Duty,

Honor and
Integrity

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Chapter 6
Air Conditioning System

Delivered by: Ir Khalid

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Split Unit Air Conditioning

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Integrity

Basic
Window
Colls
Air
Inside
Conditioner
a HOT)
Condenser

Fan Motor

(COLO)
Coils
Expansion
valve
Evaporator

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

CONDENSER
F I LTE R D E H Y D R ATO R

BLOW tfi
E VAP O R ATO R

COMPRESSOR

H I G H P R H S U R E i U F E i H E ATE O Y f c P O R r - G N S t S S L R E W P W
L O W P F F 5 5 T J S E C O L D YAP O H

Cn

LDW PR ESSL IRf c a L n LiO LMD-V APO F

Air conditioning System for Car

:uu u

EXPANSION VALVE

WT-JOPsa

Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Air Conditioning
Introduction to Air Conditioning
A system that keeps air cool and dry.
Air conditioning may be required in buildings which have a high heat gain and as a result a high
internal temperature.
The heat gain may be from solar radiation and/or internal gains such as people, lights and business
machines.
The diagram below shows some typical heat gains in a room.

Solar Radiation: Up
to 700 W/m2 glass
area (U.K.)

CT

Heat Gam through

walls, roof, floor etc.
due to temperature
difference^

t*

i f
1

Sensible Gain Office

Machines:
Up to 400 W per desk
top computer

Occupants (sedentary):
Sensible gain 90-100 Watt per person
Latent gain 40Watts per person
Sensible Gain Lights:
G 5 to 25 W/m2 floor
area.

Duty, Honor and Integrity

http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index files/ac1.htm
o

If the inside temperature of a space rises to about 25 C then air conditioning will probably be necessary to maintain comfort
levels.
This internal temperature (around 25oC) may change depending on some variables such as:
type of building
location of building
duration of high internal temperature
expected comfort conditions.
degree of air movement
http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-change-rate-room-d 867.htmlAIR
CHANGE RATE REFERENCE

percentage saturation
In some buildings it may be possible to maintain a comfortable environment with mechanical ventilation but the air change rate
(A measure of how quickly the air in an interior space is replace by outside (or conditioned) air by ventilation and infiltration) will
tend to be high (above about 8 air changes per hour) which can in itself cause air distribution problems.
Since air conditioning is both expensive to install and maintain, it is
Lower level of
best avoided if possible.
This may possibly be achieved by careful building design and by uti
window blinds or shading methods
heat absorbing glass
heat reflecting glass
openable windows
higher ceilings
smaller windows on south facing facades
alternative lighting schemes.
The diagram shows some of these methods.

Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty, Honor and
Integrity

If air conditioning is the only answer to adequate comfort in a building then the main choice of system can be considered.
Full comfort air conditioning can be used in summer to provide cool air (approx. 13oC to 18oC) in summer and
warm air (approx. 28oC to 36oC) in winter.
Also the air is cleaned by filters, dehumidified to remove moisture or humidified to add moisture.
Air conditioning systems fall into three main categories, and are detailed in the following pages;

1. Central plant systems.

2. Room air conditioning units.
3. Fan coil units.
Central plant systems have one central source of conditioned air which is distributed in a network of ductwork.
Room air conditioning units are self-contained package units which can be positioned in each room to provide cool
air in summer or warm air in winter.
Fan coil units are room units and incorporate heat exchangers piped with chilled water and a fan to provide cool air.

http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index files/ac1.htm (introduction to Air Cond)

Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty, Honor and
Integrity

First, let study the Psychrometry for air conditioning and discusses some properties of moist air.

Psychrometrics or psychrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering concerned
with the determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures (which deal
with air and water vapor mixtures).
Although the principles of psychrometry apply to any physical system consisting of gas-vapor
mixtures, the most common system of interest is the mixture of water vapor and air, because of its
application in heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) and meteorology.
In human terms, our comfort is in large part a consequence of, not just the temperature of the
surrounding air, but (because we cool ourselves via perspiration) the extent to which that air is
saturated with water vapor.
The Ideal Gas Laws are used to determine psychrometric data for air so that the engineer can carry
out calculations.
To make life easier a chart has been compiled with all the relevant psychrometric data indicated.
This is called the Psychrometric Chart.
Note:
i.

Air is made up of five main gases

e. Nitrogen 78.03%, Oxygen 20.99%, Argon 0.94%, Carbon Dioxide 0.03%, and Hydrogen 0.01% by volume

The Psychrometric Chart

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

For a given, fixed, total air-vapor pressure, the properties of the mixture are given in graphical form on
a psychrometric chart.
Temperalui&

Enthalpy

Relative
Humitfily

Dewpoint____i
Temperature

Humidity
Ratio

The air-conditioning processes:

Dry-Bulb *"
Temperature!

_SpecHic
Volume
t

C
O

Cooling (lowering
temperature),
Heating (raising temperature),
Humidifying (adding moisture),
Dehumidifying (removing
moisture)

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

The following is a brief description of each of the properties of air.

1. Dry bulb temperature

This is the air temperature measured by a mercury-in-glass thermometer.

2. Wet bulb temperature

This is the air temperature measured by a mercury-in-glass thermometer which has the mercury bulb wetted by gauze that is kept moist by a reservoir of
water.
When exposed to the environment the moisture evaporates from the wetted gauze, which gives a lower reading on the thermometer. This gives an
indication of how dry or how moist the air is, since in dry air the water will evaporate quickly from the gauze, which depresses the thermometer reading.

3. Specific Humidity (Moisture content)

This is the amount of moisture in air given in kg of moisture per kg of dry air e.g. for room air at 21 oC dry bulb and 15oC wet bulb, the moisture content is
about 0.008 kg/kg d.a.
This is a small mass of moisture ( 0.008 kg = 8 grams) per kg of dry air or 9.5 grams per cubic metre of air.

4. Percentage saturation
The Percentage saturation is another indication of the amount of moisture in air.
This is the ratio of the moisture content of moist air to the moisture content of saturated air at the same temperature.
When air is saturated it is at 100% saturation and cannot hold any more moisture.

5. Specific enthalpy
This is the amount of heat energy (kJ) in air per kg.
If heat is added to the air at a heater battery for example, then the amount to be added can be determined from Specific enthalpy change.

6. Specific volume
This is the volume of moist air (dry air + water vapour) per unit mass.
The units of measurement are m3 per kg.
Also specific volume = 1 / density.

Normal Temperature [
Barometric Pressure: 101.325 kPa
1992 American Society of Heating, C
Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineers, Inc.

Sensible
Total heat

Enthalpy I
Humidity ratio A W

Dry bulb temperature C

Prepared by Center for Applied Thermodynamic Studies, University of Idaho

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Psychrometric Chart

PERCENTAGE SATURATION 90
80 70 60 50 40
30
20

WET-BULB
TEMPERATURE 30,
MOISTURE
CONTENT
Rg/kg da.
SPECIFIC 50
ENTHALPY

kJ/kfi /

SPECIFIC _
VOLUME nf
0.35

DRY-BULB TEMPERATURE C

Example:
http://www.arca53.dsl.pipex.com/index files/psy4.htm
SPECIFIC ENTHALPY kJ/ko

14-46 The pressure, temperature, and wet-bulb temperature of an are specified. The adiabatic saturation temperature is to be
determined.
Anafysis For an adiabatic saturation process, we obtained Eq. 14-14 in the text,

cp(T2-T{) + fi?2 hfsi

Water

Tills requires a trial-error solution for the adiabatic saturation

temperature, T2. The inlet state properties are
c>[ = 0.0243 kgH^O / kg dry air hs\ hs ,r 32c =
1559.2 kJdcg
As a fnst estimate, let us take I": =29C (the mlet wet-bulb temperature). Also, at the exit. the relative humidity is 100% (
the pressure is 1 atm. Other properties at the exit state are
CL>2

= 0.025b kg H^O f kg dry an

h r . = hf @ :<rc = 121.55 kJ-'kg (Table A - 4)

=A^-.29.C =2432.2khlg (TableA-4)
Substituting,
_

-W

^ _ _ (1.0Q5)(29-32), (0 0256X2432.2) ^00M3

2559.2-121.55

which is equal to the inlet specific humidlty. Therefore, the adiabatic saturation temperature is
T2 = 29C

k
2

<p2 = 1) and

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Dry and Atmospheric Air

Atmospheric air

The atmosphere is a mixture of air (oxygen and nitrogen) and water vapour.
The air in the atmosphere normally contains some water vapor and is referred to atmospheric
air.
Air that contains no water is called dry air.
Although the amount of water vapor in the air is small, it plays a major role in human comfort.
Therefore it is an important consideration in air conditioning applications.
The dry air and vapor of atmospheric air in air conditioning application range (temperature
changes from -10 C to 50 C) can be treated as ideal gas.
Since water vapor is an ideal gas, the enthaply of water vapor is function of temperature only, h
= h(T).

Effect of dry air to human body - http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001433.html

Duty, Honor and Integrity

In the temperature range encountered in air-conditioning applications, both the dry air and the
water vapor can be treated as ideal gases.
The enthalpy change of dry air during a process can be determined from

Ahdiy = CpAT = [1.005 kJ/kg C] AT (kJ/kg)

The atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal-gas mixture whose pressure is the sum of the
partial pressure of dry air Pa and that of the water vapor Pv,
Pressure of
atmospheric air

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

The pressure of atmospheric air

pa = p - ps = 1.013 - 0.01 = 1.003bar

P = Pa + Pv
The total
pressure of
atmospheric
air
The partial
pressure of
dry air

The partial
pressure of vapor,
increases with the
amount of vapor
in air

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

The enthalpy of water vapor in the air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of the
saturated vapor at the same temperature:

A (7, low P) = hg(T) = 2501.3 + 1.827

(kj/kg)

T in C

^ 1061.5 + 0.4357 (Btu/lbm) T in F

m the tempera hire range - 10 to 50C (15 to 120F).
How much area can one ton cool?

southern U.S.

northern U.S. and Canada

2008 CarsonDunlop.co

http://convert.web-max.ca/index.php?select=58 to convert HP to BTU/min

HUMIDITY

If the air is at 100-percent relative humidity, sweat will not evaporate into the air.
As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual temperature when the relative
humidity is high.

-Relative humidity is the ratio of the current absolute humidity to the highest possible absolute humidity
(which depends on the current air temperature). A reading of 100 percent relative humidity means that the air
is totally saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more, creating the possibility of rain. This doesn't
mean that the relative humidity must be 100 percent in order for it to rain -- it must be 100 percent where the
clouds are forming, but the relative humidity near the ground could be much less.
- Humans are very sensitive to humidity, as the skin relies on the air to get rid of moisture. The process of
sweating is your body's attempt to keep cool and maintain its current temperature. If the air is at 100-percent
relative humidity, sweat will not evaporate into the air. As a result, we feel much hotter than the actual
temperature when the relative humidity is high. If the relative humidity is low, we can feel much cooler than
the actual temperature because our sweat evaporates easily, cooling -us off.

Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty, Honor and
Integrity

The properties of air

Absolute or Specific humidity of air ( a ) - is the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of air.
Where temperatures are high and rainfall is excessive, the specific humidity of the air reaches high
proportions.
The ratio of the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of dry ai, denoted by

Ra= 287.1 J/kg.K

Rv= 461.4 J/kg.K

kg water vapor/kg dry air

Note:

Since Vv=V and Tv=T

a

a=

RP
a

p
a

Pv = 0 dry air
Pv < 3.1698 kPa - unsaturated air
Pv= 3.1698 kPa 0 saturated air.

= 0.622

where P is the total pressure of air and Pv is the vapor pressure.

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Relative humidity of air

Duty,
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Relative humidity (0) is a term used to describe the amount of water vapor that exists in a
gaseous mixture of air and water vapor.
The comfort level depends more on the amount of moisture the air holds(^ v) relative to the
maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at the same temperature(^ g).
The ratio of these two quantities is called the relative humidity
f

m
v

The saturated pressure

under the temperature
of atmospheric air

Duty, Honor and Integrity

Specific humidity

a = 0.622

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

P-P

0.622

Enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit mass of dry air, instead of per unit mass of
the air-water-vapor mixture, as

H = Ha + Hv = maha + mvhv
Specific enthalpy:

m
h = h + ^h
a

since

m
a

h=h
g

= ha + ahv

= CpT + ahg

(kJ / kg dry air )

(kJ / kg dry air )

O

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty, Honor and
integrity In

the field of air-conditioning, the reference temperature is 0C. Then:

1.863kJ/kg. C is the average

specific heat of dry air

ha= 1.005/

kJ/kg.C
h= 1.005t + rn( 2501 + 1.863t) kJ/kg.C

14-14 Humid air is expanded in ail isentropiq nozzle. The amount of water vapor that has condensed during the process
is to be determined.
Assumptions The ail and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air at room temperature is k = 1.4 (Table A-2a). The saturation properties of water
are to be obtained from water tables.
Analysis Since rlie mole fraction of the water vapor in this mixture is very small.
\

r2 m

= (502 K)

Tx

lOOkPa
700 kPa

\ 0.4.'L4

= 288 K

We will assume that the air leaves the nozzle at a relative humidity of
100% (will be verified later). The vapor pressur e and specific
humidity at the outlet are then
P\\2 - $ 2 P g . 2 ^2^t@L5 D C

0.622P,,,
P~Pv2

(l-.pXl.7057 kPa) = 1,7057 kPa

(0,622)(1,7057
(100-1.7057) kPa

kPa)

0.01079 kg H 2 O/kg dry air

This is less than the inlet specific humidity (0.025 kg-kg dry air), the relative humidity at the outlet must be 100% as
originally assumed. Hie amount of liquid formation is then

-m2 =0.025-0.01079 =0.0142 kg H20/kg dry air

14-15 Huiuic! air is compressed in an is en tropic compressor. The relative humidity of the air at the compressor
outlet is to be determine cl.

Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Properties The specific heat ratio of air at room Temperature is k- 1.4 (Table A-2a). The saturation properties of
water are to be obtained from water tables.
Anafysis At the inlet,

% =A?S, 1 = A'****: = (0.90X2.3392 kPa) = 2.105 kPa

G

SOO kPa

P-PV1 (100-2.105)icPa

1 = L =

Humid air 6
Since the mole fraction of the water vapor in this mixture is very small.

100 kPa 20C

90% RH

The saturation pressure at this temperature is

^,2 =

Aat;<?25S'C =4542kPa (from EES)

The vapor pressure at the exit is

tk^Py (0.0134)(800) v2 ~~ aj +0.622 ~~

0.0134 + 0.622
The relative humidity at the exit is then

4542

= 16.S7 kPa

(
b
)

14-16 A tank contains dry air and water vapor at specified conditions. The specific humidity, the relative
T
humidity, and die volume of the tank are to be determined.
h
Assuntptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
e
Analysis (a) The specific
humidity can be determined form its definition.
ff?.

CD =

m.
s

0.3 kg

= 0.0143 kg
H:0.'kg dry
air

21ks

a
t
u
r
(0.622 + a)Pe (0.622 + 0.0143) (4.24 69 kPa)
a

=
2.9%

(c)
cankg)(0.2S7kJ/kg-K)
be determined from the ideal gas relation
t The volume of tire tank (21
(303K) ^
for
the
dry
air.
i
9
PPav==PfP
-P
=
100-2.245
7
r
g = (0.529)(4.2469 kPa) = 2.245 kPa
o
= 97.755 kPa
.
V
7
_
n
5
5
Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
p
r
e
s

k
?
a
'
'

Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty, Honor and
Integrity

Definitions Dew Point, Td p

The dew point is the temperature at which vapor condenses or solidifies when cooled
at constant pressure.
Consider cooling an air-water vapor mixture while the mixture total pressure is held
constant. When the mixture is cooled to a temperature equal to the saturation
temperature for the water- vapor partial pressure, condensation begins.
When an atmospheric air-vapor mixture is cooled at constant pressure such that the
partial pressure of the water vapor is 1.491 kPa, then the dew point temperature of
that mixture is 12.95oC.
Steam

s [kJ/kg-K]

Dew-point Temperature
T

Duty,
The
dew point is the temperature to which a given parcel of humid air must be cooled, at constant barometric pressure, for
Honor and
water
vapor to condense into water. The condensed water is called dew. The dew point is a saturation temperature
Integrity

Adiabatic Saturation and Dry & Wet-Bulb Temperature

Duty, Adiabatic
Honor and
Integrity

saturation

An adiabatic process is defined as a process in which no external heat enters or leaves the system
under consideration. Adiabatic humidification process: Air is flowing through a perfectly insulated duct
with an open water tank in the bottom of it. If the tank is infinitely long, the air at the outlet will be 100%
saturated.

Saturated air that

has the maximum
amount of water
Unsaturated _____________________________________ vapor
air

Note: The air consists of the water vapor or moisture at all times no matter what its temperature and pressure is. When we add
more moisture to the air in an enclosed space at certain temperature, the air tends to keep on absorbing the moisture. However,
after reaching certain stage, the air is no more able to absorb the moisture and all the extra moisture is converted into dew or fog.
The air that contains maximum amount of moisture that it can hold at particular temperature is called as saturated air.

Conservation of mass
Duty,
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Integrity

The mass flow rate of dry air remain constant

W+WW
f

v1

The mass flow rate of vapor in the

air increases by an amount equal to

v2

the rate of evaporation

mf mv 2 mvi

h m (w -&
f

Conservation of energy
m

a1 a1 +
h

a1 a1

v1 v1 +

v1 v1 + ( v 2

fhf

a2 a2 +

v2 v2
h

a 2 a 2 + WV 2 v 2

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Al + v x

+(

v2 - m vl ) h f = m a2 h a2 + m v2h v2

Dividing by ma = ma = m gives:
1

a2

Kl

+ (2 - W

l)

hh
f=

a2 + 2

K2

Relative humidity and specific humidity of air can be determined by measuring the adiabatic
saturation temperature of air, which is the temperature the air attains after flowing over water in
and 71? is the adiabatic saturation temperature.

a long channel until it is saturated,

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System
Duty, Honor and
Integrity

Wet-Bulb and Dry-Bulb Temperatures

In normal practice, the state of atmospheric air is specified by determining the wet-bulb and dry-bulb
temperatures.
These temperatures are measured by using a device called a psychrometer. The
psychrometer is composed of two thermometers mounted on a sling.
One thermometer is fitted with a wet gauze and reads the wet-bulb temperature. The
other thermometer reads the dry-bulb, or ordinary, temperature. As the
psychrometer is slung through the air, water vaporizes from the wet gauze, resulting in a
lower temperature to be registered by the thermometer.

The dryer the atmospheric air, the lower the wet-bulb temperature will
be. When the relative humidity of the air is near 100 percent, there will be little difference
between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures. The wet-bulb temperature is
approximately equal to the adiabatic saturation temperature.
The wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures and the atmospheric pressure uniquely
determine the state of the atmospheric air.
Note:
The dry-bulb temperature of air is measured by a thermometer which is freely exposed to the air but is shielded from
radiation and moisture.
The Wet-bulb Temperature of air is measured by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a muslin sleeve which is kept
moist with distilled and clean water, freely exposed to the air and free from radiation.

3
3

14-31 The dry- and wet-bulb temperatures of atmospheric air at a specified pressure are given. The specific humidity,. the relative
humidity* and the enthalpy of air are to be determined.
Assumptions The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Analysis (a) We obtain the properties of water vapor from EES. The specific humidity is determined from
c

ffli =

0% ~ 2"i +
hgl - hjj

where T2 is die wet-bulb temperature, and o>, is determined from

0.622Pg2

Pl~P

(0.622)(1.938 kPa)
(95-1.938) tPa

= 0.01295 ks HiO/ke dry air

Thus.

(1.005 kJ-kg - QC)(17 25)C (0.01295)(2460.6 hJ/kg) = 0.00963 kg H^O kg dry nil
(2546.5-71.36) kJ/tg
(b) The relative humidity is detennined from
ft =

<*\p\

(0.00963)(95 kPa)

(0.622 +Mi)Psi (0.622 + 0.00963)(3.169S kPa)

= 0.457 or 45.7%

(c) The enthalpy of air per unit mass of dry air is determined from
hy =hal +^hvi = cpTx

= 49.65 kJ kgdry air

= (1.005 kJdcg C)(25C:)+ (0.00963)(2546.5 kJ/kg)

14-52 The dry- and Wet-bulb temperatures of air in room at a specified pressure are given. The specific humidity ; ihe relative humidity', and the
dew-point temperature are to be determined.
ASSTtmptiofis The air and the water vapor are ideal gases.
Arm lysis (a) We obtain the properties of water vapor from EES. The specific humidity'! is determined from
^ip

'Jb - TL) -i- fg2

tD1 = ------------------------------------

100 kPa
22C
Ttf, =
16C.

f2

where T2 is the wet-bulb temperature, and is determined from

0.622P 7
-----------

(0.622)(1.819 kPa)
<100-1.S19) kPa

0.01152 kg H:0/kg dry air

Thus.
(1.005 kJ/kg QC)(16 - 22)C + (0.01152)(2463.0 kJ/kg) ^

0.00905 kg H:0/kg dry air

(2541.1- 67.17) fcJ/kg

(&) The relative humidity <p\ is determined from
tV3!

A = (0.622 + ) #
gl

(0.00 903)(100 kPa)

= 0.541 or 54.1%
(0. S22 + 0.0 091)(2.6452 kPa)

(c) The vapor pressure at the mlet conditions is

Si -

- AS*g22*C - (0-541X2.6452 kPa) = 1.432 kPa

Tims the dew-point temperature of the air is

= ^=*>1.432 kPa =12.5C

14-130 Air enters a cooling section at a specified pressure, temperature, and relative humidity. The temperature of the air at the exit and the rate of heat transfer are
to be determined.
_4isumptions 1 Tins is a steady-flow process and thus the mass flow rate of dry air remains constant during the entire process = mal = ma}. 2 Dry air and wafer vapor
are ideal gases. 3 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysb, (a) The amount of moisture in the air also remains constant (oj = a?) as it flows through the
cooling section since the process involves no humidification or dehumidification. The total pressure is 97 kPa. Die properties of the air at the inlet state are
^1

=(0-3)(5.629 kPa)=l.S9kPa
= 3 -Prl =97 -1.69 = 95.3IkPa
RJZ (0.287 kPa m3 /kg -K)(308 K) '"L 95.31

kPa

= 0.927 m3 / kg dry air

>

0722fvJ

0.622(1.69 kPa) = 0.0110 kg H:Okgdry air(= OH)

(97-1.69) kPa
= cp+ coJisl = (1.005 kJ'kgaQ(35aC) + (0.0110)(2564.6 kJ. kg) = 63.44 kJ-kg dry air
The air at the final state is saturated and the vapor pressure during this process remains constant. Therefore, the exit temperature of the air must be the dew-point temperature.
-dp =^sav15'Pi. = ^at-ai.ee fcPa = 14.8'C

(i?) The enthalpy of the air at the exit is

+ tihh2 = (1.005 fcj/kg - X14.8aC) + (0.0110X252S. 1 kJ tgl = 42.78 kJ. kg dry air
Also
m i7

6nt3 /s
0.927 mJ - kg dry air

= 6.47 kg- min

Then the rate of heat transfer from the air in the cooling section becomes
Qan = ma <Aj - h2) = (6.47 kg.-min)(63.44-42.78)kJ/kg = 134 UJ. mill

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Summary

In this chapter we discussed the air-water-vapor mixture, which is the most commonly
encountered gas-vapor mixture in practice. The air in the atmosphere normally contains some
water vapor, and it is referred to as atmospheric air. By contrast, air that contains no water
vapor is called dry air.
In the temperature range encountered in air-conditioning applications, both the dry air
and the water vapor can be treated as ideal gases.
The enthalpy change of dry air during a process can be determined from
The atmospheric air can be treated as an ideal-gas mixture whose pressure is the

A
h

diy air

CpAT = [1.005 kJ/kg C] AT (kJ/kg)

sum of the partial pressure of dry air Pa and that of the water vapor Pv,

(kPa)

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Thermodynamics II (EMM3503)
Chapter 6- Air Conditioning System

Summary...cont.
The enthalpy of water vapor in the air can be taken to be equal to the enthalpy of the saturated
vapor at the same temperature:

hv(T, low P) = hg (T) = 25013 +1.827 (kJ/kg) T in C

^ 1061.5 + 0.4357 (Btu/lbm) T in F
m the temperature range - 10 to 50C (15 to 120F).
Tlie mass of water vapor present in I unit mass of dry air is called the specific or absolute humidity 01

CO =

m 0.622P
*

(kg H,0/kg air)

P-R
where P is the total pressure of air and Py is the vapor pressure.

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Summary...cont.

There is a limit on the amount of vapor the air can hold at a given temperature. Air
that is holding as much moisture as it can is called saturated air.
The ratio of the amount of moisture air holds (mv) to the maximum amount of
moisture air can hold at the same temperature (mg) is called the relative humidity

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Summary...cont.

The enthalpy of atmospheric air is expressed per unit mass of dry air, instead of per
unit mass of the air-water-vapor mixture, as

h = ha + cohv

(kJ/kg dry air)

The ordinary temperature of atmospheric air is referred to as the dry-bulb

temperature to differentiate it from other forms of temperatures.

The temperature at which condensation begins if the air is cooled at constant

pressure is called the dew-point temperature Tdp:

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Summary...cont.
Relative humidity and specific humidity of air can be determined by measuring the

adiabatic saturation temperature of

air, which is the temperature the air attains after flowing over water in a long channel until it is saturated,
A more practical approach to determining the properties of air in airconditioning applications is to use a thermometer whose bulb is covered with

and

T2 is the adiabatic saturation temperature.

a cotton wick saturated with water and to blow air over the wick. The temperature measured in this manner is called the

temperature Twb, and it is used in place of the

adiabatic saturation temperature.

wet-bulb

Duty, Honor and

Integrity

Summary...cont.

The properties of atmospheric air at a specified total pressure are presented in the form
of easily readable charts, called psychrometric charts. The lines of constant enthalpy
and the lines of constant wet-bulb temperature are very nearly parallel on these
charts.
The needs of the human body and the conditions of the environment are not quite
compatible. Therefore, it often becomes necessary to change the conditions of a living
space to make it more comfortable. Maintaining a living space or an industrial facility
at the desired temperature and humidity may require simple heating (raising the
temperature), simple cooling (lowering the temperature), humidifying (adding
moisture), or dehumidifying (removing moisture).
Sometimes two or more of these processes are needed to bring the air to the desired
temperature and humidity level.
Most air-conditioning processes can be modeled as steady-flow processes, and
therefore they can be analyzed by applying the steady-flow mass (for both dry air and
water) and energy balances,

Duty,
Honor and
Integrity

Summary...cont.

where subscripts i and e denote inlet and exit states, respectively. The changes in
kinetic and potential energies are assumed to be negligible.
* During a simple heating or cooling process (Tz >TnPli), the specific humidity remains
constant, but the temperature and the relative humidity change.
* Sometimes air is humidified after it is heated, and some cooling processes include
dehumidificatLOn (7b <T^pj). hi dry climates, the air can be cooled via evaporative
cooling by passing it through a section where it is sprayed with water.
* In locations with limited water supply, large amounts of wraste heat can be rejected to
the atmosphere with minimum water loss through the use of cooling towers.