AICTESDPonOpenSourceSoftware,PSGTech,June22nd,2007July6th,2007

for
Digital Signal Processing
SSubathra
ProjectEngineer,NRCFOSS
AUKBCResearchCentre
MITCampusofAnnaUniversity
Chennai600044
subathra@aukbc.org

Plan for Presentation

TutorialSession

SignalProcessingwithScilab45mins(Tutor)
LabSession

InstallationDemo

10mins(Tutor)

InstallationofScilab

15mins(Participants)

ScilabBuildinDemo 50mins(Participants)

HandsonPractise

60mins(Participants)

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Tutorial Session

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Outline

Scilab

SignalProcessing

Handlingvectors&matrices

Usingplotfunctions

Signalgeneration

Sampling

Convolution

Correlation

DiscreteFourierTransform

DigitalFilterDesign
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Scilab

Freesoftware

Numericalprogramming

RapidPrototyping

Extensivelibrariesandtoolboxes

Easyformatrixmanipulation

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Scilab

Freesoftware

Numericalprogramming

IdealforSignalProcessing

RapidPrototyping

Extensivelibrariesandtoolboxes

Easyformatrixmanipulation

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Signal Processing

Asignalcarriesinformation,andtheobjectiveofsignal
processingistoextractusefulinformationcarriedbythe
signal.
Themethodofinformationextractiondependsonthetype
ofsignalandthenatureoftheinformationbeingcarriedby
thesignal.
SignalProcessingisconcernedwiththemathematical
representationofthesignalandthealgorithmicoperation
carriedoutonittoextracttheinformationpresent.

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Signal Processing

A1Dsignalisafunctionofasingleindependentvariable.

A2Dsignalisafunctionofatwoindependentvariable.

Eg:SpeechSignal=>time
Eg:Image(likephotograph)=>twospatialvariables

AMDsignalisafunctionofmorethanonevariable.

Eg:Eachframeofablackandwhitevideosignalisa2
Dimagesignalthatisafunctionoftwodiscretespatial
variables,witheachframeoccurringsequentiallyat
discreteinstantsoftime.=>twospatialvariables&time
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Signal Processing

Therepresentationofthesignalcanbeintermsofbasis
functionsinthedomainoftheoriginalindependent
variable(s),oritcanbeintermsofbasisfunctionsina
transformeddomain.
Asignalcanbegeneratedbyasinglesourceorby
multiplesources.

SingleSource=>Scalar

MultipleSource=>Vector

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

Signal Processing

Therepresentationofthesignalcanbeintermsofbasis
functionsinthedomainoftheoriginalindependent
variable(s),oritcanbeintermsofbasisfunctionsina
transformeddomain.
HowtoprocessvectorswithScilab
Asignalcanbegeneratedbyasinglesourceorby
multiplesources.

SingleSource=>Scalar

MultipleSource=>Vector

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

10

Handling vectors

Tocreateazerovectorwith20dimensions

>a=zeros(1,20);

Tocreateavectorandstoreitinavariable

>b=[12351];

Toextracttheelement1to3oftheabovevector

>b(1:3)
[123]
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

11

Handling matrices
Toinitializematrix
>m=zeros(3,3);
>k=rand(3,3);
>h=[1467;4321;143
8];

Toextracttheelementsof
thematrix
>h(2:3,2:4)
|178|
|215|

Togetthesizeofmatrix
>size(h)
>[34]

Transposeofamatrix
>h=[1467;4321;143
8];
>h
|129|
|412|
|671|
|785|

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

12

Operator Notation

Tomultiplytwomatricesaandb

>a*b

Formultiplyingtransposeofmatrixawithitself

>a*a

Forelementwisemultiplicationandaddition

>c=a.*b
>c=a.+b
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

13

Using Plot Function

Plotfunctionisusedto
producenumberoftwo
dimensionalplots

0.9
0.8
0.7

Togeneratesarandom
vectoroflength10andplots
thepointswithstraightline
joiningeachpoints

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0.2
0.1

>y=rand(1,10);
>plot(y);

0.0

10

Fig.1PlotFunctionSample1
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Using Plot Function color

Colorofthelinejoiningthe
pointschangedusinga
parameter

yyellow
ccyan
ggreen
wwhite
mmagenta
rred
bblue
kblack

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0.2
0.1
0.0

>y=rand(1,10);
>plot(y,r);

10

Fig.2PlotFunctionSample2
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Using Plot Function

Toproduceadiscontiniousplot

.usesdotateachpoint
*usesasterisksateachpoint
dusesblankdiamondateach
point
^usesupwardtrianglesateach
point
ousescircleateachpoint
+usescrossateachpoint
vusesinvertedtriangleateach
point

>y=rand(1,10);
>plot(y,r);

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0.0

10

Fig.3PlotFunctionSample3
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Using Plot Function subplot

Severalplotscanbeaccommodatedinasinglefigurewindow
usingsubplotcommand.
Thiscommandtakesthreeparametersasinput,firsttwo
parametersspecifiesthegridsize,i.e.howmanyrowsand
columnsandthethirdparameterspecifiesthepositionoftheplot
inthegrid.

Fore.g.,
subplot(3,2,2)
tellsscilabthatthefigurewindowisdividedasthreerows,two
columnsandtheplothastobeplacedinthesecondcolumnofthe
firstrow.

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

17

Using Plot Function subplot

Example:

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1.0

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0.9

x1=rand(1,10);

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subplot(2,2,1);

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0.5

plot(x1);

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x2=rand(1,20);

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subplot(2,2,2);
plot(x2);

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0.1
1

10

0.0

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1.0

x3=rand(1,15);

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subplot(2,2,3);

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plot(x3);

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subplot(2,2,4);
plot(x4);

10 12 14 16 18 20

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0.1

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0.5

x4=rand(1,25);

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0.1
0

10

12

14

16

0.0

10

15

20

25

Fig.4PlotFunctionSample4
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Using Plot Function - label

Tomarklabel,thefunction
gcareturnsthehandlefor
thecurrentaxes

1.0
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0.6
amplitude

t=1:1:50

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y=rand(1,50);

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plot(t,y);

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0.1

a=gca();

0.0

a.x_label.text=time;
a.y_label.text=amplitude;

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

time

Fig.5PlotFunctionSample5

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Using Plot Function - Mesh plot

Meshplotcanbe
generatedusingplot3d
command.
Z

1
0
1

m=rand(5,7);
i=1:1:5;

2
3

1
4

3
6

j=1:1:7;
plot3d(i,j,m);

4
7

Fig.6PlotFunctionSample6
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Signal generation
SineWaveGeneration
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Amplitude

//sinewave
t=0:0.01:3.14;
y=sin(2*3.14*t);
subplot(2,1,1);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Time";
a.y_label.text="Amplitude";
plot2d(t,y);
xtitle("SineWaveGeneration");

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1.0

0.0

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1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

2.5

3.0

3.5

Time
CosineWaveGeneration
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Amplitude

//coswave
t=0:0.01:3.14;
y=cos(2*3.14*t);
subplot(2,1,2);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Time";
a.y_label.text="Amplitude";
plot2d(t,y);
xtitle("CosineWaveGeneration");

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0.0
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0.8
1.0

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0
Time

Fig.7Signalgeneration
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Sampling

Theprocessinwhichtheanalogcontinuoussignal
aremeasuredatequalintervaloftimeandfinallya
discretizedsetofdigitalnumbersarecreated.
ForpropersamplingofanalogsignalNyquist
Shannonsamplingtheoremshouldbesatisfied,i.e.
samplingfrequencyshouldbeagreaterthantwice
themaximumfrequencyoftheinputsignal.

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

22

Sampling - Example
Continuoussignal
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Amplitude

fo=input('Frequencyofsincewaveinhz=');
ft=input('Samplingfrequencyinhz=');
t=0:0.01:1;
T=1.0/ft;
x=sin(2*3.14*fo*t);
subplot(2,1,1);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Time";
a.y_label.text="Amplitude";
plot(t,x);
xtitle("Continuoussignal");

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1.0

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1.0

30

35

40

45

50

Time
SampledSignal
1.0
0.8
0.6

n=0:ft;
y=sin(2*3.14*fo*n*T);
subplot(2,1,2);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Time";
a.y_label.text="Amplitude";
plot2d3(n,y);
xtitle("SampledSignal");

Amplitude

0.4
0.2
0.0
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0.8
1.0

10

15

20

25
Time

Fig.8Sampling
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Convolution

ConvolutionistheprocessinwhichtheresponseofaLTIsystemis
computedforaninputsignal.
TheLTIsystemcanbedefinedusingtheimpulseresponseofthe
system.
Convolutionoftheinputsignalandimpulseresponseofthesystem
givestheoutputsignal.Thisprocessisalsocalleddigitalfiltering.
Mathematically,

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

24

Correlation

Correlationtakestwosignalsasinputandproducesthirdsignalasoutput.
Ifboththeinputsignalsareoneandthesame,thenitiscalledasauto
correlation
Ifboththeinputsignalsaredifferent,thenitiscalledascrosscorrelation
Correlationisusedtomeasurethesimilaritybetweenthetwoinputsignalsat
thatparticulartime.
Mathematically,

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

25

Discrete Fourier Transform

Usedforanalysingthefrequencycomponentsofasampled
signal
DFTdecomposestheinputsignalintosetofsinusoids
InDFT,wetakeasequenceofrealnumbers(sampledsignal)
asinputanditistransformedintoasequenceofcomplex
numbers.
Mathematically,

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

26

Digital Filter Design

Analog & Digital

FilterUsedtoremovetheunwantedsignalfromthe
usefulsignal.

Foreg,removingnoisefromaudiosignal

TwotypesAnalog&Digitalfilters

Analogfiltersusesinductors,capacitorstoproduce
therequiredeffects
Digitalfilterusesmodernprocessorsfordoingthe
same
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Digital Filter Design FIR & IIR

Digitalfiltersareclassifiedasnonrecursive
filters(FIR)andrecursivefilters(IIR)

FIRFiltertheoutputwillbedependentonthe
current&previousinputvalues
IIRFilterdependentonpreviousoutputin
additiontotheinputvalues

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

28

FIR LPF
FIRlowpassfilter
1.2

1.0

0.8

Magnitude

//Lowpassfilter
fp=input('Enterthecutofffrequencyin
Hzfp=');
n=input('Entertheorderofthefilter
n=');
F=input('EntersamplingfrequencyinHz
F=');
wc=fp/F;
[coeffval,famp,ffreq]=wfir('lp',n,[wc0],
'hm',[00]);
//frequencyresponseofthefilter
plot2d(ffreq,famp);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Frequency";
a.y_label.text="Magnitude";
xtitle("FIRlowpassfilter");

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0.50

Frequency

Fig.9FIRLPF

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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FIR HPF
FIRhighpassfilter
1.0
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0.8
0.7
0.6
Magnitude

//Highpassfilter
fp=input('Enterthecutofffrequencyin
Hzfp=');
n=input('Entertheorderofthefilter
n=');
F=input('EntersamplingfrequencyinHz
F=');
wc=fp/F;
[coeffval,famp,ffreq]=wfir('hp',n,[wc0],
'hm',[00]);
//frequencyresponseofthefilter
plot2d(ffreq,famp);
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Frequency";
a.y_label.text="Magnitude";
xtitle("FIRhighpassfilter");

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0.0
0.00

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0.50

Frequency

Fig.10FIRHPF

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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IIR LPF
DiscreteIIRfilterlowpass
1.2

1.0

0.8

Magnitude

//Lowpassfilter
fp=input('EnterthecutofffrequencyinHz
fp=');
n=input('Entertheorderofthefiltern=');
F=input('EntersamplingfrequencyinHz
F=');
wc=fp/F;
hz=iir(3,'lp','butt',[wc0],[00]);
[hzm,fr]=frmag(hz,256);
plot2d(fr',hzm');
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Frequency";
a.y_label.text="Magnitude";
xtitle('DiscreteIIRfilterlowpass');
q=poly(0,'q');//toexpresstheresultintermsof
the...
hzd=horner(hz,1/q)//delayoperatorq=z^1

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0.00

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0.50

Frequency

Fig.11IIRLPF

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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IIR HPF
DiscreteIIRfilterhighpass
1.2

1.0

0.8

Magnitude

//Highpassfilter
fp=input('EnterthecutofffrequencyinHz
fp=');
n=input('Entertheorderofthefiltern=');
F=input('EntersamplingfrequencyinHz
F=');
wc=fp/F
hz=iir(3,'hp','butt',[wc0],[00]);
[hzm,fr]=frmag(hz,256);
plot2d(fr',hzm');
a=gca();
a.x_label.text="Frequency";
a.y_label.text="Magnitude";
xtitle('DiscreteIIRfilterhighpass');
q=poly(0,'q');//toexpresstheresultintermsof
the...
hzd=horner(hz,1/q)//delayoperatorq=z^1

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0.00

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0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

Frequency

Fig.12IIRHPF

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

32

Reference
[1]JohnG.ProakisandDimitrisG.Manolakis,DigitalSignalProcessingprinciples,algorithms,and
applicationsThirdedition.
[2]SanjitK.Mitra,DigitalSignalProcessingacomputerbasedapproachSecondedition.
[3]ScilabDocumentation,Availableatwww.scilab.org

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

33

Lab Session

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

34

Scilab Installation How To

Gotowww.scilab.org
Checkforthelatestdownloadableversionofscilab(i.e.scilab
4.1.1.bin.linuxi686.tar.gz)anddownloadit.
Untarthescilab4.1.1.bin.linuxi686.tar.gzusingthecommand
#tarxzvfscilab4.1.1.bin.linuxi686.tar.gz
where
xreferstoextract,
zreferstogzip,
vreferstoverbose,
freferstofile

RunScilabbyexecutingscilab(shellscriptinbin)
Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

35

Scilab Build-in Demo

Scilabdemonstration
http://www.scilab.org/doc/demos_html/index.html
MatlabandScilabfunctions
http://www.scilab.org/product/dicmatsci/M2SCI_doc.htm

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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More about DSP

SignalProcessingInformationBase(SPIB)
http://spib.rice.edu/spib.html
DSPOnlineClasses
http://bores.com/index_dsp.htm
http://bores.com/index_online.htm

Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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Scilab for Digital Signal Processing

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