An Engineers Guide To Matlab Solutions

Solution to Exercises
Chapter 1
1.1
E1 = 1+5^3+3^3-153
E2 = 1+6^4+3^4+4^4-1634
E3 = 5^6+4^6+8^6+8^6+3^6+4^6-548834
E4 = 1+factorial(7)-71^2
E5 = factorial(1)+factorial(4)+factorial(5)+factorial(6)+factorial(7)+factorial(8)-215^2
1.2
pie = pi - (100-(2125^3+214^3+30^3+37^2)/82^5)^(1/4)
1.3
format long g
I1 = 53453/log(53453)
I2 = 613*exp(1)/37-35/991
format short
1.4
x = (49-27*sqrt(5)+3*sqrt(6)*sqrt(93-49*sqrt(5)))^(1/3)
R = 0.5*sqrt((8*2^(2/3)-16*x+2^(1/3)*x^2)/(8*2^(2/3)-10*x+2^(1/3)*x^2))
Answers: x = 2.5375 + 1.9080i
R = 0.8161 - 0.0000i
1.5
E1 = cot(pi/5)-sqrt(25+10*sqrt(5))/5
E2 = sin(pi/15)-sqrt(7-sqrt(5)-sqrt(30-6*sqrt(5)))/4
E3 = pi-16*atan(1/5)+4*atan(1/239)
1.6
g = sqrt(17-sqrt(17));
b = sqrt(17+sqrt(17));
a = sqrt(34+6*sqrt(17)+sqrt(2)*(sqrt(17)-1)*g-8*b*sqrt(2));
E1 = sin(pi/17)-sqrt(2)/8*sqrt(g^2-sqrt(2)*(a+g))
1.7
a = 1; b = 2;
E1 = exp(a)-sinh(a)-cosh(a)
E2 = sinh(2*b)/(cosh(a+b)*cosh(a-b))-tanh(a+b)+tanh(a-b)
1.8
L = 1.5; h = 1; r = 1.6;
V = L*(r^2*acos((r-h)/r)-(r-h)*sqrt(2*r*h-h^2))
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Answer: V = 3.2209
1.9
g = 60*pi/180; a = 35*pi/180; n = 4/3;
D = a-g+asin(n*sin(g-asin(sin(a)/n)))
Answer: D = 0.4203
1.10
k = 7; n =12;
Cnk = factorial(n)/factorial(k)/factorial(n-k)
Answer: Cnk = 792
1.11
r = 2.5;
I = (pi/8-8/9/pi)*r^4
Answer: I = 4.2874
1.12
c = 5;
K = (4*c-1)/(4*c+4)+0.615/c
Answer: K = 0.9147
1.13
B = 0.6;
K = 3/(1-B)^3*(0.5-2*B+B*(1.5-log(B)))
Answer: K =
23.7420
1.14
R = 30; r = 12; S = 50;
theta = asin((R-r)/S);
L = 2*S*cos(theta)+pi*(R+r)+2*theta*(R-r)
Answer: L = 238.4998
1.15
Fn = 250; f = 0.35; r = 0.4; theta = 60*pi/180;
T = (4*f*r*Fn*sin(theta/2))/(theta+sin(theta))
Answer: T = 36.5875
1.16
A = 1.7; B = 1.2;
D = 1.265*((A*B)^3/(A+B))^(1/5)
Answer: D = 1.5682
1.17
n = 6;
M = 1/sin(pi/n);
C = (1+M^2)/4/M;
alpha = acos(sqrt(C^2+2)-C);
aG = M*(1-M^2)*sin(alpha)/(1+M^2-2*M*cos(alpha))^2
Answer: aG = -1.3496
1.18
L = 3000; d = 45; V = 1600;
Deltap = 0.03*L/d^1.24*(V/1000)^1.84
Answer: Deltap = 1.9048
1.19
E1 = 206e9; E2 = 206e9; nu1 = 0.3; nu2 = 0.3;
d1 = 0.038; d2 = 0.070; F = 450; z = 0.00025;
a = (0.375*F*((1-nu1^2)/E1+(1-nu2^2)/E2)/(1/d1+1/d2))^(1/3);
pmax = 1.5*F/pi/a^2;
za = z/a;
sxsy = -pmax*((1-za*atan(1/za))*(1-nu1)-0.5/(1+za^2))
sz = -pmax/(1+za^2)
Answers: sxsy = 2.0779e+008 sz = -1.2421e+009
1.20
E1 = 206e9; E2 = 206e9; nu1 = 0.3; nu2 = 0.3;
d1 = 0.038; d2 = 0.070; F = 450; z = 0.000025; L = 0.05;
b = sqrt(2*F/pi/L*((1-nu1^2)/E1+(1-nu2^2)/E2 )/(1/d1+1/d2));
pmax = 2*F/pi/b/L;
zb = z/b;
sx = -pmax*2*nu2*(sqrt(1+zb^2)-zb)
sy = -pmax*((2-1/(1+zb^2))*sqrt(1+zb^2)-2*zb)
sz = -pmax/sqrt((1+zb^2))
Answers: sx = -5.0360e+007 sy = -3.5432e+007 sz = -1.3243e+008
1.21
e = 0.8;
NL = pi*e*sqrt(pi^2*(1-e^2)+16*e^2)/(1-e^2)^2
Answer: NL = 72.0220
1.22
h = 0.03; d0 = 0.006;
d1 = 0.016; E = 206e9;
d2 = d1+h*tan(pi/6);
k = pi*E*d0*tan(pi/6)/log((d2-d0)*(d1+d0)/(d2+d0)/(d1-d0))
Answer: k = 5.2831e+009
1.23
alpha = 2e-5; E = 206e9; nu = 0.3;
Ta = 260; Tb = 150; a = 0.006; b = 0.012; r = 0.010;
c1 = alpha*E*(Ta-Tb)/2/(1-nu)/log(b/a);
c2 = a^2/(b^2-a^2)*log(b/a);
br = b/r;
sr = c1*(c2*(br^2-1)-log(br))
st = c1*(1-c2*(br^2+1)-log(br))
T = Tb+(Ta-Tb)*log(br)/log(b/a)
Answers: sr = -3.7670e+007 st = 1.1859e+008 T = 178.9338
1.24
k = 1.4; pepo = 0.3;
psi = sqrt(k/(k-1))*sqrt(pepo^(2/k)-pepo^((k+1)/k))
Answer: psi = 0.4271
1.25
x = 0.45;
K = 1.2/x/(sqrt(16*x^2+1)+log(sqrt(16*x^2+1)+4*x)/4/x)^(2/3)
Answer: K = 1.3394
1.26
c = sqrt(8)/9801;
n = 0;
oneopi0 = c*(1103+26390*n)*factorial(4*n)/factorial(n)^4/396^(4*n);
n = 1;
oneopi1 = c*(1103+26390*n)*factorial(4*n)/factorial(n)^4/396^(4*n);
format long e
pin0 = 1/oneopi0
diffpino = pin0-pi
pin0n1 = 1/(oneopi0+oneopi1)
diffpin0n1 = pin0n1-pi
format short
Answers: pin0 = 3.141592730013306e+000 diffpino = 7.642351240733092e-008
pin0n1 = 3.141592653589794e+000 diffpin0n1 = 4.440892098500626e-016
1.27
r = 10; rc = 3; k = 1.4;
eta = 1-1/r^(k-1)*((rc^k-1)/k/(rc-1))
Answer: eta = 0.4803
1.28
M = 2; k = 1.4;
AA = 1/M*(2/(k+1)*(1+(k-1)/2*M^2))^((k+1)/(2*(k-1)))
Answer: AA = 1.6875
1.29
n = 5; ep = 0.1;
w = 0.5
T = 1/sqrt(1+(ep*cos(n*acos(w))).^2)
w=1
T = 1/sqrt(1+(ep*cos(n*acos(w))).^2)
w = 1.5
T = 1/sqrt(1+(ep*cosh(n*acosh(w))).^2)
Answers: w = 0.5000 T = 0.9988 w = 1 T = 0.9950 w = 1.5000 T = 0.1605
1.30
m = 1; n = 2; nu = 0.3; hR = 0.05; Rl = 0.1;
Lm = pi/4*Rl*(4*m+1);
Om = (1-nu^2)*Lm^4/(Lm^2+n^2+1.78*n^2*Lm^2);
Om = Om+hR^2/12*(Lm^4+n^4+1.78*m^2*Lm^2)
Answer: Om = 7.5159e-003
1.31
V = 2.9; D = 0.3; ep = 0.00025; nu = 1.012e-6;
Re = V*D/nu;
f = ((64/Re)^8+9.5*(log(ep/3.7/D+5.74/Re^0.9)-(2500/Re)^6)^-16)^(1/8)
Answer: f = 0.0193
1.32
n = 3; th = pi/7;
a = cos(th)+(n^2*cos(2*th)+sin(th)^4)/(n^2-sin(th)^2)^(3/2)
Answer: a = 1.1168
1.33 [Note: These solutions are obtained with a large amount of user interaction, almost on a line
by line basis.]
(a)
x = a*sin(t);
y = a*cos(t)^2*(2+cos(t))/(3+sin(t)^2);
xp = diff(x,t,1);
xpp = diff(x,t,2);
yp = diff(y,t,1);
ypp = diff(y,t,2);
[Nnum Nden] = numden(xp*ypp-yp*xpp);
Nden = factor(Nden)
Nnum = simple(Nnum)
[Dnum Dden] = numden(simple(xp^2+yp^2))
Partial answers: Nden = (sin(t)^2 + 3)^3 Nnum = -a^2*cos(t)^2*(cos(t) + 2)^3*(9*cos(t) - 6)
Dnum = a^2*(cos(2*t) + 1)*(9*cos(2*t) - 80*cos(t) + 73) Dden = 4*(cos(t) - 2)^4
At this point, we place these results in standard notation and make a few trigonometric substitutions as follows:
3'2
! =
a 2 cos 2 t (cos t + 2 ) (9cos(t ) 6 )(4(cos(t ) 2) 4 )
(sin
3/ 2
t + 3) (a 2 (cos(2t ) + 1)(9cos(2t ) 80cos(t ) + 73))

3
24a 2 cos 2 t (cos t + 2 ) (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )
(4
3/ 2
cos 2 t ) (2a 2 cos 2 t )
3/ 2
(9cos(2t )
80cos(t ) + 73)
3
24a 2 cos 2 t #%(cos t + 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )& (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

3
3/ 2
23 / 2 a 3 cos3 t (4 cos 2 t ) (9cos(2t ) 80cos(t ) + 73)
3
(4 cos(t ) ) (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

6 2
a cos t (4 cos 2 t )3 (9cos(2t ) 80cos(t ) + 73)3 / 2
6 2 sec t (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

a (9cos(2t ) 80cos(t ) + 73)3 / 2
(b)
syms a t
x = 3*t*a/(1+t^3);
y = x*t;
xp = diff(x,t,1);
xpp = diff(x,t,2);
yp = diff(y,t,1);
ypp = diff(y,t,2);
kn = simple(xp*ypp-yp*xpp);
kd = simple(xp^2+yp^2);
k = simple(kn/kd^(3/2))
Answer: k = (2*a^2)/(3*(t^3 + 1)^2*((a^2*(t^8 + 4*t^6 - 4*t^5 - 4*t^3 + 4*t^2 + 1))/(t^3 + 1)^4)^(3/2))
(c)
syms a t
x = a*(t-tanh(t));
y = a*sech(t);
xp = diff(x,t,1);
xpp = diff(x,t,2);
yp = diff(y,t,1);
ypp = diff(y,t,2);
kn = simple(xp*ypp-yp*xpp);
kn = subs(kn, cosh(t)^2 - 1, sinh(t)^2);
kd = collect(simple(xp^2+yp^2), a);
kd = subs(kd,1 - 1/cosh(t)^2, sinh(t)^2/cosh(t)^2);
kd = subs(kd, (1/cosh(t)^2)-1, -sinh(t)^2/cosh(t)^2);
k = simple(kn/kd^(3/2))
Answer: k = (a^2*sinh(t)^2)/(cosh(t)^3*((a^2*sinh(t)^2)/cosh(t)^2)^(3/2))
1.34
(a)
z = vpa('cos(pi*cos(pi*cos(log(pi+20))))+1', 40)
Answer: 0.000000000000000000000000000000000039321609261272240194541
(b)
z = vpa('exp(pi*sqrt(163))', 35)
Answer: z = 262537412640768743.99999999999925007
1.35
syms x
tay1 = taylor(x*(7*x+1)/(1-x)^3, 5, x, 0)
tay2 = taylor((1+x-sqrt(1-6*x+x^2))/4,5,x,0)
tay3 = taylor(2*x/(1-x)^3,5,x,0)
tay4 = taylor(x*(x^2+4*x+1)/(1-x)^3,5,x,0)
Answers: tay1 = 52*x^4 + 27*x^3 + 10*x^2 + x
tay2 = 11*x^4 + 3*x^3 + x^2 + x
tay3 = 20*x^4 + 12*x^3 + 6*x^2 + 2*x
tay4 = 37*x^4 + 19*x^3 + 7*x^2 + x
1.36
syms x n e a t
L1 = limit((xê-1)/e, e, 0)
L2 = limit((1-sin(2*x))^(1/x), x, 0)
L3 = limit(((exp(t)-1)/t)^(-a), t, 0)
L4 = limit(log(x^n)/(1-x^2), x, 1)
Answers: L1 = log(x)
L2 = 1/exp(2)
L3 = 1 L4 = -n/2
1.37
syms s t
rD = roots(sym2poly(s^4+0.282*s^3+4.573*s^2+0.4792*s+2.889));
rN = roots(sym2poly(0.1*s^3+0.0282*s^2-0.0427*s+0.0076));
Xt = vpa(ilaplace(((s-rN(1))*(s-rN(2))*(s-rN(3)))/((s-rD(1))*(s-rD(2))*(s-rD(3))*(s-rD(4))), s, t),5)
Answer: Xt = (1.3974*(cos(1.9456*t)+0.050033*sin(1.9456*t)))/exp(0.097401*t)(0.39736*(cos(0.87145*t)+0.049799*sin(0.87145*t)))/exp(0.043599*t)
Chapter 2
2.1
n = 0:7;
a = 2*n-1;
b = 2*n+1;
aplusb = a+b
aminusb = a-b
atimesb = a'*b
detatimesb = det(atimesb)
atimesbtranspose = a*b'
Answers: aplusb = 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28
aminusb = -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2
atimesb =
-1 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
3 9 15 21 27 33 39 45
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75
7 21 35 49 63 77 91 105
9 27 45 63 81 99 117 135
11 33 55 77 99 121 143 165
13 39 65 91 117 143 169 195
detatimesb = 0 atimesbtranspose = 552
2.2
x = sort( [17 -3 -47 5 29 -37 51 -7 19], 'descend');
xs = [x(find(sort(x, 'descend')<=0)), x(find(sort(x, 'descend')>0))]
Answer: w = -3
-7 -37 -47
51
29
19
17
2.3
y = [0, -0.2, 0.4, -0.6, 0.8, -1.0, -1.2, -1.4, 1.6];
sy = sin(y);
% (a)
mx = max(sy(find(sy<0)))
mn = min(sy(find(sy<0)))
% (b)
mp = sqrt(sy(find(sy>0)))
Answers: mx = -0.1987 mn = -0.9854 mp = 0.6240
0.8470 0.9998
2.4
v = logspace(log10(6), log10(106), 8)
v5 = v(5)
z = v(1:2:7)
Answers: v5 = 30.9607 z = 6.0000 13.6295 30.9607 70.3300
2.5
z = magic(5)
z(:,2) = z(:,2)/sqrt(3);
z(5,:) = z(5,:)+z(3,:);
z(:,1) = z(:,1).*z(:,4);
q = z-diag(diag(z))+diag([2 2 2 2 2]);
format long g
dq = diag(q*q')
format short
qmax = max(max(q))
qmin = min(min(q))
Answers: z =
17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9
dq = [486 104189 7300
qmax = 330 qmin = 1
44522 111024]
2.6
w = magic(2);
wa = repmat(w, 2, 2)
wb = repmat(w, 3, 1)
wc = [repmat(w, 3, 1), repmat(w', 3, 1)]
wad = [w, w; w, w]
wbd = [w; w; w]
wcd = [w, w'; w, w'; w, w']
Answers: wa = % or wad
1 3 1
4 2 4
1 3 1
4 2 4
wb = % or wbd
1 3
4 2
1 3
4 2
1 3
4 2
wc = % or wcd
1 3 1
4 2 3
1 3 1
4 2 3
1 3 1
4 2 3
3
2
3
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
2.7
(a)
x = magic(3);
t = x(1,:);
x(1:2,:) = x(2:3,:);
x(3,:) = t;
x
Answers: x =
3
4
8
5
9
1
7
2
6
8
3
4
1
5
9
(b)
x = magic(3)
t = x(:,3);
x(:,2:3) = x(:,1:2);
x(:,1) = t;
x
Answers: x =
6
7
2
2.8
x = magic(5);
xf = fliplr(x);
xf = fliplr(xf-diag(diag(xf)))
Answer: xf =
17 24 1 8 0
23 5 7 0 16
4 6 0 20 22
10 0 19 21 3
0 18 25 2 9
2.9
a = 1; b = 1.5; e = 0.3;
phi = linspace(0, 2*pi);
s = a*cos(phi)+sqrt(b^2-(a*sin(phi)-e).^2);
plot(phi*180/pi, s)
Answer:
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2.10
n = 1:25;
a = n*pi/sqrt(19);
P = 100*(1+2*cumsum((sin(a)./a).^2))/4.3589;
plot(n(2:25), P(2:25))
Answer:
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
0
10
15
20
25
2.11
a = sqrt(2.8);
n = 1:100;
% (1x100)
x = 1:0.5:5; % (1x9)
exact = a./sqrt(a^2+x.^2).*sin(pi*sqrt(a^2+x.^2))/sin(pi*a);
e = 100*(prod(1-(1./(n.^2-a^2))'*x.^2)-exact)./exact % prod works on columns
Answer: e = 1.0001
2.2643
4.0610
6.4176
9.3707 12.9670 17.2642 22.3330 28.2588
2.12
x = [72, 82, 97, 103, 113, 117, 126, 127, 127, 139, 154, 159, 199, 207];
beta = 3.644;
delta = (sum(x.^beta)/length(x))^(1/beta)
Answer: delta = 144.2741
2.13
b = 2;
phi = linspace(0, pi/2, 10);
the = linspace(0, 2*pi, 24);
[p, t] = meshgrid(phi, the);
mesh(b*sin(p).*cos(t), b*sin(p).*sin(t), b*cos(p))
Answer:
1.5
0.5
0
2
1
2
1
1.5
0.5
0
-1
-1
-2
-0.5
-1.5
-2
2.14
x = linspace(0.1, 1, 5);
n = -25:25;
y = pi*x*sqrt(2);
exact = 2*pi^4./y.^3.*(sinh(y)+sin(y))./(cosh(y)-cos(y));
[xx, nn] = meshgrid(x, n);
apx = sum(1./(nn.^4+xx.^4));
format long g
comp = [apx' exact']
format short
Answer: comp =
10002.1644054971
91.7751642291914
12.9244097924593
4.40350416999114
2.15691498449604
10002.1644456719
91.7752044040698
12.9244499673344
4.40354434485533
2.15695515933427
2.15
k = 0:25; n = 2;
x = linspace(1, 6, 6);
[xx, kk] = meshgrid(x, k);
Jn = sum((-1).^kk.*(xx/2).^(2*kk+n)./factorial(kk)./gamma(kk+1+n));
format long g
Comp = [Jn' besselj(n, x)']
format short
Answer: Comp =
0.1149034849319
0.352834028615638
0.114903484931901
0.352834028615638
0.486091260585891
0.364128145852073
0.0465651162777518
-0.242873209960186
0.486091260585891
0.364128145852073
0.0465651162777523
-0.242873209960185
2.16
n = 7; k = 1:(2*n-1);
ser = sum(cos(k*pi/n))
Answer: ser = -1.0000
2.17
n = 6; k = 1:n;
N1 = n*(2*n^2+3*n+1)/6
S1 = sum(k.^2)
N2 = n*(6*n^4+15*n^3+10*n^2-1)/30
S2 = sum(k.^4)
N3 = n^2*(2*n^4+6*n^3+5*n^2-1)/12
S3 = sum(k.^5)
Answers: N1 = 91 S1 = 91 N2 = 2275 S2 = 2275 N3 = 12201 S3 = 12201
2.18
N = 10; n = 0:N;
PieDiff = sum((4./(8*n+1)-2./(8*n+4)-1./(8*n+5)-1./(8*n+6)).*(1/16).^n) -pi
Answer: PieDiff = 0
2.19
k=1:300;
dn=0.5*cumsum(1./k);
On = find(dn>1);
d1 = On(1)
tw = find(dn>2);
d2 = tw(1)
th = find(dn>3);
d3 = th(1)
Answer: d1 = 4 d2 = 31 d3 = 227
2.20
N = 10; k = 0:N;
e = sum(1./factorial(k))-exp(1)
Jo = sum((-1).^k./factorial(k).^2)-besselj(0,2)
co = sum((-1).^k./factorial(2*k))-cos(1)
Answers: e = -2.7313e-008 Jo = 6.3838e-016 co = -1.1102e-016
2.21
K = 41; k = 1:2:K; y = pi/3; x = 0.75;
SKdiff = sum(exp(-k*x).*sin(k*y)./k)-0.5*atan(sin(y)/sinh(x))
Answer: SKdiff = -2.2204e-016
2.22
K = 14; k = 0:K; a = 3; x = -2;
axdiff = sum((x*log(a)).^k./factorial(k))-a^x
Answer: axdiff = 9.0230e-008
2.23
N = 500; k = 1:N; z = 10;
c = pi*coth(pi*z)/(2*z)-1/(2*z^2)
S1 = cumsum(1./(k.^2+z^2));
K = find(abs(S1-c)<3e-3);
N =K(1)
Answer: N = 333
2.24
w = [-1 -1;1 -1;-1 1;1 1]/2;
orthw = w'*w
q = [1 -1 -1 1;1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1;1 1 1 1]/2;
orthq = q'*q
Answer: orthw =
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
orthq =
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
2.25
A = [2 -2 -4; -1 3 4; 1 -2 -3];
T = A*A-A
Answer: T =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.26
A = [1 2 2; 2 1 2; 2 2 1];
T = A*A-4*A-5*eye(3)
Answer: T =
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.27
A = [1 -1; 2 -1]; B = [1 1; 4 -1];
T = (A+B)^2-A^2-B^2
Answer: T =
0
0
0
0
2.28
A = [7 -2 1; -2 10 -2; 1 -2 7];
P = [1/sqrt(2) 1/sqrt(3) 1/sqrt(6); 0 1/sqrt(3) -2/sqrt(6); -1/sqrt(2) 1/sqrt(3) 1/sqrt(6)];
L = eig(A)
LL = diag(inv(P)*A*P)
Answers: L =
6.0000
6.0000
12.0000
LL =
6.0000
6.0000
12.0000
2.29
c = pi/180;
th1 = 30*c; th2 = 30*c; th3 = 30*c;
a1 = 1; a2 = 2; a3= 3;
a01 = [cos(th1) -sin(th1) 0 a1*cos(th1); sin(th1) cos(th1) 0 a1*sin(th1);0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 1];
t = a01*a12*a23;
thx3 = atan2(t(2,1), t(1,1))/c
thy3 = atan2(t(2,2), t(1,2))/c
qx = t(1,4)
qy = t(2,4)
Answers: thx3 = 90.0000 thy3 = 180 qx = 1.8660 qy = 5.2321
2.30
c = pi/180;
th1 = 15*c; th2 = 105*c; th3 = 145*c;
th4 = 0; th5 = 215*c; th6 = 55*c;

a2 = 0.431; a3 = 0.019; r4 = a2; r3 = 0.125;
T12 = [cos(th1) 0 sin(th1) 0 ; sin(th1) 0 -cos(th1) 0 ; 0 1 0 0; 0 0 0 1];
T23 = [cos(th2) -sin(th2) 0 a2*cos(th2); sin(th2) cos(th2) 0 a2*sin(th2); 0 0 1 0; 0 0 0 1];
T34 = [cos(th3) 0 sin(th3) a3*cos(th3); sin(th3) 0 -cos(th3) a3*sin(th3); 0 1 0 r3; 0 0 0 1];
T45 = [cos(th4) 0 sin(th4) 0; sin(th4) 0 -cos(th4) 0; 0 1 0 r4; 0 0 0 1];
T56 = [cos(th5) 0 sin(th5) 0; sin(th5) 0 -cos(th5) 0; 0 1 0 0; 0 0 0 1];
T67 = [cos(th6) 0 sin(th6) 0; sin(th6) 0 -cos(th6) 0; 0 1 0 0; 0 0 0 1];
T17 =T12*T23*T34*T45*T56*T67
Answer: T17 =
0.2418 -0.5540 0.7966 -0.4729
0.9128 -0.1485 -0.3804 -0.2561
0.3290 0.8192 0.4698 0.5459
0
0
0 1.0000
2.31
x = [17 31 5;6 5 4;19 28 9;12 11 10];
H = diag(x*inv(x'*x)*x')'
Answer: H = 0.7294
0.9041
0.4477
0.9188
2.32
% square
n = 1:2:401;
tau = linspace(-0.5, 0.5, 200);
plot(tau, 4/pi*(1./n)*sin(2*pi*n'*tau))
% sawtooth
n = 1:200;
tau = linspace(-1, 1, 200);
plot(tau, 0.5+1/pi*(1./n)*sin(2*pi*n'*tau))
% sawtooth
n = 1:200;
plot(tau, 0.5-1/pi*(1./n)*sin(2*pi*n'*tau))
% triangular
n = 1:200;
plot(tau, 0.5*pi-4/pi*((1./(2*n-1).^2)*cos(pi*(2*n'-1)*tau)))
% recitified sine wave
n = 1:200;
plot(tau, 2/pi+4/pi*((1./(1-4*n.^2))*cos(2*pi*n'*tau)))
% half sine wave
n = 2:2:106;
plot(tau, 1/pi+.5*sin(pi*tau)-2/pi*(1./(n.^2-1)*cos(pi*n'*tau)))
% exponential
n = 1:250;
tau = linspace(0, 4*pi, 350);
plot(tau, (exp(2*pi)-1)/pi*(0.5+((1./(1+n.^2))*cos(n'*tau)-(n./(1+n.^2))*sin(n'*tau))))
% trapezoidal
n = 1:2:105;

plot(tau, 64*((sin(n*pi/4)./(pi*n).^2)*sin(pi*n'*tau)))
2.33
a = sqrt(3); n = 1:25;
t = (10:10:80)*pi/180;
c = pi/sinh(pi*a)/2;
b = 1./(n.^2+a^2);
e1 = 100*(b*cos(n'*t)./(c*cosh(a*(pi-t))/a-0.5/a^2)-1)
e2 = 100*(n.*b*sin(n'*t)./(c*sinh(a*(pi-t)))-1)
Answers: e1 = -1.2435 0.8565 0.8728 -1.9417 -0.9579 -8.1206 0.7239 1.1661
e2 = 8.0538 10.4192 -8.9135 -5.4994 12.9734 -0.5090 -17.2259 11.2961
2.34
n = (1:2:51)*pi; a = 2;
eta = 0:1/14:1; xi = 0:1/14:1;
temp = meshgrid(1./(n.*sinh(n*a)), eta);
z = 4*(temp.*sinh(a*n'*eta)')*sin(n'*xi);
mesh(xi, eta, z)
Answer:
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
0.8
1
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
2.35
n = (1:50)*pi; eta = 0:0.05:1;
tau = 0:0.05:2; a = 0.25;
temp = meshgrid(sin(a*n)./n.^2, eta);
z = 2*pi/a/(1-a)*temp.*sin(n'*eta)'*cos(n'*tau);
mesh(tau, eta, z)
Answers:
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a10
retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
4
2
0
-2
-4
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
2
0.6
0.5
1.5
0.4
1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.1
0
2.36
A = [1 3 4; 31 67 9; 7 5 9];
B = [11 34 6; 7 13 8; 43 10 53];
DADB = det(A)*det(B)
DAB = det(A*B)
Answer: DADB = -3832062 DAB = -3832062
2.37
syms x y
x1 = -1; y1 = 1; x2 = 0; y2 = 0; x3 = 1; y3 = 1;
p = det([x^2+y^2 x y 1; x1^2+y1^2 x1 y1 1; x2^2+y2^2 x2 y2 1; x3^2+y3^2 x3 y3 1]);
p = factor(p)
Answer: p = 2*(x^2 + y^2 - 2*y)
2.38
syms x y
x1 = -1; y1 = 1; x2 = 1; y2 = 1; x3 = 2; y3 = 2;
p = det([x^2 x y 1; x1^2 x1 y1 1; x2^2 x2 y2 1; x3^2 x3 y3 1]);
p = factor(p)
Answer: p = 2*(x^2 - 3*y + 2)
2.39
A = [16, 32, 33, 13; 5, 11, 10, 8; 9, 7, 6, 12; 34, 14, 15, 1];
c = [91, 16, 5, 43];
supw = A\c' % or supw = linsolve(A, c')
determin = det(A)
invA = inv(A)
Answers: supw = [-0.1258 -8.7133 11.2875 -0.0500]
determin = 7680
invA =
-0.0177 -0.0023 0.0180 0.0333
-0.3344 1.2352 -0.4695 0.1000
0.3500 -1.1375
0.0333 -0.1500
0.3875 -0.1000
0.1500 -0.0333
2.40
a = 0.005; b = 0.0064; c = 0.008;
E1 = 2.1e9; E2 = 0.21e9;
nu1 = 0.4; nu2 = 0.4; Uo = 0.00025;
Matrix = [1, a^2, 0, 0; 1, b^2, -1, -b^2; ...
-(1+nu1), (1-nu1)*b^2, (1+nu2)*E1/E2, -(1-nu2)*b^2*E1/E2;...
0, 0, -(1+nu2), (1-nu2)*c^2];
y = [0, 0, 0, -Uo*E2*c]';
AB = Matrix\y;
hoop1 = -AB(1)/b^2+AB(2)
hoop2 = -AB(3)/b^2+AB(4)
% check
urc = -(1+nu2)*AB(3)/E2/c+(1-nu2)*c*AB(4)/E2
Answers: hoop1 = -6.3013e+007 hoop2 = -1.1790e+007 urc = -2.5000e-004
2.41
syms i1 i2 i3 R V1 V2 V3
Q1 = 'V1-6*R*i1+4*R*(i2-i1)=0,';
Q2 = 'V2+2*R*(i3-i2)-3*R*i2-4*R*(i2-i1)=0,';
Q3 = '-V3-R*i3-2*R*(i3-i2y)=0';
[i1 i2 i3] = solve([Q1 Q2 Q3])
Answer: i1 = 1/182/R*(23*V1 + 12*V2 - 8*V3)
i2 = 1/91/R*(6*V1 + 15*V2 - 10*V3)
i3 = 1/91/R*(4*V1 + 10*V2 - 37*V3)
2.42
Either
syms s t V1 V2 V3 U real
A = [2*s+t -s 0; -s 2*s+t -s; 0 -s s+t];
B = [s*U 0 0]';
V=inv(A)*B
or
syms s t V1 V2 V3 U real
[V1 V2 V3] = solve((2*s+t)*V1-s*V2-s*U, -s*V1+(2*s+t)*V2-s*V3, -s*V2+(s+t)*V3, V1, V2, V3);
V1 = factor(V1)
V2 = factor(V2)
V3 = factor(V3)
gives
Answer: V1 = (U*s*(s^2 + 3*s*t + t^2))/(s^3 + 6*s^2*t + 5*s*t^2 + t^3)
V2 = (U*s^2*(s + t))/(s^3 + 6*s^2*t + 5*s*t^2 + t^3)
V3 = (U*s^3)/(s^3 + 6*s^2*t + 5*s*t^2 + t^3)
Chapter 3
3.1
ft = input('Enter the value of length in feet: ');
disp([num2str(ft) ' ft = ' num2str(ft*0.3048) ' m'])
Answer: Enter the value of length in feet: 11.4
11.4 ft = 3.4747 m
3.2
acre = input('Enter the number of acres: ');
disp([num2str(acre) ' acres = ' num2str(acre*43560*0.092903) ' sq. m'])
Answer: Enter the number of acres: 2.4
2.4 acres = 9712.4512 sq. m
3.3
Decimal = input('Enter a positive integer < 4.5x10^15: ');
disp(['The binary representation of ' num2str(Decimal) ' is ' num2str(dec2bin(Decimal))])
Answer: Enter a positive integer < 4.5x10^15: 37
The binary representation of 37 is 100101
3.4
R = input('Enter the real part of a complex number: ');
I = input('Enter the imaginary part of a complex number: ');
z = complex(R,I);
disp(['The magnitude and phase of ' num2str(z) ' is'])
disp(['Magnitude = ' num2str(abs(z)) ' Phase angle = ' num2str(angle(z)*180/pi) ' degrees'])
Answer: Enter the real part of a complex number: -7
Enter the imaginary part of a complex number: 13
The magnitude and phase of -7+13i is
Magnitude = 14.7648 Phase angle = 118.3008 degrees
3.5
n = 0:15;
f = (((1+sqrt(5))/2).^n-((1-sqrt(5))/2).^n)/sqrt(5);
disp([repmat('F', length(n),1) num2str(n',2) repmat(' = ', length(n),1) num2str(f')])
% or
fprintf(1, 'F%2.0f = %3.0f \n', [n;f])
Answers: F 0 = 0
F1= 1
F2= 1
F3= 2
F15 = 610
3.6
n = 9:-1:2; L = length(n);
A = [repmat('cos(pi/', L, 1) int2str(n') repmat(') = ', L, 1) num2str(cos(pi./n'),'%1.5f')]
B = [repmat(' pi/', L, 1) int2str(n') repmat(' = ', L, 1) num2str(180./n','%2.1f') repmat(' degrees',L,1)]
disp([A B])
fprintf(1,'cos(pi/%1.0f) = %1.5f pi/%1.0f = %2.1f degrees\n', [n; cos(pi./n); n; 180./n])
Answer: cos(pi/9) = 0.93969
cos(pi/8) = 0.92388
cos(pi/7) = 0.90097
cos(pi/6) = 0.86603
cos(pi/5) = 0.80902
cos(pi/4) = 0.70711
cos(pi/3) = 0.50000
cos(pi/2) = 0.00000
pi/9 = 20.0 degrees

pi/8 = 22.5 degrees
pi/7 = 25.7 degrees
pi/6 = 30.0 degrees
pi/5 = 36.0 degrees
pi/4 = 45.0 degrees
pi/3 = 60.0 degrees
pi/2 = 90.0 degrees
3.7
Mon ={'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June', 'July', 'August', ...
'September', 'October', 'November', 'December'};
Srt = char(sort(Mon));
disp([Srt(1:6,:) repmat(' ',6,1) Srt(7:12,:)])
Answer: April
June
August
March
December May
February November
January
October
July
September
3.8
N = input('Enter an integer < 12: ');
n = 1:N;
disp(' ')
disp([repmat('For n = ', N, 1) int2str(n') repmat(', ', N, 1) int2str(n') repmat('! = ', N, 1) int2str(factorial(n)')])
disp(' ')
disp(['The sum of these ' int2str(N) ' factorials = ' int2str(sum(factorial(n)))])
Answer: Enter an integer < 12: 4
For n = 1,
For n = 2,
For n = 3,
For n = 4,
1! = 1
2! = 2
3! = 6
4! = 24
The sum of these 4 factorials = 33
Chapter 4
4.1
day = char('Sunday','Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday','Thursday','Friday','Saturday');
nonleapyear = [31 28 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31];
leapyear = [31 29 31 30 31 30 31 31 30 31 30 31];
datee = input('Enter month, day and year in the form xx/xx/xxxx for 2010, 2011, or 2012: ','s');
f = findstr(datee,'/');
monthno = str2num(datee(1:f(1)-1));
dayno = str2num(datee(f(1)+1:f(2)-1));
yearno = str2num(datee(f(2)+1:f(2)+4));
if yearno == 2010
offse t= 5;
nodaypermonth = nonleapyear;
elseif yearno == 2011
offset = 6;
nodaypermonth = nonleapyear;
elseif yearno == 2012
offset = 7;
nodaypermonth = leapyear;
else
error('Not programmed for this year')
end
if monthno>1
dayofyear = sum(nodaypermonth(1:monthno-1))+dayno;
else
dayofyear = dayno;
end
dayofweek = offset+dayofyear-fix(dayofyear/7)*7;
if dayofweek>7
dayofweek = dayofweek-7;
end
disp(['The date ' datee(1:f(2)+4) ' is the ' num2str(dayofyear) ' day of the year and falls on a '
deblank(day(dayofweek,: )) '.'])
Answer: Enter month, day and year in the form xx/xx/xxxx for 2010, 2011, or 2012: 08/31/2011
The date 08/31/2011 is the 243 day of the year and falls on a Wednesday.
4.2
dat = [45 38 47 41 35 43]; L = length(dat);
vvar = zeros(L,1);
for n = 2:L
vvar(n) = var(dat(1:n));
end
disp([repmat('var(n=', L-1, 1) int2str((2:L)') repmat('): ', L-1,1) num2str(vvar(2:L),4)])
Answer: var(n=2): 24.5
var(n=3): 22.33
var(n=4): 16.25
var(n=5): 24.2
var(n=6): 19.9
4.3
m = 6; N = 100; Lend = (N-m+1);
a = 5*(1+rand(N,1));
A = zeros(Lend,1);
Avg(1) = mean(a(1:m));
for k = 2:Lend
Avg(k) = Avg(k-1)+(a(m+k-1)-a(k-1))/m;
end
plot(1:Lend, Avg, 'ks-')
Answer:
8.5
7.5
6.5
6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
4.4
xold = 1.5; fx = 1; cnt = 0;
while fx>1e-8
xnew = xold-(cos(xold)+sin(xold))/(-sin(xold)+cos(xold));
fx = abs(cos(xnew)+sin(xnew));
cnt = cnt+1;
xold = xnew;
end
disp(['At x = ' num2str(xold,8) ', f(x) = ' num2str(fx) ' after ' int2str(cnt) ' iterations'])
Answer: At x = 2.3561945, f(x) = 1.1102e-016 after 4 iterations
4.5
ir = 0.045; P = 250000; A = 25000;
disp('Principal Annuity Interest No. Remain')
disp(' ($)
($/yr)
(%)
years
($)')
R = P-A; n = 1;
while R>A
n = n+1;
R = R*(1+ir)-A;
end
disp([num2str(P,6) blanks(6) num2str(A,5) blanks(8) num2str(ir*100,3) blanks(9) num2str(n,3) blanks(6)
num2str(R,5)])
Answer: Principal Annuity Interest
No.
Remain
($)
250000
($/yr)
25000
(%)
4.5
years
12
($)
19112
4.6
alp = pi/4; tol = 1e-5;
ao = 1; bo = cos(alp); co = sin(alp);
while abs(co)>tol
an = (ao+bo)/2;
bn = sqrt(ao*bo);
co = (ao-bo)/2;
ao = an;
bo = bn;
end
format long e
Kalp = pi/ao/2
K = ellipke(sin(alp)^2)
format short
Answers: Kalp = 1.854074677301372e+000 K = 1.854074677301372e+000
4.7
h = [1 3 6 -7 -45 12 17 9];
a = 3; b=13; n = zeros(length(h),1);
for k = 1:length(h)
if h(k)<=a||h(k)>=b
n(k) = 0;
else
n(k) = 1;
end
end
disp(['n = ' int2str(n')])
Answer: n = 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
4.8
N = input('Enter a positive integer < 10: ');
h = zeros(N,N);
for m = 1:N
for n = 1:N
if (n+m-1) <= N
h(n, m) = n+m-1;
end
end
end
disp(h)
Answer: Enter a positive integer < 10: 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 4 0
3 4 0 0
4 0 0 0
4.9
num = 1.5;
while (num < 1)||(num> 19)||(rem(num,1)~=0)
num = input(' Enter any integer from 1 to 19: ');
end
4.10
x = zeros(1000,1);
x(1) = 3; cnt = 1;
while x(cnt)~=1
cnt = cnt+1;
if rem(x(cnt-1), 2) > 0
x(cnt) = 3*x(cnt-1)+1;
else
x(cnt) = x(cnt-1)/2;
end
end
disp(['x = ' num2str(x(1:cnt)')])
Answer: x = 3 10 5 16 8 4 2 1
4.11
x(1) = 0; n = 201;
x = zeros(n,1);
for k = 2:n
x(k) = x(k-1)^2+0.25;
end
plot(0:5:n-1, x(1:5:n), 'ks')
m = 1; xw(1) = 0;
xw = zeros(201, 1);
while m<201
xw(m+1) = xw(m)^2+0.25;
m = m+1;
end
figure(2)
plot(0:5:m-1, xw(1:5:m), 'ks')
Answers:
0.5
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
4.12
a = 7; x = [3 100];
for k=1:2
xold = x(k); test = 1; cnt = 0;
while test>1e-6
xnew = 0.5*(xold+a/xold);
test = abs(xnew-xold);
xold = xnew;
cnt = cnt+1;
end
disp(['For xo = ' int2str(x(k)) ' the number of iterations = ' num2str(cnt)])
end
Answers: For xo = 3 the number of iterations = 4
For xo = 100 the number of iterations = 10
4.13
for k = 1:3
switch k
case 1
p=[1 2 3 4]; s = [10 20 30 40];
case 2
p = [11 12 13 14]; s = [101 102];
case 3
p = [43 54 55]; s = [77 66 88 44 33];
end
n = length(p);
m = length(s);
d = n-m;
if d==0
h = p+s
elseif d<0
h = [s(1:-d) p+s(-d+1:m)]
else
h = [p(1:d) s+p(d+1:n)]
end
end
Answers: h = 11
22
33
44
h = 11
h = 77
12 114 116
66 131 98 88
4.14
a = [1.45, 2.75, 3.2, 4]; N = 200;
for k = 1:length(a)
xold = 0.1; cnt = 1; test = 1;
while (test>1e-4)
cnt = cnt+1;
xnew = xold*a(k)*(1-xold);
test = abs((xnew-xold)/xnew);
xold = xnew;
if cnt>N
break
end
end
disp(['For a = ' num2str(a(k)) ', x(n=' int2str(cnt) ') = ' num2str(xold)])
end
Answers: For a = 1.45, x(n=19) = 0.31031
For a = 2.75, x(n=31) = 0.63634
For a = 3.2, x(n=201) = 0.51304
For a = 4, x(n=201) = 0.08737
4.15
Nu = 10;
for k = 1:2
test = -1;
while test < 0
NM(k) = input(['Enter a positive integer<' int2str(Nu) ': ']);
if (NM(k) < 1)||(NM(k)> Nu)||(rem(NM(k),1)~=0)
else
test = 1;
Nu = NM(k)^2+1;
end
end
end
N = NM(1)
M = NM(2)
Answer: Enter a positive integer<10: -1
Enter a positive integer<10: 14
Enter a positive integer<10: 3.6
N = 8 M = 38
4.16
for k = 1:3
xon = [];
eon = [];
switch k
case 1
xo=[1 7 8 6 5 7 3 5 4];
eo=[2 6 10 4 3 6 1 2 3];
case 2
xo=[7 11 13 6];
eo=[6 10 15 7];
case 3
xo=[3 14 20 25 14 6 2 0 1 0];
eo=[4 12 19 19 14 8 4 2 1 1];
end
cutoff = 5; n = 1; nend = length(eo); cnt = 1;
while n<= nend
z = cumsum(eo(n:nend));
zx = cumsum(xo(n:nend));
ind = find(z<cutoff);
mxind = max(ind);
if max(ind) > 0
if n+mxind<= nend
eon(cnt) = z(mxind+1);
xon(cnt) = zx(mxind+1);
else
eon(cnt-1) = eon(cnt-1)+z(mxind);
xon(cnt-1) = xon(cnt-1)+zx(mxind);
end
n = n+mxind+1;
else
eon(cnt)=eo(n);
xon(cnt)=xo(n);
n=n+1;
end
cnt=cnt+1;
end
disp(['Case ' int2str(k)])
ve = eon(1:length(eon));
vx = xon(1:length(eon));
x2 = sum((vx-ve).^2./ve);
disp(['e = ' num2str(ve) ' x = ' num2str(vx) ' chi^2 = ' num2str(x2)])
end
Answers: Case 1
e = 8 10 7 6 6 x = 8 8 11 7 12 chi^2 = 8.8524
Case 2
e = 6 10 15 7 x = 7 11 13 6 chi^2 = 0.67619
Case 3
e = 16 19 19 14 8 8 x = 17 20 25 14 6 3 chi^2 = 5.6349
Chapter 5
5.1
Dod = [6 3 2 1.5 1.2 1.1 1.07 1.05 1.03 1.01];
c = [.88 .89 .91 .94 .97 .95 .98 .98 .98 .92];
a = [.33 .31 .29 .26 .22 .24 .21 .20 .18 .17];
Kspline = spline(Dod, c, Dod).*((Dod-1)/2).^-spline(Dod, a, Dod);
Kpoly = polyval(polyfit(Dod, c, 5), Dod).*((Dod-1)/2).^-polyval(polyfit(Dod, a, 5), Dod);
Kt = c.*((Dod-1)/2).^-a;
disp('
Kt
Kspline Kpoly')
disp([Kt' Kspline' Kpoly'])
Answers:
Kt
Kspline
0.6504 0.6504
0.8900 0.8900
1.1126 1.1126
1.3479 1.3479
1.6098 1.6098
1.9497 1.9497
1.9814 1.9814
2.0495 2.0495
2.0870 2.0870
2.2645 2.2645
Kpoly
0.6504
0.8900
1.1135
1.3369
1.6970
1.8546
1.9221
1.9886
2.1037
2.4324
5.2
function Exercise5_2
N = 2^10; wn = 2*pi*[5, 9, 9.4, 20];
dT = 2*pi/wn(end)/4; T = N*dT; df = 1/T;
t = (0:N-1)*T/N;
NHSignal = foft(t, N, wn);
whamm = 0.54-0.46*cos(2*pi*t/T);
k1 = sum(whamm.*NHSignal)/sum(whamm);
k2 = sqrt(N/sum(whamm.^2));
HSignal = whamm.*(NHSignal-k1)*k2;
subplot(2,1,1)
ft = fft(NHSignal, N);
Sig = 2*abs(ft(1:N/2))/N;
plot((0:N/2-1)*df, Sig)
temp = [1 find(diff(Sig)<=0)]; % add 1 because diff shifts array down 1
temp1 = find(diff(temp)~=1);
freqpeak = temp(temp1+1)*df;
An = abs(ft)/N;
disp([' Average power = ' num2str(sum(An.^2))])
disp([' Peaks occur at ' num2str(freqpeak) ' Hz'])
subplot(2,1,2)
ft = fft(HSignal, N);
Sig = 2*abs(ft(1:N/2))/N;
plot((0:N/2-1)*df,Sig)
An = abs(ft)/N;
disp([' Average power = ' num2str(sum(An.^2))])
temp = [1 find(diff(Sig)<=0)];
temp1 = find(diff(temp)~=1); % add 1 because diff shifts array down 1
freqpeak = temp(temp1+1)*df;
disp([' Peaks occur at ' num2str(freqpeak) ' Hz'])
function NHSignal = foft(t, N, wn)
x = [0.1, 0.04, 0.04, 0.03];
Ho = [1 1.3 1.3 1.8];
NHSignal = 0;
for k = 1:length(x)
NHSignal = NHSignal+Ho(k)*Hw(t,wn(k),x(k));
end
function hw = Hw(t, wn, x)
hw = exp(-x*wn*t).*sin(sqrt(1-x^2)*wn*t);
Answers: Average power = 0.07529
Peaks occur at 4.84375
9.14063
Average power = 0.0013038
Peaks occur at 4.92188
9.0625
20.0781 Hz
9.45313
20.0781 Hz
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0
5.3
sx = 100; sy = -60; sz = 80; txy = -40; tyz = 50; tzx = 70;
c2 = sx+sy+sz;
c1 = txy^2+tyz^2+tzx^2-sx*sy-sy*sz-sz*sx;
c0 = sx*sy*sz+2*txy*tyz*tzx-sx*tyz^2-sy*tzx^2-sz*txy^2;
ps = sort(roots([1 -c2 -c1 -c0]), 'descend')
t12 = 0.5*(ps(1)-ps(2))
t23 = 0.5*(ps(2)-ps(3))
t13 = 0.5*(ps(1)-ps(3))
Answers: ps = 160.7444 54.8980 -95.6424 t12 = 52.9232 t23 = 75.2702 t13 = 128.1934
In Exercises 5.4 to 5.12 we have used the following function:

function Rt = FindZeros(FunName, Nroot, x, w)
f = feval(FunName, x, w);
indx = find(f(1:end-1).*f(2:end)<0);
L = length(indx);
if L<Nroot
Nroot = L;
end
Rt = zeros(Nroot, 1);
for k = 1:Nroot
Rt(k) = fzero(FunName, [x(indx(k)), x(indx(k)+1)], [], w);
end
5.4
Ex4 = @(x) (sin(x)-x.*cos(x))
Rt = FindZeros(Ex4, 5, linspace(0,10*pi,100), [])
Answers: Rt = 4.4934
7.7253 10.9041 14.0662 17.2208
5.5
Ex5 = @(x,p) (2*cos(x)-(x/p-p./x).*sin(x));
p = [0.1 1];
for k = 1:2
Rt = FindZeros(Ex5, 5, linspace(0,10*pi,100), p(k))'
end
Answers: Rt =
Rt =
0.4435 3.2040
1.3065 3.6732
6.3149
6.5846
9.4460 12.5823
9.6317 12.7232
5.6
Ex6 = @(x,b) (besselj(0,x).*bessely(0,b*x)-besselj(0,b*x).*bessely(0,x));
Rt = FindZeros(Ex6, 5, linspace(0,10*pi,100), 2)'
Answers: Rt = 3.1230
6.2734
9.4182 12.5614 15.7040
5.7
Ex7 = @(x, m) (m*x.*(cos(x).*sinh(x)-sin(x).*cosh(x))+cos(x).*cosh(x)+1);
m = [0, 0.2, 1];
for k = 1:3
Rt = FindZeros(Ex7, 5, linspace(0,10*pi,100), m(k));
disp(['m = ' num2str(Rt')])
end
Answers: m = 0: 1.8751
4.69409
7.85476
10.9955
14.1372
m = 0.2: 1.6164
4.26706
7.31837 10.4016
13.5067
m = 1: 1.24792
4.03114
7.13413
10.2566
13.3878
5.8
Ex8 = @(x,w) (cos(x).*tanh(x)-sin(x));
Rt = FindZeros(Ex8, 5, linspace(0,10*pi,100), [])'
Answers: Rt = 3.9266 7.0686 10.2102 13.3518 16.4934
5.9
Ex9 = @(x,m) (besselj(m,x).*besseli(m+1,x)+besseli(m,x).*besselj(m+1,x));
for m = 0:2
Rt = FindZeros(Ex9, 3, linspace(0,10*pi,100), m);
disp(['m = ' int2str(m) ': ' num2str(Rt')])
end
Answers: m = 0: 3.1962
m = 1: 4.6109
m = 2: 5.90568
6.3064
9.4395
7.79927
10.9581
9.19688
12.4022
5.10
Ex10 = @(x,L2) (sin(x)-(x-4*x.^3/L2).*cos(x));
L2 = [2, 4, 8]*pi^2;
for k = 1:3
Rt = FindZeros(Ex10, 1, linspace(0,2*pi,100), L2(k));
disp(['(Lambda/pi)^2 = ' int2str(L2(k)/pi^2) ': ' num2str(Rt')])
end
Answers: (Lambda/pi)^2 = 2: 2.5185
(Lambda/pi)^2 = 4: 3.1416
(Lambda/pi)^2 = 8: 3.8834
5.11
channel = inline('(1+c(1)*x).^2.*(x.^2-x.^3)-c(2)','x','c');
c0 = [0.4, 7]; c1 = [0.2, 4];
for k = 1:length(c0)
r = roots([-c0(k)^2 c0(k)^2-2*c0(k) 2*c0(k)-1 1 0 -c1(k)]);
val = r(find((real(r)>0)&(real(r)<1)));
disp(['c0 = ' num2str(c0(k)) ' c1 = ' num2str(c1(k))])
disp(['From roots: ' num2str(sort(val'))])
Rt = FindZeros(channel, 2, linspace(0,1,30), [c0(k), c1(k)])';
disp(['From fzero: ' num2str(Rt)])
end
Answers: c0 = 0.4 c1 = 0.2
From roots: 0.54385
From fzero: 0.54385
c0 = 7 c1 = 4
From roots: 0.60777
From fzero: 0.60777
0.84226
0.84226
0.91168
0.91168
5.12
wavechannel = inline('2*(t(2)*sin(beta).*tan(beta-t(1))).^2-tan(beta).*tan(beta-t(1))-tan(beta).^2','beta','t');
w = [35*pi/180, 5];
Rt = FindZeros(wavechannel, 2, linspace(w(1), pi/2-0.05,40), w)'*180/pi
Answers: Rt = 48.1088 81.7999
5.13
weibullbeta = inline('b-1/(sum(x.^b.*log(x))/sum(x.^b)-sum(log(x))/length(x))', 'b', 'x');
x = [72 82 97 103 113 117 126 127 127 139 154 159 199 207];
beta = fzero(weibullbeta, [2 4], [], x)
Answer: beta = 3.6437
5.14
bearingstress = inline('x.*log(sqrt(x.^2-1)+x)-sqrt(x.^2-1)-c*x', 'x', 'c');
r = fzero(bearingstress, [1 4], [], 0.5)
Answer: r = 2.1155
5.15
jeffcooper = inline('x.^4-2.^x', 'x','w');
Rt = FindZeros(jeffcooper, 3, linspace(-2, 20, 100), [])
Answers: Rt = -0.8613
1.2396 16.0000
5.16
format long e
Zi = zstanford(1,1)
Zii = zstanford(1/0.3,1)
Ziii = zstanford(2.5,0.5)
format short
% (b)
p = 0.6; t = 1/1.05; trecip = 1.05;
r = fzero(@pvrtr, 5, [], p, t);
z = zstanford(r,t);
disp(['p = ' num2str(p) ' 1/tau = ' num2str(trecip) ' r = ' num2str(r) ' Z = ' num2str(z)])
p = 2.18; t = 1/1.2; trecip = 1.2;
r = fzero(@pvrtr, 5, [], p, t);
z = zstanford(r, t);
disp(['p = ' num2str(p) ' 1/tau = ' num2str(trecip) ' r = ' num2str(r) ' Z = ' num2str(z)])
% (c)
p = 0.6; r = 1/1.4; rrecip = 1.4;
t = fzero(@pvrtt, 0.8, [], p, r);
z = zstanford(r,t);
disp(['p = ' num2str(p) ' 1/r = ' num2str(rrecip) ' t = ' num2str(t) ' Z = ' num2str(z)])
p = 2.18; r = 1/0.6; rrecip = 0.6;
t = fzero(@pvrtt, 0.8, [], p, r);
z = zstanford(r,t);
disp(['p = ' num2str(p) ' 1/r = ' num2str(rrecip) ' t = ' num2str(t) ' Z = ' num2str(z)])
function z = zstanford(rr, tt)
a = [0.062432384 0.12721477 -0.93633233 0.70184411 -0.35160896 0.056450032 ...
0.0299561469907 -0.0318174367647 -0.0168211055516 1.6020406008 ...
-0.001099967407467 -0.000727155024312992 -0.0045245465261 0.001304687241 ...
-0.00022216512840926 -0.0019814053565598 5.9757397292e-5 -3.6413534970217e-6 ...
8.413648453856e-6 -9.828688588219e-9 -1.57683056810249 0.040072898890756 ...
-0.08451944938128 -0.003409313119283 -0.0019512704990109 4.938999109783e-5 ...
-4.9326461293046e-5 8.856665723816e-7 5.347880295527e-8 -5.934205591923e-8 ...
-9.068133269285e-9 1.6182240726495e-9 -3.320447939146e-10];

g = 0.0588; k = 1:12; r = rr.^k; t = tt.^k(1:6);
z1 = r(1)*sum(a(1:6).*t(1:6)/t(1))+r(2)*sum(a(7:10).*t(1:4)/t(1))+r(3)*sum(a(11:13).*t(1:3)/t(1));
z2 = r(4)*a(14)*t(1)+r(5)*(a(15)*t(2)+a(16)*t(3))+r(6)*a(17)*t(2)+r(7)*(a(18)*t(1)+a(19)*t(3)) ...
+r(8)*a(20)*t(3);
z31 = r(2)*(a(21)*t(3)+a(22)*t(4))+r(4)*(a(23)*t(3)+a(24)*t(5))+r(6)*(a(25)*t(3)+a(26)*t(4));
z32 = r(8)*(a(27)*t(3)+a(28)*t(5))+r(10)*(a(29)*t(3)+a(30)*t(4));
z33 = r(12)*(a(31)*t(3)+a(32)*t(4)+a(33)*t(5));
z = 1+z1+z2+(z31+z32+z33)*exp(-g*r(2));
function s = pvrtr(r, p, t)
s = zstanford(r,t)-p*t/r;
function s = pvrtt(t, p, r)
s = zstanford(r,t)-p*t/r;
Answers: Zi = 7.024239692767296e-001
Zii = 2.999999998525347e-001
Ziii = 9.922185392802401e-001
p = 0.6 1/tau = 1.05 r = 0.71309 Z = 0.80134
p = 2.18 1/tau = 1.2 r = 3.3567 Z = 0.54121
p = 0.6 1/r = 1.4 t = 0.95319 Z = 0.80068
p = 2.18 1/r = 0.6 t = 0.65049 Z = 0.85084
5.17
re = 100000; dk = [200, 200000];
for n =1:2
lambda = fzero(@pipefrictioncoeff, [.008 .08], [], re, dk(n));
disp(['Re = ' num2str(re) ' d/k = ' num2str(dk(n)) ': lambda = ' num2str(lambda)])
end
function x = pipefrictioncoeff(el, re, dk)
if (dk>100000)||(dk==0)
x = el-(2*log10(re*sqrt(el)/2.51))^-2;
else
x = el-(2*log10(2.51/re/sqrt(el)+0.27/dk))^-2;
end
Answers: Re = 100000 d/k = 200: lambda = 0.031298
Re = 100000 d/k = 200000: lambda = 0.01799
5.18
rts = roots([10 0 0 -75 0 -190 21]);
rr = rts(find(imag(rts)==0))'
Answer: rr = 2.2323
0.1100
5.19
ro = roots([3*pi*sqrt(5) -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20]);

posroot = ro(find(real(ro)>1))
Answer: posroot = 2.8468
5.20
tto = fzero(@Tto, [0.2 0.9])
function t = Tto(x)
t = Thq(exp(-x*pi^2))-pi/2/sqrt(5);
function qq = Thq(q)
k = 0:10;
qq = 2*q^(1/4).*sum((-1).^k./(2*k+1).*q.^(k.*(k+1)));
Answer: tto = 0.4240
5.21
fx =@(x) (x-(1+1./x).^x);
r = fzero(fx, [0 10])
Anwser: r = 2.2932
5.22
are = inline('sin(x)-0.5*abs(sin(2*x))', 'x');
x = linspace(0, pi);
aret = trapz(x, are(x))
areq = quadl(are, 0, pi)
Answers: aret = 0.9999
areq = 1.0000
5.23
bearing = inline('(1-(1-cos(x))/2/epsilon).^c.*cos(m*x)', 'x', 'c', 'm', 'epsilon');
m = 1; epsilon = 0.6;
c = 1.5; a = acos(1-2*epsilon);
Im = quadl(bearing, -a, a, [], [], c, m, epsilon)/2/pi
Answer: Im = 0.2416
5.24
Ee = inline('C1./lam.^5./(exp(C2./(lam*T))-1)', 'lam', 'C1', 'C2', 'T');
C1 = 3.742e8;
C2 = 1.439e4;
sig = 5.667e-8;
T = [300 400 500];
for k=1:length(T)
App = quadl(Ee, 1, 200, [], [], C1, C2, T(k));
exact = sig*T(k)^4;
err = 100*(exact/App-1);
disp(['T = ' num2str(T(k)) ' exact = ' num2str(exact) ' Approx. = ' num2str(App) ' %error = ' num2str(err)])
end
Answers: T = 300 exact = 459.027 Approx. = 458.7468 %error = 0.061087
T = 400 exact = 1450.752 Approx. = 1450.3993 %error = 0.024315
T = 500 exact = 3541.875 Approx. = 3541.4894 %error = 0.010889
5.25
arg = @(x,y) (cos(x-y).*exp(-x.*y/pi^2));
Z = dblquad(arg, 0, pi/2, pi/4, pi)
Answer: Z = 0.8449
5.26
arg = @(x) (1./sqrt((6-x.^2)));
Z = quadl(arg, 2, sqrt(6))-acot(sqrt(2))
Answer: Z = 1.3216e-006
5.27
Om = pi*[0.5969, 1.4942, 2.5002, 3.5:9.5];
Cn = -T(Om)./Q(Om);
N = zeros(10,1);
for n=1:10
N(n) = quadl(@W, 0, 1, [], [], Om(n), Cn(n));
end
disp(['N = ' num2str(N',4)])
function w = W(x, Om, Cn)
w = (Cn*T(Om*x)+S(Om*x)).^2;
function q = Q(x)
q = 0.5*(cosh(x)+cos(x));
function s = S(x)
s = 0.5*(cosh(x)-cos(x));
function t = T(x)
t = 0.5*(sinh(x)+sin(x));
Answers: N = 0.6133 0.3546 0.3137 0.2955 0.2854 0.2789 0.2745 0.2712 0.2687 0.2668
5.28
g = 9.8; alpha = 45*pi/180;
v0 = 180; cd = 0.007;
[x, y] = ode45(@projectile, [0, 300], [v0*cos(alpha) v0*sin(alpha) 0 0]', [], v0, cd, g);
N = length(x);
indx = find(y(:,3)>0);
height = @(v,x,y) (-spline(x,y,v));
opt = optimset('display','off');
xmax = fminbnd(height, 0, 1000, opt, x, y(:,3));
ymax = -height(xmax, x, y(:,3));
disp(['ymax = ' num2str(ymax) ' m at x = ' num2str(xmax) ' m'])
xe = interp1(y(indx(end)-5:N, 3), x(indx(end)-5:N), 0);
te = interp1(y(indx(end)-5:N, 3), y(indx(end)-5:N, 4), 0);
disp(['Travel distance = ' num2str(xe) ' m and time of travel = ' num2str(te) ' s'])
function p=projectile(x, z, v0, cd, g)
v = sqrt(z(1)^2+z(2)^2);
if v<v0*1e-6
error('Initial velocity not large enough. Increase.')
end
p = [-cd*v; -(g+cd*v*z(2))/z(1); z(2)/z(1); 1/z(1)];
Answers: ymax = 137.2577 m at x = 187.8652 m
Travel distance = 280.7721 m and time of travel = 10.353 s
5.29
opt = optimset('display', 'off');
g = 9.8; co = 0.00324;
L = 150; kmj = 10/70;
[t, y] = ode45(@bungee, [0 50], [0 0]', [], g, co, kmj, L);
splinefit = @(td, t, y) (-spline(t, y, td));
maxdisptime = fminbnd(splinefit, 0, 20, opt, t, y(:,1));
maxdisplace = -splinefit(maxdisptime, t, y(:,1));
disp(['Max distance = ' num2str(maxdisplace) ' m at ' num2str(maxdisptime) ' s.'])
slack =@(td, t, y, L) (L-spline(t,y,td));
tL = fzero(slack, [0 10], opt, t, y(:,1), L);
vL = -splinefit(tL, t, y(:,2));
disp(['Diver reaches ' num2str(L) ' m in ' num2str(tL) ' s at at which time the velocity is ' num2str(vL) ' m/s'])
accel = g-sign(y(:,2))*co.*y(:,2).^2-kmj*(y(:,1)-L).*(y(:,1)>=L);
maxacceltime = fminbnd(splinefit, 0, 20, opt, t, -accel);
maxaccel = splinefit(maxacceltime, t, accel);
disp(['Max acceleration = ' num2str(maxaccel) ' m/s^2 (' num2str(maxaccel/9.8) ' g) at ' num2str(maxacceltime)
' s'])
function v = bungee(t, y, g, co, kmj, L)
v = [y(2); g-sign(y(2))*co*y(2)^2-kmj*(y(1)-L)*(y(1)>=L)];
Answers: Max distance = 308.4649 m at 11.4679 s.
Diver reaches 150 m in 5.9875 s at at which time the velocity is 43.4764 m/s
Max acceleration = 12.843 m/s^2 (1.3105 g) at 11.3745 s
5.30
a = 0.1; b = 10.0;
[t, th] = ode45(@IP, linspace(0, 50, 1000), [pi/4 0]', [], b, a);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t, th(:,1))
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(th(:,1), th(:,2))
function v = IP(t, y, b, a)
v = [y(2); -a*y(2)+sin(y(1))-b*sin(y(1))*(1-1/sqrt(5-4*cos(y(1))))];
Answer:
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0.5
-0.5
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5.31
p = 0.375; q = 7.43e-4;
Z = [10 50]; zer = zeros(length(Z),1);
for k = 1:2
[t, y] = ode45(@ReservoirOsc, [0 500], [Z(k) 0], [], p, q);
ind = min(find(y(:,1)<0));
zer = interp1(y(ind-5:ind+4,1), t(ind-5:ind+4), 0);
disp(['For Z = ' num2str(Z(k)) ': t = ' num2str(zer) ' s'])
end
function c = ReservoirOsc(t, y, p, q )
c = [y(2); -p*sign(y(2))*y(2)^2-q*y(1)];
Answer: For Z = 10: t = 114.2692 s
For Z = 50: t = 276.1428 s
5.32
fm = fminbnd(@fxi, 0.0, 0.99);
disp(['Minimum xi = ' num2str(fm)])
function f = fxi(xi)
[t, y] = ode45(@minodeoutput, [0 35], [0 0]', [], xi);
f = sum((y(:,1)-1).^2);
function v = minodeoutput(t, w, xi)
v = [w(2); -2*xi*w(2)-w(1)+1];
Answer: Minimum xi = 0.71873
5.33
e = 0.16; g = 0.4; w = 0.97;
[t, y] = ode45(@tunus, [0, 60], [-1,1], [], e, w, g);
plot(y(:,1), y(:,2),'k-')
function d = tunus(t, z, e, w, g)
c = w*t+9*pi/8;
L = 1+e*sin(c)^7;
Lp = 7*e*w*sin(c)^6*cos(c);
d = [z(2); -((2*Lp/L+g*L)*z(2)+sin(z(1))/L)];
Answer:
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
5.34
a = 0.5; b = 0.6; k = 1;
[t, z] = ode45(@Ray, [0 30],[ 0 0.1], [], a, b, k);
plot(z(:,1), z(:,2), 'k-')
function d = Ray(t, y, a, b, k)
d = [y(2); -k*y(1)+a*y(2)-b*y(2)^3];
Answer:
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
5.35
uo = 0.05; c = 0.02; r = 1;
w = 0.2; p = 2.01;
pe = fzero(@Static, [0.1, 0.2], [], p);
opt = odeset('RelTol', 0.00001);
[t, ph] = ode45(@Mecha, [0, 800], [pe, 0], opt, uo, c, r, w, p);
plot(t, ph(:,1), 'k-')
hold on
plot(t, uo*sin(w*t)+2*cos(ph(:,1))-2*cos(pe), 'b-')
function g = Mecha(t, y, uo, c, r, w, p)
den = 1/3+(1+2*r*p)*sin(y(1))^2;
g = [y(2); (-(1+2*r*p)*y(2)^2*sin(y(1))*cos(y(1))-(1+r*p)*uo*w^2*sin(y(1))*sin(w*t)...
-2*c*y(2)-2*y(1)+p*sin(y(1)))/den];
function d = Static(h, p)
d = 2*h-p*sin(h);
Answer:
0.3
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
5.36
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,1,5),[1, 1, 1, -10, 0.91]);
sol = bvp4c(@Exode, @Exbc, solinit);
xx = linspace(0, 1, 50);
yy = deval(sol, xx);
plot(xx,yy(1,:))
hold on
plot(xx, yy(2,:))
plot(xx, yy(3,:))
function res = Exbc(ya,yb)
% y(1) = u, y(2) = v, y(3) = w, y(4) = z, y(5) = y.
res = [ ya(1) - 1; ya(2) - 1; ya(3) - 1; ya(4) + 10; yb(3) - yb(5)];
function dydx = Exode(x,y)
% y(1) = u, y(2) = v, y(3) = w, y(4) = z, y(5) = y.
dydx = [ 0.5*y(1)*(y(3) - y(1))/y(2)
-0.5*(y(3) - y(1))
(0.9 - 1000*(y(3) - y(5)) - 0.5*y(3)*(y(3) - y(1)))/y(4)
0.5*(y(3) - y(1))
100*(y(3) - y(5)) ];
Answer:
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
5.37
LLo = 1.2;
beta = fzero(@cablebeta, 2, opt, LLo);
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,1,5), [0.1 0.1]);
sol = bvp4c(@inextcable, @BC, solinit, [], beta);
z = deval(sol, 0);
disp(['beta = ' num2str(beta) ' and the slope at eta = 0 is ' num2str(z(2,1))])
function a = cablebeta(beta, LLo)
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,1,5), [0.1 0.1]);
sol = bvp4c(@inextcable, @BC, solinit, [], beta);
eta = linspace(0, 1, 100);
zz = deval(sol, eta);
a = LLo-trapz(eta, sqrt(1+zz(2,:).^2));
function c = inextcable(t, z, beta)
c = [z(2); beta*sqrt(1+z(2)^2)];
function r = BC(za,zb,beta)
r = [za(1); zb(1)];
Answer: beta = 2.1297 and the slope at eta = 0 is -1.2778
5.38
qo = 1;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, 1, 10), [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]);
beamsol = bvp4c(@BeamODEqo, @CantBC, solinit, [], qo);
y = deval(beamsol, eta);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(eta, y(1,:),'k-')
subplot(2,2,2)
subplot(2,2,3)
subplot(2,2,4)
function dydx = BeamODEqo(x, y, qo)
dydx = [y(2); y(3); y(4); qo.*(x>0.5)];
function bc = CantBC(y0, y1, qo)
bc = [y0(1); y0(2); y1(3); y1(4)];
Answer:
0.12
0.2
0.1
0.15
0.08
0.06
0.1
0.04
0.05
0.02
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
-0.1
0.3
-0.2
0.2
-0.3
0.1
-0.4
-0.5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5.39
function Exerxise5_39
Pbar = 8; alph = pi/2;
sw = 0; tol = 0.001;
gl = 157; gh = 158;
qq = fzero(@Shoot, [gl, gh]*pi/180, [], Pbar, alph, sw, tol)*180/pi;
sw = 1;
[r, x] = NLBeam(qq*pi/180, Pbar, alph, sw, tol);
disp(['Pbar = ' num2str(Pbar) ' phi(0) = ' num2str(qq) ' (deg) x(0) = '...
num2str(x(1)), ' y(0) = ' num2str(x(2))])
function z = Shoot(q, Pbar, alph, sw, tol)

z = q-NLBeam(q, Pbar, alph, sw, tol);
function [res, dis]= NLBeam(y0, Pbar, alph, sw, tol)
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,1,5), [2 1]);
opt = bvpset('RelTol', tol);
solu = bvp4c(@Odes, @BC, solinit, opt, Pbar, alph, y0);
r = deval(solu(1,end), 1);
res = r(1);
dis = [999, 999];
if sw==1
xx = linspace(0,1,50);
s = deval(solu,xx);
dis = [trapz(xx, cos(s(1,:))), trapz(xx, sin(s(1,:)))] ;
end
function der = Odes(x, y, Pbar, alph, y0)
der = [y(2); -Pbar*sin(y(1)+alph-y0)];
function der = BC(ya, yb, Pbar ,alph, y0)
der = [ya(1); yb(2)];
Answer: Pbar = 8 phi(0) = 157.938 (deg) x(0) = -0.073844 y(0) = 0.63353
5.40
a = 0.8;
zinfi = fzero(@Eqn, [1.1 4], [], a)
function slop = Eqn(zinf, a)
zin = [zinf 1.05*zinf]; d(1:2) = 0;
for k = 1:2
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, zin(k), 5), [0.1, 0.1]);
exmp = bvp4c(@odeQ3, @bcQ3,solinit, [], a);
et = linspace(0, zin(k), 100);
wnew = deval(exmp, et);
slop = wnew(1, end)-0.05;
d(k) = interp1(et, wnew(1,:), 1.1);
end
slop = (d(2)-d(1))/0.05-0.03;
function de = odeQ3(t, y, a)
de = [y(2); -2*t*y(2)/sqrt(1-a*y(1))];
function b = bcQ3(ya, yb, a)
b = [ya(1)-1; yb(1)];
Answer: zinfi = 1.9501
5.41
v = 0.3;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0.2,1,5), [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]);

plat = bvp4c(@Plate, @bcPlate, solinit, [], v);
rr = linspace(0.2, 1, 50);
w = deval(plat, rr);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(rr, w(1,:), 'k')
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(rr, w(2,:), 'k')
subplot(2,2,3)
plot(rr, w(3,:)+v*w(2,:)./rr, 'k')
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(rr, w(4,:)+w(3,:)./rr-w(2,:)./rr.^2, 'k')
function s = Plate(r, y, v)
s = [y(2); y(3); y(4); -2/r*y(4)+y(3)/r^2-y(2)/r^3+1];
function d = bcPlate(yi, yo, v)
d = [yi(1); yi(2); yo(3)+v*yo(2); yo(4)+yo(3)-yo(2)];
Answer:
0.06
0.08
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.5
0
0.6
-0.5
0.4
-1
0.2
-1.5
0
-0.2
0.2
-2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-2.5
0.2
5.42
S = 0.4;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, 1, 10), [0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5]);
beamsol = bvp4c(@BeamODE, @CantileverBC, solinit, [], S);
y = deval(beamsol, eta);
subplot(2,2,1)
subplot(2,2,2)
subplot(2,2,3)
subplot(2,2,4)
function dydx = BeamODE(x, y, S)
dydx = [y(2); y(3); y(4); 1-S*y(3)];
function bc = CantileverBC(y0, y1, S)

bc = [y0(1); y0(2); y1(3); y1(4)+S*y1(2)];
Answer:
0.2
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.6
-0.2
0.5
0.4
-0.4
0.3
-0.6
0.2
-0.8
0.1
0
-1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
5.43
Omguess = pi/2;
gbs = 3.12; Ro = 0.06;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,1,10), @TimoBeamInit, Omguess);
beamsol = bvp4c(@TimoBeamODE, @TimoBeamBC, solinit, [], gbs, Ro);
Omega = beamsol.parameters
function yinit = TimoBeamInit(x)
yinit = [sin(x*pi/2); cos(x*pi/2); -sin(x*pi/2); -cos(x*pi/2)];
function dydx = TimoBeamODE(x, y, Om, gbs, Ro)
dydx = [y(2); y(4)-gbs*Ro^2*Om^4*y(1); y(4); -(y(2)+(gbs*Ro^4*Om^4-1)*y(3))/(gbs*Ro^2)];
function bc = TimoBeamBC(y0, y1, Om, gbs, Ro)
bc = [y0(1); y0(4)-0.05; y0(3); y1(2)-y1(3); y1(4)];
Answer: Omega = 1.8444
5.44
% Part (a)
wormleadmin = @(lambda, b) (b./sin(lambda)+1./cos(lambda));
bt = [0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.11, 0.15, 0.18, 0.23, 0.30];
opt = optimset('display','off'); z = zeros(length(bt),1);
for j = 1:length(bt)
z(j )= fminbnd(wormleadmin, pi/180, 40*pi/180, opt, bt(j))*180/pi;
end
disp(' beta
Kmin')
disp([bt' z])
% Part (b)
wormlead = @(lambda, b, k) (k-wormleadmin(lambda,b));
lambda1 = fzero(wormlead, [10 25]*pi/180, opt, 0.16, 1.5)*180/pi
lambda2 = fzero(wormlead, [25 40]*pi/180, opt, 0.16, 1.5)*180/pi

Answers:
beta
Kmin
0.0200 15.1866
0.0500 20.2231
0.0800 23.3098
0.1100 25.6001
0.1500 27.9830
0.1800 29.4501
0.2300 31.4950
0.3000 33.7997
lambda1 = 22.5505
lambda2 = 35.0343
5.45
gasflowtank = inline('-sqrt(k/(k-1))*sqrt(pepo.^(2/k)-pepo.^((k+1)/k))','pepo','k');
k = 1.4;
maxpratio = fminbnd(gasflowtank, 0, 1, opt, k);
maxexact = (2/(k+1))^(k/(k-1));
pepo = linspace(0, 1, 200);
[minarray, index] = min(gasflowtank(pepo,k));
numpratio = pepo(index);
disp(['max ratio exact = ' num2str(maxexact) ' max ratio w/fminbnd = '
num2str(maxpratio) ' max ratio w/min = ' num2str(numpratio)])
Answers: max ratio exact = 0.52828 max ratio w/fminbnd = 0.5283 max ratio w/min = 0.52764
5.46
function Exercsie5_46
opt = optimset('Display', 'off');
sol = fsolve(@functExamp, [1 1 1], opt)
disp(['x = ' num2str(sol(1)) ' y = ' num2str(sol(2)) ' z = ' num2str(sol(3))])
function f = functExamp(x)
f = [sin(x(1))+x(2)^2+log(x(3))-7;
3*x(1)+2^x(2)+1-x(3)^3;
x(1)+x(2)+x(3)-5];
Answers: x = 0.59905 y = 2.3959 z = 2.005
5.47
fs = inline('[b-z(1)*(1-cos(z(2)));a-z(1)*(z(2)-sin(z(2)))]', 'z', 'a', 'b');
a = 1; b = 3;
opt = optimset('Display','off');
r = fsolve(fs, [5 pi/4], opt, a, b);
disp(['k = ' num2str(r(1)) ' theta = ' num2str(r(2)*180/pi) ' degrees'])
fz = inline('b*(th-sin(th))-a*(1-cos(th))', 'th', 'a', 'b');
th = fzero(fz, [pi/4], opt, a, b);
disp(['k = ' num2str(a/(th-sin(th))) ' theta = ' num2str(th*180/pi) ' degrees'])
Answers: k = 6.9189 theta = 55.4999 degrees
k = 6.9189 theta = 55.4999 degrees
5.48
QQ = inline('[T1^4-T(1)^4-T(3)/sig; T(1)^4-T(2)^4-T(3)/sig; T(2)^4-T2^4-T(3)/sig]', 'T', 'T1', 'T2', 'sig');
sig = 5.667e-8; T2 = 293; T1 = 373;
TQ = fsolve(QQ, [ 300 300 300], opt, T1, T2, sig);
disp('From fsolve:')
disp(['TA = ' num2str(TQ(1)) ' TB = ' num2str(TQ(2)) ' Q = ' num2str(TQ(3))])
% (b)
V = [1, 0, 1/sig; 1, -1, -1/sig; 0, 1, -1/sig] \[T1^4, 0, T2^4]';
disp(' ')
disp('From matrix inversion:')
disp(['TA = ' num2str(V(1)^(1/4)) ' TB = ' num2str(V(2)^(1/4)) ' Q = ' num2str(V(3))])
Answers: From fsolve:
TA = 352.052 TB = 326.5116
Q = 226.4312
From matrix inversion:

TA = 352.052 TB = 326.5116
Q = 226.4312
5.49
syms x
dfx = diff(exp(sin(x)), x);
xext = solve(dfx, x)
dfxx = limit(diff(dfx,x), x, xext)
Answers: xext = 1/2*PI
dfxx = -exp(1)
5.50
syms x b
Intg = int((2*x+5)/(x^2+4*x+5), x, 0, b)
AofB = matlabFunction(Intg, 'vars', [b])
A = AofB(linspace(0, 4*pi, 10))'
Answers: A =
0
1.0964
1.8252
2.3653
2.7927
3.1459
3.4467
3.7084
3.9401
4.1478
5.51
[AlphMax fAlphaMax] = fminbnd(@(x) (-Integ(x)), 0, 1);
disp(['alphaMax = ' num2str(AlphMax) ' and f(alphaMax) = ' num2str(-fAlphaMax)])

[AlphMin fAlphaMin] = fminbnd(@Integ, 0.5, 5);
disp(['alphaMin = ' num2str(AlphMin) ' and f(alphaMin) = ' num2str(fAlphaMin)])
function In = Integ(alph)
In = (2+sin(10*alph)).*quadl(@Arg, 0, 1.8, [], [], alph);
function A = Arg(x, alph)
A = x.âlph.*sin(alph./(2-x));
Answers: alphaMax = 0.78153 and f(alphaMax) = 3.2284
alphaMin = 3.8882 and f(alphaMin) = -0.99339
5.52
ka = pi/4; v = 0.3; b = 0.05/sqrt(12);
N = 10; rot = zeros(N+1,3);
for meth = 1:3
switch meth
case 1
[C1 C2 C3 C4] = Coef;
for n = 0:N
a11 = ka^2+(1-v)/2*n.^2;
a12 = (1+v)*n*ka/2;
a13 = v*ka;
a23 = n;
a22 = (1-v)/2*ka^2+n.^2;
a33 = 1+b^2*(ka^2+n.^2).^2;
C11 = C1(a11,a12,a13, a22,a23,a33);
C22 = C2(a11,a12,a13, a22,a23,a33);
C33 = C3(a11,a12,a13, a22,a23,a33);
C44 = C4(a11,a12,a13, a22,a23,a33);
rot(n+1,:) = sqrt(roots([C44 C33 C22 C11]));
end
case 2
for n = 0:N
A = MatrixElements(n, ka, b, v);
rot(n+1,:) = sqrt(eig(A));
end
case 3
Nroot = 3;
x = logspace(-2, 1.2, 100);
for n = 0:N
rot(n+1,:) = FindZero(@deter, Nroot, x, [n,ka,b,v]);
end
end
figure(meth)
for m=1:3
semilogy(0:10, rot(:,m), 'ks-' )
hold on
end
axis tight
disp(' ')
disp('
n
L(1,n) L(2,n) L(3,n) ')
disp([(0:10)' rot])
end
function [C1 C2 C3 C4] = Coef
syms La a11 a12 a13 a21 a22 a23 a31 a32 a33
A = [-La+a11, a12, a13;
a12, -La+a22, a23;
a13, a23, -La+a33];
DetA = collect(simple(det(A)), La);
C = coeffs(DetA, La);
C1 = matlabFunction(C(1), 'vars', [a11, a12, a13,
a22, a23, a33]);

a22, a23, a33]);
a22, a23, a33]);
a22, a23, a33]);
function D = deter(La, w)
n = w(1); ka = w(2); b = w(3); v = w(4);
A = MatrixElements(n, ka, b, v);
A(1,1) = A(1,1)-La^2;
A(2,2) = A(2,2)-La^2;
A(3,3) = A(3,3)-La^2;
D = det(A);
function Rt=FindZero(FunName, Nroot, x, w)
cnt = 0; Rt = []; n = 3;
D = zeros(length(x),1);
% Following change required because 'deter' cannot
% deal with an array of values for x
for k = 1:length(x)
D(k) = feval(FunName, x(k), w);
end
for k = 1:length(x)
if sign(D(n))*sign(D(n-1))>0
n=n+1;
else
cnt = cnt+1;
rte = fzero(FunName,[x(n-1),x(n)],[],w);
Rt = [Rt rte];
n = n+2;
end
if n>length(x)-1||cnt==Nroot
break
end
end
function A = MatrixElements(n,ka,b,v)
a11 = ka^2+(1-v)/2*n.^2;
a12 = (1+v)*n*ka/2;
a13 = v*ka;
a23 = n;
a22 = (1-v)/2*ka^2+n.^2;
a33 = 1+b^2*(ka^2+n.^2).^2;
A = [a11, a12, a13; a12, a22, a23; a13, a23, a33];
Answers:
n
0
L(1,n) L(2,n) L(3,n)

1.0546 0.7105 0.4646
1.0000
2.0000
3.0000
4.0000
5.0000
6.0000
7.0000
8.0000
9.0000
10.0000
10
10
1.5258
2.3405
3.2468
4.1920
5.1566
6.1320
7.1141
8.1004
9.0897
10.0811
0.8883
1.3203
1.8546
2.4212
2.9996
3.5831
4.1693
4.7570
5.3457
5.9351
0.2574
0.1271
0.1433
0.2348
0.3630
0.5213
0.7088
0.9253
1.1706
1.4449
10
Chapter 6
6.1
% Cycloid
phi = linspace(-pi, 3*pi, 200);
ra = [0.5, 1, 1.5];
for k = 1:length(ra)
subplot(3,1,k)
plot(ra(k)*phi-sin(phi), ra(k)-cos(phi))
axis equal
title(['r_a = ' num2str(ra(k))])
axis equal off
end
Answer:
ra = 0.5
ra = 1
ra = 1.5
% Leminscate
phi = linspace(-pi/4, pi/4, 101);
plot(cos(phi).*sqrt(2*cos(2*phi)), sin(phi).*sqrt(2*cos(2*phi)))
axis equal off
Answer:
% Archimedean spiral
phi = linspace(0, 6*pi, 200);
plot(phi.*cos(phi), phi.*sin(phi))
axis equal off
Answer:
%Logarithmic spiral
phi = linspace(0, 6*pi, 200); k = 0.1;
plot(exp(k*phi).*cos(phi), exp(k*phi).*sin(phi))
axis equal off
Answer:
% Cardioid
plot(2*cos(phi)-cos(2*phi), 2*sin(phi)-sin(2*phi))
axis equal off
Answer:
% Astroid
plot(4*cos(phi).^3, 4*sin(phi).^3)
axis equal off
Answer:
% Epicycloid
en = [2*pi, 4*pi]; r = [3, 2.5]; a = [0.5 2];
for k = 1:2
subplot(1,2,k)
phi = linspace(0, en(k), 200);
rr = r(k); ar = a(k);
plot((rr+1)*cos(phi)-ar*cos(phi*(rr+1)), (rr+1)*sin(phi)-ar*sin(phi*(rr+1)))
axis equal off
end
Answer:
% Hypocycloid
rr = 3; ar = [0.5, 1, 2];
for k = 1:length(ar)
subplot(1,3,k)
plot((rr-1)*cos(phi)+ar(k)*cos(phi*(rr-1)), (rr-1)*sin(phi)-ar(k)*sin(phi*(rr-1)))
axis equal off
end
Answer:
% Eight curve
ph = linspace(0, 2*pi, 200); a = 2;
plot(a*sin(ph), a*sin(ph).*cos(ph), 'k-')
axis equal off
Answer:
% Butterfly
x = linspace(-1, 1, 201); a = 2;
plot(x, (x.^4-x.^6).^(1/6), 'k-', x, -(x.^4-x.^6).^(1/6), 'k-')
axis equal off
Answer:
% Dumbbell
x = linspace(-1, 1, 200); a = 2;
plot(x, a*sqrt((x.^4-x.^6)), 'k-', x, -a*sqrt((x.^4-x.^6)), 'k-')
axis equal off
Answer:
% Bicuspid
a = 1; x = linspace(-a, a, 200);
rt = @(x,a) sqrt((a^2-x.^2).*(x-a).^2);
plot(x, sqrt(a^2+rt(x,a)), 'k-', x, -sqrt(a^2+rt(x,a)), 'k-')
hold on
A = @(x,a) (a^2-rt(x,a));
xl = fzero(A, -a/2, [], a)
x = linspace(-a, xl, 50);
plot(x, sqrt(a^2-rt(x,a)), 'k-', x, -sqrt(a^2-rt(x,a)), 'k-')
x= linspace(0, a, 50);
plot(x, sqrt(a^2-rt(x,a)), 'k-', x, -sqrt(a^2-rt(x,a)), 'k-')
axis equal off
Answer:
% Super ellipse
a = 2; b = 1; n = [2/3, 3, 7];
for k = 1:3
subplot(1,3,k)
x = [linspace(-a, 0, 100) 0 linspace(0.01, a, 100)];
y = b*(1-abs(x/a).^n(k)).^(1/n(k));
plot(x, y, 'k-', x, -y, 'k-')
axis equal off
end
Answer:
% Gear
n = 12; a = 1; b = 10;
t = linspace(0, 2*pi, 600);
r = a+tanh(b*sin(n*t))/b;
plot(r.*cos(t), r.*sin(t), 'k-')
axis equal off
Answer:
% Folium
th = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
a = 2; b = 3;
c = cos(th); s = sin(th);
r = real(sqrt(c.*(4*a*s.^2-b)));
plot(r.*c, r.*s, 'k-')

axis equal off
Answer:
6.2
rts = sort(roots([.001 -.01 -0.2 1 4 -5]), 'ascend');
ind = find((rts>=-12)&(rts<=7));
for k = 1:2:length(ind)
x = linspace(rts(k), rts(k+1), 25);
y = polyval([.001 -.01 -0.2 1 4 -5], x);
plot(x, y, 'k-' )
hold on
end
xlim([-12 7])
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
Answer:
70
60
50
40
30
y
20
10
-10
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
6.3
tho = pi/3; N = 17; del = 1;
x1 = 0:N;
x2 = x1.*del*cos(tho);
y2 = x1.*del*sin(tho);
N = N+1; z = zeros(1,N);
plot(x1, z, 'k-s')
hold on
plot(x2, y2, 'k-s')
plot([x1(2:N); x2(N:-1:2)], [z(N:-1:2); y2(N:-1:2)], 'k-')
axis([-1, N, -1, N])

axis equal off
Answer:
6.4
n = input('Enter number of circles (>2): ');
rb = 1.5;
phi = linspace(0, 2*pi);
rs = rb*sin(pi/n)/(1-sin(pi/n));
th = (1:n)*2*pi/n;
plot(rb*cos(phi), rb*sin(phi), 'k', 0, 0, 'k+', (rb+rs)*cos(th), (rb+rs)*sin(th), 'k+')
axis equal
[x, phd] = meshgrid((rb+rs)*cos(th), phi);
y = meshgrid((rb+rs)*sin(th), phi);
hold on
axis off
plot(x+rs.*cos(phd), y+rs.*sin(phd), 'k-')
Answer:
6.5
N = 15000; x = zeros(N,1); y=x;
x(1) = 1; y(1) = 3.65;
for n = 2:N
x(n) = 1-y(n-1)+abs(x(n-1));
y(n) = x(n-1);
end
plot(x, y, 'k.')
axis equal off
Answer:
6.6
eta = linspace(0, 1, 10); phi = linspace(0, 2*pi, 200);
c = cos(phi); s = sin(phi); a = 1.5; N = 4;
for k = 1:length(eta)
D = cosh(eta(k))-c;
x = sinh(eta(k))./D;
y = s./D;
plot(a*x, a*y, 'k-', -a*x, -a*y, 'k-')
hold on
end
for k = 1:length(phi)
D = cosh(eta)-cos(phi(k));
x = sinh(eta)./D;
y = sin(phi(k))./D;
plot(a*x, a*y, 'k-', -a*x, -a*y, 'k-')
hold on
end
axis equal off
axis([-N N -N N])
Answer:
6.7
A = 2; N = 20;
t = linspace(-pi, pi, 400); T = t(end)-t(1);
signal = A*sin(t); dt = t(2)-t(1);
x = linspace(-A, A, N); dx = x(2)-x(1);
L = zeros(N-1,1);
for k = 1:N-1
Index = find((signal>=x(k))&(signal<x(k+1)));
L(k) = dt*length(Index)/T/dx;
end
xx = x(1:N-1)+dx/2;
xn = [xx(1)-dx/4, xx, xx(end)+dx/4];
exacty = 1/pi./sqrt(A^2-xn.^2);
plot(xx, L, 'ks', xn, exacty, 'k')
xlabel('Amplitude')
ylabel('P(x)')
[ll lo] = legend('Approximate', 'Exact');
Answer:
0.8
Approximate
Exact
0.7
0.6
0.5
)
x
(
P
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Amplitude
0.5
1.5
6.8
h = 1:0.25:3;
d = linspace(0, 5, 100);
[ht, dt] = meshgrid(h, d, 1);
plot(dt, 0.5*dt.^3-1.5*ht.*dt.^2+(1+ht.^2).*dt, 'k')
axis([0 5 0 8])
xlabel('\delta/t')
ylabel('C_1')
dd = 1.2;
pht = 0.5*dd.^3-1.5*h.*dd.^2+(1+h.^2).*dd+.12;
text(repmat(.9, 1, length(h)-1), pht(2:length(h)), num2str(h(2:end)'))
text(.9, pht(end)+.4,'h/t = ')
text(0.9, pht(1)-.4,num2str(h(1)))
Answer:
8
h/t =
3
6
2.75
5
2.5
1
2.25
3
2
1.75
1.5
1.25
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
/t
3.5
4.5
6.9
rb = 90.21; rt = 106; ts = 14.022;
m = 8; n = 24;
[t, r] = geartoothshape(rb, rt, ts, m, n);
rm = max(r);
subplot(1,2,1)
for k = 0:n-1
polar(t+2*k*pi/n, r/rm)
hold on
end
subplot(1,2,2)
for k = 0:n-1
plot(r.*cos(t+2*k*pi/n), r.*sin(t+2*k*pi/n))
hold on
axis equal off
end
plot(0, 0, '+b')
Answer:
90
120
60
0.5
150
30
180
210
330
240
300
270
6.10
powerscreweff = inline('100*(cos(a)-mu.*tan(lamb))./(cos(a)+mu.*cot(lamb))', 'a', 'lamb', 'mu');
lam = linspace(0.01, pi/2-.01, 100);
mum = [0.02, 0.05:0.05:.25];
[mu, lamb] = meshgrid(mum, lam, 1);
e = powerscreweff(14.5*pi/180, lamb, mu);
plot(lamb*180/pi, powerscreweff(14.5*pi/180, lamb, mu), ...
'-k', lamb*180/pi, powerscreweff(7*pi/180, lamb, mu),'--k')
axis([0 90 0 100])
legend('thread angle = 14.5\circ', 'thread angle = 7\circ', 'Location', 'SouthWest')
xlabel('Lead angle (degrees)')
ylabel('Efficiency (%)')
title('Efficiency of a power screw')
text(repmat(30, 1, length(mum)), powerscreweff(7*pi/180,pi/4,mum)-3,...
[repmat('\mu = ', length(mum),1) num2str(mum')])
Answer:
Efficiency of a power screw
100
= 0.02
90
)
%
(
y
c
n
e
i
c
i
f
f
E
= 0.05
80
= 0.1
70
= 0.15
= 0.2
60
= 0.25
50
40
30
20
10
thread angle = 14.5

thread angle = 7
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
Lead angle (degrees)
60
70
80
90
6.11
L = 1; W = 2; d = 2;
r1 = sqrt(d^2+(W/2)^2);
r2 = sqrt((d+L)^2+(W/2)^2);
alpha = atan(W/(2*d));
beta = atan(W/(2*(L+d)));
Nv = floor(pi/alpha);
Dtheta = 2*pi/Nv;
theta = 0:Dtheta:2*pi-Dtheta;
gama = [-alpha, alpha, beta, -beta];
rad = [r1, r1, r2, r2];
for k = 1:Nv
x = rad.*cos(theta(k)+gama);
y = rad.*sin(theta(k)+gama);
plot([x, x(1)], [y, y(1)], 'k')
hold on
end
plot([zeros(1,Nv); d*cos(theta)], [zeros(1,Nv); d*sin(theta)], 'k')
axis equal off
Answer:
6.12
N = 15; n = 1:N;
Angl = cumsum(atan(1./sqrt(1:N-1)));
Angl = [pi, pi-Angl];
R = sqrt(n);
x = R.*cos(Angl);
y = R.*sin(Angl);
plot(x, y, 'k-')
hold on
plot([zeros(1,N);x], [zeros(1,N);y], 'k-')
axis equal off
ang = [pi/8, Angl(1:N-1)+diff(Angl)/2];
text(x(1)/2, 0, '1', 'VerticalAlignment','bottom')
for k = 2:N
text(x(k)/2, y(k)/2, ['\surd' num2str(k)])
text(R(k).*cos(ang(k)), R(k).*sin(ang(k)), '1', 'HorizontalAlignment','right')
end
Answer:
1
1
1
4
3
1
5
2
6
7
8
9
15
10
14
13
11
12
1
1
1
1
1
6.13
za = linspace(0.01, 3); vu1 = 0.3;
sx = (1-za.*atan(1./za))*(1+vu1)-0.5./(1+za.^2);
sz = 1./(1+za.^2);
plot(za, sx, 'k-', za, sz, 'k--', za, -0.5*(sx-sz), 'k:')
legend('sigma x', 'sigma z', 'shear', 'Location', 'NorthEast')

axis([0, 3, 0, 1])
xlabel('depth (z/a)')
ylabel('Compressive stress and shear')
title('Contact stresses in spheres as a function of depth')
Answer:
Contact stresses in spheres as a function of depth
r
a
e
h
s
d
n
a
s
s
e
r
t
s
e
v
i
s
s
e
r
p
m
o
C
1
sigma x
sigma z
shear
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
depth (z/a)
2.5
6.14
zb = linspace(0.01, 3, 100); nu = 0.3;
sx = 2*nu*(sqrt(1+zb.^2)-zb);
sy = (2-1./(1+zb.^2)).*sqrt(1+zb.^2)-2*zb;
sz = 1./sqrt((1+zb.^2));
plot(zb, sx , 'k-', zb, sz, 'k--', zb, -0.5*(sy-sz), 'k:', zb, sy, 'k-.')
legend('\sigma_x' ,'\sigma_z', '\tau', '\sigma_y')
axis([0, 3, 0, 1])
xlabel('depth (z/b)')
ylabel('Compressive stress and shear')
title('Contact stresses in cylinders as a function of depth')
Answer:
Contact stresses in cylinders as a function of depth
r
a
e
h
s
d
n
a
s
s
e
r
t
s
e
v
i
s
s
e
r
p
m
o
C

0.9
0.8

x
z
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
depth (z/b)
2.5
6.15
bt = [0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.11, 0.15, 0.18, 0.23, 0.30];

wormleadmin = inline('b./sin(lambda)+1./cos(lambda)', 'lambda', 'b');
z = zeros(1,length(bt));
for j = 1:length(bt)
z(j) = fminbnd(wormleadmin, pi/180, 40*pi/180, [], bt(j));
end
plot(z*180/pi, bt./sin(z)+1./cos(z), 'k--')
legend('Minimum', 'Location', 'SouthWest');
hold on
lamb = linspace(1, 40, 100)*pi/180;
[b, lambda] = meshgrid(bt, lamb, 1);
plot(lambda*180/pi, b./sin(lambda)+1./cos(lambda), 'k')
axis([0, 40, 1, 2])
xlabel('\lambda')
ylabel('K')
lambda = 23*pi/180;
pht = bt/sin(lambda)+1/cos(lambda);
text(repmat(23, 1, length(bt)), pht(1:length(bt))+0.04, num2str(bt(1:end)'))
text(20, pht(1)+0.04,'\beta = ')
Answer:
2
1.9
0.3
1.8
0.23
1.7
1.6
0.18
1.5
0.15
1.4
0.11
0.08
1.3
0.05
1.2
=
0.02
1.1
Minimum
1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
6.16
dk = [0, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 100000];
options = optimset('display', 'off');
re = logspace(3.603, 7);
lambda = zeros(length(re),1); label = zeros(length(dk),1);
for k = 1:length(dk)
for r = 1:length(re)
lambda(r) = fzero(@PipeFrictionCoeff,[.008 .08], options, re(r), dk(k));
end
semilogx(re, log10(lambda),'k')
label(k) = lambda(end);
hold on
end
xlabel('Reynolds number')
ylabel('log_{10}(\lambda)')
text(repmat(10^(7+.03), length(dk)-1,1), log10(label(2:end)'), num2str(dk(2:end)'))
text(10^(7+.06), log10(label(1)), '\infty')
v = axis;
text(10^(7+.1), v(4), 'd/k')
function x = PipeFrictionCoeff(el, re, dk)
if dk>100000||dk==0
x = el-(2*log10(re*sqrt(el)/2.51))^-2;
else
x = el-(2*log10(2.51/re/sqrt(el)+0.27/dk))^-2;
end
Answer:
-1.1
d/k
20
-1.2
-1.3
50
-1.4
100
-1.5
)
( 0
g1
o
l
200
-1.6
500
-1.7
1000
2000
-1.8
5000
-1.9
10000
20000
-2
-2.1
3
10
50000
100000

10
10
Reynolds number
10
10
6.17
th = 0:pi/90:2*pi;
fill(3.+cos(th), 1.+sin(th), 'g')
axis equal
axis([-2, 5, -5, 4])
hold on
fill([0 4.5 5 5], [-5 4 4 -5], 'r')
plot([-2 5], [0 0], 'k', [0 0], [-5 4], 'k', 1, 1, 'k+')
r = 0.5:.5:3;
plot(1.+cos(th')*r, 1.+sin(th')*r, 'b')
title('Blue circles: function minimized. Green area: feasible region')
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
Answer:
Blue circles: function minimized. Green area: feasible region

4
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-2
-1
2
x
6.18
t = linspace(0, pi, 200);
s1 = sin(t);
s2 = 0.5*abs(sin(2*t));
plot(t, s1, 'k', t, s2, 'k')
fill([t fliplr(t)], [s1 fliplr(s2)], 'c')
axis([0, pi, 0, 1])
hold on
plot([0, pi], [0.5 0.5], '--k')
Answer:
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
6.19
phi = linspace(0, 2*pi, 200); N = 2; kd = [0.25, 0.5, 1, 2]*pi;
for k = 1:4
subplot(2,2,k)
polar(phi, sin(2*N*kd(k)*cos(phi))./(2*N*sin(kd(k)*cos(phi))), 'k-')
title(['kd/\pi = ' num2str(kd(k)/pi)])
end
Answer:
kd/ = 0.25
90 1
120
kd/ = 0.5
90 1
60
0.5
150
120
30
180
210
330
240
210
300
330
240
kd/ = 1
90 1
kd/ = 2
90 1
60
0.5
120
30
180
210
330
300
60
0.5
150
270
300
270
120
240
30
180
270
150
60
0.5
150
30
180
210
330
240
300
270
6.20
th = linspace(0, pi, 100); r = 2/3; rad = [2/6, 1/6, 1/2];
a = [rad(1), 2*rad(1)+rad(2), rad(3)];
ch = char('w', 'w', 'g');
for k = 3:-1:1 % Displaying colors is order dependent
fill(a(k)+rad(k)*c, rad(k)*s, ch(k,1))
hold on
end
plot([0 2*rad(3)], [0 0], 'k-')
axis equal off
N = 6; th = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
for n = 1:N
D = n^2*(1-r)^2+r;
xn = r*(r+1)/2/D;
yn = n*r*(1-r)/D;
rn = r*(1-r)/2/D;
fill(xn+rn*c, yn+rn*s, 'y')
plot(xn, yn, 'k+')
end
% Ellipse for centers of circles.
x = linspace(0, (1+r)/2, 50);
v = ((4*x-(r+1))/(1+r)).^2;
y = sqrt(r)*sqrt(1-v)/2;
plot(x, y, 'k--')
plot(rad(1), 0, 'k+', 2*rad(1)+rad(2), 0, 'k+')
text(0, -0.04, '(0,0)', 'HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(rad(1), -0.04, ['(' num2str(rad(1),3),',0)'], 'HorizontalAlignment','center')
text(2*rad(1)+rad(2), -0.04, ['(' num2str(2*rad(1)+rad(2),3),',0)'],'HorizontalAlignment','center')
Answer:
(0,0)
(0.333,0)
(0.833,0)
6.21
xi = logspace(-1, 2, 100);
Lam = 10.^(-(1:5));
for k = 1:length(Lam)
y = LossFactor(xi, Lam(k));
loglog(xi, y, '-k')
hold on
text(0.8*interp1(y, xi, 0.1), 0.1, ['\lambda = ' num2str(Lam(k))],'Rotation', 60)
end
v = axis; v(3)=10^(-3); axis(v)
xlabel('\xi')
ylabel('\eta')
function eta = LossFactor(xi, Lam)
eta = Lam*xi./(1+Lam*xi);
eta = eta.*(3+6*xi+4*xi.^2+2*Lam*xi.^3+Lam^2*xi.^4);
eta = eta./(1+2*Lam*(2*xi+3*xi.^2+2*xi.^3)+Lam^2*xi.^4);
Answer:
10
10
-1
1
0
0
.0
0
1
0
.0
0
1
.0
0
.1
0
=
5
0
0
e
1
10
10
-2
-3
10
-1
10
10
10
6.22
AB = 5; ab = linspace(0.3, AB, 50);
N = inline('(m./ab+ab/m).^2', 'ab', 'm');
cusp = sqrt((1:5).*(((1:5)+1)));
hold on
for m = 1:AB
y = N(ab,m);
plot(ab, y, 'k--')
a = interp1(y(1:20), ab(1:20), 9);
if m==AB
text(a+0.1, 9, [int2str(m) ' = m'])
else
text(a+0.1, 9, int2str(m))
end
end
for m=1:AB
if m==1
ab = linspace(0.3, cusp(m), 30);
else
ab = linspace(cusp(m-1), cusp(m), 30);
end
plot(ab, N(ab,m), 'k-', 'linewidth', 3)
end
axis([0, AB, 3, 10])
xlabel('a/b')
ylabel('N_{cr}')
Answer:
10
5= m
7
r
c
3
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
a/b
3.5
4.5
6.23
wt = logspace(-2, 6, 100);
for k = 1:5
a = 10^-k;
y = 100*(1-1./sqrt((1+a)^2+(a*wt).^2));
loglog(wt, y, 'k-')
hold on
text(0.09, 1.4*y(1), ['R_g/R_i = ' num2str(a)])
end
xlabel('\omega\tau_i (=\omegaR_iC_i)')
ylabel('Percentage error')
Answer:
10
10
R /R = 0.1
Rg /R i = 0.01
r
o
r
r
e
e
g
a
t
n
e
c
r
e
P
10
10
10
10
R /R = 0.001
g
-1
R /R = 0.0001
g
-2
R /R = 1e-005
g
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
(= R C )
i
i i
6.24
v = 0.3; k = 10^-5; N = 100;
L = logspace(-2, 1, N);
Om = zeros(N, 3);
for n = 1:6
for m = 1:N
Om(m,:) = NatFreqShell(L(m), k, n, v)';
end
loglog(1./L, Om(:,1), 'k-')
hold on
text(40, 1.2*Om(1,1), ['n = ' num2str(n)])
end
xlabel('1/\lambda')
ylabel('\Omega_1')
function Om = NatFreqShell(L, k, n, v)
g = n.^2+L.^2;
K2 = 1+0.5*(3-v)*g+k*g.^2;
K1 = 0.5*(1-v)*((3+2*v)*L.^2+n.^2+g.^2+(3-v)/(1-v)*k*g.^3);
K0 = 0.5*(1-v)*((1-v^2)*L.^4+k*g.^4);
Om = sort(sqrt(roots([1, -K2, K1, -K0])));
Answer:
10
n= 6
10
-1
n= 5
n= 4
n= 3

n= 2
10
-2
n= 1
10
-3
10
-1
10
10
10
1/
6.25
beta = 60*pi/180; rb = 3;
h = 0.5; rc = 0.5; n = 23;
phi = linspace(0, beta, n);
ph = [phi, beta+phi];
[Rx, Ry, Cx, Cy] = ContourFlat(phi, rb, h, beta, rc);
ang = linspace(2*beta, 2*pi, 40);
plot(Rx, Ry, 'k', rb*cos(ang), rb*sin(ang), 'k')
hold on
plot(Cx(1:5:2*n), Cy(1:5:2*n), 'k+')
axis equal
phd = linspace(0, 2*pi, 50);
[x, phx] = meshgrid(Cx(1:5:2*n), phd);
y = meshgrid(Cy(1:5:2*n), phd);
hold on
plot(x+rc.*cos(phx), y+rc.*sin(phx), 'k--')
plot([0 Rx(4)], [0, Ry(4)], 'k-')
text(Rx(4), Ry(4), '>', 'HorizontalAlignment','Right')
text(-1, 0.8, 'C(\phi)', 'fontsize', 14)
plot([0 Cx(end)], [0, Cy(end)], 'k-')
text(1, -0.2, 'R(\phi)', 'fontsize', 14)
axis off
set(gca, 'fontsize', 14)
function [L, dLdphi] = CamProfile(phi, rb, h, beta)
arg = 2*pi*phi/beta;
L = rb+h*(phi/beta-sin(arg)/2/pi);
dLdphi = (h/beta)*(1-cos(arg));
L = [L fliplr(L)];
dLdphi = [dLdphi -dLdphi];
function [Rx, Ry, Cx, Cy] = ContourFlat(phi, rb, h, beta, rc)
[L, dLdphi] = CamProfile(phi, rb, h, beta);
theta = atan2(dLdphi, L);
R = L./cos(theta);
ph = [phi, beta+phi];
Ry = R.*sin(theta+ph);
Rx = R.*cos(theta+ph);
gama = atan(dLdphi./(L+rc));
C = (L+rc)./cos(gama);
Cy = C.*sin(gama+ph);
Cx = C.*cos(gama+ph);
Answer:
C( )
>
R( )
Chapter 7
7.1
% Spherical helix
t = linspace(0, 10*pi, 300);
x = t/(2*5);
plot3(sin(x).*cos(t), sin(x).*sin(t), cos(x), 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
1
0.5
-0.5
-1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
% Toroidal spiral
a = 0.2; b = 0.8; c = 20;
plot3((b+a*sin(c*t)).*cos(t), (b+a*sin(c*t)).*sin(t), a*cos(c*t), 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-0.6
-0.8
% Sine wave on sphere

a = 10; b = 1; c = 0.3;
z = sqrt(b^2-c^2*cos(a*t).^2);
plot3(z.*cos(t), z.*sin(t), c*cos(a*t), 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0
-0.4
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8
% Concho-spiral
a = 1; b = 1.05; c = 3;
u = linspace(0, 12*pi, 200);
bu = b.û;
plot3(a*bu.*cos(u), a*bu.*sin(u), c*bu, 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
4
2
5
0
-2
0
-4
-5
% Intersection of two cylinders

a = 1; b = 1.3;
plot3(a*cos(phi), a*sin(phi), sqrt(b^2-a^2*sin(phi).^2), 'k-')
axis equal
view([-15, 20])
Answer:
1.2
1.1
1
0.9
0.5
0
-0.5
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
% Baseball seam
a = 0.4;
g = pi/2-(pi/2-a)*cos(t);
h = t/2+a*sin(2*t);
plot3(sin(g).*cos(h), sin(g).*sin(h), cos(g), 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
% Spherical spiral
a = 0.08;
phi = linspace(-12*pi, 12*pi, 400);
p = atan(a*phi);
plot3(cos(phi).*cos(p), sin(phi).*cos(p), -sin(p), 'k-')
axis equal
Answer:
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-0.5
7.2
% Seashell
vv = linspace(0, 2*pi, 25); uu = linspace(0, 6*pi, 45);
[u, v] = meshgrid(uu, vv);
E = exp(u/6/pi); C2 = cos(0.5*v).^2;
x = 2*(1-E).*cos(u).*C2;
y = 2*(-1+E).*sin(u).*C2;
z = 1-exp(u/3/pi)-sin(v)+E.*sin(v);
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal
Answer:
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
-8
2
2
1
1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
% Figure eight torus

c = 1; vv = linspace(-pi, pi, 25); uu = linspace(-pi, pi, 45);
[u, v] = meshgrid(uu, vv);
C = c+sin(v).*cos(u)-sin(2*v).*sin(u)/2;
x = cos(u).*C;
y = sin(u).*C;
z = sin(u).*sin(v)+cos(u).*sin(2*v)/2;
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal
Answer:
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
1.5
2
1
1
0.5
0
0
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-2
% Helical spring
r1 = 0.25; r2 = 0.25; T = 2.0; n = 6;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*n*pi, 140), linspace(0, 2*pi, 25));
x = [1-r1.*cos(v)].*cos(u);
y = [1-r1*cos(v)].*sin(u);
z = r2*[sin(v)+T*u/pi];
surf(x, y, z)
view([-64 0])
surf(x, y, z)
axis vis3d equal off
Answer:
% Cornucopia
a = 0.3; b = 0.5;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 22), linspace(-3, 3, 20));
x = exp(b*v).*cos(v)+exp(a*v).*cos(v).*cos(u);
y = exp(b*v).*sin(v)+exp(a*v).*sin(v).*cos(u);
z = exp(a*v).*sin(u);
surf(x, y, z)
Answer:
% Astroidal ellipsoid
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(-pi/2, pi/2, 40), linspace(-pi, pi, 40));
a = 1; b = 1; c = 1;
x = (a*cos(u).*cos(v)).^3;
y = (b*sin(u).*cos(v)).^3;
z = (c*sin(v)).^3;
surf(x, y, z)
Answer:
% Mobius strip
[s, t] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 30), linspace(-0.4, 0.4, 15));
x = cos(s)+t.*cos(s/2).*cos(s);
y = sin(s)+t.*cos(s/2).*sin(s);
z = t.*sin(s/2);
surf(x, y, z)
Answer:
% Bow curve
T = 0.7;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 20), linspace(0, 2*pi, 40));
x = (2+T*sin(u)).*sin(2*v);
y = (2+T*sin(u)).*cos(2*v);
z = T*cos(u)+3*cos(v);
surf(x, y, z)
axis off equal vis3d
shading interp
Answer:
% Hyperbolic helicoid
tau = 7;
[u, v] = meshgrid(linspace(-pi, pi, 100), linspace(0, 0.5, 8));
D = 1+cosh(u).*cosh(v);
x = sinh(v).*cos(tau*u)./D;
y = sinh(v).*sin(tau*u)./D;
z = sinh(u).*cosh(v)./D;
surf(x, y, z)
Answer:
% Apple surface
[u, v]= meshgrid(linspace(0, 2*pi, 30), linspace(-pi, pi, 50));
x = cos(u).*(4 + 3.8*cos(v));
y = sin(u).*(4 + 3.8*cos(v));
z = (cos(v) + sin(v) - 1).*(1 + sin(v)).* log(1 - pi*v / 10) + 7.5*sin(v);
h = surf(x, y, z);
set(h, 'FaceAlpha', 0.4)
axis off equal vis3d
shading interp
Answer:
7.3
the = linspace(0, 2*pi, 30);
rad = linspace(0, 1, 15)';
xc = rad*cos(the);
yc = rad*sin(the);
options = optimset('display','off');
nm = 2; nk = 3; n = 0;
for m = 0:1:nm
vs = m+2.8;
for k = 1:nk
v = fzero(@circularplate, [vs vs+3], options, m);
mode = circularplatemode(m, v, rad, the);
vs = 1.2*v;
n = n+1;
subplot(nm+1, nk, n)
meshc(yc, xc, mode)
colormap([0 0 1])
title([num2str(v) ' m=' num2str(m) ' n=' num2str(k)])
axis off
end
end
function d = circularplate(x, n)
d = besselj(n, x)*besseli(n+1, x)+besseli(n, x)*besselj(n+1, x);
function [mod]= circularplatemode(m, omn, rad, the)
c1mn = -besseli(m, omn)/besselj(m, omn);
mod = (c1mn*besselj(m, omn*rad)+ besseli(m, omn*rad))*cos(the*m);
mod = mod/max(max(abs(mod)));
Answer:
3.1962 m=0 n=1
6.3064 m=0 n=2
9.4395 m=0 n=3
4.6109 m=1 n=1
7.7993 m=1 n=2
10.9581 m=1 n=3
5.9057 m=2 n=1
9.1969 m=2 n=2
12.4022 m=2 n=3
7.4
heatslab = inline('cos(x)-x.*sin(x)/b', 'x', 'b');
tau = [linspace(0, 0.5, 9) linspace(0.6, 2, 9)];
bi = 0.7; Nroot = 20; %x = linspace(0, 20*pi, 200);
r = FindZeros(heatslab, Nroot, linspace(0, 20*pi, 200), bi);
s = meshgrid(sin(r)./(r+sin(r).*cos(r)), eta);
th = (2*cos(r*eta).*s')'*exp(-r.^2*tau);
surf(tau, eta, th)
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('\eta')
zlabel('\theta/\theta_i')
title(['Boit number = ',num2str(bi)])
axis vis3d
view(-32.5, 36)
function Rt = FindZeros(FunName, Nroot, x, w)
L = length(indx);
if L<Nroot
Nroot = L;
end
for k = 1:Nroot
end
Answer:
Boit number = 0.7
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
#/
#
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
1
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
0.4
1
0.2
0.5
0
7.5
[x, y] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 1, 25), linspace(0, 1, 25));
surf(x, y, sin(2*pi*x).*sin(3*pi*y))
Answer:
0.5
-0.5
-1
1
0.8
1
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
7.6
[re, pr] = meshgrid(logspace(5.699, 7, 10), logspace(-0.2218, 3.301, 15));
nu = 0.037*re.^.8.*pr./(1+2.443*re.^-.1.*(pr.^(2/3)-1));
surf(log10(re), log10(pr), log10(nu))
xlabel('log_{10}(Re)')
ylabel('log_{10}(Pr)')
zlabel('log_{10}(Nusselt)')
hold on
xc = [5.699, 5.699, 7 7];
yc = [-0.2218, 3.301, -0.2218, 3.301];
zc = log10([nu(1,1), nu(end,1), nu(1,end), nu(end,end)]);
plot3([xc; xc], [yc; yc], [repmat(2, 1, 4); zc], 'k')
Answer:
6
5.5
)
t
l
e
s
s
u
N
(0
g1
o
l
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
4
3
7
2
6.5
1
6
0
log
10
-1
(Pr)
5.5
log 10 (Re)
7.7
n = linspace(6, 12, 10);
rho = [0.001:0.002:0.009 linspace(0.01, 0.1, 10)];
[nn rr] = meshgrid(n, rho);
rn = nn.*rr;
surf(nn, rr, -rn+sqrt(rn.^2+2*rn))
xlabel('n')
ylabel('\rho')
zlabel('k')
title('Location of neutral axis in a steel reinforced concrete beam')
Answer:
Location of neutral axis in a steel reinforced concrete beam
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
k
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.08
12
11
0.06
10
0.04
9
8
0.02
7
0
6
n
7.8
% function Exercise7_10
x = stem3data;
stem3(x(:,1), x(:,2), x(:,3), 'ks', 'fill');
view(-30, 7);
hold on
x1 = 0:5:20;
x2 = 0:200:600;
mesh(x1, x2, zeros(length(x2), length(x1)));
view([-30, 7])
colormap([0 0 1])
title('Deviations from mean output response')
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
zlabel('Deviations')
box off
function dat1 = stem3data
dev = [1.5713, -1.1460, -2.2041, -1.5968, -2.8937, 1.1136, 1.9297, 1.1962, -3.8650, -0.4763,- 1.3223,...
-0.4619, 0.4911, -0.6023, 5.8409, -0.3620, 4.3341, -2.0368, -1.5415, 0.0302, -2.1809, 1.5587,...
0.3222, 2.1478, 0.1537];
x1 = [2, 8, 11, 10, 8, 4, 2, 2, 9, 8, 4, 11, 12, 2, 4, 4, 20, 1, 10, 15, 15, 16, 17, 6, 5];
x2 = [50, 110, 120, 550, 295, 200, 375, 52, 100, 300, 412, 400, 500, 360, 205, 400, 600, 585, 540, 250,...
290, 510, 590, 100, 400];
dat1 = [x1', x2', dev'];
Answer:
Deviations from mean output response
6
5
4
3
s
n
o
i
t
a
i
v
e
D
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
600
400
200
0
x2
10
15
20
7.9
eta = linspace(1, 3, 100); th = linspace(-pi, pi, 80);
x = eta'*cos(th);
y = eta'*sin(th);
[t, et] = meshgrid(th, eta);
sigr = 1-1./et.^2+(1+3./et.^4-4./et.^2).*cos(2*t);
sigt = 1+1./et.^2-(1+3./et.^4).*cos(2*t);
shear = -(1-3./et.^4+2./et.^2).*sin(2*t);
z = sqrt(((sigr-sigt).^2+sigr.^2+sigt.^2)/2+3*shear.^2);
[c, h] = contour(x, y, z, 15);
set(h, 'LineColor','k')
axis equal off
Answer:
Chapter 8
8.1
%(a)
disp(['probability of 8 calls = ' num2str(poisspdf(8, 5))])
disp(['probability of 2 calls = ' num2str(poisspdf(2, 5))])
%(b)
disp(['probability of a busy signal = ' num2str(1-poisscdf(10, 5))])
Answers: probability of 8 calls = 0.065278
probability of 2 calls = 0.084224
probability of a busy signal = 0.013695
8.2
disp(['Probability that at least 12 withstand load = ' num2str(1-binocdf(11, 15, 0.7))])
Answer: Probability that at least 12 withstand load = 0.29687
8.3
dat = [88.4, 93.2, 87.4, 94.3, 93.0, 94.3, 89.0, 90.5, 90.8, 93.1, 92.8, 91.9;...
92.6, 93.2, 89.2, 94.8, 93.3, 94.0, 93.2, 91.7, 91.5, 92.0, 90.7, 93.8];
for k = 1:2
el = var(dat(k,:))+(mean(dat(k,:))-92)^2;
disp(['L' int2str(k) ' = ' num2str(el)])
end
Answers: L1 = 5.5904
L2 = 2.6936
8.4
p = 0.2; n = 24; m = 0:n;
disp(['Expected value = ' num2str(n*p) ' variance = ' num2str(n*p*(1-p))])
disp(['Probability that no more than 2 are underweight = ' num2str(binocdf(2, n, p))])
disp(['Probability that none is underweight = ' num2str(binopdf(0, n, p)) ])
plot([m; m], [zeros(1, n+1); binopdf(m, n, p)], 'k', m, binocdf(m, n, p), 'k*')
Answers: Expected value = 4.8 variance = 3.84
Probability that no more than 2 are underweight = 0.11452
Probability that none is underweight = 0.0047224
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
8.5
figure(1)
t = linspace(0, 1.5);
r = 1-expcdf(t);
plot(t, exppdf(t)./r, 'k-', t, r, 'k--')
title('Hazard rate and reliability for exponential distribution')
legend('Hazard rate', 'Reliability')
figure(2)
b = [0.5, 1, 2, 4];
for k = 1:4
subplot(2, 2, k)
r = 1-weibcdf(t, 1, b(k));
plot(t, weibpdf(t, 1, b(k))./r, 'k-', t, r, 'k--')
title(['Weibull: beta = ' num2str(b(k))])
legend('Hazard rate', 'Reliability')
end
Answers:
Weibull: beta = 1
Weibull: beta = 0.5

5
1.2
Hazard rate
Hazard rate
Reliability
Hazard rate and reliability for exponential distribution
Reliability
1.1
Hazard rate
Reliability
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.9
0.8
0.5
1.5
0.2
0.5
1.5
0.7
Weibull: beta = 2
Weibull: beta = 4
14
0.6
Hazard rate
2.5
0.5
Hazard rate
12
Reliability
Reliability
10
8
1.5
0.4
6
1
0.3
0.5
0.2
0
0.5
1.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
0.5
1.5
8.6
dat = [1.55, 3.05, 3.65, 5.20, 7.75, 10.45, 10.85, 10.90, 12.65, 15.25 ...
15.70, 16.35, 17.70, 17.95, 19.45, 19.80, 20.05, 32.75, 35.45, 49.35];
k = 1:length(dat);
ft = norminv((k-0.5)/length(dat));
figure(1)
plot(log(dat), ft, 'k-*')
beta = polyfit(log(dat), ft, 1);
disp(['curve fit: mean = ' num2str(-beta(2)/beta(1)) ' std dev = ' num2str(1/beta(1))])
disp(['Eq.(a): mean = ' num2str(mean(log(dat))) ' std dev = ' num2str(std(log(dat)))])
hold on
plot([log(dat(1)) log(dat(length(dat)))], [beta(2)+beta(1)*log(dat(1)) beta(2)+ ...
beta(1)*log(dat(length(dat)))], 'k')
title('Fit assuming data are lognormal')
ylabel('F(t)')
xlabel('ln(t)')
text(1.25, 1.5, ['F(t) = ' num2str(beta(2)) ' + ' num2str(beta(1)) 'ln(t)'])
figure(2)
normplot(log(dat)-(beta(2)+beta(1)*log(dat)))
Answers: curve fit: mean = 2.5072 std dev = 0.88841
Eq.(a): mean = 2.5072 std dev = 0.85441
Normal Probability Plot
Fit assuming data are lognormal

2
0.98
1.5
0.95
F(t) = -2.8221 + 1.1256ln(t)
0.90
1
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
P
0.5
)
t
(
F
-0.5
0.75
0.50
0.25
-1
-1.5
0.10
0.05
-2
0.02
-2.5
0
0.5
1.5
2
ln(t)
2.5
3.5
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
Data
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
8.7
dat = [2.5629, 2.5630, 2.5628, 2.5634, 2.5619, 2.5613, 2.5630, 2.5628, 2.5623, 2.5631, 2.5635, 2.5623];
[p, cp, cpk] = capable(dat, [2.560 2.565])
Answers: p = 1.5351e-004 cp = 1.3103 cpk = 1.2099
8.8
dat = [ 1115, 1310, 1540, 1502, 1258, 1315, 1085, 1567, 1883, 1203, 1270, 1015, 845, 1674; ...
1223, 375, 2265, 1910, 1018, 1452, 1890, 1782, 1522, 1792, 1000, 1820, 1940, 1120; ...
1055, 1764, 1330, 1608, 1535, 1781, 1750, 798, 1020, 865, 2130, 1421, 1109, 1481; ...
1016, 1102, 1605, 706, 2215, 785, 885, 2100, 1594, 2023, 1315, 1269, 1260, 1888; ...
910, 1730, 1102, 1578, 758, 1416, 1560, 1501, 1238, 990, 1468, 1512, 1750, 1642];
s0 = [dat(1,:), dat(2,:), dat(3,:), dat(4,:), dat(5,:)];
disp(['data set #0: geometric mean = ' num2str(geomean(s0))])
disp(['data set #0: harmonic mean = ' num2str(harmmean(s0))])
xbar0 = mean(s0);
var0 = var(s0);
disp(['dataset #0: mean = ' num2str(xbar0) ' std. dev. = ' num2str(sqrt(var0))])
n1 = length(s0); n2 = n1/5; nn = n1+n2-2;
co = sqrt(1/n1+1/n2); c1 = (n1-1)*var0;
for k = 1:5
me = mean(dat(k,:));
st = std(dat(k,:));
disp(['dataset #' int2str(k) ': mean = ' num2str(me) ' std. dev. = ' num2str(st)])
[h(k), p(k), ci(k,:)] = ttest2(s0, dat(k,:), 0.025);
dmean(k) = xbar0-me;
end
for k = 1:5
disp(['set #' num2str(k) ' lcl = ' num2str(ci(k,1)) ' diff in mean = ' num2str(dmean(k)) ...
' ucl = ' num2str(ci(k,2)) ' p_value = ' num2str(p(k)) ' hyp: ' num2str(h(k))])
end
boxplot(dat')
Answers: data set #0: geometric mean = 1339.9309
data set #0: harmonic mean = 1264.6733
dataset #0: mean = 1403.6571 std. dev. = 402.3852
set #1 lcl = -181.3939 diff in mean = 76.3714 ucl = 334.1367 p_value = 0.50062 hyp: 0
set #2 lcl = -385.323 diff in mean = -104.1286 ucl = 177.0658 p_value = 0.40028 hyp: 0
set #4 lcl = -288.4656 diff in mean = -7.9857 ucl = 272.4942 p_value = 0.94832 hyp: 0
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
1
8.9
dat = [88, 79, 84, 89, 81, 83, 82, 79, 82, 85, 81, 83, 90, 87, 78, 80, 87, 85, 80, 88;...
76, 83, 78, 80, 84, 86, 77, 75, 81, 78, 79, 85, 76, 80, 82, 78, 78, 77, 81, 80];
boxplot(dat')
std2 = var(dat');
pvalue = 2*(1-fcdf(std2(1)/std2(2), length(dat(1,:))-1, length(dat(1,:))-1));
disp(['p-value from F-test on ratio of variances = ' num2str(pvalue)])
% Since pvalue > 0.1 use ttest2
[h, p, ci] = ttest2(dat(1,:), dat(2,:), 0.025);
disp(['p-value of t-test for difference in means = ' num2str(p)])
boxplot(dat')
Answers: p-value from F-test on ratio of variances = 0.47092

p-value of t-test for difference in means = 0.0009342
90
85
80
75
1
8.10
% (a)
xy1 = [18, 24, 12, 30, 30, 26, 26, 22, 22, 14, 10, 10, 6, 6]';
xy2 = [52, 40, 40, 48, 32, 56, 24, 64, 16, 64, 56, 24, 48, 32]';
y = [144, 142, 124, 64 96, 74, 136, 54, 92, 96, 92, 82, 76, 68]';
x = [ones(length(y),1) xy1 xy2 xy1.^2 xy2.^2 xy1.*xy2];
[b, bi, res] = regress(y, x);
disp([repmat('b(', 6, 1) int2str((1:6)') repmat(') = ', 6, 1) num2str(b)])
figure(1)
normplot(res)
%(b)
xx1 = linspace(6, 30, 20);
xx2 = linspace(16, 64, 20);
[x1, x2] = meshgrid(xx1, xx2);
z = fittedsurface([x1; x2], b);
figure(2)
surf(x1, x2, z)
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
figure(3)
[c h] = contour(x1, x2, z, [20:20:140 150 155]);
clabel(c, h)
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
%(c)
opt = optimset('Display', 'off');
fitsurf = inline('-(b(1)+b(2)*x(1)+b(3)*x(2)+b(4)*x(1).^2+b(5)*x(2).^2+b(6)*x(1).*x(2))', 'x','b');
coord = fminunc(fitsurf, [10, 20]', opt, b);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(coord(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(coord(2))])
function z = fittedsurface(x, b)
[nr, nc] = size(x);
x1 = x(1:nr/2,: );
x2 = x(nr/2+1:nr,: );
z = b(1)+b(2)*x1+b(3)*x2+b(4)*x1.^2+b(5)*x2.^2+b(6)*x1.*x2;
Answers: b(1) = -288.2799
b(2) = 24.16421
b(3) = 11.51143
b(4) = -0.5072724
b(5) = -0.118116
b(6) = -0.1348869
x1 = 18.7635 x2 = 38.0155
0.98
0.95
0.90
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
P
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.10
0.05
0.02
-10
-5
10
15
Data
60
80
60
60
100
80
100
20
200
120
55
40
120
150
140
50
0
100
45
50
x
40
35
-50
70
30
8
0
30
50
25
25
40
20
0
5
1
1
2
0
30
15
20
20
x1
1
4
0
150
12
0
1
2
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
140
8
0
2
0
120
10
0
8
100
60
15
0
5
15
6
0
10
10
14
0
155
1
4
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
00
60
10
0
0
0
1
15
20
100
25
30
x1
8.11
[x, y] = regressdata1;
[beta, betacl, e, ecl, stat] = regress(y, x);
disp(['beta0 = ' num2str(beta(1)) ' beta1 = ' num2str(beta(2))])
figure(1)
plot(1./x(:,2), beta(1)+beta(2)*x(:,2), 'k-', 1./x(:,2), y, 'k*')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y')
figure(2)
normplot(e)
r = sqrt(stat(1));
t0 = r*sqrt(length(y)-2)/sqrt(1-stat(1));
disp(['t0 = ' num2str(t0) ' p_value = ' num2str(1-tcdf(t0,length(y)-2)) ' dof = ' ...
num2str(length(y)-2)])
disp('r and its confidence limits:')
za2 = norminv(.975)/sqrt(length(y)-3);
disp([num2str(tanh(atanh(r)-za2)) ' <= ' num2str(r ) ' <= ' num2str(tanh(atanh(r) +za2))])
function [x, y] = regressdata1

yy = [4.746, 5.466, 3.171, 1.500, 6.708, 7.158, 6.882, 1.674, 6.498, 5.598, 1.959, 5.790, 4.686...
5.211, 6.264, 3.411, 6.537, 6.336, 5.400, 4.503, 6.909, 6.930, 3.582, 3.432, 0.369]';
xx = [10.0, 12.0, 6.8, 5.4, 20.0, 19.4, 19.1, 6.1, 16.3, 12.4, 5.8, 12.7, 9.2, 11.6, 8.8, 7.2, 15.7 ...
17.6, 8.0, 10.9, 18.2, 20.4, 8.2, 7.9, 4.9]';
[xr, index] = sort(xx);
y = yy(index);
x = [ones(length(xx), 1), 1./xr];
Answers: beta0 = 8.9366 beta1 = -41.6073
t0 = 33.5922 p_value = 0 dof = 23
r and its confidence limits:
0.977 <= 0.98996 <= 0.99564
0.99
0.98
7
0.95
0.90
6
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
P
4
y
0.75
0.50
0.25
2
0.10
0.05
0.02
0
4
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
0.01
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
Data
0.1
0.2
0.3
8.12
[y, x] = DataMultiRegress1;
[b, bcl, e, ecl, stat] = regress(y, x, 0.05);
[n, k] = size(x);
sigmabar = sqrt((y'*y-b'*x'*y)/(n-k-1));
d = e/sigmabar;
r = e./sqrt(1-diag(x*inv(x'*x)*x'))/sigmabar;
plot(y-e, d, 'k*', y-e, r, 'ks')
v = axis;
hold on
plot([v(1) v(2)], [0 0], 'k--')
title('Residuals')
ylabel('Residuals')
xlabel('Average output')
legend('Standardized residuals', 'Studentized residuals')
function [y, X] = DataMultiRegress1
y = [0.22200, 0.39500, 0.42200, 0.43700, 0.42800, 0.46700, 0.44400, 0.37800, 0.49400, ...
0.45600, 0.45200, 0.11200, 0.43200, 0.10100, 0.23200, 0.30600, 0.09230, 0.11600, ...
0.07640, 0.43900, 0.09440, 0.11700, 0.07260, 0.04120, 0.25100, 0.00002]';
x1 = [7.3, 8.7, 8.8, 8.1, 9.0, 8.7, 9.3, 7.6, 10.0, 8.4, 9.3, 7.7, 9.8, 7.3, 8.5, 9.5, 7.4, 7.8, 7.7, 10.3, ...
7.8, 7.1, 7.7, 7.4, 7.3, 7.6]';
x2 = [0.0, 0.0, 0.7, 4.0, 0.5, 1.5, 2.1, 5.1, 0.0, 3.7, 3.6, 2.8, 4.2, 2.5, 2.0, 2.5, 2.8, 2.8, 3.0, 1.7, ...
3.3, 3.9, 4.3, 6.0, 2.0, 7.8]';

x3 = [0.0, 0.3, 1.0, 0.2, 1.0, 2.8, 1.0, 3.4, 0.3, 4.1, 2.0, 7.1, 2.0, 6.8, 6.6, 5.0, 7.8, 7.7, 8.0, ...
4.2, 8.5, 6.6, 9.5, 10.9, 5.2, 20.7]';
X = [ones(length(y), 1), x1, x2, x3, x1.*x2 x1.*x3, x2.*x3 x1.^2, x2.^2, x3.^2];
Answer:
Residuals
3
Standardized residuals
Studentized residuals
2.5
1.5
s
l
a
u
d
i
s
e
R
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Average output
0.4
0.5
0.6
8.13
y = [85, 76, 114, 143, 164, 281, 306, 358, 437, 470, 649, 702];
x = 90:10:200;
plot(x, y, 'ko')
hold on
[cl, sl] = polyfit(x, y, 1);
[cq, sq] = polyfit(x, y, 2);
plot(x, cl(2)+cl(1)*x, 'k-',x, cq(3)+cq(2)*x+cq(1)*x.^2, 'b--')
figure(2)
normplot(y-( cl(2)+cl(1)*x))
figure(3)
normplot(y- (cq(3)+cq(2)*x+cq(1)*x.^2))
Answers:
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
-100
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.95
0.95
0.90
0.90
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
P
y
t
i
l
i
b
a
b
o
r
P
0.75
0.50
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
-60
-40
-20
20
Data
40
60
80
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
Data
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter 9
9.1
initcond = [2.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.5];
ti = 0.0; tf = 20.0;
spacing = [400; 4000];
options(1)=odeset('RelTol', 1e-3, 'AbsTol', [1e-3, 1e-3, 1e-3, 1e-3]);
options(2)=odeset('RelTol', 1e-6, 'AbsTol', [1e-6, 1e-6, 1e-6, 1e-6]);
for i = 1:2
tspan = linspace(ti, tf, spacing(i));
[t, x] = ode45(@orbit, tspan, [initcond]', options(i));
angmom = x(:,1).^2.*x(:,4);
subplot(2, 2, 2*i-1)
polar(x(:,3), x(:,1), 'k-')
subplot(2, 2, 2*i)
plot(t, angmom, 'k-')
axis([0 20 1.6 2.2]);
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('Angular Momentum/Unit Mass');
end
function xdot = orbit(t, x)
xdot = [x(2); x(1)*x(4)^2-4.0*pi^2/x(1)^2; x(4); -2.0*x(2)*x(4)/x(1)];
Answers:
90
120
60
1
150
30
180
210
r
a
l
u
s
g
s
n
a
A
M
330
240
300
270
90
120
60
2
150
30
180
210
330
240
300
270
n
U
/
m
u
t
n
e
m
o
M
t
i
n
U
/
m
u
t
n
e
m
o
M
r
a
l
u
g
n
A
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
10
15
20
15
20
Time
2.2
2.1
2
1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
0
10
Time
9.2
ro = [2.0, 2.0]; tho = [ 2, 0.2];
for i = 1:2
r = roots([tho(i)^2-8*pi^2/ro(i), 8*pi^2, -ro(i)^2*tho(i)^2])
end
Answers: r =
2.0000
0.2255
r=
2.0000
0.0020
9.3
% (a)
Om = [linspace(0.0, 0.8, 10), linspace(0.8, 1.2, 25), linspace(1.2, 2, 10)];
zet = linspace (0.05, 0.99, 15);
[Omm, zeta] = meshgrid(Om, zet);
AmAt = 1./sqrt((1-Omm.^2).^2+(2*zeta.*Omm).^2);
mesh(Omm, zeta, AmAt);
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('\Omega');
ylabel('\zeta');
zlabel('A_m/A_t')
% (b)
e = [-2, 2]; err = 1-e/100;
Omega = (6000/60)/150;
for i = 1:2
zetta(i) = sqrt((-(1-Omega^2)^2+1/err(i)^2))/2/Omega;
end
disp(['At -2%, zeta = ' num2str(zetta(1))])
disp(['At +2%, zeta = ' num2str(zetta(2))])
Answers: At -2%, zeta = 0.60584
At +2%, zeta = 0.64194
10
6
At
/m
A
0
1
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
0.4
1
0.2
0.5
0
9.4
% (a)
Om = [linspace(0.0, 0.8, 10), linspace(0.8, 1.2, 25), linspace(1.2, 2, 10)];
zet = linspace (0.05, 0.99, 15);
[Omm, zeta] = meshgrid(Om, zet);
dmdt = Omm.^2./sqrt((1-Omm.^2).^2+(2*zeta.*Omm).^2);
mesh(Omm, zeta, dmdt);
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('\Omega');
ylabel('\zeta');
zlabel('d_m/d_t')
% (b)
e = [-2, 2]; d = 1-e/100; z = 0.1; w = 1500/60;
for k = 1:2
Omega = abs((roots([(1-1/d(k)^2) (-2+4*z^2) 1])));
f(k) = w./sqrt(min(Omega));
end
disp(['At -2%, f = ' num2str(f(1)) ' Hz'])
disp(['At +2%, f = ' num2str(f(2)) ' Hz'])
disp(['Maximum frequency is ' num2str(max(f)) ' Hz'])
Answers: At -2%, f = 34.8208 Hz
At +2%, f = 35.1854 Hz
Maximum frequency is 35.1854 Hz
10
6
dt
/
m
d
0
1
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
0.4
1
0.2
0.5
0
9.5
tspan = linspace(0, 20, 200); xo = 1; vo = 1;
zet = [0.1, 1, 2];
for k = 1:3
[t, x] = ode45(@FreeOscill, tspan, [xo, vo]', [], zet(k));
subplot(3, 2, 2*k-1),
plot(t , x(:,1), 'k-');
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('x(\tau)')
title(['ode45 \zeta = ' num2str(zet(k))]);

subplot(3, 2, 2*k)
plot(t, Analytical(t, zet(k), xo, vo),'k-');
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('x(\tau)')
title(['Analytical \zeta = ' num2str(zet(k))]);
end
function y = Analytical(t, z, xo, vo)
if z < 1
r = sqrt(1-z^2);
y = xo*exp(-z*t).*cos(r*t)+(vo+z*xo)/r*exp(-z*t).*sin(r*t);
elseif z == 1
y = (xo+(xo+vo)*t).*exp(-t);
else
r = sqrt(z^2-1);
y = xo*exp(-z*t).*cosh(r*t)+(vo+z*xo)/r*exp(-z*t).*sinh(r*t);
end
function xdot = FreeOscill(t, x, z)
xdot = [x(2); -2*z*x(2)-x(1)];
Answer:
ode45 = 0.1
Analytical:
2
1
)(
x
)(
x
-1
-2
0
-1
-2
10
15
20

ode45 = 1
Analytical:
0.5
20
15
20
0.5
10
15
20
10
ode45 = 2
Analytical:
1.5
= 2
1.5
)(
0.5
0
15
= 1
0
0
20
)(
)(
15
1.5
1
x
10
1.5
)(
= 0.1
10
15
20
0.5
0
10
9.6
[t, amp] = Dat;
plot(t, amp, 'ks');
hold on
xo = [0.1, 1.1, 0.9];
x = lsqcurvefit(@xdamped, xo, t, amp, [], [], opt);
t = linspace(0, 30, 200);

d = 0.1; v = axis;
plot(t, xdamped(x, t), 'k-');
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('Amplitude');
text(20, v(4)-d, 'Fitted values')
text(20, v(4)-2*d, ['\zeta = ' num2str(x(1), 3)])
text(20, v(4)-3*d, ['\omega_n = ' num2str(x(2), 3) ' rad/s'])
text(20, v(4)-4*d, ['X_o = ' num2str(x(3), 3) ' units'])
function amp = xdamped(x, t)
r = sqrt(1-x(1)^2);
amp = x(3)*exp(-x(1)*x(2)*t).*sin(x(2)*t*r+atan(r/x(1)))/r;
function [t, amp] = Dat
t = [0.000, 0.692, 1.538, 2.308, 3.077, 3.846, 4.615, 5.385, 6.154, ...
6.923, 7.692, 8.461, 9.231, 10.00, 10.77, 11.54, 12.31, 13.07, ...
13.85, 14.15, 15.85, 16.23, 17.92, 18.46, 19.23, 20.00, 20.77, ...
21.54, 22.31, 23.08, 23.85, 24.61, 25.38, 26.15, 26.92, 27.69, ...
28.46, 29.23, 30.00];
amp = [0.801, 0.365, -0.386, -0.562, -0.114, 0.349, 0.338, -0.301, ...
-0.204, 0.104, 0.228, 0.008, -0.010, -0.0151, -0.00688, 0.118, ...
0.0882, -0.028, -0.0871, -0.0551, -0.0220, 0.0687, 0.0376, -0.040, ...
-0.0514, -0.00641, 0.0379, 0.0167, -0.0184, -0.0259, -0.0141, 0.0149, ...
0.0115, 0.00367, -0.0148, -0.0125, 0.0157, 0.00263, -0.00727];
Answer:
1
Fitted values
0.8
= 0.122
0.6
X = 0.824 units
o
= 1.6 rad/s
n
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.4
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
10
15
Time
20
25
30
9.7
initcond = [1.0, 0.0, 0.0];
tspan = linspace(0, 1, 100);
xmu = 0.2; omega = 6.0; L = 3.0;
[t, x] = ode45(@rod, tspan, [initcond]', [], xmu, omega);
indx = find(x(:,1) <= L);
polar(x(indx, 3), x(indx, 1));
t3 = interp1(x(:,1), t, L);
disp(['Time at which mass leaves rod is ' num2str(t3, 3) ' s'])
function xdot = rod(t, x, xmu, omega)

xdot = [x(2); omega^2*x(1)-2.*xmu*omega*x(2); omega];
Answer: Time at which mass leaves rod is 0.325 s
90
120
60
2
150
30
1
180
210
330
240
300
270
9.8
zet = 0.1; omegan = 4;
omega = linspace(0, 10, 100);
[mag2, phas2] = Anal(omega, omegan, zet);
sys = freqresp(zet, omegan);
[mag1, phas1] = bode(sys, omega);
subplot(2, 2, 1)
plot(omega,mag1(1,:), '-k')
xlabel('Excitation frequency (rad/s)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title(['Bode']);
subplot(2, 2, 3),
plot(omega, phas1(1,:),'k-');
ylabel('Phase (Degrees)')
subplot(2, 2, 2)
plot(omega, mag2, '-k')
ylabel('Magnitude')
title('Analytical');
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(omega, phas2, 'k-')
ylabel('Phase (Degrees)')
function sys = freqresp(zet, omegan)
N = [2*zet*omegan, omegan^2];
D = [1, 2*zet*omegan, omegan^2];
sys = tf(N, D);
function [mag, phas] = Anal(omega, omegan, zet)

Om = omega/omegan;
O1 = 1-Om.^2;
Z1 = 2*zet*Om;
mag = sqrt((1+Z1.^2)./(O1.^2+Z1.^2));
phas = (atan(Z1)-atan2(Z1, O1))*180/pi;
Answer:
Bode
Analytical
e
d
u
t
i
n
g
a
M
e
d
u
t
i
n
g
a
M
4
3
2
1
0
5
4
3
2
1
10
Excitation frequency (rad/s)

)
s
e
e
r
g
e
D
(
e
s
a
h
P
10
10

)
s
e
e
r
g
e
D
(
-50
-100
e
s
a
h
P
-150
-200
-50
-100
-150
-200
0
2
4
6
10
2
4
6
9.9
z = 0.1; to = [15, 6, 0.7];
for k=1:length(to)
figure(k)
[t, y] = ode45(@Ramp, [0 30], [0 0]', [], z, to(k));
plot(t, y(:,1), 'k-', [0, to(k), 30], [0, 1, 1], 'k--')
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('y(\tau)')
title(['\tau_o = ' num2str(to(k)) ' \zeta = ' num2str(z)])
end
function xdot = Ramp(t, x, z, to)
h = (t - (t-to).*(t>to))/to;
xdot = [x(2); -2*z*x(2)-x(1)+h];
Answer:
= 6 = 0.1
o
= 15 = 0.1
o
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.8
)(
)(
y
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
30
= 0.7 = 0.1
o
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
)(
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
9.10
m = 10.0; k = 150*10^3; c = 50;
b = [1*10^-6, 1000*10^-6];
forceampl = 0; forcefreq = 0;
figure(1)
for i = 1:2
[t, x]=ode45(@sdofstops, [0 1.4], [0, 2]', [], m, k, c, b(i), forceampl, forcefreq);
subplot(2,1,i)
plot(t, x(:,1), 'k-')
xlabel('Time t');
ylabel('x(t)');
title(['Dead zone b =' num2str(b(i)*10^6) ' um'])
end
figure(2)
forceampl = 20; forcefreq = 12;
b = 5e-6;
[t, x] = ode45(@sdofstops, [0 2], [0 0]', [], m, k, c, b, forceampl, forcefreq);
plot(t, x(:,1), 'k-')
xlabel('Time t')
ylabel('x(t)')
title('Forced Response')
function z = sdofstops(t, x, m, k, c, b, forceampl, forcefreq)

if abs(x(1))<=b
h = 0;
else
h = k*(x(1)-b*sign(x(1)));
end
z = [x(2); -2*c*x(2)/m-h/m+forceampl*cos(forcefreq*t)/m];
Answer:
Dead zone b =1 um
0.02
x 10
-4
Forced Response
0.015
0.01
)
t
(
x
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
)
t
(
x
Time t
Dead zone b =1000 um
0.02
0.015
0
0.01
)
t
(
x
0.005
0
-1
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
Time t
-2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time t
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
9.11
L = 2.0; b = [10, 0.2];
tspan=[0.0:0.1:10];
for i = 1:2
[t, x] = ode45(@Freeosc, [0, 10], [0.2, 0]', [], b(i), L);
subplot(2,1,i)
plot(t, x(:,1), 'k-');
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('\theta');
title(['b = ' num2str(b(i)) ' m/s^2']);
end
function xdot = Freeosc(t, x, b, L)
xdot = [x(2); -b/L*cos(x(1))-9.81/L*sin(x(1))];
Answer:
b = 10 m/s 2
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
5
Time (s)
b = 0.2 m/s
10
10
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0
5
Time (s)
9.12
function exercise9_12
gam = 1; zet = 0.15; a = 30; Dst = 0.3;
[t, zn] = ode45(@NonLinearSpring, [0 25], [0 0], [], zet, a, gam, Dst);
plot(t, (zn(:,1)+Y(t, gam)), 'k-')
hold on
plot(t, Y(t, gam), 'k-')
xlabel('\tau')
ylabel('x(\tau)/y_{max}')
function Out = NonLinearSpring(t, z, zet, a, g, Dst)
yinacc = g^2*(1-g*t).*exp(-g*t);
Out = [z(2); -2*zet*z(2)-z(1)-a*(z(1)-Dst)^3-yinacc-a*Dst^3];
function yin = Y(t, g)
yin = 1-(1+g*t).*exp(-g*t);
Answer:
1.4
1.2
0.8
x
ya
/m
)(
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
10
15
20
25
9.13
wr = 1; mr = 0.05; z1 = 0;
z2 = 0.05:0.05:0.3;
Om = linspace(0.6, 1.4, 200);
for k = 1:length(z2)
plot(Om, H11(Om, wr, mr, z1, z2(k)), 'k-')
hold on
end
xlabel('\Omega')
ylabel('H_{11}(\Omega)')
xlim([0.6, 1.4])
A = sqrt((wr^2-1)^2+mr*(2+mr));
B = 1+wr^2*(1+mr);
Om1 = sqrt((B-A)/(2+mr))
Om2 = sqrt((B+A)/(2+mr))
function h = H11(Om, wr, mr, z1, z2)
D = Om.^4-j*2*(z1+z2*wr*mr+z2*wr)*Om.^3 ...
-(1+mr*wr^2+wr^2+4*z1*z2*wr)*Om.^2+j*2*(z2*wr+z1*wr^2)*Om+wr^2;
E = wr^2+j* 2*z2*wr*Om-Om.^2;
h = abs(E./D);
Answers: Om1 = 0.9186
Om2 = 1.0753
16
14
12
10
)

(1
H
6
0
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
9.14
k1 = 14600; k2 = 21900; L1 = 1.520; L2 = 1.22; m = 730; Ic = 1360;
K = [k1+k2, (L2*k2-L1*k1); (L2*k2-L1*k1), (k1*L1^2+k2*L2^2)];
M = [m, 0; 0, Ic];
[Modes, Eval] = eig(K, M);
NatFreq = sqrt(diag(Eval));
disp(['omega1 = ' num2str(NatFreq(1)) ' rad/s omega2 = ' num2str(NatFreq(2)) ' rad/s'])
disp(' ')
disp(['Mode shapes are:'])
disp(Modes)
Answers: omega1 = 6.6934 rad/s omega2 = 7.3464 rad/s
Mode shapes are:
0.0244 -0.0279
-0.0204 -0.0178
9.15
z1 = 0.1; z2 = 0.1; mr = 1; wrr = [0.05, 0.25];

t = linspace(0, 100, 500);
for k = 1:2
subplot(2,1,k)
wr = wrr(k);
N = [4*wr*z1*z2, 2*wr*(z1*wr+z2), wr^2];
D = [1, 2*(z1+z2*wr*mr+z2*wr), (1+mr*wr^2+wr^2+4*z1*z2*wr), 2*(z2*wr+z1*wr^2), wr^2];
sys = tf(N, D);
[TR, t] = impulse(sys, t);
plot(t,TR, 'k-', [0,100], [0 0], 'k--')
xlabel('Time')
ylabel('T_R')
title(['\omega_r = ' num2str(wr)])
end
Answer:
= 0.05
r
0.06
0.04
0.02
T
0
-0.02
-0.04
10
20
30
40
50
Time
60
70
80
90
100
60
70
80
90
100
= 0.25
r
0.3
0.2
0.1
T
0
-0.1
-0.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time
9.16
m1 = 10; m2 = 40; JG = 8;
k1 = 10000; k2 = 35000; k3 = 8100;
L1 = 1; L2 = 0.3; g = 9.81;
L3 = (L1-L2)/2;
A(1,1) = k1+k2+k3; A(1,2) = -k3; A(1,3) = k1*L1-k2*L2+k3*L3;
A(2,1) = A(1,2); A(2,2) = k3; A(2,3) = -k3*L3;
A(3,1) = A(1,3); A(3,2) = A(2,3); A(3,3) = k1*L1^2+k2*L2^2+k3*L3^2;
xt = A\[m1*g, m2*g, 0]';
tho = asin(xt(3));
M = diag([m1, m2, JG]);
A(3,3) = -A(1,3)*xt(1)*sin(tho)+k3*L3*xt(2)*sin(tho)+A(3,3)*(cos(tho)^2-sin(tho)^2);
A(1,3) = A(1,3)*cos(tho); A(3,1) = A(1,3);
A(2,3) = A(2,3)*cos(tho); A(3,2) = A(2,3);
K = A;
[Modes, EVal] = eig(K,M);
NF = sqrt(diag(EVal))
Modes
Answers: NF = 12.5989 41.9371 73.2299
Modes =
0.0233 -0.0260 0.3143
0.1571 -0.0126 -0.0127
0.0304
0.3512
0.0268
9.17
M = diag([21 21 21 21 21 21 98 49]);
K = [51 -51 0 0 0 0 0 0
-51 102 -51 0 0 0 0 0
0 -51 102 -51 0 0 0 0
0 0 -51 102 -51 0 0 0
0 0 0 -51 102 -51 0 0
0 0 0 0 -51 117 -66 0
0 0 0 0 0 -66 81 -15
0 0 0 0 0 0 -15 15]*10^6;
rnk = rank(K)
[modes E] = eig(K,M);
w = sqrt(E);
hold on
w(1,1) = 0;
for n = 1:8
plot([1 8], [2*n-1, 2*n-1], 'k--')
plot(1:8, 2*n-1+modes(:,n)/max(abs(modes(:,n))), 'sk-')
text(-.4, 2*n-1, ['\omega_{' num2str(n) '}=' num2str(w(n,n),4)], 'fontsize', 14, 'HorizontalAlignment', 'left')
end
v = axis; v(1) = 0.5;
axis(v); axis off
Answer:
8=3041
7=2805
6=2406
5=1862
4=1219
3=704.8
2=458.3
1=0
9.18
Jp = 2; Jt = 1.2; k1 = 2.5e6; k2 = k1; m = 10;
M = diag([m, Jt, m, Jt]);
IM = inv(M);
K = diag([k1, k2, k1, k2]);
G = zeros(4,4);
Mstar = [K, G; G, M];
Ks11 = K*IM*K;
omega = linspace(0, 1500, 10);
for n = 1:length(omega)
G(2,4) = -Jp*omega(n);
G(4,2) = Jp*omega(n);
Kstar = [Ks11, K*IM*G; G'*IM*K, K+G'*IM*G];
Lambda(n,:) = sort(sqrt(eig(Kstar, Mstar)))';
end
plot(omega', Lambda, 'k-s')
v = axis;
axis([v(1) v(2) 0 v(4)])
xlabel('\omega')
ylabel('\Omega')
Answers:
3500
3000
2500
2000

1500
1000
500
0
0
500
1000
1500
Solutions to Exercises
Chapter 10
10.1
% Parts a and b
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 11);
k = 1;
p = 2*pi*k*[cos(theta(6))
cos(theta(4))+sqrt(-1)*sin(theta(4))
cos(theta(4))-sqrt(-1)*sin(theta(4))
cos(theta(5))+sqrt(-1)*sin(theta(5))
cos(theta(5))-sqrt(-1)*sin(theta(5))];
z = -p;
figure(1);
plot(real(p), imag(p), 'bx', real(z), imag(z), 'ro');
title('Map of delay approximation');
dplant = zpk(z,p,1);
dplant = 1/(dcgain(dplant))*dplant;
gplant = tf(1, [1 1]);
[y1, t1] = step(dplant*gplant);
[y0] = step(gplant, t1);
figure(2);
plot(t1, y0, 'k-', t1, y1, 'k--');
legend('Orginal', 'Delayed');
title('Step response, original and delayed system');
% Part c
p2 = 0.5*p; z2 = -p2;
dplant2 = zpk(z2,p2,1);
dplant2 = 1/(dcgain(dplant2))*dplant2;
[y2,t2] = step(dplant2*gplant);
[y0] = step(gplant,t2);
% Increase k to 2
p3 = 2*p;
z3 = -p3;
dplant3 = zpk(z3, p3, 1);
dplant3 = 1/(dcgain(dplant3))*dplant3;
[y3,t3] = step(dplant3*gplant);
[y0] = step(gplant,t3);
figure(3);
plot(t3, y0,t1, y1, t2, y2, t3, y3);
legend('Org', 'k=1', 'k=0.5', 'k=2', 'Location', 'SouthEast');
title('Step response for variety of delays');
Answers:
Step response, original and delayed system
Map of delay approximation
1.2
Orginal
Delayed
1
4
0.8
2
0.6
0
0.4
-2
0.2
-4
-6
-8
-0.2
-6
-4
-2
Step response for variety of delays

1.2
Step response with variety of poles

1.2
1
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
Org
k=1
k=0.5
0
5
3
k=2
-0.2
0
-0.2
0
10.2
m1 = 500; m2 = 100; b = 1000;
k1 = 2000; k2 = 1e4;
num = [b*k2 k1*k2];
den = [m1*m2, b*(m1+m2), k1*(m1+m2)+k2*m1, k2*b, k1*k2];
[mag, phs, w] = bode(num, den);
logW = log10(w/(2*pi));
logmag = 20*log10(mag);
[mx, inmx] = max(20*log10(mag));
fa = 10^(interp1(logmag(inmx:end), logW(inmx:end), 20*log10(0.9)));
fc = 10^(interp1(logmag(inmx:end), logW(inmx:end), 20*log10(0.1)));
disp(['frequency @ 0.1e = ' num2str(fa) ' Hz frequency @ 0.9e = ' num2str(fc) ' Hz'])
mload = linspace(500, 1000, 20);
z = zeros(length(w), 20);
for i = 1:length(mload)
m1 = mload(i);
den = [m1*m2, b*(m1+m2), k1*(m1+m2), k2*m1, k2*b, k1*k2];
[mag] = bode(num, den, w);
z(:,i) = 20*log10(mag);
end
mesh(mload, logW, z)
xlabel('Load (kg)')
ylabel('log_{10}(freqency in Hz)')
zlabel('Response (dB)')
Answers: frequency @ 0.1e = 0.5237 Hz
frequency @ 0.9e = 2.0994 Hz
50
)
B
d
(
e
s
n
o
p
s
e
R
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
3
2
1000
1
900
800
0
700
-1
log
10
(freqency in Hz)
600
-2
500
Load (kg)
10.3
g0 = tf(1, [1, 1]);
g1 = tf(3.7, [0.75, 0.6]);
g2 = tf(1.63, [0.94, 0.92]);
g3 = tf([0.7, 7, 17], [1, 2, 5.2, 4]);
t = linspace(0, 2, 200);
y0 = step(g0, t);
y1 = step(g1, t);
y2 = step(g2, t);
y3 = step(g3, t);
figure(1)
plot(t, y0, t, y1, t, y2, t, y3)
legend('g0', 'g1', 'g2', 'g3')
title('Open loop response')
xlabel('Time (s)')
r0 = step(feedback(g0, 20), t);
figure(2)
plot(t, r0, t, r1, t, r2, t, r3)
legend('g0', 'g1', 'g2', 'g3')
title('Closed loop response')
xlabel('Time (s)')
Answers:
Open loop response
Closed loop response
0.07
g0
g1
g2
g3
4.5
g0
g1
g2
g3
0.06
0.05
3.5
3
0.04
2.5
0.03
1.5
0.02
1
0.01
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
10.4
for m = 1:3
[t0, y0] = ode45(@f, [0 8], [0], [], 10^(m-1), 0, 1);
[t1, y1] = ode45(@f, [0 8], [0], [], 10^(m-1), 1, 1);
[t2, y2] = ode45(@f, [0 8], [0], [], 10^(m-1), 2, 1);
[t3, y3] = ode45(@f, [0 8], [0], [], 10^(m-1), 3, 1);
figure(m)
plot(t0, y0, t1, y1, t2, y2, t3, y3);
legend('none', '(a)', '(b)', '(c)');
title(['Step response with gain = ' num2str(10^(m-1))]);
end
function ydot = f(t, y, p1, p2, p3)
% p1 = gain k
% p2 = nonlinearity type
% p3 = time at step response
e = -y;
if(t > p3)
e = 3-y;
end
switch p2
case 1
v = 0.2*(e^3 - e);
case 2
if(abs(e) > 1)
v = e + sin(e);
else
v = 0;
end
case 3
v = atan(e);
otherwise
v = e;
end
ydot = -y + p1*v;
Answers:
Step response with gain = 1

2

3
none
none
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.5
(c)
1.5
1
1.5
0.5
0.5
0
0
-0.5
0
-0.5
0

3
none
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0
10.5
Lead = tf([1, 6], [1, 50]);
Notch0 = zpk([-3+30i, -3-30i], [-60, -60], 1);
Notch0 = 1/(dcgain(Notch0))*Notch0;
Notch1 = zpk([-3+28i, -3-28i], [-60, -60], 1);
Notch2 = zpk([-3+34i, -3-34i], [-60, -60], 1);
t = linspace(0, 3, 200);
y0 = step(feedback(10.0*Notch0*Lead*Pointer,1), t);
y1 = step (feedback(10.0*Notch1*Lead*Pointer,1), t);
y2 = step (feedback(10.0*Notch2*Lead*Pointer,1), t);
plot(t, y0, t, y1, t, y2)
legend('No notch', 'Notch 1', 'Notch 2')
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('Step response')
Answers:
1.4
No notch
Notch 1
Notch 2
1.2
e
s
n
o
p
s
e
r
p
e
t
S
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
0.5
1.5
Time (s)
2.5
10.6
g0 = tf(9, [1, 0, -9]);
lead = tf([1, 2], [1, 6]);
figure(1)
rlocus(lead*g0)
% Use
% [k, p] = rlocfind(lead*g0)
% to determine suitable gain k
k = 5;
% Now find a range of kd off nominal
kd = linspace(-1, -20, 50);
pMax = zeros(length(kd),1);
for i = 1:length(kd)
g0 = tf(9, [1 0 kd(i)]);
clSys = feedback(k*lead*g0, 1);
pMax(i) = max(real(pole(clSys)));
end
figure(2)
plot(sqrt(-kd), pMax, sqrt(-kd), zeros(length(kd), 1), 'r:')
xlabel('Pole location')
ylabel('Maximum pole')
title('Stability of rocket')
Answers:
Root Loc us
Stability of rocket
1
25
20
0.5
15
s
i
x
A
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
10
e
l
o
p
m
u
m
i
x
a
M
-5
-0.5
-1
-10
-15
-1.5
-20
-25
-8
-6
-4
-2
Real Ax is
-2
1
1.5
2.5
Pole location
3.5
4.5
10.7
m = 1200; b = 70; kp = 100;
g = tf(1, [m, b]);
% (a)
[y1, t1] = step(feedback(g, kp));
figure(1)
plot(t1, y1)
title('(a) Step response disturbance to ride');
% (b)
[y2, t2] = step(feedback(kp*g, 1));
figure(2)
plot(t2, y2)
title('(b) Step response command to ride');
%(c) - disturbance
figure(3)
hold on
kp = linspace(50, 150, 10);
t = linspace(0, 50, 200);
for i = 1:length(kp)
[y] = step(feedback(g, kp(i)), t);
plot(t, y)
end
title('(c) Step response disturbance to ride');
% (c)- command
figure(4)
hold on
for i = 1:length(kp)
y = step(feedback(kp(i)*g, 1), t);
plot(t, y);
end
title('(c) Step response command to ride');
Answers:
6
x 10
-3
(b) Step response command to ride
(a) Step response disturbance to ride
0.7
0.6
0.5
4
0.4
3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
x 10
-3
(c) Step response disturbance to ride
(c) Step response command to ride

0.7
8
0.6
7
0.5
0.4
0.3
3
0.2
2
0.1
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
10.8
m = 5000; k = 8e5; b = 1.2e4;
% (a)
num = [1, 0];
den = [m, b, k];
rlocus(tf(num, den))
% Use
% k = rlocfind(tf(num, den))
% to find stable value of k
k = 114.5e3;
% (b)
plant = tf([b, k], [m, b, k]);
figure(1)
step(plant);
title('Step response of uncontrolled suspension')
figure(2)
bode(plant)
title('Bode plot of uncontrolled suspension')
% (c)
kval = linspace(4e5, 10e5, 20);
t = linspace(0 ,5, 100);
z = zeros(length(kval), length(t));
for i = 1:length(kval)
plant = tf([b, kval(i)], [m, b, kval(i)]);
y = step(plant, t);
z(i,:) = y';
end
figure(3)
mesh(t, kval, z)
xlabel('Time (s)')
ylabel('k (N/m)')
title('Response for various spring constants')
colormap([0 0 0 ])
Answers:
Bode plot of unc ontrolled s us pens ion

Step res pons e of unc ontrolled s us pens ion
10
1.6
)
B
d
(
1.4
e
d
u
t
i
n
g
a
M
1.2
-10
-20
-30
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
-40
-50
0.8
0.6
)
g
e
d
(
0.4
e
s
a
h
P
0.2
-45
-90
-135
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
10
-1
Time (s ec )
10
10
10
10
Frequenc y (rad/s ec )
Response for various spring constants
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10
9
8
x 10
4
7
3
6
2
5
k (N/m)
1
4
0
Time (s)
10.9
num = [1, 0.03];
den = conv([1, 0], conv([1, 0.09], conv([1, 0.04], [1, -0.0004])));
g = tf(num, den);
figure(1)
rlocus(g)
title('Root locus of ship system');
% (b)
z = 0.003; p = 10*z;
lead = tf([1 z], [1 p]);
figure(2)
rlocus(lead*g)
% k = rlocfind(lead*g)
k = 3.5e-5; % From the above result
title('Finding a lead controller')
figure(3)
step(feedback(k*lead*g, 1))
title('Step response of lead controller');
% (c)
p = 0.0001;
numPD = conv([1 p], num);
gPD = tf(numPD, den);
figure(4)
rlocus(gPD)
title('Root locus of PD control system');
% k = rlocfind(gPD)
k = 0.0075; % From the above result
kp = p*k;
kd = k;
figure(5)
t = linspace(1, 500, 500);
step(feedback(k*gPD,1),t)
title(['Step response with kp = ' num2str(kp) ' kd = ' num2str(kd)])
Answers:
Finding a lead c ontroller
Root loc us of s hip s y s tem

0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
s
i
x
A
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
s
i
x
A
0.1
0.1
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3
-0.3
-0.4
-0.35
-0.3
-0.25
-0.2
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0.05
0.1
-0.4
-0.4
0.15
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
Real Ax is
Real Ax is
Step res pons e of lead c ontroller
Root loc us of PD c ontrol s y s tem
1.4
0.2
1.2
0.15
0.1
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
s
i
x
A
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
0.8
0.6
0.05
-0.05
0.4
-0.1
0.2
-0.15
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Time (s ec )
-0.2
-0.1
-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.02
Real Ax is
Step res pons e with k p = 7.5e-007 k d = 0.0075

1.4
1.2
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Time (s ec )
10.10
G = tf(4, [1 4]);
[nd, dd] = pade(0.2, 10); % Pad approximation of models with time delays
plant = tf(nd, dd)*G;
% (a) PI control
control = tf([1, 2], [1, 0]);
figure(1)
rlocus(control*plant)
% kp = rlocfind(control*plant);
title('Root locus of A/F ratio system');
kp = 1.384;
figure(2);
step(feedback(kp*control*plant, 1))
title(['Step response of PI controller with kp = ' num2str(kp)])
% (b) Smith predictor
% We pick a simple PE control with gain = 10
t = linspace(0, 1, 200);
smith = feedback(10, G*(1-tf(nd, dd)));
figure(3)
step(feedback(smith*plant, 1), t);
title('Step response of ideal smith predictor with kp = 10');
% (c) Smith predictor with incorrect time delays and system model
% First compute the effect of system delay mismatch
figure(4)
hold on
dels = linspace(0.1, 0.3, 10);
for i = 1:length(dels);
[nd, dd] = pade(dels(i),10);
plant1 = tf(nd,dd)*G;
step(feedback(smith*plant1, 1), t)
end
title('Step response with system delay mismatch');
% Now show the effect of system mismatch
G2 = tf(6, [1, 5]);
[nd, dd] = pade(0.2, 10);
plant2 = tf(nd, dd)*G2;
figure(5)
step(feedback(smith*plant2, 1), t)
title('Step response with system mismatch')
Answers:
Step res pons e of PI c ontroller with k p = 1.384
Root loc us of A/F ratio s y s tem
1.4
300
1.2
200
1
s
i
x
A
100
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.8
0.6
0.4
-100
0.2
-200
-300
-300
-0.2
-250
-200
-150
-100
Real Ax is
-50
50
100
150
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Time (s ec )
Step res pons e of ideal s mith predic tor with k p = 10
Step res pons e with s y s tem delay mis matc h
1.2
0.8
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.6
0.4
0.2
-1
-2
-0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-3
Time (s ec )
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Time (s ec )
Step res pons e with s y s tem mis matc h

1.4
1.2
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Time (s ec )
10.11
w = 250*pi; xi = 20/w;
g = tf(9, [1, 0, 9]);
f = tf(w^2, [1, 2*xi*w, w^2]);
plant = f*g;
z = 8; p = 5*z;
control = tf([1, z], [1, p]);
figure(1)
rlocus(control*plant)
% pause; % readjust scale
% k = rlocfind(control*plant)
k = 75;
figure(2)
step(feedback(k*control*plant,1))
title('Step response of motor cycle system under lead control')
% The effect of the inclinometer's bandwidth limitations
% is negligible on the system right now. If it is shifted
% to a much lower frequency, the control design is much harder
% and the performance unacceptably low
w = 14.8*pi; xi = 0.4;
fp = tf(w^2, [1, 2*xi*w, w^2]);
plantP = fp*g;
figure(3)
rlocus(control*plantP)
% k = rlocfind(control*plantP)
k = 42;
figure(4);
step(feedback(k*control*plantP, 1))
title('Step response with low bandwidth sensor')
Answers:
Root Loc us
Step res pons e of motor c y c le s y s tem under lead c ontrol
4000
1.4
3000
1.2
2000
1
s
i
x
A
1000
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
0.8
0.6
-1000
0.4
-2000
0.2
-3000
-4000
-4000
0
-3000
-2000
-1000
1000
2000
3000
4000
0.1
0.2
Real Ax is
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Time (s ec )
Root Loc us
Step res pons e with low bandwidth s ens or
200
1.6
150
1.4
100
1.2
s
i
x
A
y
r
a
n
i
g
a
m
I
50
e
d
u
t
i
l
p
m
A
-50
0.8
0.6
-100
0.4
-150
-200
-200
0.2
-150
-100
-50
0
Real Ax is
50
100
150
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
Time (s ec )
Chapter 11
11.1
g = 9.81; nu = 1.3e-6; k = 0.00026; L = 25.0;
Q = 0.003; h = 3.0; SumKml = 0.5+0.3+0.3+0.15+1.0;
D = fzero(@ColebrookFriction, [0.05], [], g, nu, k, L, Q, h, SumKml);
disp(['D = ' num2str(D)])
function value = ColebrookFriction(D, g, nu, k, L, Q, h, SumKml)
lambda = D^5*h*g*pi^2/(8.0*Q^2*L)-SumKml*D/L;
Re = 4.0*Q/(pi*D*nu);
value = 1/sqrt(lambda)+2*log10((k/D)/3.7+2.51/(sqrt(lambda)*Re));
Answer: D = 0.046979
11.2
p = 0.375; q = 7.43e-4; Z = 5:5:50;
zer = zeros(length(Z),1);
for k = 1:length(Z)
[t, y] = ode45(@ReservoirOsc, [0 500], [Z(k) 0], [], p, q);
ind = min(find(y(:,1)<0));
zer(k) = interp1(y(ind-5:ind+4,1), t(ind-5:ind+4), 0);
end
plot(Z, zer, 'k-')
xlabel('Initial height [Z(0)]')
ylabel('Time to first zero crossing (s)')
function c = ReservoirOsc(t, y, p, q )
c = [y(2); -p*sign(y(2))*y(2)^2-q*y(1)];
Answer:
)
s
(
g
n
i
s
s
o
r
c
o
r
e
z
t
s
r
i
f
280
260
240
220
200
180
o
t
160
e
m
i
T
140
120
100
80
5
10
15
20
25
30
Initial height [Z(0)]
35
40
45
50
11.3
mu = 0.45; rho = 900.0; nu = mu/rho;

h = 0.01; g = 9.81; Ubelt = 1.5;
nx = 100; xmax = h;
x = linspace(0, xmax, nx);
nt = 41; tmax = 0.4;
t = tmax/(nt^2)*(1:nt).^2;
u = pdepe(0, @pdfslpde2,@pdfslic2,@pdfslbc2,x , t, [], nu, g, rho, Ubelt);
hold on
for ijd = 2:nt
plot(x, u(ijd,:), 'k')
end
ylabel('Vertical Velocity (m/s)')
xlabel('y (m)')
xp = x(nx/2);
yp = u(nt,nx/2);
text(xp+0.0021, yp+0.1, ['t = ' num2str(tmax, 4) ' s'])
plot([xp, xp+0.002], [yp, yp+0.1], 'k')
v = rho*g/2/mu*x.*x-rho*g*h/mu*x+Ubelt;
plot(x, v, '.k')
box on
function [c,f,s] = pdfslpde2(x, t, u, DuDx, nu, g, rho, Ubelt)
c = 1.0;
f = nu*DuDx;
s = -g;
function u0 = pdfslic2(x, nu, g, rho, Ubelt)
u0 = 0;
function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdfslbc2(xl, ul, xr, ur, t, nu, g, rho, Ubelt)
pl = ul-Ubelt; ql = 0;
pr = 0; qr = 1;
Answer:
1.6
)
s
/
m
(
y
t
i
c
o
l
e
V
l
a
c
i
t
r
e
V
1.4
1.2
1
t = 0.4 s
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
-0.2
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
y (m)
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
11.4
mu = 0.02; rho = 800.0; nu = mu/rho;
h = 0.02; tau = 0.01; ny = 100; ymax = h;
y = linspace(0, ymax, ny);

nt = 41; tmax = 1.0;
t = tmax/(nt^2)*(1:nt).^2;
u = pdepe(0, @pdfslpde3, @pdfslic3, @pdfslbc3, y, t, [], nu, tau, rho);
hold on
for ijd = 2:nt
plot(u(ijd,:), y, 'k')
end
xlabel('Horizontal Velocity (m/s)')
ylabel('y (m)')
text(u(nt,ny/4)+0.25, y(ny/4), ['t = ' num2str(tmax, 4) ' s'])
box on
function [c,f,s] = pdfslpde3(x, t, u, DuDy, nu ,tau, rho)
c = 1.0;
f = nu*DuDy;
s = 0.0;
function u0 = pdfslic3(y, nu, tau, rho)
u0 = 0;
function [pl, ql, pr, qr] = pdfslbc3(yl, ul, yr, ur, t, nu, tau, rho)
pl = tau; ql = 1;
pr = 0; qr = 1;
Answer:
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
) 0.012
m
(
0.01
y
0.008
0.006
t=1 s
0.004
0.002
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
Horizontal Velocity (m/s)
2.5
11.5
mu = 0.02; rho = 800.0; nu = mu/rho;
h = 0.003; dPdz = 10000; Utop = 1.5;
ny = 100; ymax = h;
y = linspace(0, ymax, ny);
nt = 50; tmax = 1.0;
t = tmax/(nt^2)*(1:nt).^2;
u = pdepe(0, @pdfslpde, @pdfslic, @pdfslbc, y, t, [], nu, dPdz, rho, Utop);
hold on
for ijd = 2:nt
plot(u(ijd,:),y*1000,'k')
end
xlabel('Horizontal Velocity (m/s)')

ylabel('y (mm)')
box on
text(u(nt,ny/2)+0.05, y(ny/2)*1000, ['t = ' num2str(tmax, 4) ' s'])
function [c,f,s] = pdfslpde(x, t, u, DuDy, nu, dPdz, rho, Utop)
c = 1.0;
f = nu*DuDy;
s = dPdz/rho;
function u0 = pdfslic(y, nu, dPdz, rho, Utop)
u0 = 0;
function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdfslbc(yl, ul, yr, ur, t, nu, dPdz, rho, Utop)
pl = ul; ql = 0;
pr = ur-Utop;
qr = 1;
Answer:
3
2.5
)
m
m
(
1.5
t = 1s
0.5
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
Horizontal Velocity (m/s)
1.2
1.4
1.6
11.6
c = 2; Vinfty = 100;
a = 10; alpha = a*pi/180;
[x, y ]= meshgrid(linspace(-1.0, 3.0, 100), linspace(-1.5, 1.5, 100));
m = 100;
xf = linspace(0.01, c, m);
thetaf = 1.0 - 2.0 .*xf./c;
thetaf = acos(thetaf);
gammaf = 2.0*alpha*Vinfty.*(1.0 + cos(thetaf))./sin(thetaf);
psi = Vinfty*cos(alpha).*y-Vinfty*sin(alpha).*x;
for i = 1:m
r = sqrt((x-xf(i)).^2 + y.^2);
psi = psi + (c/m)*(gammaf(i)/2.0/pi).*log(r);
end
contour(x,y, psi,60 , 'k')
axis equal
Answer:
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
11.7
nx = 100; xmin = -2.5; xmax = 2.5;
ny = 100; ymin = -2.0; ymax = 2.0;
x = linspace(xmin, xmax, nx);
y = linspace(ymin, ymax, ny)';
[x, y]=meshgrid(x ,y);
U0 = 1.0; D = 1.0;
K1 = U0*D^2/4;
xK1 = 0.0; yK1 = 0.75;
K2 = U0*D^2/4; xK2 = 0.0; yK2 = -0.75;
thetaK1 = atan2(y-yK1, x-xK1);
rK1 = sqrt((x-xK1).*(x-xK1)+(y-yK1).*(y-yK1) );
thetaK2 = atan2(y-yK2,x-xK2);
rK2 = sqrt((x-xK2) .* (x-xK2) + (y-yK2) .* (y-yK2) );
StreamFunction = U0.*y - K1.*sin(thetaK1)./ rK1-K2.*sin(thetaK2)./ rK2 ;
levmin = StreamFunction(1,nx);
levmax = StreamFunction(ny,nx/2);
levels = linspace(levmin,levmax,51)';
figure(1)
contour(x,y,StreamFunction,levels)
axis equal
axis([xmin,xmax,ymin,ymax])
ylabel('y')
xlabel('x')
colormap([0 0 0])
x = linspace(xmin,xmax,nx);
thetaK2 = atan2(0.0-yK2,x-xK2);
rK2 = sqrt((x-xK2).*(x-xK2)+(0.0-yK2).*(0.0-yK2));
thetaK1 = atan2(0.0-yK1,x-xK1);
rK1 = sqrt((x-xK1).*(x-xK1)+(0.0-yK1).*(0.0-yK1));
phi=U0*x+K1*cos(thetaK1)./rK1+K2*cos(thetaK2)./rK2;
delx=x(2)-x(1);
figure(2)
plot(x(2:nx), diff(phi)/delx, 'k-')
ylabel('horizontal velocity along the x axis')
xlabel('x')
Answers:
a
x
e
h
t
1.5
g
n
o
l
a
y
t
i
c
o
l
e
v
0.5
l
a
t
n
o
z
i
r
o
h
-0.5
-1
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.8
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
2.5
11.8
modes = 20; alpha = 4.*pi/180.0; Vinfty = 100;
chord = 2.0; a = zeros(modes,1); m = 100; n = 200;
tb = acos(1.0-0.2025*2);
a0 = alpha-quadl(@camber1, 0, tb, 1.e-5, [], 0)/pi...
-quadl(@camber2, tb, pi, 1.e-5, [], 0)/pi;
for i = 1:modes
a(i) = 2/pi*quadl(@camber1, 0, tb, 1.e-5, [], i)...
+2/pi*quadl(@camber2, tb, pi, 1.e-5, [], i);
end
q = 1:modes;
disp(['A(0) = ' num2str(a0, '%8.6f')])
fprintf(1, 'A(%2.0f) = %8.6f\n', [q; a'])
xf = linspace(0.001, chord, m);
thetaf = acos(1-2.*xf/chord);
summ = a'*sin(q'*thetaf);
gammaf = 2.0*Vinfty*(a0*(1.0 + cos(thetaf))./sin(thetaf)+summ);
figure(1)
plot(xf, gammaf, 'k-')
hold on
plot(xf, 2.0*Vinfty*summ, 'r--')
[x, y] = meshgrid(linspace(-1.0, 3, n), linspace(-1.5, 1.5, n));
psi = Vinfty*cos(alpha).*y-Vinfty*sin(alpha).*x;
for i = 1:m
r = sqrt((x-xf(i)).^2 + y.^2);
psi = psi + (chord/m)*(gammaf(i)/2.0/pi).*log(r);
end
figure(2)
contour(x, y, psi, 50, 'k')
axis([-1, 2.5, -0.4, 0.4]);
hold on
x = linspace(0.0, 0.2025, m);
z = 2.6595*x.*(x.*x-0.6075*x+0.1147);
h = plot(chord*x, chord*z, 'k-');
set(h, 'LineWidth', 2)
x= linspace(0.2025, 1.0, m);
z= 0.02208*(1.0-x);
h = plot(chord*x, chord*z, 'k-');
set(h, 'LineWidth', 2)
function func = camber1(theta, n)
x = 0.5*(1-cos(theta));
dzdx = 2.6595*(3*x.^2-0.6075*2*x+0.1147);
func = dzdx.*cos(n*theta);
function func = camber2(theta, n)
func = -0.02208*cos(n*theta);
Answers:
A(0) = 0.041156
A( 1) = 0.095484
A( 2) = 0.079150
A( 3) = 0.056780
A( 4) = 0.033789
A( 5) = 0.014870
A( 6) = 0.002613
A( 7) = -0.002884
A( 8) = -0.003450
A( 9) = -0.001674
A(10) = 0.000231
A(11) = 0.001114
A(12) = 0.000910
A(13) = 0.000197
A(14) = -0.000378
A(15) = -0.000499
A(16) = -0.000242
A(17) = 0.000098
A(18) = 0.000269
A(19) = 0.000205
A(20) = 0.000014
400
0.4
350
0.3
300
0.2
250
0.1
200
150
-0.1
100
-0.2
50
-0.3
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
-0.4
-1
-0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
11.9
R = 1.0; Q = 1.0; nn = 5;
etamax = 0.04; ksimin = -0.2; ksimax = -0.0;

etaoffarray = linspace(0, etamax, nn);
ksioffarray = linspace(ksimin, ksimax, nn);
maxcamber = zeros(nn,nn);
maxthick = zeros(nn,nn);
nplot = 200;
for in = 1:nn
ksioff = ksioffarray(in);
for jn = 1:nn
etaoff = etaoffarray(jn);
zetaoff = complex(ksioff,etaoff);
thetaTE = -asin(etaoff/R);
ksiTE = ksioff+sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
ksiLE=ksioff-sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
lambda = ksioff+sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
zetaTE = complex(ksiTE, 0);
zetaLE = complex(ksiLE, 0);
zTE = zetaTE+lambda^2/zetaTE;
zLE = zetaLE+lambda^2/zetaLE;
chord = real(zTE-zLE);
thetaLE = pi-thetaTE;
thetatop = fliplr(linspace(thetaTE, thetaLE, nplot));
thetabottom = linspace(thetaLE, 2*pi+thetaTE, nplot);
zetatop = R*exp(1i*thetatop)+zetaoff;
zetabottom = R*exp(1i*thetabottom)+zetaoff;
ztop = zetatop+lambda^2./zetatop;
zbottom = zetabottom+lambda^2./zetabottom;
ytop = imag(ztop);
xtop = real(ztop);
xtopeven = linspace(xtop(1), xtop(nplot), nplot);
ytopeven = interp1(xtop, ytop, xtopeven);
ybottom = imag(zbottom);
xbottom = real(zbottom);
xbottomeven = linspace(xbottom(1), xbottom(nplot), nplot);
ybottomeven = interp1(xbottom, ybottom, xbottomeven);
ythickness = (ytopeven-ybottomeven);
ymidline = (ytopeven+ybottomeven)/2;
maxthick(in,jn) = max(ythickness)/chord;
maxcamber(in,jn) = max(ymidline)/chord;
end
end
subplot(1,2,1)
for in = 1:nn
plot(ksioffarray, maxthick(:,in), 'k-')
hold on
end
axis([ksimin 0 0 0.3])
xlabel('\xi_{off}')
ylabel('t/L')
subplot(1,2,2)
for jn = 1:nn
plot(etaoffarray, maxcamber(jn,:), 'k-')
hold on
end
axis([0 etamax 0 0.02])
xlabel('\eta_{off}')
ylabel('b/L')
Answers:
0.3
0.02
0.018
0.25
0.016
0.014
0.2
0.012
L
/
t
L
/
b
0.15
0.01
0.008
0.1
0.006
0.004
0.05
0.002
0
-0.2
0
-0.15
-0.1
off
-0.05
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
off
11.10
R = 1.0; Q = 1.0; alpha = 6.0*pi/180;
ksioff = -0.093*R; etaoff = 0.08*R; zetaoff = complex(ksioff,etaoff);
Gamma = 4*pi*Q*R*sin(alpha-thetaTE);
theta = linspace(0, 2*pi, 1000);
zetac = R*exp(1i*theta)+zetaoff;
ksiTE = ksioff + sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
ksiLE = ksioff - sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
lambda = ksioff + sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
nplot = 200;
thetatop = linspace(thetaTE,thetaLE,nplot);
thetatemp = zeros(nplot,1);
for ijd = 1:nplot
thetatemp(ijd) = thetatop(nplot+1-ijd);
end
thetatop = thetatemp;
ytop = imag(ztop);
xtop = real(ztop);
plot(ztop, 'k-')
hold on
plot(zbottom, 'k-')
hold on
axis([xtop(1)-0.5, xtop(nplot)+0.5, -3, 2])
xlabel('x')
ylabel('y or C_p')
w = (Q*exp(-1i*alpha)-Q*exp(1i*alpha)*R^2./(zetatop-zetaoff).^2+ ...
1i*Gamma/(2*pi)./(zetatop-zetaoff))./(1.0-lambda^2./zetatop.^2);
qsquared = w.*conj(w);
Cptop = 1.0-qsquared/Q^2;
plot(real(ztop(1:nplot-1)), Cptop(1:nplot-1), 'k:')
hold on
w = (Q*exp(-1i*alpha)-Q*exp(1i*alpha)*R^2./(zetabottom-zetaoff).^2+ ...
1i*Gamma/(2*pi)./(zetabottom-zetaoff))./(1.0-lambda^2./zetabottom.^2);
qsquared = w.*conj(w);
Cpbottom = 1.0-qsquared/Q^2;
plot(real(zbottom(1:nplot-1)), Cpbottom(1:nplot-1), 'k--')
Answer:
2
1.5
0.5
0
C
rp
o
-0.5
y
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
x
0.5
1.5
11.11
R = 1.0; Q=1.0;
nalpha = 21; alphamin = -10; alphamax = 10;
alpha = linspace(alphamin, alphamax, nalpha)*pi/180;
ksioff = -0.093*R; neta = 5;
etaoffarray = linspace(0.0,0.08,neta)*R;
maxthick = zeros(neta,1);
maxcamber = zeros(neta,1);
hold on
for in = 1:neta
%foil geometry
etaoff = etaoffarray(in);
Gamma = 4*pi*Q*R*sin(alpha-thetaTE);
lambda = ksioff+sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
ksiTE = ksioff+sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
ksiLE = ksioff-sqrt(R^2-etaoff^2);
zetaTE = complex(ksiTE,0);
zetaLE = complex(ksiLE,0);
zTE = zetaTE+lambda^2/zetaTE;
zLE = zetaLE+lambda^2/zetaLE;
chord = real(zTE-zLE);
nplot = 200;
thetatop = linspace(thetaTE,thetaLE,nplot);
thetatemp = zeros(1,nplot);
for ijd = 1:nplot
thetatemp(ijd) = thetatop(nplot+1-ijd);
end
thetatop = thetatemp;
zetaoff = complex(ksioff,etaoff);
ytop = imag(ztop);
xtop = real(ztop);
xtopeven = linspace(xtop(1),xtop(nplot),nplot);
ytopeven = interp1(xtop,ytop,xtopeven);
ybottom = imag(zbottom);
xbottom = real(zbottom);
xbottomeven = linspace(xbottom(1),xbottom(nplot),nplot);
ybottomeven = interp1(xbottom,ybottom,xbottomeven);
ythickness = (ytopeven-ybottomeven);
ymidline = (ytopeven+ybottomeven)/2;
maxthick(in) = max(ythickness)/chord;
maxcamber(in) = max(ymidline)/chord;
%Lift calculation
LiftCoeff = Q*Gamma/(0.5*Q^2*chord);
plot(alpha*180/pi, LiftCoeff, 'k-')
end
axis([alphamin, alphamax, -3, 3])
grid on
box on
xlabel('\alpha (degrees)')
ylabel('C_L')
text(0.4, -0.8, ['t/L=' num2str(maxthick(1),4) ...
' b/L=' num2str(maxcamber(1), '%2.1f')])
plot([0.3,-2.8], [-0.8,-0.375], '-k')
hold on
text(-7.6, 1.2, ['t/L=' num2str(maxthick(5),4) ...
' b/L=' num2str(maxcamber(5),4)])
plot([-7.3,-3.0], [1.05,0.3], '-k')
Answer:
3
t/L=0.1215 b/L=0.04013
1
t/L=0.1205 b/L=0.0
-1
-2
-3
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
10
(degrees)
11.12
n = 0.014; yr = 3.0; g = 9.81;
b = 1.5; m = 1.0;
ywcrit = fzero(@Channel1, 6, [], b, m, yr);
Awcrit = b*ywcrit*(2+ywcrit/(b*m));
Qcrit = Awcrit*sqrt(2*g*(yr-ywcrit));
Pwcrit = 2*(b+ywcrit*sqrt(1+1/m^2));
Rhwcrit = Awcrit/Pwcrit;
S0crit = (Qcrit*n/(1.0*Awcrit*Rhwcrit^0.666))^2;
nslope = 100;
Slope = linspace(0.00001, S0crit-0.0001, nslope);
ywflow = zeros(nslope,1);
for is = 1:nslope
S0 = Slope(is);
ywflow(is) = fzero(@Channel2, [ywcrit, yr], [], b, m, S0, n, g, yr);
end
Awflow = b*ywflow.*(2+ywflow/(b*m));
Qflow = Awflow.*sqrt(2*g*(yr-ywflow));
Smax = 0.0025;
plot(Slope*1000, Qflow, 'k')
axis([0, Smax*1000, 0, 60])
xlabel('Channel Slope \times 10^{-3}')
ylabel('Flow rate (m^3/s)')
hold on
plot(S0crit*1000, Qcrit, 'ks')
hold on
plot([Slope(nslope)*1000, S0crit*1000], [Qflow(nslope), Qcrit])
hold on
plot([S0crit*1000, Smax*1000], [Qcrit, Qcrit], 'k')
hold on
text(0.75, 30, ['Critical Flow Rate = ' num2str(Qcrit,5) ' m^3/s'])
text(0.75, 27, ['Critical Slope = ' num2str(S0crit,4)])
plot([1.65, (S0crit)*1000], [32, Qcrit], 'k')
function y = Channel1(ywc,b,m,yr)
y = ywc+0.5*b*ywc*(2+ywc/(b*m))/(2*b+2*ywc/m)-yr;
function y = Channel2(y,b,m,S0,n,g,yr)
y = (b*y*(2+y/(b*m)))*(((b*y*(2+y/(b*m)))/(2*(b+y*sqrt(1+1/m^2))))^0.6666* ...
sqrt(S0))/n-sqrt(2*g*b^2*(yr-y)*(2*y+y^2/(b*m))^2);
Answer:
60
50
m
(
)e
s
t
3/a
r
40
30
Critical Flow Rate = 45.334 m
w
o
l
F
/s
Critical Slope = 0.002227
20
10
0
0
0.5
1
Channel Slope
1.5
2.5
10 -3
11.13
g = 9.81; m = 1.0; slope = 0.003; b = 1.5;
Q = 45.3336; n = 0.014;
y0 = fzero(@flow1, 6, [], Q, n, b, m, slope);
A0 = b*y0*(2+y0/(b*m));
P0 = 2*(b+y0*sqrt(1+1/m^2));
yc = fzero(@flow2, 3, [], Q, g, b, m);
[y, x] = ode45(@dchannel, [yc, 0.94*y0], 0, [], yc, y0, slope);
xmax = 1000; xmin = 0.0;
plot(x, y, 'k')
axis([0, 1000, 1.5, 2.5])
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('Water depth, y (m)')
hold on
plot([xmin,xmax], [y0,y0],' --k')
text((xmax-xmin)/2, y0-0.05, 'y_0')
plot([xmin,xmax], [yc,yc], '--k')
text((xmax-xmin)/2, yc+0.04, 'y_c')
function f = flow1(y, Q, n, b, m, slope)
f = Q-1.0/n*b*y*(2+y/(b*m))*(b*y*(2+y/(b*m))/(2*(b+y*sqrt(1+1/m^2))))^0.667*sqrt(slope);
function f = flow2 (y, Q, g, b, m)
f = Q^2-g*(b*y*(2+y/(b*m)))^3/(2*b+2*y/m);
function dydx = dchannel(y, x, yc, y0, slope)
dydx(1) = 1/slope*(1-(yc/y(1))^3)/(1-(y0/y(1))^(10/3));
Answer:
2.5
2.4
)
m
(
2.3
2.2
,
h
t
p
e
d
2.1
y0
2
r
e
t
1.9
a
W
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
0
100
200
300
400
500
x (m)
600
700
800
900
1000
11.14
function Exercise1114
omega = 2*pi; nu = 5.0*10^(-6);
rho = 1000; dPdz = -1e6;
nr = 200; nt = 16; tmax = 2*2*pi/omega;
t = linspace(0, tmax, nt);
rmax = [0.001, 0.005, 0.01];
for kk = 1:3
subplot(3,1,kk)
r = linspace(0, rmax(kk),nr);
u = pdepe(1, @pulse14, @pulseic14, @pulsebc14, r, t, [], omega, nu, rho, dPdz);
hold on
for ijd = 1:nt
plot(u(ijd,:)/(dPdz/rho/omega)+(ijd-1),r/rmax(kk),'k')
plot(u(ijd,:)/(dPdz/rho/omega)+(ijd-1),-r/rmax(kk),'k')
plot([(ijd-1),(ijd-1)],[-1,1],':k')
end
xlabel('u_z/[\partialP/\partialz/(\rho\omega)]')
ylabel('r/R')
title(['R = ', num2str(rmax(kk)*1000'), ' mm'])
box on
end
function [c, f, s] = pulse14(r, t, u, DuDr, omega, nu, rho, dPdz)
c = 1.0;
f = nu*DuDr;
s = (dPdz/rho)*sin(omega*t);
function u0 = pulseic14(r, omega, nu, rho, dPd)
u0 = 0;
function [pl, ql, pr, qr] = pulsebc14(rl, ul, rr, ur, t, omega, nu, rho, dPdz)
pl = 0; ql = 1;
pr = 0; qr = ur;
Answer:
R = 1 mm
1
0.5
R
/
r
0
-0.5
-1
10
15
10
15
10
15
u /[ P/ z/( )]
z
R = 5 mm
1
0.5
R
/
r
0
-0.5
-1
5
u /[ P/ z/( )]
z
R = 10 mm
1
0.5
R
/
r
0
-0.5
-1
0
5
u /[ P/ z/( )]
z
Chapter 12
12.1
syms eta t
th = 1-erf(eta/(2*t))-exp(eta+t^2)*(1-erf(eta/(2*t)+t));
dt = simple(diff(th,t,1));
deta2 = simple(diff(th,eta,2));
Eqn = simple(deta2-dt/(2*t))
BC = simple(subs(th, eta, 0)-1-subs(diff(th,eta,1), eta, 0))
12.2
tau = @(x) (exp(x.^2).*erfc(x)-1/2);
tauHalf = fzero(tau, 0.5)
Answer: tauHalf = 0.7691
12.3
tspan = [0, 10^5]; y0 = 5; Tamb = 30;
h = 2; A = 0.3; Tinf = 30; m = 3.5; c = 4.2;
emm = 0.5; sigma = 5.667e-8;
[t, T] = ode45(@odefun1, tspan, y0, [], h , A , Tinf, m, c);
% Convection only
[tr, Tr] = ode45(@odefun2, tspan, y0, [], h , A , Tinf, m, c, emm, sigma); % Convection and radiation
plot(t/3600, T, 'k-', tr/3600, Tr, 'k--')
xlabel('Time (hr)')
ylabel('Temperature (\circC)')
legend('Convection only','Convection + radiation', 4)
theta = (Tamb-T)/(Tamb-y0);
tau = interp1(theta, t, 0.368)/3600
thetar = (Tamb-Tr)/(Tamb-y0);
taur = interp1(thetar, tr, 0.368)/3600
function dy = odefun1(t, T, h , A , Tinf, m, c)
dy = -h*A*(T-Tinf)/(m*c*1000);
% Convection only
function dy = odefun2(t, T, h , A , Tinf, m, c, emm, sigma)

% Convection + radiation
dy = -(h*A*(T-Tinf)+A*emm*sigma*((T+273.15)^4-(Tinf+273.15)^4))/(m*c*1000);
Answers: tau = 6.8121
taur = 2.7700
30
25
(
e
r
)u
C
t
20
a
r
e
p
m
e
T
15
10
Convection only
Convection + radiation
5
0
10
15
Time (hr)
20
25
30
12.4
L = 0.1; k = 200; h = 100; P = 0.1;
Ac = 0.001; t = L/100;
Msqu = 2 *h*L^2/(k*t)*sqrt(1+(t/(2*L))^2);
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, 0.9999, 8), [0,0]);
sol = bvp4c(@Fin, @Finbc, solinit, [], Msqu);
x = linspace(0, 0.99);
y = deval(sol, x);
etaf = -1/Msqu*y(2,1)
M = sqrt(Msqu);
etafAnal = 1/M*besseli(1, 2*M)/besseli(0, 2*M)
subplot(2, 1, 1)
plot(x, y(1,:), 'k-')
title('1-D Triangular Fin')
xlabel('\eta')
ylabel('\theta')
subplot(2, 1, 2)
q = -k*y(2,:);
plot(x, q(:), 'k-')
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('q" (W/m^2)')
function dydx = Fin(x, y, Msqu)
dydx = [y(2); (y(2)+Msqu*y(1))/(1-x)];
function res = Finbc(ya, yb, Msqu)
res = [ya(1)-1; yb(2)];
Answers: etaf = 0.2900
etafAnal = 0.2900
1-D Triangular Fin

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
600
500
m 400
/
2)W
300
(
"
q
200
100
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x (m)
12.5
h = 5; k = 0.1; ri = 0.01; L = 1; Ti = 100; Tinf = 20;
r0 = linspace(ri, 5*k/h, 100);
q = 2*pi*L*(Ti-Tinf)./(1/k.*log(r0./ri)+1./(r0*h));
plot(r0, q, 'k-')
xlabel('r_0 (m)')
ylabel('Heat transfer rate (W)')
Answer:
30
)
W
(
e
t
a
r
r
e
f
s
n
a
r
t
t
a
e
H
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
r0 (m)
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
0.11
12.6
Bi = .5; Nroot = 15;
CylinderRoots = inline('x.*besselj(1, x)-Bi*besselj(0, x)', 'x', 'Bi');
d = FindZeros(CylinderRoots, Nroot, linspace(0, 50, 200), Bi);
Cn = 2*besselj(1, d)./(d.*(besselj(0, d).^2+besselj(1, d).^2));
tau = fzero(@Flip, 0.5, [], d, Cn)
function gg = Flip(t, d, Cn)
gg = 0.5-sum(Cn.*exp(-t*d.^2).*besselj(0,d));
function Rt = FindZeros(FunName, Nroot, x, w) % See Section 5.5.1
L = length(indx);
if L<Nroot
Nroot = L;
end
for k = 1:Nroot
end
Answer: tau = 0.6401
12.7
Bi = 0.5; Nroot = 20; ntime = 30;
timeMax = 0.5; nradial = 25;
tau = linspace(0, timeMax, ntime);
xi = linspace(0.001, 1, nradial);
SphereRoots = inline('sin(x)-Bi*sin(x)-x.*cos(x)', 'x', 'Bi');
zet = FindZeros(SphereRoots, Nroot, linspace(0.1, 70, 120), Bi); % See Exercise 12.6
Cn = 4.*(sin(zet)-zet.*cos(zet))./(2*zet-sin(2*zet));
[dum, Cnn] = meshgrid(xi, Cn);
theta = exp(-zet.^2*tau)'*(Cnn.*sin(zet*xi)./(zet*xi));
mesh(xi, tau, theta)
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('\zeta')
ylabel('\tau')
zlabel('\theta')
view(49.5,-34)
Answer:
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
1
0.4
0
0.8
0.1
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.5
12.8
Bi = .5; Nroots = 15; tau = [0, 0.001, 0.005];
xi = linspace(0, 1, 100);
r = FindZeros(CylinderRoots, Nroots, linspace(0.1, 60, 100), Bi);
Cnn = Cn(r); co = char('k-', 'k--', 'k:.');
T = zeros(length(xi),1);
for k = 1:length(tau)
for n = 1:length(xi)
T(n) = sum(Cnn.*besselj(0, r*xi(n)).*exp(-tau(k)*r.^2));
end
plot(xi, T, co(k,:))
hold on
end
legend(['\tau = ' num2str(tau(1))], ['\tau = ' num2str(tau(2))], ['\tau = ' num2str(tau(3))], 'Location','SouthWest')
ylim([0.98, 1.005])
function res = Cn(r)
res = 2*besselj(1, r)./(r.*(besselj(0, r).^2+besselj(1, r).^2));
Answer:
1.005
0.995
),
(

0.99
0.985
=0
= 0.001
= 0.005
0.98
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
12.9
Bi = .5; Nroots = 15;
r = FindZeros(CylinderRoots, Nroots, linspace(0.1, 60, 100), Bi);
tau = fzero(@Flux, 1, [], r)
function res = Flux(t, r)
res = 1/exp(1)-sum(2*besselj(1, r)./(r.*(besselj(0, r).^2+besselj(1, r).^2)).*exp(-t*r.^2));
Answer: tau = 1.2521
12.10
L = 0.1; flux = 12.5; TL = 300;
k0 = 0.048; ks = 0.00032;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, L, 10), [100]);
sol = bvp4c(@heatVark, @heatbc, solinit, [], flux, k0, ks, TL);
x = linspace(0, L, 10);
T = deval(sol, x);
AnalSol = inline('k0*(T-TL)-ks/2*(T.^2-TL^2)-q*(x-L)', 'T', 'k0', 'ks', 'TL', 'x', 'q', 'L');
T0anal = fzero(AnalSol, [250 350], [], k0, ks, TL, 0, flux, L);
k0 = -k0+ks*mean(T(1,:)); ks = 0.0;
solavg = bvp4c(@heatVark, @heatbc, solinit, [], flux, k0, ks, TL);
Tavg = deval(solavg, x);

T0analA = fzero(AnalSol, [250 350], [], k0, ks, TL, 0, flux, L);
disp(['When k = k(T) and T determined from bvp4c, T(0) = ' num2str(T(1,1)) ' K'])
disp(['When k = k(T) and T determined from analytical solution, T(0) = ' num2str(T0anal) ' K'])
disp(['When k = k(Tavg) and T determined from bvp4c, T(0) = ' num2str(Tavg(1,1)) ' K'])
disp(['When k = k(Tavg) and T determined from analytical solution, T(0) = ' num2str(T0analA) ' K'])
function dydx = heatVark(x, y, flux, k0, ks, T2)
dydx = -flux/(-k0+ks*y(1));
function res = heatbc(ya, yb, flux, k0, ks, T2)
res = [yb(1)-T2];
Answers: When k = k(T) and T determined from bvp4c, T(0) = 324.1048 K
When k = k(T) and T determined from analytical solution, T(0) = 324.1049 K
When k = k(Tavg) and T determined from bvp4c, T(0) = 275.9346 K
When k = k(Tavg) and T determined from analytical solution, T(0) = 275.9346 K
12.11
Tb = 80; Tinf = 100; h = 25; d = 0.005; P = pi*d;
Ac = pi*d^2/4; Np = 20;
k = [20, 100, 200, 300, 400];
L = linspace(0.005, 0.1, Np);
col = char('k-', 'b-', 'r-', 'g-', 'c-');
for i = 1:length(k)
y = (Tb-Tinf)./cosh(sqrt(h*P/(k(i)*Ac))*L);
plot(L, y, col(i,:))
hold on
end
% plot(L, y(1,:), L, y(2,:), L, y(3,:), L, y(4,:), L, y(5,:))
legend('k = 20 W/m-K', num2str(k(2)), num2str(k(3)), num2str(k(4)), num2str(k(5)), 'Location', 'NorthWest')
xlabel('L (m)')
ylabel('Temperature Error (K)')
Answer:
0
)
K
(
r
o
r
r
E
e
r
u
t
a
r
e
p
m
e
T
-2
k = 20 W/m-K
100
200
300
-4
400
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
-18
-20
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
L (m)
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.1
12.12
Tw = 40; qw = 10; Re = 40; Pr = 5;
R = 0.01; L = 0.75; k = 0.6; Rt = 101;

zt = 50; dxi = 1/(Rt-1); m = 1;
xi = linspace(0, 1, Rt);
zeta = linspace(0, 1, zt);
TT = pdepe(m, @pdex1pde, @pdex1ic, @pdex1bcT, xi, zeta, [], Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k);
TF = pdepe(m, @pdex1pde, @pdex1ic, @pdex1bcF, xi, zeta, [], Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k);
TmT = zeros(zt,1); NuT = TmT; TmF = TmT; NuF = TmT;
for i = 1:zt
TmT(i) = 2*trapz(xi, xi.*TT(i,:));
dThdxiT = (TT(i,Rt)-TT(i,Rt-1))/(dxi*(TmT(i)-TT(i,Rt)));
NuT(i) = -2*dThdxiT;
TmF(i) = 2*trapz(xi,xi.*TF(i,:));
dThdxiF = (TF(i,Rt)-TF(i,Rt-1))/(dxi*(TmF(i)-TF(i,Rt)));
NuF(i) = -2*dThdxiF;
end
ThT =( TT(end,:)-ones(1,Rt)*Tw)/(TmT(end)-Tw);
ThF = (TF(end,:)-ones(1,Rt)*TF(end,Rt))/(TmF(end)-TF(end,Rt));
figure(1)
plot(xi, ThT, '-', xi, ThF, '--')
xlabel('\xi')
ylabel('\theta')
legend('Constant wall temperature', 'Constant wall heat flux')
figure(2)
plot(zeta, NuT, '-', zeta, NuF, '--')
xlabel('\zeta')
ylabel('Nu')
ylim([4 12])
legend('Constant wall temperature', 'Constant wall heat flux')
figure(3)
surf(xi(1:3:Rt), zeta(1:3:zt), TT(1:3:zt,1:3:Rt))
zlabel('\theta')
xlabel('Radial Distance \xi')
ylabel('Axial distance \zeta')
function [c, f, s] = pdex1pde(xi, zeta, T, DTDxi, Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k)
c = Re*Pr*R/L;
f = DTDxi;
s = 0;
function T0 = pdex1ic(xi, Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k)
T0 = 20; %deg C
function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = pdex1bcT(xil, Tl, xir, Tr, zeta, Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k)
pl = 0; ql = 1;
pr = Tr-Tw; qr = 0;
function [pl, ql, pr, qr] = pdex1bcF(xil, Tl, xir, Tr, zeta, Tw, qw, Re, Pr, R, L, k)
pl = 0; ql = 1;
pr = -qw; qr = k/R;
Answers:
2.5
12
Constant wall temperature
Constant wall temperature
Constant wall heat flux
Constant wall heat flux

11
2
10
1.5
u
N
1
7
0.5
5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
40
35
30

25
20
1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
Axial distance
Radial Distance
12.13
Pr = [0.07, 0.7, 7.0]; etaMax = [15, 8, 8]; xm = [15, 5, 5];
disp(['
Pr
d_u
d_T
d_u/d_T Pr^(1/3)'])
for k = 1:3
figure(k)
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, etaMax(k), 8), @BlasiusTguess);
sol = bvp4c(@BlasiusT, @BlasiusTbc, solinit, [], Pr(k));
eta = linspace(0, etaMax(k), 1000);
y = deval(sol, eta);
subplot(2, 1, 1)
plot(eta, y(1,:), '-.k', eta, y(2,:), '-k', eta,y(3,:), '--k')
xlabel('\eta')
ylabel('y_i (i = 1, 2, 3)')
legend('Stream function', 'Velocity', 'Shear', 'Location', 'NorthWest')
title(['Pr = ' num2str(Pr(k))])
axis([0, xm(k), 0, 2])
subplot(2, 1, 2)
plot(eta, y(4,:), '-k', eta, y(5,:), '--k')
axis([0, xm(k), 0, 2])
legend('Temperature', 'Heat flux', 'Location', 'NorthWest')
xlabel('\eta')
ylabel('y_i (i = 4, 5')
eta_ubl = eta(find(y(2,:)>0.99,1,'first'));
% Velocity boundary layer thickness
eta_Tbl = eta(find(y(4,:)>0.99, 1, 'first')); % Temperature boundary layer thick
disp([Pr(k), eta_ubl, eta_Tbl, eta_ubl/eta_Tbl, Pr(k)^(1/3)])
end
function F = BlasiusT(eta, y, Pr)
F=[y(2); y(3); -0.5*y(1)*y(3); y(5); -Pr*0.5*y(1)*y(5)];
function res=BlasiusTbc(ya, yb, Pr)
res = [ya(1); ya(2); ya(4); yb(2)-1; yb(4)-1];
function y = BlasiusTguess(eta)
y = [eta, eta^0.5, 5-eta, eta/10, 0.5*(1-eta/10)];
Answers:
)
3
Pr
d_u
d_T
d_u/d_T Pr^(1/3)
0.0700 4.9249 13.6637 0.3604 0.4121
0.7000 4.9169 5.6296 0.8734 0.8879
7.0000 4.9169 2.4505 2.0065 1.9129
Pr = 0.07
)
3
,
2
Stream function
Velocity
Shear
1.5
,
1
=
Velocity
1.5
1
i
Stream function
,
1
i
(
y
Pr = 0.7
2
,
2
Shear
i
(
0.5
10
0.5
15
0.5
1.5
3.5
4.5
3.5
4.5
Temperature
,
4
Heat flux
1.5
Temperature
,
4
Heat flux
1.5
i
(
y
2.5
i
(
0.5
0
0
10
15
0.5
)
3
0.5
1.5
2.5

Pr = 7
2
,
2
Stream function
Velocity
Shear
1.5
,
1
=
i
(
y
0.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
3.5
4.5
2
5
Temperature
,
4
Heat flux
1.5
=
1
i
(
y
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
12.14
Pr = 0.7; etaMax = 8; xm = 5;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, etaMax, 8), @BlasiusTguess);
sol = bvp4c(@BlasiusT, @BlasiusTbc, solinit, [], Pr);
eta = linspace(0, etaMax);
uinf = 1; nu = 1.5e-5; Rec = 5e5;
xc = Rec*nu/uinf;
yy = 10*xc/sqrt(Rec);
x = linspace(.001, xc, 50);
yx = linspace(0.001, yy, 30);
[X, Y] = meshgrid(x, yx);
et = Y.*(uinf./sqrt(nu*X));
T = interp1(eta, y(4,:), et);
[c, h] =contour(X, Y, T);
clabel(c,h)
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('y (m)')
title('Isotherms')
ylim([0 .07])
F=[y(2); y(3); -0.5*y(1)*y(3); y(5); -Pr*0.5*y(1)*y(5)];
res = [ya(1); ya(2); ya(4); yb(2)-1; yb(4)-1];
Answer:
Isotherms
0.05
0.045
0.04
0.9
0.035
)
m
(
0.03
0.9
0.025
0.8
0.8
0.7
y
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.7
0. 8
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.005
0.6
0. 9
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
1
x (m)
12.15
function Exercise12.15
Pr = 0.7; etaMax = 8; xm = 5;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,etaMax,8), @BlasiusTguess);
sol = bvp4c(@BlasiusT, @BlasiusTbc, solinit, [], Pr);
eta = linspace(0, etaMax);
uinf = 1; nu = 1.5e-5; Rec = 5e5;
xc = Rec*nu/uinf;
yy = 10*xc/sqrt(Rec);
x = linspace(.001, xc, 50);
yx = linspace(0.001, yy, 30);
[X, Y] = meshgrid(x, yx);
et = Y.*sqrt(uinf./(nu*X));
SF = interp1(eta, y(1,:), et).*uinf.*sqrt(nu*X/uinf);
[c, h] =contour(X, Y, SF, 10);
clabel(c, h)
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('y (m)')
title('Isotherms')
ylim([0.01, 0.09])
F=[y(2); y(3); -0.5*y(1)*y(3); y(5); -Pr*0.5*y(1)*y(5)];
res = [ya(1); ya(2); ya(4); yb(2)-1; yb(4)-1];
Answer:
Isotherms
0.09
0.08
0.054066
0.07
0.048061
0.06
)
m
(
0.042055
0.042055
0.03605
0.05
0.03605
0.030044
y
0.030044
0.024039
0.04
0.024039
0.018033
0.024039
0.018033
0.03
0.012028
0.018033
0.012028
0.012028
0.02
0.0060227
0.0060227
0.0060227
0.01
1
x (m)
12.16
Pr = [0.07, 0.7, 7]; etaMax = [11, 8, 8]; xm = [10, 5, 5]; ym = [2, 0.8, 0.5];
for k = 1:3
figure(k)
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, etaMax(k), 5), @NaturalConvGuess);
sol = bvp4c(@NaturalConv, @NaturalConvbc, solinit, [], Pr(k));
subplot(2, 1, 1)
plot(eta, y(1,:), '-.k', eta,y(2,:), '-k', eta, y(3,:), '--k')
legend('Stream function', 'Velocity', 'Shear')
axis([0, xm(k), -0.2, ym(k)])
xlabel('\eta')
ylabel('y_i (i = 1, 2, 3)')
title(['Pr = ' num2str(Pr(k))])
subplot(2, 1, 2)
plot(eta, y(4,:), '-k', eta, y(5,:), '--k')
legend('Temperature', 'Heat flux')
axis([0 xm(k) -1.2 1])
xlabel('\eta')
ylabel('y_i (i = 4, 5)')
[etaMaxv, Vmax] = fminbnd(@Vel, 0,5, [], eta, y(2,:));
disp(['Pr = ' num2str(Pr(k)) ' etaMax = ' num2str(etaMaxv) ' Vmax =' num2str(-Vmax)])
end
function ff = NaturalConv(eta,y,Pr)
ff = [y(2); y(3); -3*y(1)*y(3)+2*y(2)^2-y(4); y(5); -3*Pr*y(1)*y(5)];
function res = NaturalConvbc(ya,yb,Pr)
res=[ya(1); ya(2); ya(4)-1; yb(2); yb(4)];
function y = NaturalConvGuess(eta)
y = [eta, eta-eta^2/10, 1-eta, 1-eta/10, -.5*(1-eta/10)];
function V = Vel(x, eta, y2)
V=-spline(eta, y2, x);
Answers: Pr = 0.07 etaMax = 1.2307 Vmax =0.4551
Pr = 0.7 etaMax = 0.96452 Vmax =0.27838
Pr = 7 etaMax = 0.72832 Vmax =0.13138
)
3
)
3
Pr = 0.07
2
,
2
Stream function
Velocity
0.6
,
1
Shear
0.4
i
(
y
Velocity
Shear
1.5
,
1
Pr = 0.7
0.8
,
2
Stream function
i
(
0.5
0.2
i
0
0
0
-0.2
10
0.5
1.5
Heat flux
0.5
4.5
Temperature
,
4
Heat flux
0.5
i
(
y
3.5
)
5
Temperature
,
4
)
5
2.5
i
(
i
-0.5
-1
-0.5
-1
0
10
0.5
1.5

)
3
0.5
,
2
0.4
,
1
0.3
3.5
4.5
Pr = 7
Stream function
Velocity
Shear
0.2
0.1
i
(
y
2.5
0
-0.1
-0.2
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
)
5
Temperature
,
4
Heat flux
0.5
i
(
y
-0.5
-1
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
12.17
Pr = [0.07, 0.7, 7]; etaMax = [11, 8, 8]; xm = [10, 5, 5]; ym = [2, 0.8, 0.5];
for k = 1:3
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0, etaMax(k), 5), @NaturalConvGuess);
sol = bvp4c(@NaturalConv,@NaturalConvbc, solinit, [], Pr(k));
[etaMaxv Vmax] = fminbnd(@Vel, 0, 5, [], eta, y(2,:));
Vmax = -Vmax;
delV = spline(y(2, 2:end)/Vmax, eta(2:end), 0.01);
delT = spline(y(4, 2:end), eta(2:end), 0.01);
disp(['Pr = ' num2str(Pr(k)) ' deltaT = ' num2str(delT) ' deltaV = ' num2str(delV)])
end
function ff = NaturalConv(eta, y, Pr)
ff = [y(2); y(3); -3*y(1)*y(3)+2*y(2)^2-y(4); y(5); -3*Pr*y(1)*y(5)];
function res = NaturalConvbc(ya, yb, Pr)
res=[ya(1); ya(2); ya(4)-1; yb(2); yb(4)];
Answer: Pr = 0.07 deltaT = 10.2661 deltaV = 9.4841
Pr = 0.7 deltaT = 4.4729 deltaV = 5.6483
Pr = 7 deltaT = 1.7772 deltaV = 6.4123
12.18
Pr = 0.7; etaMax = 8; xm = 5 ;ym = 0.8;
g = 9.98; Tinf = 300; Ts = 400; nu = 1.6e-5;
beta = 1/Tinf; x = 0.1:0.1:0.5;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,etaMax,5), @NaturalConvGuess);
sol = bvp4c(@NaturalConv, @NaturalConvbc, solinit, [], Pr);
eta = linspace(0, etaMax, 100);
y1 = linspace(1e-5, 0.01, 100);
co = g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)/nu^2;
u1 = zeros(length(x), length(y1)); v1 = u1;
for i = 1:length(x)
Gr = co*x(i)^3;
eta1 = y1/x(i)*(Gr/4)^0.25;
u1(i,:) = spline(eta, y(2,:), eta1)*sqrt(Gr)*2*nu/x(i);
fp = spline(eta, y(2,:), eta1);
f = spline(eta, y(1,:), eta1);
v1(i,:) = nu./x(i).*(Gr/4)^0.25.*(eta1.*fp-3*f);
end
subplot(2, 1, 1)
plot(y1, u1(1,:), y1,u1(2,:), y1, u1(3,:), y1, u1(4,:), y1, u1(5,:))
xlabel('y (m)')
ylabel('u (m/s)')
subplot(2, 1, 2)
plot(y1, v1(1,:), y1, v1(2,:), y1, v1(3,:), y1, v1(4,:), y1, v1(5,:))
xlabel('y (m)')
ylabel('v (m/s)')
legend('x = 0.1 m', 'x = 0.2', 'x = 0.3', 'x = 0.4.', 'x = 0.5', 'Location', 'SouthWest')
ff = [y(2); y(3); -3*y(1)*y(3)+2*y(2)^2-y(4); y(5); -3*Pr*y(1)*y(5)];
res=[ya(1); ya(2); ya(4)-1; yb(2); yb(4)];
Answer:
0.8
)
s
/
m
(
0.6
0.4
u
0.2
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
y (m)
0
-0.002
)
s
/
m
(
v
-0.004
-0.006
x = 0.1 m
x = 0.2
-0.008
x = 0.3
-0.01
x = 0.4.
x = 0.5
-0.012
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
y (m)
12.19
Pr = 0.7; etaMax = 8; xm = 5 ;ym = 0.8;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0,etaMax,5), @NaturalConvGuess);
sol = bvp4c(@NaturalConv, @NaturalConvbc, solinit, [], Pr);
eta = linspace(0, etaMax, 300);
g = 9.98; Tinf = 300; Ts = 400; nu = 1.6e-5;
beta = 1/Tinf; co =g*beta*(Ts-Tinf)/nu^2;
y1 = linspace(.001, 0.035, 30);
x1 = linspace(.001, 1, 50);
[X Y] = meshgrid(x1, y1);
Gr = co*X.^3;
eta1 = Y./X.*(Gr/4).^0.25;
f = spline(eta, y(1,:), eta1);
SF = 4*nu*f.*(Gr/4).^0.25;
[c, h] = contour(X, Y, SF);
clabel(c, h)
xlabel('x (m)')
ylabel('y (m)')

ff = [y(2); y(3); -3*y(1)*y(3)+2*y(2)^2-y(4); y(5); -3*Pr*y(1)*y(5)];
res=[ya(1); ya(2); ya(4)-1; yb(2); yb(4)];
Answer:
0.035
0.03
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
6
0
.
0
0
1
0
.
0
0
2
0
.
0
0
3
0
.
0
0
4
0
.
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
6
7
0
0
.
0
8
0
0
.
0
0
.
0
0
9
0.025
0.02
)
m
(
y
0
.
0
0
7
0
.
0
0
0
.
0
0
8
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
.0
0
1
0. 0
02
0. 0
04
0. 0
03
0.004
0.2
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.1
0. 0
07
0. 0
06
0. 0
05
0.3
0.4
0.001
0.5
x (m)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
12.20
F12 = dblquad(@kernel2, -1, 0, -1, 0, [], [], 5)/pi
function f = kernel2(x, y, dist)
L = length(x);
S = [x; repmat(y, 1, L); dist*ones(1, L)];
nd = repmat([0 1 0]', 1, L);
nf = repmat([0 0 -1]', 1, L);
f = dot(nd, S).*dot(nf, S)./dot(S, S).^2;
Answer: F12 = 0.0012
12.21
sigma = 5.667e-8; T1 = 100+273.15; T2 = 20+273.15;
q1 = sigma*(T1^4-T2^4)
Tm1 = ((T1^4+T2^4)/2)^0.25
% Algebraic solution to one shield problem
qm1 = sigma*(T1^4-Tm1^4) % Flux for one shield from algebraic solution
x1 = fsolve(@OneShield, [q1 (T1+T2)/2], opt, T1, T2, sigma)
x2 = fsolve(@TwoShield, [q1, (T1+T2)/2, (T1+T2)/2-10], opt, T1, T2, sigma)
function F = OneShield(x, T1, T2, sigma)

F = [x(1)-sigma*(T1^4-x(2)^4); x(1)-sigma*(x(2)^4-T2^4)];
function F = TwoShield(x, T1, T2, sigma)
F = [x(1)-sigma*(T1^4-x(2)^4); x(1)-sigma*(x(2)^4-x(3)^4); x(1)-sigma*(x(3)^4-T2^4)];
Answers: q1 = 680.2032 Tm1 = 340.1477 qm1 = 340.1016
x1 = 340.1016 340.1477 x2 = 226.7344 352.1997 326.6584
12.22
sigma = 5.667e-8; llow = 0.5; lhigh = 300;
T = [300, 400, 500];
C1 = 3.742e8; C2 = 1.439e4;
format short e
disp(['
Temp
E(int)
E(exact)'])
for i = 1:3
Etot = quadl(@intg, llow, lhigh, [], [], T(i), C1, C2);
Etotchk = sigma*T(i)^4;
disp([T(i), Etot, Etotchk])
end
format short
function E = intg(lambda, T, C1, C2)
E = C1./(lambda.^5.*(exp(C2./(lambda.*T))-1));
Answers:
Temp
E(int)
E(exact)
3.0000e+002 4.5895e+002 4.5903e+002
4.0000e+002 1.4507e+003 1.4508e+003
5.0000e+002 3.5418e+003 3.5419e+003
12.23
sigma = 5.6693e-8; N = 5;
A = [3, 5, 3, 2.5, 2.5]; epsilon = [0.7, 0.3, 0.85, 0.45, 0.45];
T = [550 700 650 600 600];
F = -[0, 0.3615, 0.277, 0.0957, 0.2658;...
0.2169, 0, 0.2169, 0.2831, 0.2831;...
0.277, 0.3615, 0, 0.2658, 0.0957;...
0.1148, 0.5662, 0.3190, 0, 0;...
0.3190, 0.5662, 0.1148, 0, 0];
Q = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
c = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
b = sigma*epsilon./(1-epsilon).*(1-c).*T.^4+c.*Q./A;
d = (1-c).*1./(1-epsilon)+c;
F = F+diag(d);
q0 = F\b';
Q = A.*epsilon./(1-epsilon).*(1-c).*(sigma*T.^4-q0');
q = Q./A;
disp('Enclosure Results')
disp('Heat(W), Temp(K), Heat Flux(W/m^2)')
format short g
disp([Q' T' (Q./A)'])
format short
Answers: Enclosure Results

Heat(W) Temp(K)
-8559.6
550
8063.7
700
4450.9
650
-2373.5
600
-1581.5
600
Heat Flux(W/m^2)
-2853.2
1612.7
1483.6
-949.39
-632.59
Chapter 13
13.1
L1 = 0.5; L2 = 0.3; P1 = 3; P2 = 1; P = 3;
x1 = 0.0:0.1:pi/2;
x2 = 0.0:0.1:pi/2;
[x1, x2] = meshgrid(x1,x2);
PE= -P1*L1*sin(x1)-P2*L2*sin(x2)+2*P*(L1*(1-cos(x1))+L2*(1-cos(x2)));
subplot(1,2,1)
c = contour(x1, x2, PE, [-.4:.1:-.1 .5:1:20], 'k');
clabel(c)
axis([0, 1.5, 0, 1.5]);
xlabel('\alpha')
ylabel('\beta')
subplot(1,2,2)
meshc(x1, x2, PE)
axis([0, 1.5, 0, 1.5, -0.5, 2.5]);
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('\alpha')
ylabel('\beta')
zlabel('PE');
view (150,10);
options = optimset('LargeScale', 'off');
[xopt, fopt] = fminunc(@func13_1, [1,1], options, L1, L2, P1, P2, P);
disp(['alpha = ' num2str(xopt(1)) ' beta = ' num2str(xopt(2)) ' PE = ' num2str(fopt) ])
function PE = func13_1(x, L1, L2, P1, P2, P)
PE=-P1*L1*sin(x(1))-P2*L2*sin(x(2))+2*P*(L1*(1-cos(x(1)))+L2*(1-cos(x(2))));
Answers: alpha = 0.46365 beta = 0.16515 PE = -0.37893
1.5
2.
1.5
2.5
2
0.5
1.5
1
E
P
0.5
0.5
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.5
0
-0.3
0.5
1
0
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
13.2
A = 9.3; n = 15;
theta = linspace(0.5, 2, n);
d = linspace(1.5, 4, n);
[dd pphi] = meshgrid(d, theta);
f = 1./(A./dd-dd.*cot(pphi)+2*dd./sin(pphi));
subplot(1,2,1)
h = contour(dd, pphi*180/pi, f, (0.09:0.005:0.125), 'k');
clabel(h)
xlabel('h')
ylabel('\theta (\circ)')
subplot(1,2,2);
mesh(dd, pphi*180/pi, f);
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('h')
ylabel('\theta (\circ)')
zlabel('1/p')
[xopt, fopt] = fminsearch(@flowrate, [1 1], options, A);
disp(['h = ' num2str(xopt(1)) ' theta = ' num2str(xopt(2)*180/pi) ' deg'])
function f = flowrate(x, A)
f = -1/(A/x(1)-x(1)*cot(x(2))+2*x(1)/sin(x(2)));
Answers: h = 2.3172 theta = 60 deg
0.1
110
0.09
0.1
0.095
0.105
100
0.13
0.12
90
0.11
80
)(
p
/
1
70
0.1
0.09
60
0.115 0.11
50
0.12
150
4
100
40
0.105
0.1
30 0.105
1.5
0.08
3.5
3
0.095
50
2.5
0.09
2
2.5
3.5
()
2
0
1.5
13.3
k1 = 8; k2 = 8; L1 = 10; L2 = 10; F = 5;
[x1, x2] = meshgrid(linspace(-5, 15, 15), linspace(-5, 15, 15));
subplot(1,2,1);
h = contour(x1, x2, spring([x1, x2], k1, k2, L1, L2, F), [-25:10:25 100:50:500],'k');
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
axis([-5 15 -5 10])
clabel(h)
subplot(1,2,2)
mesh(x1, x2, spring([x1, x2], k1, k2, L1, L2, F))
colormap([0 0 0])
axis([-5, 15, -5, 10, -100, 1000])
view(50,15)
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
zlabel('PE')
[x, fx] = fminsearch(@spring, [1,1], [], k1, k2, L1, L2, F);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2)) ' PE = ' num2str(fx)])
function PE = spring(x, k1, k2, L1, L2, F)
[r, c]= size(x);
x1 = x(1:r,1:c/2);
x2 = x(1:r,(c/2+1):c);
PE1=1/2*k1*(sqrt(x1.^2+(L1-x2).^2)-L1).^2;
PE2=1/2*k2*(sqrt(x1.^2+(L2+x2).^2)-L2).^2;
PE=(PE1+PE2-F*x1);
Answers: x1 = 4.1289 x2 = 3.1281e-005
PE = -15.2802
10
500
450
1000
900
350
800
250
700
600
100
500
E
P
25
5
300
200
-5
100
15
30040
4
-100
-5
200
150
10
150
-5
-5
400
5
200
0
10
5
x1
10
15
15
x1
-5
13.4
n = 0.17; a = 0.77; b = 0.37; Kt = 200; fmax = 2;
tc = 7; taux = 3; L = 500; D=100; d = 0.3;
[v, f] = meshgrid(linspace(20, 150, 10), linspace(0.5, 10, 10));
F1 = MachineObj([v, f], d, a, b, n, Kt, tc, taux, L, D);
subplot(1,2,1);
g = contour(v, f, F1, [0:0.1:3.94, 4:0.5:5, 10:15:50]);
clabel(g)
hold on;
plot([20, 200], [fmax, fmax], 'r')
xlabel('V')
ylabel('f');
subplot(1,2,2);
mesh(v, f, F1);
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('V')
ylabel('f')
zlabel('T');
options = optimset('Algorithm', 'active-set');

[x, f] = fmincon(@MachineObj, [10, 1], [], [], [], [], [], [inf, fmax], @MachineCon,...
options, d, a, b, n, Kt, tc, taux, L, D);
disp(['V = ' num2str(x(1)) ' f = ' num2str(x(2)) ' T = ' num2str(f)])
function f = MachineObj(x, d, a, b, n, Kt, tc, taux, L, D)
[r, c] = size(x);
x1 = x(1:r,1:c/2);
x2 = x(1:r,(c/2+1):c);
Tm = (L*D*pi)./(1000*x1.*x2);
Tl = (Kt./(x1.*x2.â*d^b)).^(1/n);
f = Tm + Tm./Tl.*tc + taux;
function [C, Ceq] = MachineCon(x, d, a, b, n, Kt, tc, taux, L, D)
C(1) = x(2)-2;
Ceq = [];
Answers: V = 100.4641 f = 2
T = 3.942
10
9
350
8
3.7
40
300
250
25
10
200
6
T
f
3.8
5
4.5
150
100
50
3.9
0
3
3.9
4
10
4.5
150
4
10
100
1
20
50
40
60
80
V
100
120
140
13.5
k = [5, 10, 8]; p = 100;
[x1, x2] = meshgrid(linspace(0, 10, 20), linspace(5, 15, 20));
subplot(1,2,1)
con = contour(x1, x2, PE5([x1, x2], k, p), [-550:22:-400]);
clabel(con)
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
subplot(1,2,2)
meshc(x1, x2, PE5([x1, x2], k, p))
colormap([0 0 0])
xlabel('x_1')
ylabel('x_2')
zlabel('PE')
view(50,15)
PE=inline('0.5*k(2)*x(1)^2+0.5*k(3)*(x(2)-x(1))^2+0.5*k(1)*x(2)^2-p*x(2)','x',...
'k','p');
[x, f] = fminunc(@PE5, [5,5], options, k, p);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2)) ' PE = ' num2str(f)])
function PE = PE5(x, k, p)
[r, c]= size(x);
x1 = x(1:r,1:c/2);
x2 = x(1:r,(c/2+1):c);
PE = 0.5*k(2)*x1.^2+0.5*k(3)*(x2-x1).^2+0.5*k(1)*x2.^2-p*x2;
Answers: x1 = 4.7059 x2 = 10.5882
PE = -529.4118
15
14
200
13
100
12
-462 -506
-418
-100
-528
11
-200
x
10
E
P
-300
9
-400
8
-484
-500
7
-440
-600
0
15
5
10
5
0
10
x1
10
x2
x1
13.6
k1 = 4500; k2 = 1650; k3 = 1100;
k4 = 2250; k5 = 550; k6 = 9300;
K = [k1+k3+k4 -k3 -k4;...
-k3 k2+k3+k5 -k5;...
-k4 -k5 k4+k5+k6];
P = [1100, 1800, 3300]';
[x, f]=fminunc(@Func6, [0, 0, 0]', options, K, P)
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2)) '
x3 = ' num2str(x(3))])
function PE = Func6(x, K, P)
PE = 0.5*x'*K*x-x'*P;
Answers: x1 = 0.34755 x2 = 0.72301
x3 = 0.37022
13.7
I = 6; J = 5; Li = 7.5;
W = 60*(1:J);
k = 450+225*(J/3-(1:I)).^2;
Lspr(1:J) = Li;
xo = [cumsum(Lspr) zeros(1,J)];
[x, f] = fminunc(@Prob7, xo, options, Li, k, W);
n = (2:6)'; X = x(1:5)'; Y = x(6:10)';
disp([repmat('X(', 5,1) num2str(n) repmat(') = ', 5,1) num2str(X) ...
repmat(' Y(', 5,1) num2str(n) repmat(') = ', 5,1) num2str(Y)])
function PE = Prob7(x, Li, k, w)
X = [0, x(1:5), 6*Li];
Y = [0, x(6:10), 0];
dL = sqrt(diff(X).^2+diff(Y).^2)-Li;
PE = 0.5*sum(k.*dL.^2)+sum(w.*x(6:10));
Answers: X(2) = 7.91676
X(3) = 16.2538
X(4) = 24.3557
X(5) = 32.2231
X(6) = 39.3033
Y(2) = -3.8577
Y(3) = -7.1459
Y(4) = -8.8364
Y(5) = -8.2859
Y(6) = -5.1603
13.8
E = 1724; L = 127; t = 25.4;
R = [27.9, 43.2, 53.3, 73.7, 99.1];
F = [385, 536, 2317, 7820, 18230];
x = lsqcurvefit(@func8, [1 1], R, F, [], [], [], E, L, t);
disp(['a = ' num2str(x(1)) ' b = ' num2str(x(2))])
plot(R, F*1e-3, 'ko');
hold on;
R = linspace(25, 100, 50);
plot(R, func8(x, R, E, L, t)*1e-3, 'k');
xlabel('R (mm)')
ylabel('F (MN)')
legend('Experimental values', 'Fitted curve', 'Location', 'NorthWest');
function F = func8(x, R, E, L, t)
F = pi^x(1)*E*R.^x(2)*t^(4-x(2))/(4*L^2);
Answers: a = -3.3182 b = 3.1588
20
18
Experimental values
Fitted curve
16
14
12
)
N
M
(
10
F
8
0
20
30
40
50
60
R (mm)
70
80
90
100
13.9
t = 7:2:41;
ingred = [0.488, 0.473, 0.448, 0.435, 0.431, 0.453, 0.421,...
0.405, 0.405, 0.405, 0.403, 0.391, 0.403, 0.398, 0.393,...
0.398, 0.388, 0.388];
x = lsqcurvefit(@fit8, [1,1], t, ingred);
disp(['a = ' num2str(x(1)) ' b = ' num2str(x(2))])
function ingred = fit8(x, t, ingred)
ingred = x(1)+(0.51-x(1))*exp(-x(2)*(t-8));
Answers: a = 0.39177 b = 0.13944
13.10
x0 = [0, 0];
pos = [0, 2.74, 6.1, 18.3, 27.4, 36.6];
t = [0, 2.05, 3.1, 4.8, 5.6, 6.8];
x = lsqnonlin(@func10,[0, 0], [], [], [], pos, t);
disp(['v(t) = ' num2str(x(1)*4) 't^3 + ' num2str(x(2)*3) 't^2 + 1.22t'])
function velfunc = func10(x, pos, t)
velfunc = pos - (x(1).*t.^4 + x(2).*t.^3 + 0.61*t.^2);
Answers: v(t) = -0.032693t^3 + 0.2515t^2 + 1.22t
13.11
N = 40; xc = 1.25; yc = 1.5;
th = linspace(0, 2*pi*(1-1/N), N);
r = 0.75+0.02*randn(N,1);
x = xc+r'.*cos(th);
y = yc+r'.*sin(th);
plot(x, y, 'k*')
hold on
plot([0, 0, 2.5, 2.5, 0], [0, 2.5, 2.5, 0, 0], 'k-')
axis equal off
x = lsqnonlin(@circl, [1, 2, 1], [], [], opt, x, y);
th = linspace(0, 2*pi, 100);
plot(x(1)+x(3)*cos(th), x(2)+x(3)*sin(th),'k-')
plot(x(1), x(2), '+k')
text(0.1, 0.7, ['r = ' num2str(x(3),5)])
text(0.1, 0.55, ['x_c = ' num2str(x(1),5)])
text(0.1, 0.40, ['y_c = ' num2str(x(2),5)])
function f = circl(x, xd, yd)
f = x(3)-sqrt((x(1)-xd).^2+(x(2)-yd).^2);
Answer:
r = 0.75083
x c = 1.2491
y
= 1.5011
13.12
p = [1, 1, 1; -1, 2, 4; 2, 3, 4; -3, -4, 1];
SphereDiamObj = @(x, p) (2*x(4));
x = fmincon(SphereDiamObj, [4, 4, 4, 4], [], [], [], [], ...
[-inf, -inf, -inf, 0], [], @SphereConstraints, options, p);
disp(['xc = ' num2str(x(1)) ' yc = ' num2str(x(2)) ' zc = ' num2str(x(3)) ' R = ' num2str(x(4))])
function [C,Ceq] = SphereConstraints(x, p)
r = size(p);
for k = 1:r
C(k) = (x(1)-p(k,1))^2+(x(2)-p(k,2))^2+(x(3)-p(k,3))^2-x(4)^2;
end
Ceq = [];
Answers: xc = -0.5 yc = -0.5 zc = 2.5 R = 4.5552
13.13
x0 = [0, 0]; p = 1; e = 2; h = 2;
vlb = [0.1, 0.1]; vub = [inf, inf];
[x, f] = fmincon(@TrussObj,x0,[],[],[],[],vlb,vub,...
@TrussCon, options, p, h, e);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2)) ' f = ' num2str(f)])
function f = TrussObj(x, p, h, e)
f = (p*h/e)*(1/(x(1)+sqrt(2)*x(2)));
function [C, Ceq] = TrussCon(x, p, h, e)
s1x = p*(x(2)+sqrt(2)*x(1))/(sqrt(2)*x(1)^2+2*x(1)*x(2));
s2x = p*(1/(x(1)+ sqrt(2)*x(2)));

s3x = -p*(x(2)/(sqrt(2)*x(1)^2+2*x(1)*x(2)));
C(1) = s1x-17.5;
C(2) = s2x-17.5;
C(3) = s3x-12;
Ceq = [];
Answers: x1 = 8.3177 x2 = 26.924 f = 0.021554
13.14
x0(1:5) =1; lb(1:5) = 0;
Imin(1:5) =1; Imax(1:5) = 2;
v = [3, 2, 1, 2, 1];
[x, P] = fmincon(@CircuitObj, x0, [], [], [], [], lb, [],...
@CircuitCon, options, v, Imin, Imax);
X = x'; n = (1:5)';
disp([repmat('R(', 5,1) num2str(n) repmat(') = ', 5,1) num2str(X)])
disp(['Power = ' num2str(P) ' W'])
function f = CircuitObj(x, v, Imin, Imax)
f = sum(v.^2./x);
function [C, Ceq] = CircuitCon(x, v, Imin, Imax)
C = zeros(10,1);
for n = 1:5
C(n) = -v(n)/x(n)+Imin(n);
C(n+5) = v(n)/x(n)-Imax(n);
end
Ceq(1) = v(1)/x(1)+v(3)/x(3)-v(5)/x(5);
Ceq(2) = v(2)/x(2)-v(3)/x(3)-v(4)/x(4);
Answers: R(1) = 3
R(2) = 1
R(3) = 1
R(4) = 2
R(5) = 0.5
Power = 12 W
13.15
d = -[7, 12, 13, 7, 4, 17, 4, 9, 12, 9, 10, 9,...
6, 14, 8, 16, 21, 8, 8, 7, 4, 8, 13, 4];
c = [300, 740, 300, 430, 210, 360,...
270, 600, 490, 250, 830, 290,...
460, 540, 380, 390, 470, 400,...
800, 380, 760, 600, 680, 310];
H = 2*diag(d);
A = zeros(10,24);
k = 0;
for i = 1:4
for j = 1:6
A(i,j+k*6)=-1;
end
k = k+1;
end
k = 0;
for i = 1:6
A(i+4,1+k) = 1;
A(i+4,7+k) = 1;
A(i+4,13+k) = 1;
A(i+4,19+k) = 1;
k = k+1;
end
a = [8, 24, 20, 24, 16, 12];
b = -[29, 41, 13, 21];
lb = zeros(24,1);
options = optimset('LargeScale','off');
x0 = [5, 5, 10, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 0, 20, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 15, 0, 0, 10, 0, 0, 0, 0];
xopt = quadprog(H, c, A, [b, a]', [], [], lb, [], x0, options);
x = zeros(6,4);
for k = 1:4
rs =6*(k-1)+1;
x(1:6,k) = xopt(rs:rs+5);
end
disp(int2str(x))
Answers: -0 8 -0 0
0 3 0 21
20 0 -0 0
0 24 -0 0
3 -0 13 0
6 6 -0 0
13.16
x0 = [0.1, 0.1];
LBnd = [0.15, 0.15]; UBnd = [3.0, 3.5];
[x, fopt] = fseminf(@TwobarsObj, x0, 1, @TwobarsCon, [], [], [], [], LBnd, UBnd);
disp(['x(1) = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x(2) = ' num2str(x(2)) ' w = ' num2str(fopt)])
subplot(1,2,1)
ylabel('stress \sigma_1 (GPa)')
xlabel('\theta (degrees)')
axis([-90, 90, -1.5, 1.5])
hold off
subplot(1,2,2)
ylabel('stress \sigma_2 (GPa)')
xlabel('\theta (degrees)')
axis([-90, 90, -1.5, 1.5])
function f = TwobarsObj(x)
ro = 7833.4117; h = 2.159; Aref = 6.4516e-04;
f = 2*ro*h*x(2)*sqrt(1+x(1)^2)*Aref;
function [C, Ceq, K1, s] =TwobarsCon(x, s)
P = 35585.776; sgm0 = 127.553e06; Aref = 6.4516e-04;
if isnan(s(1,1))
s = [5, 0];
end
theta = -90:s(1,1):90;
b1 = x(1)*cos(theta/180*pi);
b2 = P*sqrt(1+x(1)^2)/(2*x(1)*x(2)*Aref);
sgm1 = (b1+sin(theta/180*pi))*b2;
sgm2 = (b1-sin(theta/180*pi))*b2;
K1(1,:) = sgm1-sgm0;
K1(2,:) = sgm2-sgm0;
K1(3,:) = -sgm1-sgm0;
K1(4,:) = -sgm2-sgm0;
C = [];
Ceq = [];
subplot(1,2,1)
plot(theta, (K1(1,:)+sgm0)*1e-9, 'k')
hold on
subplot(1,2,2)
plot(theta, (K1(2,:)+sgm0)*1e-9, 'k')
hold on
Answers: x(1) = 0.80883 x(2) = 0.45046 w = 12.6431
1.5
1.5
0.5
)
a
P
G
(
s1
s
e
r
t
s
0.5
)
a
P
G
(
s2
s
e
r
t
s
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-50
(degrees)
50
-50
50
(degrees)
13.17
global K P
k1 = 4500; k2 = 1650; k3 = 1100;
k4 = 2250; k5 = 550; k6 = 9300;
K = [k1+k3+k4, -k3, -k4;...
-k3, k2+k3+k5, -k5;...
-k4, -k5, k4+k5+k6];
P = [1100, 1800, 3300]';
nvars = 3; lb = [0 0 0]; ub = [1 1 1];
options = gaoptimset;
options = gaoptimset(options, 'HybridFcn', {@fmincon []});
options = gaoptimset(options, 'Display', 'off');
options = gaoptimset(options, 'PlotFcns', {@gaplotbestindiv});

x = ga(@ObjExercise13_17,nvars,[],[],[],[],lb,ub,[],options);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2)) ' x3 = ' num2str(x(3))]);
function PE = ObjExercise13_17(x)
global K P
PE = 0.5*x*K*x'-x*P;
Answers: x1 = 0.34755 x2 = 0.72301 x3 = 0.37022
Current Best Individual
0.8
l
a
u
d
i
v
i
d
n
i
0.7
0.6
t
s
e
b
0.5
t
n
e
r
r
u
C
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1
2
Number of variables (3)
13.18
global p e h
p = 1; e = 2; h = 2;
nvars = 2; lb = [0.1, 0.1]; ub = [inf, inf];
options = gaoptimset(options, 'Display', 'off');
options = gaoptimset(options, 'PlotFcns', {@gaplotbestindiv});
x = ga(@obj_truss_Ex13_18, nvars, [], [], [], [], lb, ub, @con_truss_Ex13_18, options);
disp(['x1 = ' num2str(x(1)) ' x2 = ' num2str(x(2))]);
function f = obj_truss_Ex13_18(x)
global p e h
f = (p*h/e)*(1/(x(1)+sqrt(2)*x(2)));
function [C, Ceq] = con_truss_Ex13_18(x)
global p
s1x = p*(x(2)+sqrt(2)*x(1))/(sqrt(2)*x(1)^2+2*x(1)*x(2));
s2x = p*(1/(x(1)+ sqrt(2)*x(2)));
s3x = -p*(x(2)/(sqrt(2)*x(1)^2+2*x(1)*x(2)));
C(1) = s1x-17.5;
C(2) = s2x-17.5;
C(3) = s3x-12;
Ceq = [];
Answers: x1 = 67.8144 x2 = 79.4752
Current Best Individual

80
l
a
u
d
i
v
i
d
n
i
70
60
t
s
e
b
50
t
n
e
r
r
u
C
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
Number of variables (2)
13.19
global E Rho c P
nvars = 5; P = 100;
lb = [0.05, 0.2, 0.2, 0.35, 3];
ub = [0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.5, 6];
E = [1.6, 70, 200]*10^9;
Rho = [100, 2770, 7780];
c = [500, 1500, 800];
A = [1, -1, 0, 0, 0; -1, 1, 0, 0, 0; 0, 1, -1, 0, 0 ; 0, -1, 1, 0, 0];
b = [0, 0.15, 0, 0.01]';
options = gaoptimset(options,'PlotFcns', { @gaplotpareto });
gamultiobj(@obj_Ex13_19,nvars,A,b,[],[],lb,ub,options);
function f = obj_Ex13_19(x)
global E Rho c P
EI = (2*x(4)/3)*(E(1)*x(1)^3+E(2)*(x(2)^3-x(1)^3)+E(3)*(x(3)^3-x(2)^3));
mu = 2*x(4)*(Rho(1)*x(1)+Rho(2)*(x(2)-x(1))+Rho(3)*(x(3)-x(2)));
c1 = mu*x(5)-2800;
f(1) = (-pi/(2*x(5)^2)*sqrt(EI/mu))+P*max(0,c1);
f(2) = 2*x(4)*(c(1)*x(1)+c(2)*(x(2)-x(1))+c(3)*(x(3)-x(2)))+P*max(0,c1);
Answers:
Pareto front
300
250
2
e
v
i
t
c
e
j
b
O
200
150
100
50
-400
-350
-300
-250
-200
Objective 1
-150
-100
-50
13.20
% Part (a)
global P
nvars = 7; P = 100;
lb = [2.6, 0.7, 17, 7.3, 7.3, 2.9, 5];
ub = [3.6, 0.8, 28, 8.3, 8.3, 3.9, 5.5];
A = zeros(4, 7);
A(1,1) = -1; A(1,2 )= 5;
A(2,1) = 1; A(2,2) = -12;
A(3,4) = -1; A(3,6) = 1.5;
A(4,5) = -1; A(4,7) = 1.1;
b = [0, 0, -1.9, -1.9];
[x, V] = ga(@obj_Ex13_20a, nvars, A, b, [], [], lb, ub, @con_Ex13_20a, options);
for n = 1:length(x)
if n == 2 || n == 3
a = [];
else
a = ' cm';
end
disp(['x(' int2str(n) ') = ' num2str(x(n)) a])
end
disp(['Volume = ' num2str(V) ' cm^3'])
% Part (b)
options = gaoptimset(options,'PlotFcns', { @gaplotpareto });
gamultiobj(@obj_Ex13_20b,nvars,A,b,[],[],lb,ub,options);
function f = obj_Ex13_20a(x)
f = 0.7854*x(1)*x(2)^2*(3.3333*x(3)^2+14.9334*x(3)-43.0934) ...
-1.508*x(1)*(x(6)^2+x(7)^2)+7.477*(x(6)^3+x(7)^3) ...
+0.7854*(x(4)*x(6)^2+x(5)*x(7)^2);
function [C, Ceq] = con_Ex13_20a(x)
C(1) = 1/(x(1)*x(2)^2*x(3))-1/27;
C(2) = 1/(x(1)*x(2)^2*x(3)^2)-1/397.5;
C(3) = x(4)^3/(x(2)*x(3)*x(6)^4)-1/1.93;
C(4) = x(5)^3/(x(2)*x(3)*x(7)^4)-1/1.93;
C(5) = sqrt((745*x(4)/(x(2)*x(3)))^2+16.9*10^6)/(0.1*x(6)^3)-1100;
C(6) = sqrt((745*x(5)/(x(2)*x(3)))^2+157.5*10^6)/(0.1*x(7)^3)-850;
C(7) = x(2)*x(3)-40;
Ceq = [];
function f = obj_Ex13_20b(x)
global P
[C, Ceq] = con_Ex13_20a(x);
penalty = P*(max(0,C(1))+max(0,C(2))+max(0,C(3))+max(0,C(4))+max(0,C(5))+max(0,C(6))+max(0,C(7)));
f(1) = obj_Ex13_20a(x)+penalty;
f(2) = sqrt((745*x(4)/(x(2)*x(3)))^2+16.9*10^6)/(0.1*x(6)^3)+penalty;
Answers:
Part (a)
x(1) = 3.4991 cm
x(2) = 0.7
x(3) = 17.0002
x(4) = 7.3015 cm
x(5) = 7.7146 cm
x(6) = 3.3503 cm
x(7) = 5.2867 cm
Volume = 2994.0775 cm^3
Part (b)
Pareto front
1100
1050
1000
2
e
v
i
t
c
e
j
b
O
950
900
850
800
750
700
650
3000
3050
3100
3150
3200
3250
Objective 1
3300
3350
3400
3450
Chapter 14
14.1
rho = 850; cp = 3800; Sm = 145; mb = 0.18;
cpb = 3300; Tb = 37; alpha = 1e-7; S = 8e5; R = 0.05;
r = linspace(0, R, 51);
t = linspace(0, 3000, 1001);
sol = pdepe(2, @tumorPDE, @tumorIC, @tumorBC, r, t, [], alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm);
T = sol(:, :);
r = r*100;
plot(r, T(61,:), 'k-.', r, T(134,:), 'k-', r, T(201,:), 'k--', r, T(501,:), 'k:', [1, 1], [30, 70], 'k--')
xlabel('r (cm)')
legend('t = 300 s', 't = 400 s', 't = 600 s', 't = 1500 s')
ylim([30 70])
function [c, f, s] = tumorPDE(r, t, T, DTDr, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
c = 1;
f = DTDr*alpha;
s = (S*(r<0.008)*(t<200)+Sm+mb*cpb*(Tb-T))/(rho*cp);
function T0 = tumorIC(r, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
T0 = 37;
function [pl, ql, pr, qr] = tumorBC(rl, Tl, rr, Tr, t, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
pl = 0; ql = 1;
pr = 0; qr = 1;
Answer:
70
t = 300 s
t = 400 s
t = 600 s
t = 1500 s
65
60
(
e
r
)u
55
t
C
a
r
e
p
m
e
T
50
45
40
35
30
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
r (cm)
3.5
4.5
14.2
rho = 850; cp = 3800; Sm = 145; mb = 0.18;
cpb = 3300; Tb = 37; alpha = 1e-7; S = 8e4; R = 0.05;
r = linspace(0, R, 501);
t = linspace(0, 80000, 1001);
sol = pdepe(2, @tumorPDE2, @tumorIC, @tumorBC, r, t, [], alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm);
T = sol(:, :);
r1 = r(1:101);
Q1= 4*pi*S/3*r1(end)^3;
Q2 = trapz(r1,4*pi*r1.^2.*(mb*cpb*(Tb-T(end,1:101))));
Q4 = 4*pi*Sm/3*r1(end)^3;
[uout, duoutdx] = pdeval(2, r, T(end,:), r1(end));
Q3 = 4*pi*r1(end)^2*alpha*rho*cp*duoutdx;
Q = Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4;
disp(['Q1 = ' num2str(Q1) 'Q2 = ' num2str(Q2) ' Q3 = ' num2str(Q3) ' Q4 = ' num2str(Q4)])
disp(['Sum Qj = ' num2str(Q)])
function [c, f, s] = tumorPDE2(r, t, T, DTDr, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
c = 1;
f = DTDr*alpha;
s = (S*(r<0.01)*(t<80000)+Sm+mb*cpb*(Tb-T))/(rho*cp);
function T0 = tumorIC(r, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
T0 = 37;
function [pl, ql, pr, qr] = tumorBC(rl, Tl, rr, Tr, t, alpha, S, rho, cp, mb, cpb, Tb, Sm)
pl = 0; ql = 1;
pr = 0; qr = 1;
Answers: Q1 = 0.3351Q2 = -0.018606 Q3 = -0.2919 Q4 = 0.00060737
Sum Qj = 0.025208
14.3
T0 = 20; alpha = 1.5e-7; k=0.6;
euler = 0.577216; Q=1;
t = linspace(0, 10, 100);
r = 0.001/2;
z = r^2./(4*alpha*t);
Texact = T0+Q/(4*pi*k)*expint(z);
Tapprox = T0+Q/(4*pi*k)*(-euler-log(r^2./(4*alpha*t)));
plot(t, Texact, 'k-', t, Tapprox, 'k--')
xlabel('Time (s)')
legend('Exact', 'Approximate', 'Location', 'SouthEast')
Answer:
20.4
20.3
20.2
(
e
r
)u
t
C
a
r
e
p
m
e
T
20.1
20
19.9
19.8
Exact
Approximate
0
5
Time (s)
10
14.4
Q = 1; T0 = 20; R = 0.0005;
Rs = R/10; k = 0.6; alpha = 1.5e-7;
t = linspace(0, 10, 500);
r = logspace(0, 3, 100)*Rs; % r variable for pdepe, Note: r1(34) = R
sol = pdepe(1, @LinePDE, @LineIC, @LineBC, r, t, [], Rs, k, alpha, T0, Q);
T = sol(:,:);
z = R^2./(4*alpha*t);
Texact = T0+Q/(4*pi*k)*expint(z);
plot(t, T(:,34), 'k-', t, Texact, 'k--')
legend('T_{pdepe}', 'T_{exact}', 'Location', 'SouthEast')
xlabel('Time (sec)')
function [c, f, s] = LinePDE(r, t, T ,DTDr, R, k, alpha, T0, Q)
c = 1/alpha; f = DTDr; s = 0;
function T0 = LineIC(r, R, k, alpha, T0, Q)
T0 = 20;
function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = LineBC(rl, Tl, rr, Tr, t, R, k, alpha, T0, Q)
pl = Q/(2*R*pi); ql = k;
pr = Tr-T0; qr = 0;
Answer:
20.4
20.35
20.3
(
e
r
)u
20.25
t
C
a
r
e
p
m
e
T
20.2
20.15
20.1
20.05
T pdepe
T ex ac t
20
0
5
Time (sec)
10
14.5
syms K1 K2 Kc H x1 x2 x3 y D
X = solve('Kc=(x2-x1)/x1',...
'K1 =H*(x2-x3)/(x1-x2)',...
'K2=(1+x3)*H/(x2-x3)', 'x1', 'x2', 'x3');
x1 = X.x1
x2 = X.x2
x3 = X.x3
Answers: x1 = -H^2/(H^2*Kc + H^2 + H*K1*Kc + K1*K2*Kc)
x2 = -(H^2*Kc + H^2)/(H^2*Kc + H^2 + H*K1*Kc + K1*K2*Kc)

x3 = -(H^2*Kc + H^2 + H*K1*Kc)/(H^2*Kc + H^2 + H*K1*Kc + K1*K2*Kc)
14.6
Kc1 = 4.25e-7; PCO2 = 45; HCO2 = 22618;
CO2 = PCO2/HCO2; Kw =1e-14;
Hi = 10^(-7.4); OHi = 1e-14/Hi;
ybase = linspace(0, 1e-6, 25);
HCO3base = Kc1*CO2/Kw*(OHi+ybase);
Hbase = Kw./(OHi+ybase);
yacid = linspace(0, 1e-7, 10);
HCO3acid = Kc1*CO2./(Hi+yacid);
Hacid = Hi+yacid;
plot( HCO3acid, -log10(Hacid), 'k-')
hold on
plot( HCO3base, -log10(Hbase), 'k-')
xlabel('Bicarbonate concentration (M)')
ylabel('pH')
Answer:
8.4
8.2
7.8
H
p
7.6
7.4
7.2
6.8
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
Bicarbonate concentration (M)
0.08
0.1
0.12
14.7
C = linspace(0,150e-6,100); CHb = 0.0022;
[Y, dDtdC] = OxyHemo(C, CHb);
figure(1)
plot(C*1e6, Y, 'k-')
xlabel('[C_{O2}]_d (\muM)')
ylabel('Fractional Hb Saturation (Y)')
figure(2)
plot(C*1e6, dDtdC, 'k-')
xlabel('[C_{O2}]_d (\muM)')
ylabel('\partialC_{T,O2}/\partialC_{O2}')
function [Y, dCtdC] = OxyHemo(C, CHb)
n = 2.34; C50 = 35.14e-6;
Y = C.^n./(C50.^n+C.^n);
dCtdC = 1+4*n*CHb.*Y.^2.*C50.^n./C.^(n+1);
Answers:
)
Y
(
n
o
i
t
a
r
u
t
a
S
0.9
b
H
0.6
l
a
n
o
i
t
c
a
r
F
180
160
0.8
140
0.7
120
2
O
100
0.5
/ 2O
,
T
80
C
0.4
60
0.3
40
0.2
20
0.1
0
0
50
100
150
[C O2 ] d (M)
0
0
50
100
150
[C O2 ] d (M)
14.8
pCO2 = 45; pH = 7.4;
Hco2 = 22618; Kc1 = 4.25e-7;
H = 10^(-pH);
CO2 = pCO2/Hco2;
HCO3 = Kc1*CO2/H;
disp(['Bicarbonate concentration = ' num2str(HCO3) ' M'])
Answer: Bicarbonate concentration = 0.02124 M
14.9
L = 5.5; h = 0.01; Vavg = 0.3; D = 2e-5;
Da = 0.45; Cin = 150e-6; Cmm = 10e-6;
Lh = L/h; hD = h/D;
y = linspace(0, 1, 101);
x = linspace(0, 1, 101);
sol = pdepe(0, @pdepbx, @pbICx, @pbBCx, y, x, [], Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm);
C = sol(:,:)*1e6;
Pe = Vavg*hD;
Cf = zeros(101,2);
for j = [1,101]
for i = 1:101
Cf(i,j) = Cin*(1+Da*((1-3*(h-y(j))^2)/6-Lh/Pe*x(i)))*1E6;
end
end
plot(x, C(:,1), 'k-', x, Cf(:,1), 'k--')
hold on
plot(x, C(:,end), 'k-', x, Cf(:,end), 'k--')
xlabel('Distance along reactor (x/L)')
ylabel('Concentration (\muM)')
text(0.14, 60, 'y/h = 0')
text(0.39, 84, 'y/h = 1')
axis([0 1 0 160])
legend('pdepe solution', 'Approximate solution', 'Location', 'NorthEast')
function [c, f, s] = pdepbx(y, x, C, DCDy, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm)
c = Vavg*hD;
f = DCDy*Lh;
s = 0;
function Czero = pbICx(y, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm)
Czero = Cin;
function [pa, qa, pb, qb] = pbBCx(yl, Cl, yr, Cr, x, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm)
pb = 0; qb = 1;
pa = -Da*Cin*Cl/(Cl+Cmm);
qa = 1/(Lh);
Answer:
160
pdepe solution
Approximate solution
140
120
(
n
o
i
t)
a
M
r
t
n
e
c
n
o
C
100
y/h = 1
80
60
y/h = 0
40
20
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Distance along reactor (x/L)
0.7
0.8
0.9
14.10
L = 5.5; h = 0.01; Vavg = 0.3; D = 2e-5;
Da = 0.45; Cin = 150e-6; Cmm = 10e-6;
Lh = L/h; hD = h/D;
y = linspace(0, 1, 101);
x = linspace(0, 1, 101);
sol = pdepe(0, @pdepbyy, @pbICyy, @pbBCyy, y, x, [], Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm, 1);
C = sol(:,:)*1e6;
plot(x, C(:,1), 'k-')
hold on
plot(x, C(:,end), 'k-')
xlabel('Distance along reactor (x/L)')
ylabel('Concentration (\muM)')
text(0.16, 120, 'y/h = 0')
text(0.39, 145, 'y/h = 1')
ylim([90 160])
function [c, f, s] = pdepbyy(y, x, C, DCDy, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm, plug)
C50 = 35e-6; n = 2.54; CHb = 2.2e-3;
Y = C^n/(C^n+C50^n);
dCdC = 1+4*n*CHb*Y^2*C50^n/C^(n+1);
c = Vavg*hD*dCdC;
f = DCDy*Lh;
s = 0;
function Czero = pbICyy(y, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm, plug)
Czero = Cin;
function [pa, qa, pb, qb] = pbBCyy(yl, Cl, yr, Cr, x, Lh, hD, Vavg, Da, Cin, Cmm, plug)
pb = 0; qb = 1;
pa = -Da*Cin*Cl/(Cl+Cmm);
qa = 1/(Lh);
Answer:
160
150
y/h = 1
(
n
o
i
t)
M
a
r
t
n
e
c
n
o
C
140
130
120
y/h = 0
110
100
90
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Distance along reactor (x/L)
0.7
0.8
0.9
14.11
R = 0.02; Xb = 5.234e-8; Smax = 15e-9;
D = 2e-5; rho = 1; K = 25e-10;
S = Smax*R^2/(D*Xb*rho);
KKb = K/Xb; c = char('k--', 'k-');
chiR = 1.0; chi0 = 0.0005;
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(chi0, chiR, 5), [0 0]);
chi = linspace(chi0, chiR, 50);
for MM = 0:1
sol = bvp4c(@TumorODE, @TumorBC, solinit, [], S, KKb, MM);
y = deval(sol, chi);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(chi, y(1,:), c(MM+1,:))
hold on
ylabel('\psi')
xlabel('\chi')
if MM == 1
plot(chi, 1+S/6*(chi.^2-1), 'ko')
legend('K = 0', ['K = ' num2str(K)], 'Exact solution (K = 0)', 'Location', 'NorthWest')
end
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(chi, y(2,:), c(MM+1,:))
hold on
ylabel('d\psi/d\chi')
xlabel('\chi')
if MM == 1
plot(chi, S/3*chi, 'ko')

legend('K = 0', ['K = ' num2str(K)], 'Exact solution (K = 0)', 'Location', 'NorthWest')
end
end
function dy = TumorODE(chi, y, S, KKb, MM)
if MM == 1
dy = [y(2); S*y(1)/(KKb+y(1))-2/chi*y(2)];
else
dy = [y(2); S-2/chi*y(2)];
end
function res = TumorBC(ya, yb, S, KKb, MM)
res = [ya(2); yb(1)-1];
Answer:
1
K= 0
K = 2.5e-009
Exact solution (K = 0)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
2
K= 0
K = 2.5e-009
1.5
d
/
Exact solution (K = 0)

d
0.5
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
14.12
Rc = 10e-6; Rt=100e-6;
Vmax = 0.0005; CHb = 0.0022; Cin = 120e-6;
Smax = 20e-6; Cmm = 10e-6;
z = linspace(0, 0.001, 101);
r = linspace(0, 10e-6, 101);
options = odeset('RelTol', 1e-6, 'AbsTol', 1e-9);
Dc = [2e-9, 2.2e-9, 1.8e-9, 2e-9, 2e-9];
Dt = [1e-9, 1e-9, 1e-9, 1.1e-9, 0.9e-9,];
for n = 1:length(Dc)
sol1 = pdepe(1, @CapillPDE, @CapillIC, @CapillBC, r, z, options, ...
Rc, Rt, Dc(n), Dt(n), Vmax, CHb, Cin, Smax, Cmm);
C = sol1(:,:);
Cm = 4/Rc^2*trapz(r, (1-(r/Rc).^2).*C(end,:).*r)*1e6;
disp(['Dc = ' num2str(Dc(n)) ' m^2/s Dt = ' num2str(Dt(n)) ' m^2/s Cm = ' num2str(Cm) ' uM'])
end
function [c, f, s] = CapillPDE(r, z, C, DCDr, Rc, Rt, Dc, Dt, Vmax, CHb, Cin, Smax, Cmm)
n = 2.34; C50 = 35.14e-6;
Y = C^n/(C50^n+C^n);
dCtdC = 1+4*n*CHb*Y^2*C50^n/C^(n+1);
c = dCtdC*Vmax*(1-(r/Rc)^2);
f = Dc*DCDr;
s = 0;
function C0 = CapillIC(r, Rc, Rt, Db, Dt, Vmax, CHb, Cin, Smax, Cmm)
C0 = Cin;
function [pa, qa, pb, qb] = CapillBC(rl, Cl, rr, Cr, z, Rc, Rt, Dc, Dt, Vmax, CHb, Cin, Smax, Cmm)
solinit = bvpinit(linspace(Rc, Rt, 10), [0 0]);
sol = bvp4c(@TissueODE, @TissueBC, solinit, [], Cr, Dt, Smax, Cmm);
pb = -Dt*sol.y(2,1); qb = 1;
pa = 0; qa = 1;
function res = TissueBC(ya, yb, Cr, Dt, Smax, Cmm)
res = [ya(1)-Cr; yb(2)];
function dydx = TissueODE(r, y, Cr, Dt, Smax, Cmm)
dydx = [y(2); Smax/Dt*y(1)/(y(1)+Cmm)-y(2)/r];
Answers: Dc = 2e-009 m^2/s Dt = 1e-009 m^2/s Cm = 45.2942 uM
Dc = 2.2e-009 m^2/s Dt = 1e-009 m^2/s Cm = 45.1111 uM
Dc = 1.8e-009 m^2/s Dt = 1e-009 m^2/s Cm = 45.517 uM
Dc = 2e-009 m^2/s Dt = 1.1e-009 m^2/s Cm = 44.0989 uM
Dc = 2e-009 m^2/s Dt = 9e-010 m^2/s Cm = 46.645 uM
14.13
gate = char('n', 'm', 'h');
for k = 1:3
[t, y] = ode45(@HH, tspan, [0], [], gate(k));
disp([gate(k) '(100) = ' num2str(y(end))])
end
function dy = HH(t, y, g)
V = -65+65*((t>2)&(t<5));
dy = alph(V+65, g)-(alph(V+65, g)+bet(V+65, g))*y(1);
Answers: n(100) = 0.31768
m(100) = 0.05294
h(100) = 0.59611
14.14
gKbar = 0.036; gNabar = 0.120;
gL = 0.0003; EL = -49; EK = -77;
gate = char('n', 'm', 'h');
IC = [0.3177, 0.0529, 0.5961];
Vs = [-50, -25, 0, 25]+65;
for nn = 1:4
subplot(4,1,nn)
ENa = 50;
for k = 1:3
[t, y] = ode45(@HH2, tspan, [IC(k)], [], gate(k), Vs(nn));
switch gate(k)
case 'n'
n = y(:,1);
case 'm'
m = y(:,1);
case 'h'
h = y(:,1);
end
end
V = -65+Vs(nn)*((t>2) & (t<18));
Iion = gKbar.*n.^4.*(V-EK)+gNabar.*m.^3.*h.*(V-ENa)+gL.*(V-EL);
plot(t, Iion, 'k-')
ylabel('I_{ion} (mA/cm^2)')
text(9, min(Iion), ['V_{pot} = ' num2str(Vs(nn)-65) ' mV'])
if nn == 4
xlabel('t (ms)')
end
end
function dy = HH2(t, y, g, Vs)
V = -65+Vs*((t>2)&(t<18));
dy = alph(V+65, g)-(alph(V+65, g)+bet(V+65, g))*y(1);
Answers:
0.1
m
c
2)/
A
m
(n
I
o
i
-0.1
m
c
2)/
A
m
(n
I
o
i
m
c
2)/
A
m
(n
I
o
i
m
c
2)/
A
m
(n
V pot = -50 mV
0
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
0
V
-1
-2
pot
= -25 mV
10
0
V
-2
pot
= 0 mV
10
4
2
0
V pot = 25 mV
Ii
10
-2
10
t (ms)
14.15
Vr = -62.607; gKbar = 0.036; gNabar = 0.120;
gL = 0.0003; EL = -49; EK = -77; ENa = 50; Cm = 0.001;
IC = [0.3177, 0.0529, 0.5961, -62.607];
Vs = [100, 150, 200, 250];
c = char('k-', 'k--', 'k:', 'k-.');
options = odeset('MaxStep', 0.1);
for nn=1:4
[t, y] = ode45(@HodHux2, [0, 10], IC, options, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr, Vs(nn));
plot(t, y(:,4), c(nn,:))
hold on
end
ylabel('Membrane Potential (mV)')
xlabel('Time (ms)')
A = 'V_s = '; B = ' mV';
legend([A int2str(Vs(1)) B], [A int2str(Vs(2)) B], [A int2str(Vs(3)) B], [A int2str(Vs(4)) B])
function hh = HodHux2(t, y, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr, Vs)
% y(1) = n, y(2) = m, y(3) = h, y(4) = V
Vd = y(4)-Vr;
dn = alph(Vd, 'n')-(alph(Vd, 'n')+bet(Vd, 'n'))*y(1);
dm = alph(Vd, 'm')-(alph(Vd, 'm')+bet(Vd, 'm'))*y(2);
dh = alph(Vd, 'h')-(alph(Vd, 'h')+bet(Vd, 'h'))*y(3);
dV = -(gKbar*y(1)^4*(y(4)-EK)+gNabar*y(2)^3*y(3)*(y(4)-ENa)+gL*(y(4)-EL))/Cm;
dV = dV+Vs*((t>2) & (t<2.1));
hh = [dn; dm; dh; dV];
Answers:
60
)
V
m
(
V s = 100 mV
V s = 150 mV
V
40
V
,
l
a
i
t
n
e
t
o
P
e
n
a
r
b
m
e
M
= 200 mV
V s = 250 mV
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
5
Time (ms)
10
14.16
Vr = -62.607; gKbar = 0.036; gNabar = 0.120;
gL = 0.0003; EL = -49; EK = -77; ENa = 50; Cm = 0.001;
IC = [0.3177, 0.0529, 0.5961, -62.607];
td = [11, 12];
for nn=1:2
subplot(2,1,nn)
[t, y] = ode45(@HodHux3, [0, 20], IC, options, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr, td(nn));
plot(t, y(:,4), 'k-')
xlabel('Time (ms)')
end
function hh = HodHux3(t, y, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr, td)
% y(1) = n, y(2) = m, y(3) = h, y(4) = V
Vd = y(4)-Vr;

dV = dV+200*((t>2) & (t<2.1))+200*((t>td) & (t<td+0.1));
Answers;
(
l
a
i
t
n
e
t
o
P
e
n
a
r
b
m
e
M
)
V
m
(
l
a
i
t
n
e
t
o
P
60
40
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
10
12
14
16
18
20
12
14
16
18
20
Time (ms)
60
40
20
0
e
n
a
r
b
m
e
M
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
10
Time (ms)
14.17
Vr = -62.607; gKbar = 0.018; gNabar = 0.120;
gL = 0.0003; EL = -49; EK = -77; ENa = 50; Cm = 0.001;
IC = [0.3177, 0.0529, 0.5961, -62.607];
[t, y] = ode45(@HodHux, [0, 100], IC, options, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr);
plot(t, y(:,4), 'k-')
xlabel('Time (ms)')
function hh = HodHux(t, y, gKbar, gNabar, gL, EL, EK, ENa, Cm, Vr)
% y(1) = n, y(2) = m, y(3) = h, y(4) = V
Vd = y(4)-Vr;
dV = dV+200*((t>2) & (t<2.1));
Answer:
60
)
V
m
(
l
a
i
t
n
e
t
o
P
e
n
a
r
b
m
e
M
40
20
-20
-40
-60
-80
0
10
20
30
40
50
Time (ms)
60
70
80
90
100

An Engineers Guide To Matlab Solutions

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Solution to Exercises

a 2 cos 2 t (cos t + 2 ) (9cos(t ) 6 )(4(cos(t ) 2) 4 )

t + 3) (a 2 (cos(2t ) + 1)(9cos(2t ) 80cos(t ) + 73))

24a 2 cos 2 t (cos t + 2 ) (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

cos 2 t ) (2a 2 cos 2 t )

24a 2 cos 2 t #%(cos t + 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )& (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

(4 cos(t ) ) (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

6 2 sec t (3cos(t ) 2 )(cos(t ) 2 )

9.3707 12.9670 17.2642 22.3330 28.2588

th4 = 0; th5 = 215*c; th6 = 55*c;

tau = linspace(-2, 2, 200);

pi/9 = 20.0 degrees

The sum of these 4 factorials = 33

In Exercises 5.4 to 5.12 we have used the following function:

7.7253 10.9041 14.0662 17.2208

9.4182 12.5614 15.7040

-9.068133269285e-9 1.6182240726495e-9 -3.320447939146e-10];

ro = roots([3*pi*sqrt(5) -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20]);

Answer: Minimum xi = 0.71873

function z = Shoot(q, Pbar, alph, sw, tol)

solinit = bvpinit(linspace(0.2,1,5), [0.1, 0.1, 0.1, 0.1]);

function bc = CantileverBC(y0, y1, S)

lambda2 = fzero(wormlead, [25 40]*pi/180, opt, 0.16, 1.5)*180/pi

From matrix inversion:

disp(['alphaMax = ' num2str(AlphMax) ' and f(alphaMax) = ' num2str(-fAlphaMax)])

a22, a23, a33]);

L(1,n) L(2,n) L(3,n)

plot(r.*c, r.*s, 'k-')

axis([-1, N, -1, N])

thread angle = 14.5

legend('sigma x', 'sigma z', 'shear', 'Location', 'NorthEast')

bt = [0.02, 0.05, 0.08, 0.11, 0.15, 0.18, 0.23, 0.30];

Blue circles: function minimized. Green area: feasible region

% Sine wave on sphere

% Intersection of two cylinders

% Figure eight torus

3.1962 m=0 n=1

6.3064 m=0 n=2

9.4395 m=0 n=3

4.6109 m=1 n=1

7.7993 m=1 n=2

10.9581 m=1 n=3

5.9057 m=2 n=1

9.1969 m=2 n=2

12.4022 m=2 n=3

Boit number = 0.7

Weibull: beta = 0.5

Hazard rate and reliability for exponential distribution

Fit assuming data are lognormal

F(t) = -2.8221 + 1.1256ln(t)

Answers: p-value from F-test on ratio of variances = 0.47092

function [x, y] = regressdata1

3.3, 3.9, 4.3, 6.0, 2.0, 7.8]';

Normal Probability Plot

Normal Probability Plot

title(['ode45 \zeta = ' num2str(zet(k))]);

t = linspace(0, 30, 200);

function xdot = rod(t, x, xmu, omega)

function [mag, phas] = Anal(omega, omegan, zet)

Excitation frequency (rad/s)

Excitation frequency (rad/s)

function z = sdofstops(t, x, m, k, c, b, forceampl, forcefreq)

z1 = 0.1; z2 = 0.1; mr = 1; wrr = [0.05, 0.25];

th4 = 0; th5 = 215c; th6 = 55c;

ro = roots([3pisqrt(5) -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20]);

lambda2 = fzero(wormlead, [25 40]pi/180, opt, 0.16, 1.5)180/pi

plot(r.c, r.s, 'k-')

s2x = p(1/(x(1)+ sqrt(2)x(2)));

x2 = -(H^2Kc + H^2)/(H^2Kc + H^2 + HK1Kc + K1K2Kc)