"^"^^^^*^'^""^')*
Moreover, by Arts. 149 and- 150,
2
"m
on
l_2n
(/.''-!)
LAPLACE S COEFFICIENTS.
n-m n + m
2'|2n
\n\n
2
\
I
80 that, except
nm
145
(/x''- 1)-^
n m \n-\-m
\n-\-m
^/
m = 0,
when
and
'
and
n,
/).
/*').
on the suppo-
fx^
/i'^
179.
for
Y^ in
For
if
we put
1
if
(M'+COSTV{/*"-l)r'?T
[' [^
we put
fju
p^^
( ^=-L
get
r2''
2^J
=And
= 1, we
/*
= 1, we
get
+ cos(^-OVO^*-l)P
2ir],
{/i
27rio
{/*+cosTV(/^*-l)r*
1 r*
dr
7rJo{/i + cosTV(At'-l)r*'
T.
10
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
146
The
180.
We know that
let z
we
= ^^^- V(^'-l)
V- 1) cos namely
(<^
<^J
(z),
_ i_ p- K+COs(c/>-.y)V(^,--l) r
,3.
^'
^''^^^~27r], {^ + cos(^-2/)V(^'-l)r'^^
We
Put y
becomes
=%
members
of (2)
and
(3).
member
^-^ {^,+cos(x+(^-j>,)v(^,^-i)r
of (3)
'Iiri.
Put
=/,
{^
/3 for (^j
<^ and
^-
1:
it
+ cos;^V(^'-l)r'
thus
we
get
^+cos(:v:-ff)V(a;,^-ly
^'
{^-[-cosxv(^'-i)r'
X,
cos
(x-^) V(^,^-l)}"+
,
'^'
{^4-cosx\/('--l)r'''
/,
Now
assume
i^aplace's coefficients.
COS
1,
147
1)
Ij
this leads to
^ __ a;
"~
ic
+ cos % VC*^*
1)
sin>|r
-cos yjrfj(s^ l)
COS -^ \/(^"
dx = X COS -^
Thus the
'
1)
'
Vl^'^ "" 1)
becomes
definite integral
^(A-Bc0S^jr-^C&m^|ryd^|r+^{A--Bc0S^fr+Csm^|tydy}r,
^0
'
where
B==x^ V(a;' -
Hence we
and therefore
The
a;
VK' - 1)
cos
(7=V~l)sin/3.
5=
1)
see that
A^ B^C^ = l,
so that
iv/(2*
1) cos
Gf,
and (7=V('2^
1)
siii
^0
'
r'{z - v(2' Jo
1) cos
fY ^f
to the
form in
102
(2)
148
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
Suppose n
Then it is obvious from the
182.
even.
formula at the beginning of Art. 106 that ct (m, n, cos 0) might
be expressed in a series of powers of sin 6 this series might
be deduced from that formula, but an independent investigation will be simpler.
m
Let 7/= {x^l)^'UT (m, n,x)\ then y satisfies the differenPut x = cosO then this differtial equation (9) of Art 102.
ential equation becomes
;
g + cot4^+{(n + l)-^-^}, =
We
know then
y = c, sin"^ -t
c,
sin""'^
n-]-m
we
= 2pj
+ c^ sin'^"'^ + ...
(4)
and
let
m = 2(7:
(p-r + l)(a-r + l)
2r-l\
[
By
-ST
(4).
(m,
71,
-'
therefore
y=
(- 1)^ fsin" 6
n-m.
c.=(-ir(-ir
y with that
we see that
=(-1)';
t^f.
sin-^
p(p-l)<7(<7-l)
sin""* (9-..,
L2(p+<r-|)(p-f.-|)
of
Laplace's coefficients.
149
It will
this
value
when the
m is changed;
sign of
^'"^
Divide
we get
sin'""'
Suppose n m odd.
183.
Then we
see that
will take
the form
cos d
The
(c, sin""'
+ c^ sin"-' d + c^ sin""' ^ +
may be
. .
.}.
expressed thus
it will
c^ is
Hence we
c4/i(?i
0, i^n
(n
+ 1)-
y,J^
(sin
^/"^ cos
0.
see that
1,
and
?i
in = 2cr + 1
then
(p-r + l)((7--r+l)
r^p + c +
we
get
2-j
c^,
= ( 1)
"
150
LAPLACE'S COEFFICIENTS.
Hence
liT
(to, n,
finally
cos 6)
we
shall
= (- 1)'
have
P'"
cos 6 fsin^" 6
^.
l-l'^
+ '^+l)
sin^'"'
151
CHAPTER
XV.
LAPLACE S FUNCTIONS.
Art. 167.
equation.
185.
We
shall first
shew how
it
Assume
= a cos ^ + 6 sin
where
a, h,
and
cos
(^
c are constants.
Then
dz
-7^=^
dz
-1-7
d^z
=
Ta
df
(j)
(6 cos <^
+ c sin
</>)
sin 0,
</>,
152
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS.
Hence we
find that
where
~\dd)
(dz
_ fd^y
^'sin^
</>)*
r^
dff^
Thus we
^dz
d6
sm
see that
so that
and
JB
A + z^ = a^ + + c^
A = a' + + d'-z';
= 2z. Hence
d^z
059^
h'^
ii a^
+ b^ + c^ = 1, we
have
We
187.
X^ be
Laplace's functioxs.
153
will
For by the
dififerential
we have
By
.1
integrating
X Z^ dfi defy
by parts twice we
find that
therefore
%^ZJ<l>-j^
therefore
/^
assuming that
when
</)
X^ and y^
and when
<j>
we have
-^ ^^^.f,,
= Stt,
and j^
154
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS.
Hence
X^^Z^d/judcj)
J -1^0
=-=(^/;,/:[ii"-'"'f}^i^-f]--*'*
by the
Hence
since
different
27r
/:,/
with respect to
/jl
and
<p.
we
and 188.
m
Km(l/jJ^y^ (m,
where
K^
and
7i
m
n, fi) cos
Z, are
m^, and
independent of
/*
and
^.
fx)
sin
m<f>,
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS.
155
2n + 1 terms will separately satisfy the difequation of Laplace's Functions; for the whole
expression satisfies that equation, and thus the terms which
Each
of the
ferential
in<t>
192.
We shall now shew that any Laplace's Function
which is a rational integral function of cos 6, sin 6 cos <^,
consisting of a finite number of terms, is of
and sin 6 sin
the form
(f>,
^^
(0, ,
cos ^)
+2
KC^ + i?SJ,
where
(7,,^
g.cot.g + {( + l)-4^J,= 0.
Put X
for cos
with equation
(9) of Art.
^=(x'-iy'K'UT(m,n,x),
where ^is a constant.
156
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS.
193.
The expression given at the beginning of the
preceding Article denotes Laplace's Function of the ?z"' order
under the restrictive conditions there enunciated. We maygive various forms to this expression by means of the various
developments which have been obtained for ot (m, rij x)
= 2ya [K cos
+ XZa- COS 6
+
COS (p
(p~-a)^
Ca-
sin {p-a)<f)}
Or) <^
[13a.
+ 7^ siu
(p
- O")
(j)].
Here b^r, Ca-, /3a, ja- are arbitrary constants, and X denotes summation with respect to cr. In the first part of the
expression p is to be determined by the equation p + (T = n;
and the summation is to be from to the greatest integer
71/
in -
both inclusive.
to
is
summation
is
to be
from
+ (T = n 1;
and the
n1
^r
both inclusive.
We
194.
shall
now
XnZ^dfjudc^,
We
,,
'^X,ZJ<\>
/:
except
when
m = 0,
and then
for ir
we must put
+ BflJ,
27r.
LAPLACE'S FUNCTIONS.
The next
step then
[
that
is
By
and
of
Art.
this
- xY [vT (m,
n,
x)Y dx.
by equation
(-1)
By
[ (1
Biii''^
is
157
(2) of Art.
|g^L
is
^^
^i)"^(a:'-iri)-'"(^'-l)Vx.
J
successive integration
by
parts
we have
Hence we obtain
2 |n-m|7i+m 2/1. (2n-2)...2
a^^^n
r 2n/ir /
j_^sm-^(^(m,n,cos^)r^^=-L=^-^^2^-\^^^^^^^^
and thus
finally
X^Z^dfjid<f>
2nf2 n-2)...2^,
-'^
/2
7?
77
9_,
but
>
m=
we must double
the term.
158
Laplace's functions.
[^
where
X now
27r
7r;
tt:
\nA,G, + X\n-m
[^i
+m
manner
:^^
tt
=-^77
(A^fi^ + B,^Hj\,
m from
1 to n, both inclusive.
^^ =
and
2.{1.3.5...(2n-l)f
'
r^nm \n-\-m
!=
B^ may
sm
.,
'UT
^,.
(m, n, cos 6
cos
m6\
=-
'-
An "T"
2/1
T^^Z^^df^dcj)
-i-j
sin'^'^'OT {in, n,
cos 6')
[G^
This
196.
because
m^' + H^
sin m<^')
+1
cos
J-
is
a very important
result.
F' =
l.
for Q
and ^ we put
^'
159
CHAPTER
XVI.
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
In the course of Laplace's researches on Attractions
197.
and the Figure of the Earth he obtained incidentally the
remarkable result that any function of the spherical comight be expressed in a series of Laplace's
ordinates /4 and
Functions. The demonstration however was not very satisfactory and other investigations have been given since.
(j>
We
= X\ + X,-\-X,+
= Z^ + Z.^ Z^ +
F(j.,<f>)
and
also
where
-{-
X^ and Z^
Then by
subtraction
0=r
rF(X-Z)d,.#;
J -iJ
therefore,
by
Art. 195,
(f)'
6' for
6 and
Thus
since
obvious that
X^ Z^
X^
is
whatever
identical with
&
Z^
and
may
be, it is
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
160
199.
In the simple case where a given function is a
rational integral function of cos 6, sin 6 cos </>, and sin 6 sin <^,
there is no difficulty in shewing that the function can be
expressed in a series of Laplace's Functions.
Any
may be
constant quantity
since
considered as a Laplace's
it will satisfy the differ-
when we put n 0.
</>,
cos ^
Here A^
is
of the second
degfree.
B^
-}-
cos'''(9
We may
C, [cos'5>
- ^ + G^ sm'e cos2^ +
whei
(7j,
C,
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
A
(cos
rational
sin ^ sin
Oy
ICl
will
<^
(sin
Hence
express
it
if
/ denote
is
A;,
or
k increased by
thus
f=F^ + F^ sin^ cos<^ + i^a sin''^ cos2<^ + i^3 sin'^ cos3<^ + ...
+ G^ sin^ sin</) + G^ sin'^ sin2(^ + G^sm^O sin3(/) + ...,
where F^, F^,
of cos 6.
Now
Suppose then
w,^= a cos2^^
where
By
we
is
+ ...,
see that
^m ~~ ^0^ i^>
that
cos2^'2|9 4. ^^ cos^^-^^
are constants.
Art. 97
+ a^
u^ a^fffimy
m + 2\, cos^)
is
...,
of two dimensions
lo''
6.
= JjjCT
(m, m, cos 6)
+ ^j^ct
[m,
m + 2,
+ ^^13-
where
are constants.
cos 6)
(w,
m + 4, cos ^ -f
...,
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
162
Similarly
v^ =
where
hj^sT
we may shew
m + 1,
(m,
that
cos 0)
+ h^
m + 3, cos ^) +
(m,
. .
.,
are constants.
Thus F^ = h^Tz
(m, m, cos 0)
In like manner G^
may be
m + 1, cos 6)
+ h^'sr
+ &2CT (m, m + 2, cos ^) +
{rriy
..
expressed.
We have by
definition
'!""
,,
,,i
Multiply
(2)
by
lr^ =
(1
zxc
-\-
thus
and add
to (1)
thus
+ 3P,(^)a + 5P,(^)a^+...
oC)
+ (2/i + l)P^(a;)a-+
Now
(1).
substitute for
fifi
a;
the value
i>')l
(3).
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
1G3
fju
...
+ (2n+l)
Yy+...}dfxdcp.
J -iJ
Now
by the property
/i
201.
ri'
a*
i
-Jo (l-2aa;
dadd)
4t7r.
+ aT
Thus we
see that the value of the preceding deindependent of a: this very remarkable
be confirmed by another method.
finite integral is
result
may
We
Jo
Now
(l-2aa;+a*)^
^ "^^i-Jo
(l-2cw; + a^^
J-i(l-22x-hay
^^
-.
J(l-2ax-\-ay
"^
.,
a(l-2*i; +
a7
112
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS,
164
therefore
a|l-a
J-i(1^2oix
(l-2aa; + a.T
Thus
as before
202.
1-a'
1+aJ
Jo n-^
(l~2acc +
Put f
cZyLtcZ^
for
(l-2oia;
3,
where
+ a:'y
that
= 47r.
a')'
COS
(<^
- ^').
r27r
/
^dfjudcp
= 47r.
This result
is
we
/n
and
(f>,
then
^dfidcj) will
F (6,
is
203.
Let
always
finite
(j>
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
1C5
may
express
J -tJ
fi
for
fjb
fjLf
(f>)
^dfjidcf)
and (^ = (f>'.
where ff is
where 7
is
to
Thus the
may he
</>'
fi
and
</>'
and
fi
+7
lor
+fi
(p,
integral to
J it'-pJ
is
and
infinitesimal.
Next we
limits
infinitesimal,
where
<f>'-y
is
always positive,
Fid,<f>)^dfldct>=f
JiL-pJ^'-y
F(0,<f>)
we have
^d/JLdcP,
/= F
JJ^dfid<f}
= 47r. Thus
finally
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
166
the result thus
204.
and
^',
By
we
47rF{e,<f>)
it is
...,^
6',
and
also
<^
get
unnecessary to
is
Laplace's Functions
and
6'
4^F{6\ <(,) =
(2 +
l)f rYF{e,
</,)
diMd<f,
206.
be denoted by
for brevity;
Q when
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
1G7
We have
=j
'
j'Fid,
<!>)
KdiMd4,
+f fjF{e,
4,)
Kd,id4,,
and we
Take
I
I
F{6,<^)^d^d<f), Since f vanishes throughout the
J-\JO
range of integration, except when <f> and 6 6' are very small,
we may reduce
this to
are infinitesimal.
r/+^
I
F{0\
0) [
r^d/jidcj)
and
Then without
^d/jbdcj).
we may change
this
of
(f)
are
and
tt
['
instead of
[ V((9,
4>)
j' rF{6,
^d^dcp
it
</))
and
27r.
now
Thus
for if
= 0, we
that
= 27rF(6^, 27r).
= 0, we have
(2 = 1(2^(^.0) +i?'(^,2^)}.
= 27r. Then, adopting the
Suppose
Hence, when
</>'
to
= 27rF{6\ 0).
may be shewn
^dfid^
and 7
take this to be
J -iJ
we
ry
1
may
where
F{6,<f>) l^dfid(f>,
</>'
same method
the same
</>'
208.
as in the preceding Article,
result.
Thus the value of Q,
we shall arrive at
= or <^' =
when
</>')
i^(6^,
</>'
27r, is
(j).
the
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
168
209.
when ^ = 0, whatever
to 1 2a cos Q
a^,
6 vanishes. Thus
/I
and
/2t
Jo
Thus
Thus, when
6'
when
=
3
as is
2,
+ a^)^
+ ay
Q = ^\
finally
reduces
limit except
^diidd) reduces tO
(l-2acos(9
^^-
^^
2aa? + c^
(^
F{6, 6)
^-i(l-2acos6>
.
</>
0, we may
{0,
(j))
say that
defy.
is
the
mean
of the
SO
we may
say that
is
the
mean
A
occurs
similar
remark holds
when ^ = <^'.
if
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
1G9
It will
series in Art.
gi*eat.
For consider
by reason
r Y^F
=^ into
(71+ 1)
assuming that F{ffy ^') has the same value when <f> = 27r as
when <^' =
and assuming the same thing with respect
;
Now
^
and
to
'
its first
6'
and
</>'
are always
finite,
and
if
moreover
, ,
numericallv
Art.
204
is
less
than .
z
n (n +1)
numerically
less
term
Hence the general
^
than ^
when n
is
^J
;
^^^
47r7l(7l+l)
indefinitely great.
is
in
there-
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
170
In Art. 203 we assumed with Poisson as obvious a prowhich may be stated thus the limit of S(27i+l)a"w
is equal to S (2n + l)u^ when the latter is a convergent series.
For a formal demonstration we may refer to Abel's (Euvres
Completes, Vol. I. pages 69 and 70.
position
may be
jection.
171
CHAPTER
XYII.
and
sum
2r + l TT^'
f' r, F{e\
['
47r ,,,^
and
in fact to
limit of the
sum
is
F{6,
of the first
n terms
of the
is
sin &dffd<i>
(f)).
variables 6'
and
cos ^j
by
(<^
<^').
sin Q^ dd^
2r + l
47r
where
jF(^,,
r^jr
Jo Jo
<^,)
</>')
becomes when
thei
172
F(,e f^)
Jo
^ J round a
Thus
["
d,j>,=
and put
27rf {cos 0J;
may be
F {6^
<^j,
r P
(cos
e^
F {6^,
<l>,)
P {x)f{x) dx
Put
Stt
COS 6^ for
\ ffix)
{P, {x)
By means
Now by
{2
(x)] dx.
by
integration
parts,
we have
-i|/'(x){P,(x) +
At
+ 1)
the limit
1 we
P(^))cia,.
have
= (-i)"+(-ir=o;
= 1 + 1 = 2.
P (x) + P.
J'.(^)+^,(^)
at the limit 1
we have
(a;)
Thus
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS,
Wlien n
is
very large
/'
(a?)
(P.
f'{x)
is
always
And/(1)
(a?)
con-
if
finite.
is
173
the value of
C-'^
/
when co%6=l^
result
is
established.
For
unity,
-r-
but
where f
is
=/(!)
{P (x)
is
+ P+i ips)]
is
very large
when x
is close
to
Thus
between 1 and ^,
1-P (1)
ultimately.
We
-j-
{P
(x)
+P,+i
(a?)}
174
where CT stands
for (2w
Jo J
Then we
+ !)["/
-I
Fifi,
(l-2aic
(j>)
T^dcf) dfi,
+ a>
when
1,
and thus
obtain
{r+3r.+ 5r,+...+(2n+i)r,+...}j'(^,^)#cZ/i.
J
J -I
would present no
difficulty
is
is
it
is
= 0' and ^ =
well to avoid
it.
Let
^^ used as an abbreviation
r=V(ic* +
2/''
^
for
-y-:^
6^
+ -^-j + -^j
and
a=^
^^^
EXPANSION OF FUNCTIONS.
Let
=r
a;
cos
^,
=r
sin ^ cos^,
175
=r 8in0 sin ^,
= r'sin^sin<^',
= r'cos^', y'=r'6in^'cos
p C03 6 cos ^ + sin ^ sin 0' cos (<^
and suppose a
Then
To
<r
less
than unity.
the equation
satisfies
whena =
<^)
VF=0,
and reduces to
l.
=
V(a;
- xy +
(3^
And
ff
P^
= i,
put
is
{l
put
- y'f + (z - 2^7
where
<^').
(l-2:p + a')l
^-J. i.
47rjP(^,
2;'
<^',
a;'
<r
rV(l
- 2a^ + a)
the equation
satisfies
tj<t
P^ (|)).
aj = i
Now
hence a
-?-
satisfies
it,
satisfies
that
= 0.
{aP,
the condition
is
therefore
-i-.
;
it fol-
o-
+ 2a -r-
Hence
also
j-
is
vr=o.
This establishes the first part of the statement; the
second part is established in Art. 203.
where
CT
But by
=?!g^ j"'J'VF(^')c?/#'.
Art. 170
we have
2jr
r#' =
27rP
(cos 6)
(cos 6'\
so that
Thus
notation
Z7
if
we
"^ P
(cos 6)
suppose
F{6)
^"^
by putting x
f{x)
for cos 6,
f P^ (cos 6')
=f (cos 6),
and
ic'
F{e')diM\
for cos
6',
we
get
= t^-^+^P{x)fF^{x')f{x')dx'.
The method of
221.
commended by Bonnet
;
Dirichlet, as
it is
we saw
in Art. 214, is
by
Heine
we
are
more
177
CHAPTER
XVIII.
We
where
^n
=~
^^^
^^1 /(O
^^^ ntdt.
it
series
^^o
^i
^^2
^^^
process
infinite
taken substantially
is
when n
is
^ (t)
indefinitely increased of
sin ntdt.
J a
We have
smntdt
jcl>{t)
= -^p^+~U\t)
rb
therefore
Ja
^ {t)
sin ntdt
1
-(</> (a)
cos
na
cosntdt;
cf)
{h)
+ - r*
T.
cos nh]
{t)
<l>
cosntdt'
12
178
Now let us assume that (t) retains the same sign from
= ato = h, so that ^(^) continually increases or continually
diminishes from = a to t = h; then by the Integral Calculus,
<!>
Art. 40,
(j)'
we have
{t)
where t
cos nt dt
is
= cos nr
some value of
<^' (t)
(j>(t)
sin ntdt
=-
{<j>
dt
(a) cos
na
<j)
{h)
cos
Thus
6.
7i5}
76
J a
+ ^{^(6)-'^()}.
Hence when
ti
we have
increases indefinitely
= 0.
i (p{t)smntdt
Ja
224.
If
(j)(t)
and therefore
as before
cf)
(t)
sin ntdt
= 0.
This
Ja
inter-
vals
is
example,
225.
of
finite,
<j)
{t)
= sin nt.
this involves
and that
cj)
is a continuous function
two conditions, namely, that ^ (t) is always
(t)
The
varies infinitesimally
when
varies in-
unnecessary
that is, (j) {t) may change its form any finite number of times
within the range. Suppose for instance that c is intermediate
finitesimally.
and that
179
finite value to a
passes through the value c. Then
divide the interval from a to b into two intervals, one from
a to c, and the other from c to b. By Art. 223 the integral
f<l>(t) Hin ntdt vanishes through each of these intervals, and
b,
therefore as before
when
(f)(t)
sin ntdt
= 0.
Ja
226.
Now
and that b
let
6 {t)
^f^^hllM.
than tt.
from
to
is less
all
values of
is
the value
when n
b.
Suppose that a = 0,
is infinite
of
^''^
sin ntdt.
sint
Jo
228.
It follows
the Umit of
sm t
We ^proceed
limit of f{x)
J^
Now
infinite
P?^^ ^^.
J
sm t
A- dt.
Jo sin
is
('
'^^ dt,
J^irsm^
by Art. 223,
for
integration.
is
always
finite
122
180
^?^=
1 + 2 [cos 2t + coB4^f+... + cos 2mt}
sm
^
{^'^^^Jt
smt
Q
therefore
^I'rr.
Thus ^TT
is
between
and
integer of
j -^^V(^ +
tt
the limit
when n
dt
is
is
Hence
finally if h is
^ 7rf{x).
229.
It will be found on examination that if c be any
constant, positive or negative, we may put f(x + ct) instead
of f{x + t)] and thus we see that the limit when n is infinite
The
230.
than
by
^^
'sinT-^^'^'^^^^
(/)
''
-^-^f^"^)'
result of Art.
TT,
{t)
when
We
= h.
will
sm
,,
,.
J,,
+ 1)
fix
,
at
sin nt
j^.
jj^^ihTi-^^'^
and
+
,
*)
*
,
/^''sin wi'
..
we may change
^ to
^.
..
181
r ^1^^/(0:4-0^
Thus
Jo sine
-^
^Trfix) +-^'7rf(x +
We
231.
expression
rL + cos
{t
now proceed
member when n
7r),
sm
2m +
-
Put
If
-sine
^=
If
Art. 229
If
a;
"the
and the
vanishes,
is
;
0:;
which
-^{t-^x)
this tends
t',
ia?
when
and 2m + 1
Sin j-f{2x)dt'\
.
= J,
increases indefinitely.
+ x)
/*
2 sin 2(^
and we have
{t
and
m
?i
this
^(2*-'^)'^*-].
lm?-/(2*-^)<^-
between
and tt the two integrals are equal by
and thus the result is zero.
= TT
f(2^'ir) df;
182
put
is
tJ
^iT t, and
becomes
^~rf{'^ 2^
^^j
which
equal to ^/(tt).
232.
pression
this
1^
Again consider in
like
+ cos
(i
- a;) + COS 2
- a;) + cos 3 (^ -
(^
a;)
. . .
(t) dt.
sm^'
J-iaj
where n
to be
is
= j,
made
-^
infinite
and
this
If
'
^,
r*''
it
sin nt ,.
^..
first
is
If
by
between
is
Art. 229
If
a;
= 7r
and
tt
first
each integral
is
equal to -^fix)
result is irf{x).
integral vanishes,
is
TT
equal to ^/{ir).
233.
From the results
we deduce by addition and
which
denotes a
integral values
infinity:
f{t)dt'^-X cosix
and
values of x between
-S
sin
sin
ta;
TT
COS
ii/{0 dt
is
itf{t)
tt,
dt
is
183
both inclusive
all
values of
Jo
and
between
tt,
both exclusive.
we
We
equations
in the
(3)
and
more simple
by putting
(4)
-j- for
<,
and
for a,
cases.
We
2m+l
2"^^
sm
.
Put
S for
sin^^
that
when
is
made
infinite
Sfit) dt
= 7r/(0). We
add
Jo
now
'^
f{t)
become
infinite
by our sup-
184
position;
is
7rf{0),
Let
when
T
'x^
t is
and
tt.
r Sx (0 ^^ = '^X i^)>
^^^^
^^
"8f{t)dt
= ^f(Si).
-J
is
is
[''
is
Bfit) dt
>S
% (^)
(7i
= tt^
= 0,
(0)
= 0.
= a+
/S
so that
sin nt dt
y8,
{t)
sin
ntdt=
Jjet
and
that
= fi,
is
(c
+ u)
sin nt
dt=
u sin nt dt
asp
(jS
and
limits a
J a
J a
J a
= 0.
Ja
sin nt dt cannot
be so great as
=a
p dt,
a),
the value of
cj)
{t)
sin nt dt
cannot be so great as
Ja
p(h
AND
But when n
between a and
made
185
(j)
The
light
</>
186
CHAPTER
XIX.
dieichlet's investigation.
237.
Let
F(d\<j)') denote
which remains
and let
any function of
6'
and
^'
finite
K.=
then
it is
shall
Art. 13,
= P(cos^').
Here
^r
be a function of
6' only,
and
for shortness
Thus
U,= ^^fmPAoose')df.'.
To avoid
accents
U^ =
we
shall use
instead of ^, so that
^^rf{t)PM^t)Bmtdt.
^
Jo
dirichlet's investigation.
We
239.
n terms
and
shall
now
187
first
this
we
Let
T,
y 7(0
parts.
+ A + ... + PJ
{Po + P.
T^ = rf(t) {P,
and
two
+ 2P, + 3P, +
. . .
sin tdt.
Jo
is now put for shortness instead of P, (cos
our proposed series is equal to T^-\- T^,
where P^
24?0.
Consider
P^(cos0
rt
first
cos
By
T^,
^z
Art. 50
cos rzdz
t)
then
we have
sin
^z
cos rzdz
= - j^^^2cos-2cosO"^'n^i<V(2cos^-2cos^)
Hence we
is
'
to
8 cos ^zdz
8 sin ^zdz
^_
stands for 1
By Plane
+2
cos ^
2 cos
2n +
22;
. . .
+ 2 cos nz.
we know
that
sin
z,
8=
Bin^z
and so
this value
241.
We
may be
shall
substituted for 8,
now change
DIRICHLET
188
S INVESTIGATION",
have
udy dx
By
udx
dy.
Sco^^zdz
i.
~Jo
L-^^
Jo
Uz
Ssin ~
Jo
f(t)smtdi
Ut
/^(2cost
v(^
Thus 2.r,
aJ(2cosz
-2 cost)
V(2coss-2cos^)J
V(2 coss 2 cos ^)
z dz
sin tdt
Ssm^zf{t)
sin tdi
L-'o
2 cos 2) ].f{t)
io L-'o
-/o
t)
V(2cos^- 2cos0)
f/st
COS
V (2 cos
V(2
^
it
-22o cos 2)
N
2;)
f Ls L r
+ sin
'Si
1
sin
^zdz,
2
/(pBin^^^
Jo
V (2 cos ^ 2
Sdz.
cos 2)
242.
The expression here enclosed within brackets is a
function of z only, and we will denote it by x ip) ^^^ shortness,
dirichlet's investigation.
Now we
1
189
fir
'x^{z)
Sdz when n
indefinitely increased
is
is
sXW;
% (^) =
^0
+ ^1 ^^^ ^ + ^2 cos
where
and so when
=-2
5g cos
32
. .
f'^
y{t)Qosmtdt,
we have
X(0)
= |&o+^ +
Thus ultimately T, =
2'.
The
2<2;
',
+ &.+ -
that
| ^(0),
is
= |/7()cosiA
243.
that x{^)
is
finite
f{t)smtdt
f (t) sin tdt
r-
.f
^
JW(2Cos2-2cosO"'^^
V(2 Cos 2 2 cos <)
-^
where t
And
is
some value of
jz
f
p
between
-^r
\/(2cos2-2cos^J
^YnidJt
'^J.
j z \/(2
COS 2
and
cos
^(2
^^
2 cos ^)
'
tt.
2 cos tt),
'*
which
is finite.
iz) is finite.
may shew
190
dirichlet's investigation.
We
244.
now consider the series which
i; in Art. 239.
have by Art. 50
we denoted by
We
^
2
2
sm -
^t^
2;
sm nz
cos - z
^
2 r^
dz
V(2coss 2cosQ
Hence we
rirrrf
io
TT
j^
V(2cos
sm nz
^
dz
2 COS
2;)
-S'sm-zdz
S' cos
-zdz
-,
IK \/(2cosz-2cost)'^Jt ^{2cost-2cosz)y^^^^^''^'^^'
we
for
(sin
r-
2;
. . .
+ ti sin nz)
as
245.
Next we change the order of the two integrations
involved in the expression for irT^. Proceeding as in Arts. 241
and 242 we arrive at the result
2
246.
f (t)
/'^
],
for
sin tdt
V(2cos5;-2cos0
The
integration, as
f(t)8mtdt
j,V(2cose-2cos^)
Jo
J2cost2cos(z-\-t)
V2cosi-2cos( + 5')
Jo
J2cost-2cosz
'0 n/2cos^-2cos<s;
DIRICHLET^S INVESTIGATION.
^+^
This expression
equal to
is
ls/2 COS
and we
2 COS
sin tdt
(t)
^
J z
io
f
^
a/2 cos
191
2cos( + ?)
^2 cos i 2 cos
2?
(z
+ f)
^+f
4
But
J
/,
sin tdt
A/2cost
Jz
J2 cost 2
cos ,(a
2cos
(2
y. =-J^
+ ?)
+ f)
cos
<
2 cos
is less
than g
(
\
V2 cos z 2 cos
+ o/
?);
{z
>
+ ?)>
f.
^0
that
(7
{V2-2COSS - V2 - 2 cos
We
247.
and
{z
+ C)J
f.
shall require
?'(^)j
^^^7
It is obvious that
^^7 ^^
f
(0)
and f
(tt)
(^
than
is less
(tt),
v2cos-2cos
lv2cosi-2cos5
_
r-
['
(2^)
value of ^\0),
= r sin ^z + scos^z,
__ r^
j^ V(2cos;5-2cosO
*"io V(2cosi-2cos^)
192
dirichlet's investigation.
and therefore
'
(0)
7t
'
-r
az
which
will
Now
is
not infinite
IS
= 0,
ds
the value of
when
-r-
az
an assumption
is
jz
zero
the limit
is
p -^f sin
tdt
2J
,,.
(t)
V(2
sin^cZ^
/.^
V(2 co^^
2/
(t) sin
= 2o Sm
.
2cos2)
s=
where t
is
z.
'
limit of
it
-^
and the
is/(0).
and we
1
;r
when
We know
2 cos z)r.
t:
cos
-
I
that this expression =*^
^ J V(2 cos ^ 2 cos Z)
some value of t between and z. And
when
This
z.
be justified immediately.
.^,
when
for
-7- is
finite
dz
when
Thus
finally
248.
Now
(0)
=/(0)
- |7(i)
|
cos
=-
1 dt.
^'
We have
{z)Sdz.
Jjj is
'
193
dirichlet's investigation.
249.
Hence
Thus the
T^^T^=f{(S).
limit of T,
+ T,
is
'
i^(0,
(/>') d<\>'.
This will coincide with Fifi, (p') when F(0, <f>') is inde</)'.
In other cases it will be what we may call
pendent of
the
mean
value of
(0, <^').
We may state
in
T.
13
1^4
CHAPTER XX.
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
To shew
251.
+ m
that
t ,
dx
'
\n
i)-^
(?)
+^^i^ -D"^
(1
4.
a;
\l
7-^
dx^
(I)
x^)
^,+^
To prove
is
P^
Jl x^ Jl x^ cos
^
^,
say i^(f
to the
(- l)-
n-\-m
Now
the
D for
-7^
where
[z),
we
this
and
is
^^^
*l^is
&. (1
=.')''
n^^ Coefficient
Put
\/r.
if
coefficient of cosm-ylr
(1
- x^y
of
to
and equate
^M ^^,^^
from
for
this,
of
first
then
-i/r,
,y.
^n^?-^^"-
^2..4.(2m + 2)(2m + 4)
term
^'
!n the series
f-
w>|r is .
dx'"
dx
above given
D^F^^), and
for F[^-\-t)
this
will give
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
195
involves coamytt
is
^ Z)'"**^(f).
m + 2' xO
(1
(1
'
tn+3
JJ ^"'^ ^
"
''
2"
(f ).
Next we get
^(i-.)-(i-..')-^ll^;^i>-i'(f).
And
so on.
Tlius
we
1252.
we get an expression for
-j^
lien
tf
x^.
I.
There
will
Suppose n
be two
arranged
powers
cases.
even.
Then
contains a
",^
Thus we get
|MH-m
"^
|:i.:i\(//t
+ l)(m + 2)
'^
__
/?
stands for w
Suppose n
+
where
'^l,''A\{m^\y^
dx'"
...
and qior n + m,
odd.
ill
132
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
196
.^~^"
I
"*"
T"
|2.2\(m +
= ^^^
where
l)(?/H-2)
(j9-l)(p-3)(i^-5)fa+2)(y + 4)(^ + 6)
|_3.2\(m + l)(m + 2)(7?i + 3)
"^
...
where
{x)=t^P^ {x)j
P^(x')
4,
{x')dx',
to oo
We
Laplace's Functions.
will
now
gation.
Let f stand
for
xx.
We
know by
{i-xy{i-xyd^p^{S)
X {2n+l)^^^^^^^
a - 1 ot
g-l
^,
^^-^')(1-^'')
of
^'
of
^1^ =
J -
3.5a'^(l-a0
(l-2af+a'0r
~
(l-2af + a^)'
^
""'
the limit
= the
limit
when
when
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
In like manner
limit
when
a=l
of
(2n
197
+ 1) ^^^^r^'^j^- =
^-^~
-^
z-^^x^'
'-
2^4'
the
(l-2af+a)V
1+
3.5
,^,
r+
3.5.7.9.11.13
2". 4*. 6*
,,
>
that
3
"^
(1-a;'^) (1-a:'^)
is for
//
vxa
convergent so long as
unity.
where t stands
The
,
"^
2',4'
(l-a:)(l-a;'*)
.
'
for -y]'-7-^J
3.5.7.9
^.^
- is
numerically
x and
x' are
is
less
is
than
unequal
and both
Hence we
see that
2 ^^-^.
(x)
(a?')
indefinitely
know.
Therefore
(^)
M M ^'
</>
value
is
^(x)2?^|Jp.(a;)P.(;')<^';
and then again
since
P
<,
(a?)
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS,
198
when
that
a?'
= x, we may
to
is
But
P^
= 2. Thus
[x) 5)
(^')
finally
transform this to
P^
=
c?a;'
we
[x]
when n =
except
obtain
cf)
P {x) dx.
0,
and then
it
(x).
254.
iput r'
Z7
Then Z7=
panded
of
,.
cost/+
r il
in powers of
/r'Y
and therefore P,^ (cos
-J
function of
6)
so that if
be ex-
- we have P
r
"^
cos6>= ^^^"^^'f
(cos 6) for
may be
the coefficient
considered to be a
rr
Now we
perties
It
is
X and x be interchanged
is
if
it
is
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
100
have a + ^ + 7
shall
= m.
and develop it
We might take the origiaal form of
powers of x\ y, z by the usual theorem for developing a
Thus we shall j^ec
function of three independent variables.
for the type of the terms in the development
in
djf-dy^dzy'
|a|_^'[y
where
AH
{-soY{-yy{-zyN
-^
a homogeneous function of
Thus we
when
for cos
summation
dition a
where
,..
is
z of the degree .
infer that
icos
,.+i
x, y,
>
^"Jinii
tr;
-w
we put
-^
-f ;8
dafdyHz-i
^^^
'^.
rr
a,
ft
the
denotes a
+ 7 = n.
We may
compared
witli r
255.
Suppose we have to 'develop in terms of Laplace's
Functions a function of which we do not know the analytical
form, but only various numerical values.
For instance, we
might require an expression in terms of Laplace's Functions
MISCELLANEOUS THEOEEMS.
200
We
subject.
256.
Let F{9,
cj))
Jc.
By
where
Art. 192
we have
Zj,
= % sin*" 6 IT P^
inclusive,
D stands for -,
(^;t,m cos
and F^
m<^
for
[x)
k=n
from
also
to
A;
x cos
Q,
Then F{6,
of
Zj,
from k
(f))
is
to
inclusive.
4>)
F{0,
cf))
in the form
==^XO,,^cosmcl>
+ S\^smmcl>)
(1),
m from
to n,
also
to n,
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
201
We
Let a
27Jr-
F{6, h%)
k from
<f>
+ C^co^nhx
+ ^^ sin nkx.
(7o+(7jCOsA;a+ (7,cos2^^a+
and sum
for
we put
</>)
^2 sin 2kx
first
s'
= when
S cos tesin ksa = 0.
2sin^52sinA:.9'a=0
when
and
s are unequal,
and
s are
both
when
and
s'
<^ero,
are unequal.
Hence we obtain
C,
S,
= ,^^^
^^
F {0,
SF
^
((9,
202
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
258.
Now
Co=^o..^o
from
(2)
+ ^M-P.+
we have
+ A.,..P-. + A,..P.
(4).
259.
denoted by
G with
suffixes are
known
for
of the
quantities
case.
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
203
numerous than
is
260.
Suppose that we have a number of values of x
given, and that to each value corresponds a certain coefficient
S|x-=/'^ afdx
(5),
all
is
to
x.
any rational
is
not higher
'-1
Now
Art. 28
S ^Pk^K =
=^
2^
=-
when K h
we have
S f (1 -xyiyPjcDT^ =
when k and k
are unequal,
j
204
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
The summation
and
in
(7) is to
(5).
We
given, and the summations in (5), (6), (7) will refer to these
2/1 + 1 given values.
It will be remembered that we have
a; = cos5, so that when x is given the polar distance Q is
given.
we have
Sf 0, sin 6 D'^P, = 2x
{^,,
2f
(1
- xy B^P^D^P,},
where
X from X = s
to
By means
= n,
both inclusive.
k; and thus
2fC.sin.^i>'P. =
This determines
Similarly
-4;;,^
we
obtain
^lii^A
..(8).
8.
=^
B,,.
(9).
We
coefficients of
which ^
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
Pat
yjr{x)
= (x-x,)(x-x;)
205
{^-^J-
When we
Let
ylr,{x)=:p'^
Xq
= a,-^a,x+a^x' +
+ a,,a;*-;
add
W+
f.to
f .to
W+
all
the
a^, a^,...a^^,
and
+ f., t, {^J =
f'
to
<f^>
fo^oW=j ^oW^-^-
so that
we may
This
write thus
or
where
indicates that
J- ylr^x)]
Thus
263.
is
f(,
We
yjr (or)
is
to
be differentiated
for x.
determined
Instead of
suppose there are +
values to be determined as well as the ?i + 1 corresponding
values of f
We may then assume 2n + 2 conditions, and
these shall be that the following relation holds for all positive
2n
will
given values of
suppositions.
Ave will
foV+fx<+
to
2n
+1
inclusive,
+ fA'=r^cir
'-I
(11).
MISCELLANEOUS THEOEEMS.
203
Jc-\-
is
We
(7)
hold so long as
will
1.
f^,
f.,
r=
Put
When we
we
and
(6)
-^ + ~^ +
^.
Hence by
(11)
term of
is
we have
ri
^"^^^J
where
2n+l
Ji
^^'^^
+ ^^"-^3
(12)'
to
denotes summation with respect to s from
is an infinite series of the form
Now %
is
a:"
^X +
{x
+-4 +
x^
'^
{x xj.
[x x^
x^^
From
(12)
and
(18)
0.
we have
B,x''+BX~'+
= the
product of
(a;'''"'
+i?.,aj
+ A^x"" +
+ E.x-" +
into {H,x-'
where
77^
or odd.
a;Wa:
..
or 0,
+ i?
+ A,^J
+ ^^n+i^"'"'' + i^^''""'),
according as L
is
even
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
Equate the
207
powers of x; thus
coeflScients of the
i?.+^. +
+ ^.A = o,
+ ^..^^, = o.
^.,+^.^4 +
+ ^.A =
H.+AJh +
-B.
0;
= -?/..
If
we
oc^dx,
we
find
that these 7i + 1 equations are all cases of the following, obtained by giving to s positive integral values from
to n,
both inclusive
X'
(^"^^
/
that
is
+ A,x* 4-
icV (^a?) dx
. . .
+ AJ dx = 0,
= 0.
-1
Hence
(7 is
CP+/a*), where
x^ in (11) are
...
where
-j- -^n-^^i^)
Hence the
for x.
coefficients
Similarly
f^,
is
we can
find
f^, ...
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
208
As a
264.
tion denoted
F{d),
S^
7,
2/i
we take only
ir
l
Z sm kS2,
=2n+l,
Now when 5 = we have S cos
=
also 2 sin ks2 = 0.
X cos
Jcsol
cases
Icsol
and
by
in other
Thus
when
S^ always vanishes
= 0,
Hence by
(8)
io~^ P^t^f{x)P^,
where p^
. .
.(14).
is
/W=^oPo + ?X^X+...+!7n^n+
where
If
^*
we make use
= ""^2
(15),
Z^^)^*^'*^*
i'*=^'^2.7.{2fP.P;
we
find that
(IC),
MISCELLANEOUS THEOREMS.
209
where E^=^
the
?i
+1
+ 2fP^P;t)
2yt
all
values of x.
For instance,
=
i^l =
7^0
2'0
S'l
>
>
= ^2fP.
From
(15)
we have
f{x)dx =
I
^
2q^
-1
(14)
we
' '
'}
^7
(17).
obtain
/: 1
{5'2+2-^2+a
f{x) dx the
22+8^2+8 +)
first
part
is
identi-
cal with the ^AJ{a^ of Art. 12G, so that the second part
gives us a new expression for the error which arises in taking
the approximate quadrature for the real quadrature.
T.
14
210
CHAPTER
XXI.
x, y,
z'
i*
7-
+ /.^-c^ = 1,
+ v'-c' = 1.
^
z'
We
shall
respectively.
S^, S^,
S.^
211
1--- f
pb^
p
vanishes
when p = V
?l
p-b'
or
p,^
or
z'
p-e
I/^
of Art. 2G6
pc^
Hence we have
^ (p-X^){p-p.^)(p-v^
p(p-6'')(p-0
'
no constant factor
for
when p
member into
unity
,_XVV
^
we
- 6V
'
is
is infinite.
^_
"
{\'-b')(fjJ'-b')(v'-b^
b'iU'-c')
Art.
266 have
142
212
For
to find
let
t
and
let it
be required
We
is zero.
are mutually at
Denote the
?;
at right angles
is
dii
dv
dx dx
t.mt
IS
Now
"
du dv
dy dy
du dv
_^
+ ^^, _
+ ^^, __f
^,^ ^^, _ p^
x^
^,^,
'
dz dz
^^
^^
^^,
_ ^-^
0.
section as
we
we
271.
^f -^7} ^y^
By extracting
we obtain
\-
x^, y^,
y^ -Vv^
and
in Art. 267,
-W -c\
in Art. 267,
Xliv
\r(X'-)(tj:'-hW-v")
y{^-c'){c'-fi'){c'-v
z=-
213
The
When they
to four.
We may
suppose
to
c,
indefinitely.
we
214
274.
and
differentiate.
,
xdX
dx = --
xdiJb
ocdv
-
zKdX
zfidfjb
X'-&
ijC'-c'
zvdv
v'-c
we
obtain
yijj
of Art.
267 we
''''^'''
shall obtain
Hence, putting (M
for dx^
215
{x, y, z)
276.
of
in the result
Suppose we put dfi=0 and dv =
then the two points both lie on the surface S^
on the surface S^^ and the formula becomes
Art 274
and
also
d\^\'-f.^{\'-^v')
A similar
S^
We
^pda
its
= ^jpda;
solid
between appropriate
limits.
We
Thus the
216
of Solid
Geometry
^
Also by Art. 276
J(X'-^')(X''-^^)
we have
dfidv (/J?
- v') 7(X''-M)(X'-/)
we
and
for
Thus
and
therefore
f7^_=J^^)L==^=5
(Xf y),
We
We
Solid
Geometry
COS
= rr-Q
217
\(x
:)
+(,v_6V *"U-^-c7j
'
7=
Hence proceeding
as in Art.
277 we obtain
we
finally
/7
279.
Art. 276
If
we
we take the
three expressions
furnished by
an element of volume of a
be denoted by HdXdfidv where
zr=
find that
(^^)(^^)(^^^^^)
- b') (c" - fl') {b' (Vc^)
J(\' b')
(jjl'
I/')
(c'
solid
may
- v')
fix
^'^^'^'"^'
= f U[-^'-b'){X'-c').
x'
+ if + z' = r\
^ + -^+-^-0
fjir
/jtr
fi
6*
")("'
-i')
r^-tt"^
.'
= '101-
'>
,>
r'C/t'-c'Xo'-c')
218
It is easy to shew, as in Art. 269, tliat the surfaces represented by the three equations intersect at right angles.
to obtain
r.
and
and
if this
and
c for
//,,
is
we
^ r^.
Hence
(fjL'-V^)dfjLdv
11
J bJ
This
ao^rees
and
h for
r,
TT
210
CHAPTER
XXIT.
282.
we
shall
now
283.
Let there be three surfaces represented by the
equations
Here
x, y, z are variable
parameters which are constant for any surface but by varying a parameter we obtain a family of corresponding surfaces.
For shortness we may denote the surface of the first family
for which the parameter has the value p^ by the words the
surface p^\ and similarly the surface p^ will denote the surface of the second family, for which the parameter has the
value p^ and a like meaning will apply to the words the
;
surface
p^.
284.
To given values of x, y, z in (1) will correspond
definite values of p^y p^, p^) that is, for every point of space
the parameters of the tliree surfaces can be determined.
220
K\
[th
dy) '^\dz)-' K-
Then
respect to p^.
1^.
Aj
dx
/?2
dx
-if?i
=^
7^,
dz
A,
c/s;
,(2).
dp
^^
7,
=
= ^^^'^^3 _1<^3
Kdy
286.
Let
denote any function of ^, y, z\ by substituting for X, y, z their values in terms of p^, p^, p^ from (1),
we transform V into a function of p^, p^y pr^' Then by the
aid of (2) we get
dV dV
dV
dx
dp^
dV dV,,
dy
dp^
dV dV
'
dV.^
'
'
dp^
dV
dV
^
^'"^^
''
,
dp^
^'"^'
dV,^
dp^
dV
'
'
(3).
ds
Now
given by
(1) to
let
221
(S)"-(f)'-(S)'
-vVv{f)Vv(fT
One
288.
of the relations
Vs - Va) +
ot,
{b,c,
(2)
.,.
we have a
result
which we may
dx
'
'
289.
From
'
equations
a^dx + h^dy
a^dx
dy
dy
(2)
dz
dp^
dp^
dp^
dx
dy
dp^
dp^
dx
dp^
dp^
dp^
dz
dp^
'
dz
-hAK
we deduce
+ c^dz ='T-dp^,
a^dx + h^dy
to
is
+ c^dz = ^ dp^
,{5).
222
From
(5),
dx'
(6).
hypothesis
{Xj y, z).
becomes
is
Thus we have
ds^
= j-^dp^;
therefore
y^Pi
^^
numerically equal
Pj
Similarly
we can
~K
\AJ<3
291.
From
^t^2>
"IXJ.VA u
-
Dquaticms (5) ,
dx _i
dp^
K'
dy
obtain
dx .%
dx
dp3~"K
dp.
dy
dp,'
dz
dz
"^Hi
h:
dp.
'K'
dy
dz
dp.-
dp,'
For
we
also
p,
we have
dx
-r- dp,
therefore be
,-
is
dp^,
223
axis of
, dp,
dp^ '^^
and therefore
r^dp,,
-,-*
dp,
y-*
By
^ ~ ii ^
dx*
dp^
h^
dx^
_1^
dy __1 dp^
dy
^Pi~
dy
dp^
'
dz __1 dp^
~ h^' dz
dpj^
dz
1 dp^
_1
dp^
.(7).
dps
292.
K^ dx
From
'
dp^
~ h^
dy
'
dp^
h* dz
in the notation of
dx
dx
d;/
dz
dp,'
dpi
dy
d^
dx
dy
dp,'
dp,' dp.
dz
-hAK
224
CHAPTER
XXIII.
+ -7-5- + --p^
the ^expression
is
the
Y can
the function
first
con-
by Lame
V.
~ ^ + ^^^^^
+
dx
dx
For ^-?=
dp^ dx
dx
^ F__ dj (dpX
\W - dpi
o
\dx)
d^'V
"*"
-^3
dr^fdpX
dpi \dx)
dp, dp,
dp^dp^ dx dx
dV d^p
dp, dx'
dV
"^
dp^
dp2
^2
IZfdpX
dpi \dx)
^^ ^2^ + 2 ^P' ^
dp^dp^ dx dx
dV d^p,
d^p
dp, dx'
"^
'
"^
'
dp, dx"
"^
dp^dp^
dx dx
-y-,
and -ty
^ df ^
dx'
dV(^
* dp,
^' dp,'
dz'
\d^'
"^
.dVf^p^
'^dp,\da^
^
d/
Ip,
wy*
'^
"^
^ ^'
^ ^'
dp,'
hence by
dp,'
d^\
dVf^
d^
dzV'^
dp,
U'
df
d'p\
"^
dz'J
^\
^^''
dzy
225
V of the
second order
is
expressed
parameters.
"We
^.
operation
d'd'
symbol
as
an abbreviation of the
d'
^,+^,+ ^,.
= ^A " ^sK
^1
of Art. 285
^Pi^ K (dp^dp,
dx hji,\dy dz
dp,
dz
dy dzj'
dp,
/dp, dp^
dpX
dz dxj*
/dp, dp,
_ dp,
h,h,\dx dy
dx
h,
obtain
dp,dp,\
hji\dz dx
.dy
dp,
h,
we
(2)
dp,\
^
dy]\
sets.
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE'S
226
K (^\dp,
\h^\dy^ dz
dp, d^p,
^P,dp,
dp, d^p,\
dy dydz
dy^ dz
dy dydz)
hji^\dxdz dx
dz
dot?
dxdzdx
dp,
dp\
dy dz J
dz
dx \hjij\dz dx
dxy
dz dxj'
symmetry, we get
hji,\dx dx\dz)
[dx dx\dzj
hji^
dp, {dp,
d_(K\
dy dy\dzj
dz dz\dzj^
dy dy \dz
dz dz \dz J)
^dp,
dz [dx dx \hjij
(K\_^dp,
dy dy \hjij
d^
rh^\\
dz dz \hjij\
=
Now
^j^i\dx d fdpy
^ \dp^ dx\dz)
2
dy d /dpA
dy \dz J
dp,
dz
line,
^(dp^]
/dp.
=K'^r^
dp,\dz
"^
(3).
(4).
and thus
(3)
becomes
PRINCIPAL EQUATION.
where
-0!
227
dz
"
dz
dpj^
(6).
dp^
we have
Similarly
dp^
dp.
'^^^dpXdxj ^'dpXdxJ
dp.j^^dlogH^^^
dp,j^, d\ogH^
I
and
dx
dp^
dx
dp^
dy
'
dp^
.(7);
|.vp,-|;VP,
dy
Multiply
(6)
by
dp,
'
^^
(7)
by
and
(8)
by
(8).
and add j
152
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE's
228
f^^
dx dp^ \dxj
dy dp^ \dyj)
dx
dy dp^\dyj)
+
This
W^'
may be
dp^ \dx)
(9).
simplified
for
we have
^ \dx) ^ \dy)
2 dp,\\dz)
dp,^
^^dp^
^ (^]
+ ^ (^) + ^A f"^]
dx
\dx)
dy
\dz)
\dy
and
dz dp^
dz dp^ \
dp^
dp^
'
dx dp^
dp J
'
"'
f^2
dx
dp^
'therefore
dp J
dy dp^ \dpj)
fdx\
dp^ d^
\dpj
dy dp^ [dp J]
U/
dp,
U/
Kdp^^^^hr^dpr'
Hence
dy dp^\
/^^U
A (L ^\
.^A(L ^2^
^^2^(i_ ^\\
dzj'^ dx
dx)
dy
dyjj
\dz dp,
-'^3
dp J
dx dp^ \dpj
= 1 \dp^d^fdz\ ^ d^d_
_j
dy dp^ \dy)
dx dp^ \dx )
dz dp^ \dz )
(9)
"*
dp,
U/
h^dp,'
becomes
^^^p^ +
^iog^ = o
(lo).
PRINCIPAL EQUATION.
-1
By
dx^
^v..-H|;iog'^'=o
(11);
^Vf>, + |;log^' =
(12).
d/
'wrdp, KdpMhJr
,.
'''^'^'
we
dz"
+
,,
229
fe Ga 5>;) + ^ te ^) + 5s {li^dij]
296.
Hence we
VF=0
(^^)-
trans-
forms into
By comparing
we have
(14).
will give a
simpler form to (14).
may suppose that p^ is any
function we please of \, that p^ is any function we please of
Let us put
/z, and that p^ is any function we please of v.
We
still
a,
^,
7 respectively
where
TRANSrOEMATION OF LAPLACE's
230
dv
J{b'-V'){G'-V')
-I
Let
wlien
a,
^2'
P,
From
what
d^iiote respectively
77i,
''73
Art. 274
we now
A^,
\^
h^
become
get
Thus
Therefore
V2V3
Hence
da\
that
(14)
'
v,Vi
'
becomes
d^[
da)
VsVt
d^J'^dy\
dyj~^'
is
d^V
d^V
fJ^V
We
298.
^
Let
.
function of
^^
V be any function of x, y,
dV dV ^''^^
dV ~j~
"3"
lor
,
>
>
"J"
>
z\ let
F be
shortness put
any
PKINCIPAL EQUATION.
dV__
dx"^''
231
dV__
dV__
dij"^*'
dz"'^^'
1 1
= 7-7-7-
= Edp^dp^dp^
Hence
say.
(jj Fdxdydz=JIJEFdp^dp,^dp^
(16).
Let
receive a variation BV, then each side of (16)
receives a variation which we will now express, beginning
with the right-hand
We have
side.
8JjJEFdp,dp,dp,=^jjJB{EF)dp,dp,dp,.
,dV
^
put -^ =
or shortness
r,
ot,,
dpi
'
dV =
-t-
'C''*
<^P.
dV
-y =
'dps
"c^v
Then
^
'
dV
dixr^
dV
d'GT^
d-cT^
dsT^
d'!JT^
atiTg
in the usual
way
(
we
find that it
dV
becomes
dp^\
1 1
d'crj
dp^\
durj
dp^ \
dvrj
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE's
232
member
if
of (16)
of the
dV
dp^\
dx
As a
299.
suppose
Art.
for
side
;7-
-r-
on the right-hand
-^r-
dz \dpj
=2
-r-
dx
= 2/i,^ -7-
and
and
so
so on.
dp^
for jP
[-r-) '^['1~)
dp^
fl?CTj
dtsj
we put
side
dp^ \
d'urj
dy \dp^ J
\dp^ J
hand
dp^ \
d-arj
A;^
(^)V
side.
on
new
on the
variables,
A,^
we
see
Hence on the
(17)
by
(^)V ^/ gj
left-hand
Thus
left-
side
becomes
V K - ^x^^
+ dp^ [kA dp "^ dp, \h^K dpjy
1^^^ [h^f,^ dpj
J
which agrees with
(13).
233
PRINCIPAL EQUATION.
jjjvrdxdyd. = -j^dS
(18);
where the integral on the left-hand side is extended throughout the space, and that on the right-hand side over the whole
surface dS is an element of the surface, and dn an element
of the normal to the surface drawn inwards at dS.
:
The theorem
is
may be obtained as a
see Statics, Chapter XV.,
the general investigation there given.
known
well
Uin
it
Theorem
Now
by the
As we have
becomes
new
-j-j-j- ^Pi^Pi^Paf
where
and dn
new
is
what
= j dp^
lies
on the surface
so that
VV becomes when
ex-
variables.
in terms of the
variables;
Now
when expressed
dp^dp^dp^
dxdydz
dS
member of
p^.
Here
becomes
(18).
Take
first
The
234
(\dV
\ dV\
is
faces to the
-^ [jThd^J ^Pi^P^^P^'
k (^
Then by
+ dp-,
dj)
for
235
CHAPTER XXIV.
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE'S SECONDARY EQUATION.
We
301.
shall find it useful to transform into Lamp's
variables the equation satisfied by Laplace's n^^ coefficient
this equation we may call Laplace's secondary equation, to
distinguish it from that considered in the preceding Chapter.
302. Denoting the n^ coefficient by F, we have by
Art. 1G7 the following equation expressed in terms of the
usual variables,
y=r
sin
6 cos
</>,
= r sin 6 sin
<j) ;
relations
are suggested
cos^ =
sm^cos<A =
f^,
Bin
We
we
-^LA_J,
6sm6 = ^^
tTs
/i
and
v respectively
>
(2).
(1)
connected with
i:2n
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE S
236
We shall
{jL^-v'')Y^O
d^'^ drf^
(4).
303. From equations (2) we have cos^ and tan<^ expressed as functions of fi and v. These give
do
dO
dv
dfju
he sin
d4
hc
'
/*
'
he sin
j(h'-v') {c'-p')
fl
6V
dfjb
d^
hcJ{fji:'-h'){c'-fjL')
dv
7(P37j^?i:^)
>v-6V'
%--j^^W^W^^):
therefore
de
dy
/^
hc^ sin
J{V-v''){c'-v^),
(5).
Let us now
transforms into
we want
,,,
that
JF
""
d6'
d'Y
-77,.,
dY
1
6Z^F
+ cot ^- +-^^ -:rr-
d^'
suppose
<Zr^^
W)
"^
df
G^.
dYd6
W)
"^
,^
(^^r j^
^ dOdcf, d/S
(^(^
d^
dYd^ * dYd^
^ dd
dl3'
dct>
d^'
'
SECONDARY EQUATION.
d'Y
^ may be
and
similarly -y-
dY
d'Y dd de
d^dy
dd''
d^ d^
expressed
d'Y
d'O
de d^drf
dcfi*
237
and
d(t> d(f>
d^ dy ^
dY
d'(f>
d(t>
dfidy
d-Y
dY
d?Y
j^dY
d^Y
we
thus
obtain
A(|)V-oV..|| = .-^
(7);
(?^<^
(f (^
(i(^
d^^ _
^^d^^^^Jy^^'T^'^-^'J/^^'Wdy'^'-'^^^^'
Now
# = J_^
sinedy
riiv
^^^^
'
flf/3
d<\> __
Multiply
(11)
and
(12)
(7)
by
dS
^^^^*
^^dB
d^
sin* ^,
we have
(6)
then by
TRANSFORMATION OF LAPLACE's
238
Also
(8)
may be
written
2(^0-^0)^5-^-^0
The
last
From
ly-y 1=0.
(6)
^^
sin-^
"" ^^
^ *^^^
2\ /Z,2^2
,.2, .2
or
therefore
jM
We
have
purpose are
Now
from
therefore
and
(5)
c'
and B^
to find J.^
still
(9)
get
^^^ + ^.) =
(/^'
- ^')
J2
And from
and
(11)
Hence equations
therefore -4^
(12)
(9)
and
(10).
we
sin ^
we have
and
J5j
of (4)
(10)
J2
^.
^ + J? =
become
= 0.
is
cos
established.
0.
SECONDARY EQUATION.
Another investigation of
239
will
S04.
We
notice.
where
cos^
From
da
^=-
^,
dr
sin0
sin ^
<r,
=T
(13).
we have
(13)
^ = - sm
cos
^ = cos^
^,
drr
smc/),
d\
a
^=sm^cosc^, ^, = -sm^sm<^,
c7^=^'
.,
= - sm(9sm <^,
;^2
^^ =
cos ^ cos
<^.
dYda
dYdr = dY sin ^ dY
~
6+
cos^ sin6,
+ ^^
5^
^
a^
dr dd
da
dr
dY
Now .^ = -^
dd
rfo-
dY d\
dJ'a
dd'
"^
dr dd"
d'Y da dr
+ o dadr
= -T-Y sm' d + -TT cos
da^
di^
sm q)
^ -j-cosd
da
-7- sm ^ sin 9 2
d'Y fdT\*dY
rPF
Thus
d'Y
,n
d
-j-j sm'
da'
(1)
,.
sm ^
(^F
,^
sm
cos ^
(^
becomes
,d"y
d'Y
d^r
dd dd
-7-^^
,j^
.A
d &m^ 6
-
cos'^
dr'
d'^Y
5.
cot
dY
r- cos ^
da
dl
\
dY sin 6
dY
7- sm
7- sin
da
,
dr
^
+ -7-
_.,^
dr
sm <h
^
cos^
sin<f)
^J
240
that
is
2 dY
-7 sin ^
sin
62
d^Y
-.
-2<7^-2Tj+( + l)r=0
805.
If
now we
cos
0,
(14).
%=
sin
o",
p^
sin -v/r
= r,
we
we put
cos
% = T,
sin
% sini/r =
o".
following conclusion
if
we
trans-
form
cos ^
we
'sfr
sin
^ sin -v^,
From
^ = cos%
with % instead
sin ^ sin
(15),
of
6,
and
sin 6 cos
<^
= sin ;^ cos
i|r,
(2)
we might put
241
CHAPTER XXV.
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
307. Although in the present work we are concerned
with pure mathematics, yet it must be remembered that
much of the value of the formulae which are obtained depends
upon their application to physics. As we have stated in the
beginning, the researches of mathematicians in the theories
of the Figure of the Earth and of Attraction first introduced
the functions with which we have been occupied.
The
investigations of Lam^ which we are now more especially
considering, were connected mainly with the theory of the
propagation of heat, and accordingly we propose to devote
a few pages to this subject in order to increase the interest
of the subsequent Chapters.
We
308.
Suppose a homogeneous
solid
bounded by two
T.
16
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
242
We
expressed by StK
where
/c
is
a constant depending
state
and
Bz respectively.
KByBz uV
-J-
Bt,
^^k
that
is
Bt,
where k
is
-8y8.&g + ^g)s^}
Thus the augmentation
of heat
is
k Bx By Bz
Bt -y-^
mentation of heat
is
k Bx By Bz
Bt \-j-^
+ ;j^ + jrr
CT
dv
-r- Bt
Bx By Bz^
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
Thus
310.
243
finally
If the
K (d^v
d%\
dv
__
dt
"^W'^d^^d?}
body
dv
temperature, then -n
is
= 0,
in
d*v
a state of equilibrium as to
and we obtain
d^v
d^v
.-.
^^^'
d^v
^'+^'+^=<>
,^.
'
(2).
(1) or (2)
we may
surface.
by
rjvBSBt.
ht is
dv
measured by k-j- BS Bt, and also
Thus
'^^=-'^5;;
Equation
(3)
may be
developed.
dv^_dv^dx
da dx da
dv
^^>
We have
dij
dv dz
dy da
dz da
162
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
244*
Now
O.QB
-T-
to the surface at
{x, y, z)
so that if
w=
surface,
dx_du (/duV
dn~ dx\\dx)
/duV
(du\X'^
\dz) ]
\dy)
dn
-y-
'
an
equation
(1)
becomes
dv
K fd^v
d\\
di'^'^W'^'df)
,^v
^''
We
dv
K (d^v
1 dv\
Tt~'^W'^rTrJ
The equation
(3) will
,j,.
^^^'
become
(^)-
'?+S=*^
becomes
dv
__
5"^
fd^v
2 dv\
\^'^r
drj
,^v
^
^*
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
This
may be
245
written
dt^'^^-^r-d^'''
The equation
(3) will
value.
Let/ (a;,
315.
(2),
and
let c
/(a?, y,
z)=c
is
the problem.
For we have
dv dX
dx-^dKdx*
dv
d'v
dv
d^
d\ fdXV
dx^-'dXdx^'^ dk'
z.
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
246
Thus equation
"^
dX
[dai'
"^
df
becomes
(2)
dz'l
"^
"^
dX' \[dx)
[dyj
d\ d^ d^
"^
[dzj
dy
d}^
= -
-1^^^
/dXV /dXV^
dv
dx^
tlierefore
dz^
ldX\'
dif'
[dxj
"*
[dyJ
'
,^.
(8).
dX
[dzJ
termine
817.
We
shall
now
when
from
investigate
by
by the
+ 5j3-^ =
i.
(9).
a?,
-y^^=^^
|v + (V - hy "^ (V - cy]
^^x
,
(dxw
de-
isothermal
x?+^^:r52
We have,
and
ellipsoids obtained
is
we can
it is satisfied
(8),
.^
dx'
fdxy
(1^)^
\dx)
4>xxdx
'^y^{^d^'-^[d'x)\''^^[dx)^-^l^Tx-'^''-^^^^
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
Similar formulae follow from
respect to
y and
Square
add; thus
(10)
by
(9)
247
differentiating with
z respectively.
^!0-(|)'+1^Again
from
(10)
(-)
we have
^^S^=?
From
this
(^^)-
by addition
From
(12)
and
(15)
we have
d\
d'^X
d*X
dx^
dy'^
dz^
/dXV
[dj
^^")-
/dkV
X,
,-^.
fdXV
'^{dyj ^\dz)
318.
If V denote the temperature in the case of the
preceding Article, we have by equations (8) and (16)
d^u
dX^
dv^X'-b^'^xT^''
dX
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
248
Hence, by integration,
dv
1^^
:7^
dk
where
k^^
- c*)
d\
v = k,j-
therefore
(^'
denotes a constant.
is
determined by
dfi
.=Kfwhere
k^ denotes a constant.
by the
where
k^ denotes a constant.
We
320.
will now obtain by a direct process the equation in polar coordinates which corresponds to (2) ; the
result will agree with the well-known transformation of (2)
see Differential Calculus, Art. 207.
Put
ft>j
Then
for
rdOdr,
eo^, co^,
of the element of
(o^
for
rsm6drd(j),
eo^
Let K denote the conductivity of the body, v the temperature at the point (r, d, (j)).
249
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
The quantity
into
a>^
ultimately
^
koj.
ultimately
^ /
..The
,7 Et
^
yt ^^ that is
8m6 d6
Bind rd<f>
quantity of heat which passes out of the element during the
same time through the opposite face will therefore be
-,
-.
tion of neat
is
i;/!
+ /TaS ^^
'
"^"^ ^^ augmenta-
^^'
Kdrddd<i> d^v ^^
w-^ mOt.
a<pr
sm o
^
into the
ultimately
ht
is
The
- k dr dcf)
\-^^ sin
-v^ (--^
k dr dO
is
d(f>
djdOy
sin
-jn
Thus
Bt.
\jh^^^ ^
^^
face
ultimately
ko)^ -v
U, that
is
- KsinO
dO
d<i>
is
[7^^^
+^
(7^
^) dr\
k sin 6 dr dd d<p
-,-
r* -%-
d*v
d (dv
Odf'^^^^ddd
[dd
^'"^
f\,d(^dv\_ "*
^J'^drV
dr)
Thus
Bt
"
Bt
be zero
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
250
We
321.
to (2) when
Art. 272.
Lamp's
employed
T"
a,
p,
see
y con-
du
d
may be
arbitrarily,
and 319.
We may
It
least theoretically,
and
a,
respectively.
322.
Let ds^ denote the length of the normal to ^S^^
intercepted between this surface and an adjacent surface
of the same family ; so that by Arts. 266 and 276 we have
= doL JiX'-fX'jiX'-p").
We
The
point
= d^ V(V-/i-O0^^ -,;*),
cds^
dy J{X'-p')
(X,
Put
cds,
fjL,
ft)i
all
ifji'-v').
v).
0)3
for ds^ds.^.
PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS.
251
Take an elementary solid which is ultimately a rectangular parallelepiped having Wj, o),, and , for adjacent
faces.
Ka)^
-r- Bt,
that
aSy
is
d^
dy
(jjl*
v*)
Bu
The
U/QL
mately
d^dy
mentation of heat
(ji*
v^
1^
"^
;ra ^^f
^^'
v*)
d^v
is
- dxdff&y
{fM*
^^^s ^^ ^"S"
t-^ ^t.
252
CHAPTER XXVI.
lame's functions.
We
0^'-0^+(x'-.^f/+(^'-/^')^=o
(1),
fi,
v respect-
ively
cy
= cf
^'
(2).
lame's functions.
253
of X,
Vi&
to
be equal to
when \ = r,
that
is
i^(a,y3),
where
when a =
i'''
,_
325.
We have in the preceding Article enunciated the
problem in a purely mathematical form but the student
who has read Chapter xxv. will readily give to it the
additional interest of a physical application, for it amounts
to the following the surface of an ellipsoid is retained at a
temperature which is fixed for each point but variable from
point to point, and it is required to determine the temperature
at any point in the interior of the ellipsoid in the state
;
of equilibrium of temperature.
326.
Let us examine whether we can obtain a solution
= LMN^ where
of (1) by taking
involves a alone,
involves /3 alone, and
involves 7 alone.
Substitute in
(1),
and divide by
LMN;
X'^i/^iTM
X^-A^'
fjL*-v'cPL
da!''^
d^'^
Now we
have identically
Hence
if
thus
we get
f^'iNT
^'^^
dy'"
+ (v-/.')(-<^) = o.
327.
if
Thus we
we put
d^L
/AX'
J.
d^.M
lni\^,^N
(M
,,
,,,
lame's functions.
254
Now
from
(2),
we have
k..(5).
it
will
form.
328. It will be seen from the commencement of Art. 326
that we do not profess to investigate the most general solution
of (1), but only to obtain a solution.
Thus guided by the
analogy of Laplace's Functions, we shall ascribe to the
ai'bitrary constant h of "equations (5) the value n(n + 1),
where w is a positive integer, and then we shall endeavour
to find a solution of any one of the three equations (5),
involving 2n + l terms ; and we shall assume the solution
to be of the degree n in the independent variable which
occurs.
329.
for h,
and
(X'-pX^+q)
We
g+
shall
first
thus
of equations
(5),
put w
(n
1)
we have
(2V-^X)
g+
{pz-n(,n+l) V} i=0...(6).
+ k^_;)C-^'^' + A;>"-^' +
(7).
of L in (6) it will be found that
. . .
255
lame's ruNCTiONS.
+ j(n-2a + 4)(n-2a +
3)A:.^
(8).
1, 2, 3, ...
do not
exist,
we
obtain
4{2n-S)k^=:plz-{n-2y\k^-hqn(n--l),
Q{2n-5)k^=p{z-(n--4;)']k^-\-q{n-2){n-S)k^,
and
so on.
But we
coefficients of
taking s equal to
term of
(8)
vanishes
or
kg^
256
lame's functions.
X=
X'''
+ k;>C"'+...+k^_^X'-^^' + k^_p^''-^-'' +
) for L in (6) thus we
Substitute K^/(\*
+ {pz -c'-
(6)
(9).
obtain
{n-l)(n + 2)\'}K= 0.
2s (2n
We
be
s
finite,
= ^ if n
is
even,
and
= ;-
if
is
odd.
Let a denote
the value of 5 thus taken ; and let z be found from the equation k^-i = 0. Then all the coefficients in (9) from and after
ktr-i will vanish.
When
is
powers of
X,
and the
is
also
preceding Article.
lame's functions.
we
257
332.
^=:^,"-+A^^r-*
Substitute
obtain
shall
...
+ ^v^""^+VI^"'^+
AV{V^^AN^)
for
in
(6)
(lo).
(6)
we
thus
(^^-i^^'-f^)^+(CX'-3M)^f
^{p{z-l)-
{n
2) (/iH-
3)X^^ =
0.
2s)
{n-2s-\- 2)]k^_^
We
if
is
even, and
=^
if
is
odd.
is of the degree cr 1 in
and so
any one of these roots may be taken it
2?,
has
cr
will
roots
We may
333.
all real.
results
obtained in
Then
First suppose n even, let it be denoted by 2m.
+ 1 values of the form discussed in Art. 32.9, and
values of each of the forms discussed in Arts. 330, 331,
may have
and 332
2/i
im + 1
values, that is
1 values.
T.
17
258
lame's functions.
Next suppose n
L may have m + 1
is 2/1
+1
values.
and
may be said to be determined by
The values of
for by Art. 327 the same form of differential
those of
;
equation applies to all three, and the value of z must be
simultaneous for the three.
We
to the surface
Chapter.
259
CHAPTER
XXVII.
SEPARATION OF THE
TERilS.
When
Arts. 138
'j
We
shall
--
<y
[^
fi
dv
and
propositions re-
v,
172
260
At
837.
dM
'
and
the limits
for jS
-sr
we have
either
31= 0,
and by
= ^-
~d0
The values
of
See Art.
I.
da
-^ =
,^
therefore
When
32.9.
and smce
'
and therefore
yS
rj^
we have
-CT
we have
7-^
fi
we have
dfi djS
dl3
when
=
-^
djS
Similarly
/8
dM
-^ = dMdfi
//.
= c;
and
h-
dM
-77^ = 0.
_
djS
and therefore
-jj^^'i
= 0.
d(3
11
-T-,
djS
ilf
= 0. When
and therefore
'
and when
-7-?^
d^
/3
= ot we
At the
338.
or
=0.
we have
= 0,
^^
d/3
Here we have
and
for
co
M=0,
both when
7 we have either
N=
0.
ay
When 7 = we have =
and then
dJ^
and -^ =
if ?i be even: in the latter
i\r=:0 if
71
be odd,
z^
av
dp
liLve v=^h\
II.
y8
2/= 0.
dN
-^ =
I.
'
limits
fju
Here when
have
IV.
-cr
III.
yS
therefore
we have
even, and
-p
= 0. When
a<y
dN =
also -,
if
?z
'
7 = 0) we
'
= 0.
if
n be
^ = 0.
III.
eveu,' and
n be
IV.
odd, and
dN
r- =
Let
if
dy
339.
the same
then
if
dy
dp
When 7 = we have N=
odd. When 7 = o we have
'
When
7=
we have
w be
= 0.
dy
N=0
When 7 = we
n be even.
if
n be
if
have N=: 0.
forrriy
-r?^-
2G1
M dp
..^
vanishes both
when B =
and when
P^'UT.
340.
Let
and N' denote two different expressions of
the same form, out of the four forms considered in Art. 338
and let n and n be the corresponding exponents; then
N -,dy
We
341.
can now establish the proposition that the roots
of the equations in z obtained in Arts. 829... 332 are all real.
if
pos-
sible that it
?'
root,
it
reduces to
Z'
-7-5
^-^^ V 1;
hence
Z' T^
Now
,^j-
the value of
and
~,
that
is
^=
(l +-5)
and when
^ = tr.
Thus we obtain
1) for
262
^Z
,-~
d'Z'
= {(l + 3
(?
rV^) -n[n^l) ^]
(Z+ Z'J~1).
tract
Multiply both members of this equation by J/5, and inteand ct. Then the left-hand member
because
the
indefinite
this
is
impossible unless
integral
Z' -tt.
Z -j^c
Therefore
?'
= 0,
842.
We
shall
is
now
F{p,
i)
(1),
M,
indicated
in
2C3
constants.
We
may
now
give.
and
be two expressions of the nature
Let
34)3.
indicated in Art. 333, and let them correspond to the values n
and z ; similarly let M' and N' be two other expressions of
respectively, and let them corand
the same form as
respond to the values n and 2'; then will
'0 '0
Wehave ^={^^(7^ + l)
J- (l+ Q^jiV,
d'N'
df
hence
= {'('+ l)J-(n-g.ji^'
N^-N'^^
dY
drf
= ^1
(2
(1 +
^)
z)
dN
dN'
N-y
iV'
-J-
the right-hand
[n
{ji
member
vanishes
+ 1) - n'
{n
1)}
Thus
and therefore
v*NN'dy
= {}}^c'){z-z')f^'N'dy
(2).
264
may shew
In a similar manner we
{n{n
that
+ l)-n'{n'+l)]f fiWM'd^
Jo
+ c')
{If
[z
- z') rMM'dp
(3)
by
+ 1)
n (n 1) ti' {n
cross multiplication
If neither
obtain
nor z
is
zero,
r fi'MM'NN'dpdy = r fv'MM'NN'd^dy
and therefore
MAfNN'd^dy =
Hfju'-v')
we
(4).
''0
zz
rNN'dy=^0,
I
is
not
MM'dp = 0.
Hence
[
NN'dy
fi-MM'dp -
^0
''O
^'
we have from
is
(2)
fv'NN'dy =
as before
Thus
we
^v'NN'dy =
*^0
(4).
and
{n
+ 1)
is
not
(3)
0,
r^i'MM'dP =
^0
'0
and
rMM'd^
*'o
again arrive at
(4).
we
in the
first
case
M must be an odd
forms
N vanishes
205
first
ay
case
N must be an odd
If n be
function of 7, and in the second an even function.
odd, and the forms II. and
odd the forms I. and IV. make
If n be even this is to be reversed.
III. make it even.
(1) into
four parts.
+.m
/(ft ry)
(5),
where /(/9, 7) may denote any one of the four terms/, (ft 7),
J^(A7)^ /sCAt)' ./4(A7) and the terms on the right-hand
are all of the same kind as /(ft 7)
thus N, N\ N", ... are
all odd or all even functions of 7.
;
Now
(jjl^
for
we
(7;
and
obtain
CrrM'N'{l.'-v)d^dy=r['f{fi,i)MN{lJ^-v')d^dy.
J
'0*'0
C.
In like manner C,
may
We
'
*'
C'\.. .
2G6
We have
846.
by Art. 324,
^''-JW^^uji^^r
(6).
By
differentiating these
we
get
c^5 = -V+(^''+^)y^
(7).
2v'-{v+e)v
df
Now,
equations
thus
c'
by
(7)
/^'"''
By
(^/3
/A^"-^Vy8,
=-2
[ V"''''^/^
+ (^' + (^)
of
first
and
-sr
fj^'"'^'d^..-{S).
by parts we have
integration
so that
from
(8)
and
(9)
we get
dfjL
d/3
2[
fjL'"'^'d^-{c'+h')rfi'"'^dfi
Substitute for
(2m
-7^ J
+ 3) [ V"''^/3 =
its
(2^
value from
+ 2)
(c'^
(6)
(10).
thus
we
get
+ ) fV""^^/?
''0
./o
-.(2w
+ l)cV[
fi'^'d/S
(11).
(2m +
3)
first
thus
(7) in
we
get
267
if
=-
[ v^'^'^dy
-(2m + l)cV/'Vrfy...
J
Put
fi'd0
= u,
then
if
m=
in (11)
and
fv'dy = I c (1 +
Then
and
in (11)
;
= v;
(12),
we
'o
we take
1, 2, 3, ...
(12).
v^dy
we
we
thus
A;')
get
c'k'ay.
I
in succession the values
J Q
(13),
Jo
where
Now M* is
fore
y^
and there-
rM'dp=Gu^-HvT,
Jo
(14).
rii'dy^^Gv + Hco;
where
and
coefficients of
M or
i\^.
c*
and of the
268
And
in the
(15).
From
(14)
and
(15)
we
get
G,u + R^T^l
j'^TlPN'p'd^dy = {Gu+E'^){G^v +
"
r rJlPN'
then
ifi'
WO)
-^^=1
^
{uco
vr^r)
this
{fjb^-v^)dl3dy;
I
ft
'
= c^ TT
finally
TT
GE^)
"J
But
Thus
E^co)
-^
coeffxcients of
is
an integral function
M or N.
of
c^,
h^,
269
CHAPTER
XXVIIT.
SPECIAL CASES.
For since
h
=c
fi^
is
supposed to
lie
between
then V also
= 0,
1/
and c\ when
And
if 6
inadmissible.
270
SPECIAL CASES.
348. In order to obtain formulas which shall be universally applicable, let us introduce two angles (j> and '^,
hence
^{C'
^jr,
Thus
have
Ave
cos ^, V(C'
= XCOS'xlr V(c
sm*
(j)
y = fji^
y^)
sin
ifr
/>
- c*)
= V^(\^
cos
2\
2;
V/(C*
- COS* f).
for x, y,
,/
- V') =
72
IN
cos* (p),
+ Jr
2
sin ^,
s/ic^
h^ cos' 1^)
^-^
= c,
they become
= 0,
c*)
they beconae
3/
= s/ (^ (^)
coh ^,
349.
The equation
for
M may be written
= ;/(\* c*)
(c*
^= Vjc"-
('-
?>')
cos* ^}
- ) cos* ^1
- {A (c* -
2.*)
^+
cos*
(c*
2'')
sin
<^
cos
^ - (A - ^) c'} Jf =
0.
2n
SPECIAL CASES.
for
N may be
transformed
into
(c*
.,
Z>'
sin
yjr
cosyjr -.,
= Cf
We
We have
by
Art.
327
and add
MN
J/,
d'Fd'Fh
(1).
Here
and
V respectively;
relations
J-
= cos 9 sm d
= sin
V?3 fi**Jc*
(j)
sin 6
(2).
= cos^
c^c*-b^
Instead however of effecting the transformation directly
as in Chapter' xxiv.
we
will
that
SPECIAL CASES.
272
t^=(i,
.^^djl^>i^Jjl^JEl
he
he
bjc'-b'
(3).
-'
^
Vjc'-^-b'i
We have also
cd/j.
'
Now
suppose
V and
this ratio
0-
Hence we
by a
/t'
dp = dp,
d?F
so that
(3)
>
V =
di== dy.
d'F
7'^"--v')F=^0
and
c,
=1
final
i-y
becomes
d^^'^dy'"'^
vided only
/?
+ v' =-l^i^-'+"'0;
1
therefore
(1)
then
from
~IJ,V
Hence
"2
= - = - = ^^^'^^
shall get
and
/;/2
'
proportional to h and
^'
Denote
cdv
= -'
c to vanish.
(4).
transformation
c respectively into
as
we
please, pro-
SPECIAL CASES.
273
fully effected if
Now we
have in general
d,^
<,_,f
/
then
^ =k
When b
is
rf/t
7},
and k
=c
is
very small
p
therefore
dn
!'
a constant, so that
= bcosfj>,
fi
(2)
= c sin 6;
[i c cos Ode
-r-n
a
cosd
JQ c
smO
fi
dO
J g sin
drj
Hence
dv
Also
Thus
d'F
'44r
d'F
and therefore when h
= sin ^ -^
is
f sin
f
^dl
^
-^
d^F
becomes
18
274
CHAPTER XXIX.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
851.
bles
\,
varia-
a, /3, 7,
fi, V.
elliptic functions.
we have
dv
iAssume
= h sin yjr;
thus
dy\r
^ C^
~JoJl-k'sm'f'
where k
= -.
c
7,
which
Calculus,
is
ft)
and
ft).
275
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
353.
1/
= i sin
>/r
i;
that
of
is,
is
= 5 sin am
7 corresponding
modulus
to the
is
is
the amplitude
and
7c*-V = cy
Jc*
354.
('D-
v'
= cA am (7,
and then we
have
shall
Hence, by integration,
c
+c
constant.
da^
18-2
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
276
= A sin am
G-
Thus
a-
may be
V/x'^ b^i
Vc^
fj,^==
Vc''
V//,^
-cr
/3,
-J
considered
and
then fly
For we have
b^=h
fjb= c
fjj"
sin
cos
am
am
A am
ct
I'cr
I'UT
^,
13,
-j,
fi,
-]
355.
Assume X =
'
T
therefore
Hence, by integration,
dX
[^
+c
dr
t^
c,
tegral
dr
r^
From
this
= coc\
formula
T
we deduce
= J sin am
{"-"'-J'
then the
co;
constant.
so
first in-
that the
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
c
\=
Hence
sin
am (to a,
k)*
Oyk)
a, k)
c cos am (o) a, k)
Vf~-^ C J =
TT~
Sin aw (a> a,
/ri
12
277
_cA
ai
(ft)
Sin
am
(w
A,
A;)
where ^
is
put
for -
am a
sin
am
(o)
a) =
cos
am
(q)
a) = Vl k^
A am
(ft)
Thus the
A am a
sm am a
A am a
(1).
a) = Vl-A:"
A am a
results of
X=
written
Aama
cos
am a
cos
am a
vV-6"^
'
Jo
Vl-i'sinV
Jo
Vl-i'sin"^
Jo
Vl-jfc"sinV
278
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
then
may be
sin 6 sin ^ Jl F
= cos/i,i
cos ^ cos /* + sin ^ sin /^ Vl Ar'sin'^ ^ = cos^,>
cos ^ cos /A + sin 6 sin fijl k^ sin' ^ = cos J
cos 6 coscj)
sin'"* //,
(3).
</>
= am u,
then
be h throughout, let
to
and ^
= am v
(2) gives
am
fx=i
Thus equations
(3)
{u
may be
+ v).
expressed as follows,
"j
A am?;
(4).
Suppose that
ft)
/a
= ^ T then
^
T. f^
vl a: sm i/r
,
Jo
becomes the
am
{u
+ v) = 0.
cos
am u = sin am v A am u
(5),
still
that
fi
= -^
the
(1), for
first of
we may
equations
(4) gives
cos
divide this
(5)
/c'
thus
cosamv=
sin
amu\/l k^
,^.
(6).
'
A amu
(2).
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
279
of equations
(1).
358.
In like manner the results of Art. 354 may be
modified in form by the use of equations like (1) of Art. 356.
in terms of a sine,
;
b* may
(1),
we
manner that
y9
while
may be regarded as
that VX'*
X and
fi
while
*^\^
variables
We
department of
analysis,
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
280
For
let
g=
and
let
{(
+ l)^^,}x
so that
g={n( + l)^-^}^
From
(7)
and
(8)
we
by
d'L
integration.
S -r =
doL
-,
eta
Divide by
(8).
obtain
d'S
therefore,
(7),
L\ and
integrate
C,.
a.
constant.
thus
fdoi
S = ^.^/?
Thus the
CdoL
CJj Y^
I
solution of (7)
C^L, where G^
is
may be
863.
Lam^
tacitly
a reason for
this.
(9).
is
(7^
We
'^^
li'hZV(V-6'0(V~cO
.......(10).
corresponding to a =
we have X = c ; and then the
surface of Art. 266 degenerates from an ellipsoid to thoi
area on the plane of [x, y) bounded by the ellipse
Now
first
? + o--V=l
'^")-
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
281
close.
Hence
364.
But for the solution of other problems it might
happen that we must put (7, = 0. Suppose for instance we
want to find the potential of the ellipsoid defined by the
all
^j.
It is obvious there-
may
^,
For
M^ +
if
i/j
possible let
V 1
f+f'V 1
denote a value of z;
let
and
i/,
N'^
iV'a
V^.
Thus
(4) of Art.
343
+ M,')(]Sr^'-{-N,')(fj,'-p')dffdy = 0;
JO
but this
Jo
p',
so
282
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
366.
If we compare equation (4) of Art. 343 with the
corresponding equation respecting Laplace's coefficients,
which is given in Art. 187, we shall be led to anticipate
that (yL6^ v^) d/Sdy is the variable part of the transformation
of smOdddcf).
This is easily verified. For we know by the
Integral Calculus, Art. 246, that dOdcf) transforms to
fde d6
fly
Now by Art.
^
dd d6\ j^j
dp dy
djS
303 we have
-,-
dy
^d/S
-77,
d/S
c''sin6'(/xV-6V) J/.^(6^-.^)(c^-.^)
c'sinl9(/^V-^.V)
so that
c^
sm6dddcj)
is
-^^
dy
+ .^(/.^-6=)(c^-/.=)}
c'sine'
equivalent to
{/m^
v^) dj3dy.
X,
fl,
a,
L,
M,
p,
fly
/^>
B, M,
a
JSr
In Chapter xxvi. we have investigated Lamp's reindependently as he does himself; they might however
have been derived from Laplace's results, by the aid of the
transformation of Chapter xxiv. Heine pays some attention
368.
sults
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
283
Lam(^ says on his page 196 with respect to liis independent treatment Facilement applicable k tout autre syst^mo
de coordonndes curvilignes, cette m^thode directe a 1* inappreciable avantage d'^viter tout passage par Tantique syst^me
des coordonn^es rectilignes instrument ddsormais impuissant
et st(^rile, dont I'emploi abusif sera plutot un obstacle
(]u'un secours pour les progr^s futurs des diverses branches
de la physique math(^matique. It may however be doubted
whether Lame's opinion of his own methods as compared with
those of his predecessors is not too favourable.
:
284
CHAPTER XXX.
DEFINITION OF BESSEL's FUNCTIONS.
369.
The functions we are now about to consider were
formally introduced to the attention of mathematicians by
the distinguished astronomer Bessel, in a memoir published
in 1824 in the Transactions of the Berlin Academy.
They
have since been the subject of investigations in various
memoirs, and have been discussed in two special treatises
which have the following titles: Theorie der BesseVschen
Functionen
Yon Carl Neumann, Leipzig 1867; Studien
uber die BesseVschen Functionen, von Dr Eugen Lommel,
Leipzig 1868.
These two treatises supply references to
various memoirs on the subject.
. . .
all
870. If we seek for a series proceeding according to ascending powers of x, which satisfies the differential equation
d^uI
du
n^\
(2/i
+ 2)
{2n + 4)
+ 2)
(2?i
+ 4)
{2n
/^
,^.
dx'
we
obtain
{1-...^+
2 (2n + 2) ^ 2
\
2 4 6
.
where
is
(2/1
an arbitrary constant.
+ 6)
...
we suppose n a
and ascribe to
positive integer,
is
285
the
and
is
2(2n + 2)
S^jnl
'
(2w + 2) (2n
2.4
+ 4)
the former
+-t\
2"r(n
when n
whatever n
we have
finite,
is
| (2)-
Or, taking a
to the constant
is
"^
l)'
let
us ascribe
may
2.4(2n + 2)(27i + 4)
m-)-}
(3)-
real quantity.
The student
perties
Chapter
xii.
371.
following
which
is
Gamma
of the
We may
also express
manner by a
is algebraically
J^{x)
Bessel's
Function in the
any value of n
greater than
cos {x COS
</))
286
a?
For
cos {x cos ^)
0^
x*"
>
and thus the general term under the integral sign may be
denoted by
Put
["cos^"*
cos'
(j)
^ = t', thus we
sin'"
^ J^ = 2
get
f " cos'"*
sin'^"
^ d<f>
Jo
Jo
/I
2tn-l
^'^
!!.
(1-0
'
^^=='
T(n + m +
1)
(2m-l)(2m-8)...irgr(^+|)
""2'"(?i
+ m)(7i-t-m-l)...(/i + l)r
(n
+ 1)*
side
of (4)
becomes
2^^2.4. ..2m
and
2"(n
We may also
372.
manner by a
term in
'
(3),
of n, thus
J"^(if)
For
T'^
cos (w^
a; sin ^)
(?</)
this expression
{cos
n^ cos
{x sin ^)
(5).
t?(/)
n odd and n
n even ; then
First suppose
ishes.
</>)
J<^
sin
tt
sin
rufi
sin {x sin
<^) d(f>
^')
sin
(a;
sin
Jo
van-
we have
</>'
(tt
287
dj)
(f>)
'
= cos nir
(a;
sin
<^') d(j>'
'0
=
2
thus
sin
w^
sin {x sin ^)
sin
n^
sin
(a?
sin
c?(^
<^) d<f>
0.
'o
If
cos n6 cos
(a;
^r.
J
and
fi
=-If'' cosw0-^l
^
ir*sin''<f)
this
TTJo
sin 6) dS,
a;*sin*<^
i'-H
,,^
[2
|4
...
(-ira;'"sin*"j)
"
|2m
Now
let
^'
cosines of multiples of
2""-'
(-
!)" sin*^
(f>
= cos
2m(^
+ 2m(2m^
,
then
if
way we
cos n<p
sin**"
(f)
d(f>,
n(j)
..
4)
</>
...
there will be a
and no
other.
In
(2m
corresponding term in
this
.^
cos
For by changing
j>
into
n^
cos {x sin
cos
tt
<^ we
have
<^)
d<^
van-
2S8
COS
cos
rKJ)
{os
sin ^)d<j)=
cos
(tt
- ^')
cos {x sin
Jo
= cos TiTT
=
*2
thus
COS
n(f>'
COS
<f)')
dcj)'
(a?
COS
w0
COS (x sin ^)
cos
w0
c^<^
= 0.
and
,,
this
.
/-T
sin
r sm
.
ttJo
r
-^
sin
n<l>
oj
sm 6
^
(a;
sin
ic'
let
^ +
sin'
<f>
r-
. .
|3
+
Now
(p) d(f>,
|2^
^ +-}#-
+1
sines of multiples of
2'"''(-l)'"sin''"-''</>
= sin(2m+l)^ - (2m+l)
sin(2m-l)0+...
371
case in
which n
n even ; then by
1
J^{x^=Change ^
into
f""
\
cos
372
w</)
+ ^'j
Art.
^^^^
S^^
IT
J^ {x)
- COS -^
is
result.
(ic
cos ^')
c7<^'
= COS -^
= cos
COS
cos
^.I
n<t>
n<l>'
cos {x cos
cos
(a;
cos
289
<^') d(j>'
<^') cZ<^'
But by
Art. 370, if
Therefore
if /(co3</)')
</>',
we
have
/(cos
</>')
cos
?2(/)'
cZ<^'
integrate
by parts n times in
and we
succession,
finally
obtain
Thus
1. 3. 5..^(2
= COS {x COS
(/>'
= ic" cos
rr:
TT.
J,^(x)
(/>
,,
(4).
rir
,
into
</>').
sin
I
Change
'''''" *''^*'-
cos (x cos
=-^
cos (x COS 6')
7T
^''
^(x) = 1.3.0...
(271 l)j,,
cT.
'
T.
//"'(')
then
(/)') ;
-!;
c^'
72
(^
sin
thus
(a;
sin
</>) c?</).
we get
19
290
J^ (a;)
=-
-^
sin
cos
sin (x cos
n<j)'
<^')
^^'
tr
['
nir
sm
(a;
(a?
cos
r-
f^
nrrr
TITT
sin
-^
IT
Then
same
we
(f>')
d(j)\
arrive at the
result.
In equation
374.
Jn
{X)
=4-
(4)
put
TT
z for cos
(p
375.
thus
now
for z
r^
of*
co^[x{l-v)]{v{2-v)f~^dv
''
/2
/2
cos
a;
cos(ici;){^j(2-'y)}^"i6?v+sin^|
sin(a;!;){v(2-'y)}^~^c^v.
'0
rv'^lv(2-v)}''-"^dv.
J
Put
22/ for
v; thus
we get
2'"-''"
['3/"^+"-^ (1
'0
tliat is
r(m +
2n +
l)
-2/)^-^y,
Thus
J",^
C=
[x)
1
f=
291
a;"
r(2/i+i)
where
=- ((7co8a;+ ^sina;),
r(2 +
|2
2/i
+ i)
+"
r (4 + 2/1 +
|4_
;S'=a;
1)
r(i + 2/n-i)
^,
2-3r(3^.-^|)r(n+|)
[3
r(3 + 27i+l)
2'-'r(5 +
+ |)r(n +
^i
We may change the
r(^+.+|)r(. +
r
(/yi
expressions for
C and
|)
S, since
|)
+ 2/z + 1)
and
+ 2/0
(?/t
+ 2/1 - 1)
r (2/1 + 1) = 4- r
fn
^)
. . .
(2
(n
+ 1) r
+ 1),
(2/i
|)
'
1)
{Inteoral Calculus,
Art. 267).
192
292
a;"
+ 2) (2^+
sing;
^2r(7H-l)
The
(2n
4) [4
(2?^
(2n+7) (2yi+9)
271+2 13"^ (2/1+2) (2n+4}
2^1+5 x^
x^
Suppose e^^
^'^
^'^
Since this
j-W-
15
is
the same as e^ e ^%
2"'^2^|2"^2'|3"^'"J I
we
obtain
22"^2^|2_^^
J^'-'^=J,{x)+zJ,{x)+z'J,(x)
Thus we
{x)
2^|3/"*'"*J
;
"^
7^
and then
+ z'J^{x) +
"*
z.
of e
expanded in powers of
to be
XZ
have J^
x'
\_6_'^"'\
876.
|1+
ac-
...
^^^
z'
in powers of
;?.
[""
'^ J Q
378.
293
we have
{x)-
J^
by changing ^ into
J^
(a?)
-^
= -X
cos {x COS
we
r*
I
<^)
sin'
^ d(f)
cos'
^ d<f).
obtain
cos (x sin
<j))
'^ J
/
I
sin {x cos
either of these
into
-^
<l>)
cos
may be
^ d<l>,
by
If'..
sin (x sin
<^)
parts,
sin
<f)
we
see
d(j)
<^.
known
1
A2~ sin x,
when n ^. we have J^{x) = \/
and when w
we have J^
{^)
= \/
cos xj
294
CHAPTER XXXI.
PROPERTIES OF BESSEL'S FUNCTIONS.
Differentiate both
879.
Art. 376 with respect to z thus
equation
of
sides
(8)
of
{l
+i)
e'^'"^
J,{x)
Hence
equation
if
(8)
2J;(^)
...
SJ,(x)
we multiply
of Art. 876
by
-fl+J
given.
|{^..-.W
+ ^WI =^W
(!)
manner
For
Jn{x)
^-iW
=-
J^_^ {x)
= n(f> x sin ^,
cos
^lrd(ji,
cos
if -'<l>)d(t>,
r*^
f cos(ylr +
>^+i(^)=-j
therefore
'>^
f""
/
-J
1
let
(l>)dcj>;
J^^
(?)
= -/f^ cos
yfr
cos
<})d(j>.
so that
205
Now
c?
sin
-v/r
= COS
yjr
dyjr
and
0=1
cos
thus
Jo
=n
cos
^Irdcj)
cos
therefore
yjr
cos
cpdcf)
/^, (a:)}.
381.
1 dJ^{x)
l dJ^(x)
'"
dx
dx
dx
dx
\[-'i)
1 dJ^{x)
Hence
dx
we multiply the
if
z^
series
dx
2*
dx
2r
the result must be equal
j
^[
to the series on the right-hand side of the equation just
Thus we obtain for any positive integral value of w,
given.
equation
(8) of Art.
376 by
and we have
= |K-.W-^.W1
(2);
-#=-^.(^)
(^)-
=y:
cos
ylrdcf),
296
.,
therefore
dJJx)
"^ ^
1 f'^^ COS
=-
-^
1 [^
also
^_i(a^)-e7'^,W=-
ilr
^ d^
,j,
sm y sm 9rt<^
= If'".
,
'
{cos(>;r-(^)-cos(^ +
sin
'sir
^)}d7<^
sin ^c?<^
TTJo
^M =
therefore
Similarly
(3)
may be
1
{/^_^(^)
j;^^(^)}.
we have by
Art. 372
J^ (^) r=
sin
(j)
We may
(3) of
positive value of n,
382.
From
383.
We
(1)
and
(2)
we
obtain
of z ; thus
obtain
1
[J,{x)Y+ 2 K(a:)r+
2{/,HP+ 2 {JAx)]'+
(5).
^i
[J.
{J^.
297
;
thus
wn-
385.
Differentiate (2)
thus
dx
dx
dx*
'
Similarly
and SO
2'^^==J^{x)-3J^,{x)+3J,,,{x)-J,,,ix)
on.
Thus the
and
From
(1)
and
(2)
we have
^.W = ^^(^)~^^
(6),
= ^/^(^) +
(7).
J^_^(^)
298
Then from
and
(3)
*^^'^^~
and
^'^
[x) in
887.
'^
dx
in succession
x' dx'
'
dx''
for
From
(6)
we have
dx~
'
therefore
^^ =
= - ^ '^ (^) + 1
by
we obtain
so on.
Thus
J^
(6)
(6)
aad
{I
"^
"
*^" ^^^
'^"^^
^^^
- 1, J. (^) + ^ ^^M _
'^" (^)
-'^"^^)}
^!^
^"
(^)
^ (^)'
(7).
Thus
'388.
Let
and
[x)
J^^^ {x)
again,
;
stand for
and
"1^"^
so on.
^^ii^
From
(1)
we have
therefore
_^ + >) =
therefore
Q,
{x)
= 2n - q-^
therefore
Q^^
(x)
=2
(n
+ 1)
therefore
Qn
W =^
(n
-H) -
209
2!?
g.,, (.)
ew
a'
2( + l)-2(. +
and
2)-(2^(.)'
so on.
indefinitely great
M=
(x) vanishes
when
is
'^Z-*-" <^^
"='
i_
4(n
+ m + 2)
4i{n
+ m-\-l)
is
finite
Hence our process develops Q^ (x) into an infinite convergent fraction of the second class, in which the first component
^
x^
is -^,
2(n
r-,
l)'
0^
is
-^r-i
2(n + r +
t\
l)
Chapter.
300
To shew
390.
By
that
we have
Art. 371
'
W ^) = 7=
f-
iT
:^
(f>)
sin'" </> J^
2"r
thus
^{a;-V(Vi)}
1
= ^r7-=^
f"
I
-.
'
2V7r^ 2"rf7i+^y
(f)
sin''" <^
cos
</>
J^
sin
(Jx cos
0) sin'"
^ cos ^ cZ<^
"^
1
^
..
sin'""^^^ sin
l~
(Viccos ^) +
C
I
2V TT
1
= "" TTT^"
TT
2''{2n
---^
COS
{Jx
cos
</>)
+ l)r{n + ^y'
1
f^
1\
2V7r2n.ir/^ + l^iyo
1
we have
/-
_
COS (Vaj cos
<f>)
sin'""^
d6
Then
dififerentiating
again
(1\
301
we have
_!Lt?
To shew
391.
We
have
[x^ /. (Vx))
But by
(1)
that
= ^ [oTx-'^J^ {Jx)]
rLd
we have
^n+i
(^^)
= ^^ ^n (V?) -
Then
differentiating again,
we have
By
Taylor's
Theorem we have
/_, (\^)
802
where f
The
put
is
for
^+ 6h^
fraction.
differential coefficients
side of this
Theorem we have
Similarly by Taylor's
[x
-h
{Jx
TiY /
+ h) = x'
J^ [Jx)
and the
differential coefficients
893.
thus
may be
7,2
^2
x'J{^x)
= -r-^{a='
dx'
dx'
by the theorem
-"{<"
'
+
j2
"
J^^i-Jx)}
^'-'^ ~^^^n..K^)l;
J^
(V^)l
d^\^
+ m-r-
member is equal to
'dx'"-'Y
''"+
'
W^''|
J^iJx)]
+ -'
^^^
S03
this
(m + ) (m +
- 1) (- |)""'^^>^.^(Vi)+...
Tlius
J, i^-)
(-
1)"'
2*m {m
{/.,. (7^)
1)
Then putting
2^m
(m
2
??) C??i
r?
1) ^
(7^7
x^ for
a?,
demonstration, as
it
w -}.
by the aid
is
so as to
is
we have by
we have
In this theorem
any quantity which
*"'""'
it
may
negative values of x
Thus, for example,
equal to
then
\
theorem
^-w = (-ir^..(^).
304
CHAPTEK
XXXII.
FOURIER'S EXPRESSION.
894.
Suppose w =
^oW--L
2'
2^4'
6*'
2'. 4'.
We
895.
Put 6
preceding
series,
and denote
We
infinite
In treating
has an
this
Article, it is really
is
easily seen
by two
differentiations that
FOURIER'S EXPRESSION.
or this
may be
obtained from the general differential equa370 by changing the independent variable.
tion of Art.
By
we now obtain
+ef"{e) =o,
successive differentiation
f'{e)
+2/"
((9)
/- {0) + 4/""
and so
305
((9)
Of'""
(d)
= 0,
on.
Now
we
suppose
in 6, where
of functions
m may be as large as
/W, /W.
may be called
may be assumed to be
this series
f\6),...r(e);
Fourier s Functions, and the student
acquainted with their importance;
has
and
positive.
We may
vanish
remark that
when 6
396.
equation
is
it
is
negative.
.^+
/W
-"
^^'-
T.
20
foueier's expression.
306
Then
diminishes from
rfff.
changed.
x(ff\
as 6 changes from
oo to 0,
As 6 changes from
increases from
to
it
was
before.
Hence
-^L
a to
c.
The equations
of Art.
may be put
1
.f'(0)
f'iff)
f(0)
f"'(0)
and so
on.
Thus
fis)~
and
>
2-j
3-..,
Fourier's expression.
Thus \
is
307
is
see Algebra,
Art. 778.
398.
The results obtained by Fourier admit of easy
extension to Bessel's general Functions, as we shall now shew.
We
2"r(74-l)
X*
Put 6
.,
a?
for
x'
a?
^
^^W--^
2(2n
2)"*'2.4(2w
**
then
0^
+ 2)(2w + 4)
is
easily
shewn by two
F{e)
(71
differentiations that
or this may be obtained from the general differential equation of Art. 370 by first putting va?" for u, and then changing
the independent variable from x to 6.
By
successive differentiation
F{e)
F'\d)
and
we now
obtain
+ (n + 2) F'{e) + eF"\d) = 0,
+ (w + 3) F"'{e) + eF"\d) = 0,
so on.
399.
infinite
number of
The demonstration
is
+
The demonstration
is
F{e)
"
202
SOS
Fourier's EXPREssioir.
401.
From
'
x=
n
+1
71
+ 2-
n+
S-
...
309
CHAPTER
XXXIII.
equation J^ (a;) =
see Journal de VEcole
Poly technique, Cahier 19, pages 349... 353. We will give his
principal results though not altogether according to his
method.
roots of the
Let y stand
y=l
this
may be
cos
(a;
cos 0)
(f<^
(1)
written
%+(i..),A--......
This suggests that
when x
is
.(0).
may
y isJx = AQCosx-\-B^smx
where A^ and B^ are constants.
403.
Po.isson
W,
(3)
can be
...
B^, B^,
...
310
A and
B,.
2A+4-B=0,
2.2A+{l.2 + l}j?.= 0,
-2.25,+{l.2+i}j.= 0,
-2rB^{r-l)r+^A^=0,
we
404.
is
__
Aq cos x + Bq
six
sin
"
'
(4) is admissible
when
approximately.
Therefore y vanishes
where tan a =
when tana;=
and n
is
any
Ap
>
's^
^^^ a?=W7r+a,
In like manner
integer.
m is any integer.
large integers, as
values of x,
405.
But
we
This conjecture
2/=
are
verified.
cos
2a?cos^^-
Aq= B^',
midway between
may be
I
then
those of y =
"We have
a?) c?^
for
0.
311
= cosa;
cosf2xcos^~]d^-\-8mxj smf2a;cos*|jcZ<^...(5).
is
y=
Put 2x cos' T)
^y
*^^s
f^ _costdt____
__
^"io
^ j d<}>.
COS tdt
^/'i^(2x-t)''Jo^t^/{2x-t)
so that
cos^cZ^
dt
2x T;
,
becomes
then
,
cos^cZ^
'
Jo VrV(2a: -
This integral
-^
it
we have
^"
^2xK
= cos t,
cos
\^i^/(2x'-t)'
^V
V?
""
when x
for 1
is
^^
2x
V2^ Jo ^- /ji _ A^
very large
may be
by
replaced
^
.
as
is
Comparing
X
= 2r7r, we
Similarly
of (5)
when
see that
a;
by
(4)
when
A = Jir.
2r
+ ^j
''"
we
j5=
Vw-.
312
Let u stand
we know
for J^ {x)\
du
d'^u
dx^
X dx
that
n\
f
\
_
*
a?)
^-,W.--^(^-l)V^=0;
thus
and when x
is
finite
we have
approximately
so that
Now
Art. 405,
U ='
(6).
as
in
we have
ic"
cos
sin'"^
d(f>
V7r2
sm
Suppose X
have from (7)
2r7r,
where r
"
'
V7r2'^r
Put 2x cos'^ o
=^
a large integer
is
/*""
I
lyo
2^cos'|^ sm'"<^(Z^...(7).
cos
then we
(t>\
2x cos^ -
sin^"
-^y
^ J<^.
r+2J
j
-J-/
n +
V liTX
'^
1-^^
COS...^
dt
(8).
313
The equation
If
(8) is exact.
/
we should
unity
suppose that
first
we
Y~^
may be
we
Integral Calculus,
cos
replaced by
t.t'^'^dt.
r[n + ^j cos(n+^j
obtain
Then
-^.
Thu^
finally
(6)
we have
when
a;
Hence by
= [ 2r + ^
) tt,
we
member
get
(6),
fnir
\/2
cos
V TTX
TT
+
(-1-)
-
()
407. The approximations which we employed after obtaining the exact equation (8) are not very satisfactory for
every value of n ; but at least they involve little difficulty
so long as
than ^
is less
The formula
jT
for
it
Hence- we
may
and ^
is fairly
Then we
established
infer that
for
when x
is
*^+i
W=
^^^ ^rom
(9)
we have approximately
314
between
then
it
11
--
holds
and ^,
it
when n
lies
holds
when n
it
it
IS
between - and ^
lies
on.
408.
It
Thus
2/
= 2l
Jo
1-z
put
for cos
<j) ;
then
y=2
^
I
= ^2 cos ^
cos(a; cos
Jo
^)
dcf)
^^v ""gj ^^
Jz(2 2)
r_2|M^ + ^2
sin
r_pM^
0,
/J
f cos (az) f_ 1 z 1.3 /sN'
= ^"='"io^{' + 2-2 + 2r4(2)+-H'
,
/^
sin (xz)
(^
^"U-^f +
As soon
as the values of
1 z
2 2
1.3
/^^N''
+ 274(2)+-}^7^^ dz and
L-^ c?2
v^
Jo
^0
yz
are known we can obtain by differentiation with respect to x
the values of the other integrals which occur in the expresThus denote the former by P, and the latter by
sion for y.
then we have
'*
z cos (xz)
j^_dQ
[^
z sin (xz)
Jz
dP
da,'
315
dx"
Jz
and
(1
dx''
Jz
J,
so on.
Thus we
find that
+i
Pcosaj4-
Q"sina:) +...
.1
(10),
= 3=
By
;^
integration
Tcos (xz)
dz,
by Integral
by parts we have
_ sin (xz)
fsin (xz)
f cos (xz)
V^ ^
1.3^1.3.5.7
(1
F 2V
*/2x
2V
I
j
2V
\2x'
we
will
2V
<f>
(a?)
sin
ar
-^
(a:)
cos x.
v2a;
may shew
that
!'
316
sin x.
find that
Fcosxi-
Also
dP
1[~
^^
dx~~^
\l
cos a;,
therefore coso;-^
Therefore
get from (10)
'<|r'(a;)
if
sina; -r-
we
^ sin fa?
</)'(^')
^/^(ic).
we
ever that the latter class of terms will disappear as the process is continued.
We
I.
shall shew that <^ (x) and '^ {x) and their differential coefficients will occur, as they do in (11), free from
For we have
sin X and cos x as multipliers.
P cos X \- Q X y^ {x)\
Psmx Q cos X ^{x
SYD.
mi
erms which are multiplied
by
omitting the terms
are not concerned with
them
here.
,^^.
--
for
we
317
Then, by differentiating,
From
P cos
we
Q sin a; =
</>'(ar).
obtain
"^X^) + <p[x)^
+ Q' sin x = --'y{x)
(^)
P' sin x Q' cos x^
f(a:)+tWJ
a?
a;
^^^^'
derived equations
its
we
obtain
ct, (a;)
and
^^^
(a?)
involve only
[x]
and
'^
(a:)
and
their derivatives.
a?
a?
a?
a;
-cTg (a?),
;\;3
(a;),
so on.
Then
substituting in (10),
shall
have
we
free
<^ (a?)
and
^/r
we
(x)
v/r
<f>
[x)
the
first
differential equation
-~ + (XX
-/CLX
substitute in the
-hy=Oj then
as
none of the
Thus omitting
^ {x)
we
all
obtain finally
<^ (a;)
and
318
\/2
= -p-TT cos
\L
\{V (\\
11 3V 1
\\ %\h^T / 1
^^
\*
NX
V27r
Va;
X
l^ 3^
5V 1 A'
/cos
'7*2/
So
in the expansion of (l
^2)
which we have
319
CHAPTER XXXIV.
EXPANSIONS IN SERIES OF BESSBL*S FUNCTIONS.
We
409.
shall in the present Chapter give examples
of the expansion of various functions in infinite series of
Bessel's Functions.
We know by the
410.
cos (x sin
<^)
except
a z=
where
cos
(re
sin
<f>)
cos
. .
.,
n<i>d<t>,
when n
71
cos {x sin
<^)
411.
. .
we can
shew that
sin {x sin
412.
<^)
As
particular cases
sin
3</)
+ 2/^ (a;)
sin 5<^ +. .
we have
+ 2/,(rc)4-2/,(rr)+...,
= 2. l/^(ic) + 2. 3/3(0;) + 2.5/,(a;) +...;
l=e7,(a;)
a;
0,
<f>
and
and
320
413.
cos [x COS
(^)
COS
we
get
into
</>
= 2/j (a;)
2/3 (a?)
cos
-^
+^
20 + 2/^
cos 30
may be
thus
[x) cos
+ 2 J, (^)
40
. . .
cos 50 +.
Thus putting
deduced.
= 0, we
+ 'lJ^{x) --...,
- 2/3 (^) + 2j; (x) - ....
cosaj= J^{x)-2J^(x)
sina;
= 2/^ (ic)
to 0,
cos
=2
a;
{IV,
cos (x sin 0)
S'V^ {x)
5V,
(^)
},
. .
.].
that
Now we know by
n be
we have shewn
In Art. 410
414.
{x)
if
even,
cosw0 =
and
cos (x
sm
rj
0-1
sm 9) = 1
,^
-i
^sm*0
,-,
...;
we have
=J,(x)+2tJ^(x),
x' = 2l.n'JJx),
x'==2^n'(re-2')JJx),
x'=2tn'{n'--2'){n''-4i')J^{x),
and
so on.
415.
sin {x sin
<^)
= 2/^ {x)
Now we know
n be
sin
<^
sin
5(;f)
+.
if
ocZc?,
= M sin^ - -^^
sinwd)
8m'<^ +
'-
-^^
.....
sin [x sin
<p)
.^-^^
sin*<^-.
.
.
I-
[5
and
321
= a; sin
jc'
sin>
ir'sin^
r^^ 4
....
p;
we have
x'=2Xn{n'-V)J^(x),
x'
and
= 2tn {n' -
V)
(n'
3^)
/,
{x),
so on.
2tnV^
{x)
=x' + 4-x\
manner we
In like
see that 2Xn^J^(x) can be expressed
Thus we are naturally led to
in terms of a;", x*, and x^.
conjecture that 2^n'^'"J^X^) can be expressed in terms of
x^'", a;^"*"^,
To shew the truth of this conjecture
ic*, a;^
take the expansion given in equation (2) of Art. 370, and
substitute in every term of 2'^n^'"J^{x); then picking out
the coefficient of a;"* we shall find it to be
. . .
that
is
9.
2'
|2rV
9>./9.
9r
(^r
1)
(r
2)^^"*
. .
|2
T.
21
822
where the
until
it
Finite Differences
^^^^
A^V*",
1^n^J^[x)^x^^x.
In like manner we see that ^r^J^ {x) can be expressed
in terms of a;*', a;^ and x. From this we are naturally led to
conjecture that 2271"""^V,^ (a?) can be expressed in terms of
oi?'^'^ ,
To shew the truth of this conjecture
o?'"'-^^
0^ X.
take the expression given in equation (2) of Art. 370, and
substitute in every term of Ttr^'^'^'^J^ [x) then picking out
the coefficient of ic^*^^ we shall find it to be
^
. . .
__2___
|(2,
+ i)- _
(2^
+ 1)
(2,
_ i)~"
occurs,
323
where the
now
-r + l-^l
thus there are
Differences
now 2r+2
the
expression
With
terms.
becomes
- for
a;
to be continued
""("^"9)
o2r^m^ 9
-i
^^^x^'^\
Then
it is
known by
denoted
the theory
418.
e^
From
Art. 376
we have
coefficients of z^
thus
coefficients of
-^
^.(^)
...
thus
324
419. From the latter formula, by putting for r in succession the values 1, 2, ... we obtain
274 ^0
and
X
W + 27476
^^ ^^^
"^
2X678 ^^ ^^"^ +
=2
"^^
^^^
" '^^*^^^'
so on.
From
420.
we
obtain
Jri:^)
x-^
may be
This
and
(7) of
Art. 381
+ l )(^2)
a?*"
2'*"
by
J.{^)
x^
Now
established
r(r+l)
thus
(r
1)
3
+ ,/^}^J^i.)^...
^
we have
dJM
- =
^-
/^(a;)
substitute
325
rjr
..
so that finally
Thus
(2)
e/.^^
is
{x)
+ 1) (r+j)
we should
changing r into r
1 in (1).
In equation
(8)
get by
true
(1)
change x into
of Art. 37C
is
when
kx-^
thus
e^'^'~3
= J,{hx)+zJ^ (lex)
+z'J^{Jcx)
...
-lj^{kx)+l,J,{kx)...{S).
z
Again, in equation
thus
*(k,-l-\
But
e'^
'"^
(8)
^(*-^\
=e'^
^fu_}\^
'^%
'^xe'^
(4)
(3).
into e
* ^
Thus putting fi
must be equal
for
Jc
- v we
,
to
have
826
Jo{Jcx)+zJ^{kx)+z'J^{kx)
...
coefficients of
s*";
thus
/,(fe)
J^,,(,x)
"we
may
suppose k
. .
>v/2,
and
then/. = i.
Take equation
422.
sides integrated
^"
(""
~ ^^'^'~'^ =
S^J,(x)+z8'''J,{x)
+ z'S'^'J.ix) + ...
and therefore
2.- (l
p)""{jo
(a;)
J^{x)
...}
. .
-is-/+lsV,(^)-...(5).
From (5) we may deduce various formulae. Thus for
example equating the terms which are independent of Zy
we have
327
80 that
= 2'*Ilf-'
f^e/.W^..j
Particular cases of (6)
values
m in succession the
may be
(6).
1, 2, 3, ...
Im1 + l
328
CHAPTER XXXV.
GENERAL THEOREMS WITH RESPECT TO EXPANSIONS.
423.
In the preceding Chapter we have given various
examples of the expansion of functions in infinite series of
Bessel's Functions; in the present Chapter we shall give
some general theorems relating to the subject.
424.
We know
satisfies
the
differential equation
Let
/3
for J^ (olx)
thus
+ ":j+ :j^2=0
X ax ax
1 dv
d\
^'^-.Ta>^d?=''
Let f be any assigned quantity
(/3^-a=)/;..<i. =
\^J'
thus
f^K
^2^-
?[.J-4g
(3);
(1)
we have
/dU
du
dx
1 (
du.
a*
d\l\
du dv
dx dx
dv
Thus
425.
if
we
We
shall next
329
dv\ J
V dx) '^^l
and f we have
,
xu^dx.
We have
shewn
tliat
dv
^T du
^YTx'~''dx
xuvax=
^'-^^
K
^
[^
*-
,,.,
Now
let
us suppose that
/3
-*
approaches a as a
hence
its
/8 is
Now
to be
is
d%
[j.
d^dx\
made equal
to a ultimately.
2a
where
dv du
dx
way
v^J^ifix)
dff
thus
d*v
^=I ^
1
dv
>
^^^
x d%
dlS'dx^^di'^^d?'
then
lipiit,
and
830
dv du
rp-,
dp dx
When
/9 is
_x du dv
d^v
dx
d/S
made equal
u fdv
pdxdx
xdu
dv
to a this
d^v\
dxy
\dx
,^,
fdu\^
becomes -
;7-
a (\dx.
+ olxu^
so that finally
xu^dx
= --^
.(4).
I.
/3.
19
'r
xuvdx
then will
.(5).
0.
X+
For we have
fiP)
Now/(j9)
f{p)
f for
is
the value of u
= M- ^^^
cc;
so that
^'
^^
^^^
-^ f {p) =
when we put f
*^ value of -^
when we put
|^^|J
a'P
Therefore
fip)
Pf'ip)
ri dui
^
Ap)
lu dx}
/iP)
so that
'
2 [w
c^icj
=|
xuvdx = 0.
/.
and therefore
(6).
331
RESPECT TO EXPANSIONS.
jy^dx^l(^^!-\-^^)[in
we have
For, as
just shewn,
^=
""
o
I
fore
tain
=-
Lj"
fc
Hence
[^0-
(7).
^^^ ^^^^^'
^r
substituting in
(4)
we
ob-
(7).
(j)
[x),
,l>{x)
can be
(8),
where
a, y8,
7,
...
similar equations,
Suppose
and f
we wish
for instance
then by
(6)
X(^{x)J^{oLx)dx
(7)
=A
{J^{cLx)f
/:
Similarly B, Cj
dx
J
is
thus
(8)
I
Jo
and by
...
<f>
on the
can be found.
429.
It will be seen that in the preceding Article we
do not undertake to shew that </> (.t) can be always expanded
in the assigned form, but assuming that it can be so
expanded we find the values of the constant coefficients.
332
The
^^)'
^dt^^'Kd^'^'idx}
this is to
be
satisfied consistently
equation which
is
^
V is the temperature, t
the axis of the cylinder.
^ for
-,-
we
is
+l=
'>
(10)
the time, x
Assume
is
= e'^'^u
then
if
we put
obtain
du
2"
+ i55 +
(Pu
rf.-'
,^^.
(11)-
'^M) = o>
and that any
4>
then we
A, B,
JM) = o, JM) =
function, as
o,
may
(7, ...
. . .
CJ,
(7.r)
in the form
(12)
by a process
BE8PECT TO EXPANSIONS*
For equation
present case [u]
(3)
holds as before
0,
and
= 0, we
[v]
333
in the
should obtain equa-
/>"*-[']
Moreover
^=
=a
^^
Hence we may
if
we
^(/,Mj'^=|rK(^i)r
Hence by
(6)
and
(14)
'xi>(x)J,{c^)dx
...
(14).
we have
= 4^{J,{oi^)]\
2
/,
Similarly B, C,
can be found.
431.
The process of Art. 430 may be regarded as an
easy modification of Fourier's, and by several German writers
is stated to be given in the Chapter of Fourier which we
have cited but what Fourier really gives is that which we
have ascribed to him in Art. 429.
:
433.
J^(j3x)
Let a and
(fixyv.
/3
We
shall find
2n + 1 ^M d'^u
""'-r-dx+cu'-'^
J
admit
2n
-f
1 c?y
d^v
,.
(1^)'
,-
^.
33^
434^.
The demonstration
is
Also
435.
...(18).
The demonstration
Let
436.
and
let
a and
is
p and
/3
^=
then will
(10);
[ x'^'^'uvdx^O
The demonstration
is
(20).
x'^'^Wdx
/,
The demonstration
is
\jf]
(21).
438.
Suppose then that any function, as
expressed in the following form
<f>
{x)^
can be
<^{x)=Au-\-Bv-\-Cw+...,
where
to J^(yx),
on
For by
(20)
and the
by (21).
we have
x'^^'uct> (x)
dx
=A
l^x'^'^Wdx,
is
known
RESPECT TO EXPANSIONS.
335
|.^.(f)=o.
then
if
^J,m=o,
any function, as
<l)
{x) ==
(f>
(x),
^JM)=o,....
Au + Bv + Cw+ ...,
we may
by
A, B,
C,...
/>"*= t:[']
Thus
as before
we can
find
A, B,
(7,
(-)
. . .
440.
If in Art. 434 we put for u and v their values in
terms of Bessel's Functions we shall find that equation (17)
becomes
=f p-(^^^i'^-^^)-'^('^) i'^"('3^)]
and by equation (6) of Art. 386 the right-hand
be transformed into
In
like
manner equation
(22)
U+i (k1
>
member may
becomes
by equation
(6)
of Art. 386.
336
441.
We shall now give a remarkable theorem due to
Schlomilch by which any function is expressed in an iniSnite
series of Bessel's Functions.
which
lies
and
between
h,
z,
then
for
we have
A^yJ F {u)
where
For h put -
IT,
and
for z
ixx
2/^ + A^
A^=^-\
where
put
cos
da.
cos
thus
4/icc
+ A^ cos ^iix +.
.,
and
1; this gives,
and
by Art. 374,
Q n
(24),
/J,
Now
is
x between
and ^
tt,
be
suppose that
-J.
v(r^)
=-^^'^)
l'
^F'{ixx)du,
('"')=.
RESPECT TO EXPANSIONS.
337
by
and
1 for
thus
When
a!
we have
jP(0)
have
=/(0) from
(25);
F{k)=f{0)+kjy^^^^
hence
(26).
we regard / as a
thus
f{x)
where A^ = ^j'^{f{0)
for
F in terms of/:
every value of
+ uf^j^^\cos2jiudu:
A = -J^-os2n.{J^.J14L_}^,,
but in the case of n =
Thus f[x)
Functions.
44)2.
It is
expanded in an
2/(0).
"
It
i.
T.
is
we must add
VCi'^v:^) -
--^(^^^^
2 (^(^)
22
338
by the use
integral
of
r^rl""
F\r
rdrde
cose)
K^ ^n'"^
.,
Hence we have
this is the
443.
and put
Art. 441;
x the
result obtained in
then since
^(ic) for/'(ic);
= J^{x),
we have
<i>
{x)
444.
If
we
fix)
/t
[^
(f)
Hr^d^c^^'
ucos2nu\\ ~^
= TT
instead of
/t
= ^ tt
^^^^^^
^J^
jj^
n except
zero,
7(T3|^}
27?
f- u cos
is
for values of
^^'
and when n
in equation (28)
add 2/(0).
and TT.
where
iuP)
where
By
f^""
n\
we put
and proceed
Article
5 =
where
we must
x between
zero
we obtain
i^^x)
^ (*'?) ^f
^ r -p.
nu du
772,
...
RESPECT TO EXPANSIONS.
The formulae
into
where
Jx
In the
;
44!l
first
330
might
also
in
be deduced
them
a;
thus
infinity.
since
we
obtain
222
then
340
CHAPTER XXXVI.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
446. In this Chapter we shall collect some miscellaneous
propositions which involve the use of Bessel's Functions.
Having given
447.
press y in terms of z.
= z+xsiny
it is
required to ex-
may be
This problem
thus
z=C^smz+
where
^n
=2
(y
T""
TTJ,
By
integration
ly sin
nzdz
by
=-
C^ sin 2^
2;)
sin
cos nz
. .
nz dz
2
+ - cos rnr.
ysmnzdz
^
parts
Og sin 3^
we have
+-
= - cos nz + -\
cos nz
cos
dy
n{y x sin y) dy
therefore
sin
?i2^
t/^
cos nvr
+ -
cos n (y
a;
sin y)
cfy.
341
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
Thus
C^ =
/"
cos
(y
Art. 372.
Therefore
3/-r=2J/,(a:)sin3+|/,(2a;)sin22!+gJ,(3a;)sm3+...|...(l).
448.
and
For we
cos
%=
-4,
+ -4j cos 2 + -4
A;
cos 2^
is
+ ^, cos 32 +
. .
/*"
cosA;^c?2=-l
this vanishes if
/*
cos^y
is
(1
arcosy)c?y;
equal to
if
unity.
2 r
Moreover
ul
2^
=-
cos {ny
nzds
/*"
/
sin
=
s=
hy
may put
Then -4^=-
is
for cos
sin hy^
sinA;ysinn(y a;sini/)cZy
hy nx sin y) (Zy
I
In like manner we
cos {ny
may put
and proceeding
parts,
as before
we
. . .
A;
MISCELLANEOUS PKOPOSITIONS.
342
Suppose
example that
for
,=-.
k=l
(nx)
=J
(nx)
therefore
icsin^=2
\j^{x)siriz-\-
Thus
(2)
agrees with
..,(2).
(1).
known by
is
Art. 448.
dy
^^ from
Lllg
finding
=1+
{/j
(a?)
!]
therefore
= :^
and
we have
(1),
coss
To shew that
450.
e~'''J,{ax)dx
1:
We have
1
J^
(jOLx)
f''
d<f>
therefore
I
e"^"^
J^ (ax)
dx
=-
IT J,
Put
+ a^ cos^</)
=
6
in the
I)'
(ax)
*^
^
Jf,
dx =
we
get
b'+a'cos'ct>
TT j
preceding result
/.
thus
thus
dx dcp.
'
V('+6')
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
To shew
451.
r
I
that
rwr(l:i^)rg)
a;"*"^ /
dx
(ax)
si
n rmr,
2^^a"
Jo
where
343
We
have
(ax)
f cos
(gw;
cos
<f)
fZ(/>
=
But
a?"""*
</>)
c?<^
=2
<^)
dx d<f>.
<^)
J(^
thus the
aj"*
cos
(ow;
cos
first
2r(m)co3-^
Tra'"
and
Vy
-"+Vi
rJ'
d,^_
Jo cos'"<^*
^(-2^)^(2)
,-j,
rg)r(i-|)=-
TT
Sm
-;t-
344
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS
rwr(J^)rg)rg)
cos
sin -2"
r(n.)r(l^)r(|)_
sm mTT.
We have,
452.
'^o
(^
1
+^) = -
by
Art. 371,
T""
cos
(a;
cos
/""
I
COS
(a;
cos
<^)
cos (y cos ^)
c?<^
1 r^
I
<^) J(^.
cos {x COS ^)
cos
(a;)
therefore
. .
T'^
cos (x cos
= ^oW^o(2/) + 2/,
Also,
(p)
(a.)
/.(y)
+ 2J,(^) J,(y)
+...
by Art. 413,
sin (a? cos (/))= 2 Jj (a?) cos 02/3(0;) cos 3^ +2/5(0;) cos
sin(ycos</>)
therefore
5(f)
...
- ...
finally /
(a;
+ y) =
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
345
453.
satisfy
the
relations
Rcosk = Py
so that
By
we have
JAR)
Now
= P* + Q'.
jB'
Art. 372
^=
jR sin
= -1
r*
d<f).
obviously
cos
{R
sin <f))d(f>=
cos
[R
sin
(<^
+ k)
dj>
= -1
{R)
=-
['cos [R sin
cos i2 {sin
(</>
From
(3)
Jq {R)
and
0=
f sin (P sin
that
cf>)dcj>
(4).
2 ['
~
cos (P sin
Try,
(3).
may shew
c?<^
^cos<^)d[^
=~
cZ<^
= -1 f COS (Psin<^+
J^[R)
+ A;))
<^)
<^)
cos
(Q cos
(f>)d<})
(5),
sin (Q cos
<^) J(/)
(6).
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
846
or
Then by
=-
JJ^R)
(4)
we have
cos {(r
- r^ cos 6)
sin
<^
'^ J
that
r^ sin 6 cos ^}
d(f>,
is
Jq{R)=But by
Arts.
cos[rBm<p
(7).
cos (r sin ^)
sin (r sin
= 2/^ (r)
(j))
r^sm{<j> + 6)}d(j)
sin
cf)
cos
2^ + 2e7^(r)
+ 2/3 (r)
sin
30
cos
4^
...
7\,
. .
.
into
(j>
Thus we obtain
cos {r sin 0) cos
{r^
sin (<j>-\-6)}
dcj}
/:
^)} c?0
Jo
= 2^1J;(r)j;(r,)cos^+/3(r)J3Wcos3e+J,WJ;(r>os5^+...l.
Add
J,{R)=J,{r)
where
j;(r.)
we
obtain from
+ 2X J-(r) J-(r.)cosn^...
(7)
(8),
infinity.
If
we suppose ^ = tt the
in Art.
452
for J^ [x-\-y).
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
454
i?
As a
2r sin ^
347
'
= r,
so that
then
J, (2r sin
(9).
and,
by
cos
2rsin^
sin
</>] fZ<^,
Art. 410,
sin
^j
= J^ (2r sin
<f>)
(j))
<f))
^j
cos 9
cos 2^
...
(9)
and
(10)
(10).
we have
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
848
The
is
integrated
^
thus
is
first
we
term in
eTl
r
(x) is
/
we
times
^,,
2*^
,-, a;*"
~,
(r
+ 1)
obtain ^,^
and when
2^r(m + r + ^tt^"''*^,
l)
.
this
and
Both Neumann and Lommel have introduced funcwhich they give the name of Bessel's Functions
second order ; the two functions are not the same,
456.
tions to
of the
but
for
is
We may
2(2/1-2)
'
2.4(2/1-2) (2/1-4)
+ 2. 4.
and
this
may be
...},
easily verified.
cambbidge: printed by
c.
j.
clay, m.a. at
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