Fracture Mechanics, Damage and Fatigue Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics - Energetic Approach

University of Lige
Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering
Fracture Mechanics, Damage and Fatigue

Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics - Energetic Approach
Ludovic Noels
Computational & Multiscale Mechanics of Materials CM3
http://www.ltas-cm3.ulg.ac.be/
Chemin des Chevreuils 1, B4000 Lige
L.Noels@ulg.ac.be
Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach
Asymptotic solution
Summary in 2D
Mode I
Mode II
Mode III
(opening)
(sliding)
(shearing)
y
x
z
Principle of superposition holds as linear responses have been assumed

Ki depends on
The geometry and
The loading
u, s can be added for
modes: u = u mode I + u mode II, s = s mode I + s mode II
loadings u = u loading 1 + u loading 1, s = s loading 1 + s loading 2
Ki can be added
For loadings of the same mode Ki = Kiloading 1 + Kiloading 2
But since f and g depend on the mode K Kmode 1 + Kmode 2
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Energy of cracked bodies
Relation with energy

Tensile strength for materials
Involve crack size and fracture energy
K should be related to energy
Virtual energy of body B

Existence of (stress free) cracks
Virtual displacement du
du = 0 on
b
Static assumption
n
Virtual work obtained after integration by parts of the linear momentum
In elasticity: stress derives from a potential

Example: linear elasticity
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Prescribed loading
Assuming a body under constant loads b and T
The crack propagates & there is a displacement field du
Example: body subjected to Q constant
As the crack grows, there is a displacement du
This formula is general if Q and du are the

generalized load and displacement
du
Q
&
Q
Energy release rate G for Q constant

Energy increment required for a crack growth dA
The internal (elastic) energy is therefore function

of the loading and of the crack surface
A<A
Eint
u'
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Q
Prescribed loading (2)

Computation of the energy release rate G
Q
u dQ
Complementary energy
Derivation
Energy release
Eint
u'
u
Can be measured by conducting experiments

Body with crack surface A0 loaded up to Q*
Crack growth dA at constant load
the
specimen becomes more flexible
displacement increment
Unload to zero
The area between the 2 curves is then G dA
Q
Q
Loading
A=A0
Crack growth
Unloading
A=A0+dA
u+du
u
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u'
Prescribed displacements
Assuming a body with constant displacement field u
& subjected to loading b and T
The crack propagates & the loads are then decreased
Example: body subjected to u constant
As the crack grows, the work of Q is constant
Q+dQ
Energy release rate G for u constant

Energy increment required for a crack growth dA
The internal (elastic) energy is therefore function
of the displacement and of the crack surface
Q
A<A
Eint
u'
u
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Q
Prescribed displacements (2)

Computation of the energy release rate G
Q
Q du
For a constant crack size, the internal energy

depends on the loading
We have
&
Derivation
Eint
u'
Energy release
Can be measured by conducting experiments

Body with crack surface A0 loaded
up to a displacement u*
Crack growth dA at constant displacement
the specimen becomes more flexible
so the load decreases by
Unload to zero
The area between the 2 curves is then - G dA
Q
Q
Q+dQ
Loading
A=A0
Crack
growth
Unloading
A=A0+dA
u'
u
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General loading
If PT = Eint - Qu is the potential energy of the specimen
Which reduces to
Prescribed loading
Total energy has to be conserved

Total energy E = PT + G
G is the energy required to create a crack of surface A
There is crack growth when

Brittle materials
gs is the surface energy, a crack creates 2 surfaces
For other materials (ductile, composite, polymers, ) this energy depends

on the failure process (void coalescence, debonding, )
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Linear case & compliance

In linear elasticity, G analysis can be unified
Linear response
Q linear with u, & the compliance is defined by
Energies
&
For the crack to grow, all the energy required comes from the elastic energy
The internal energy decreases with the crack growth
Prescribed loading
Same expression, but
For the crack to grow by dA, the external forces produce a work of 2G as the
internal energy is also increased by G
The internal energy increases with the crack growth
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Applications of the compliance method
Delamination of composite
Assuming a >> h: Double Cantilever Beam

The parts on the left are 2 cantilever beams
The right part is stress free
Flexion of one cantilever beam
with
h Thickness t
a
displacement at loading
Compliance
Energy release rate
Paul Tihon, coexpair
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Applications of the compliance method
Delamination of composite (2)

As
Experimental application: measure of Gc

Gc mode I for composite
Experimental application: crack length determination

An existing crack will grow under cyclic loading
If C(A) has been determined
Analytically (as above for composite)
Numerically or
Experimentally
then the crack length can be determined by measuring the compliance
Compliance is obtained by measuring load and load point displacement
simultaneously
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Crack closure integral

Relation between the energy release rate and the SIFs
G is a variation of the potential energy with respect of the crack size
In linear elasticity, the stress state near crack tip is characterized by Kmode
How can we relate both concepts?
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1957, Irwin, crack closure integral

Consider a body B with a cavity of surface S
The stress state is s
The displacement field is u (in B & on S)
Constraint to u on
The surface traction is T
Constraint to T on
Constraint to 0 on S
s
S
The cavity grows to S+DS

The volume lost is DB
The stress state becomes s+Ds
The displacement field becomes u+Du
Du = 0 on
The surface traction becomes T+DT
DT = 0 on
Constraint to 0 on S+DS
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s +Ds
T
DS
S
b
B-DB
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In elasticity (linear or not) and if b assumed equal to 0
Potential energy variation
On the cavity surface S: t is defined as s .n

Be careful: S+DS is stress free,
but only in the final configuration
s +Ds
T
DS
(s+Ds).n = 0 on S+DS but,

b
s(e) . n 0 on S+DS
B-DB
For a hole tending to a crack, see annex 1, one has
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Change of potential for a crack growth in elasticity (linear or not)
General expression
Physical explanation for mode I
Let us assume a crack growing from a to a+Da
y
y
r
x
a
Da
syy = 0,
syy 0,
uy 0
syy = 0,
uy = 0
uy 0
syy produces a work on Da
ti
Da
syy = 0,
uy 0
ti
If the response is elastic AND linear

t is decreasing linearly with u
The work is then t .Du/2
t .Du/2
0
ui
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ui+Dui ui
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Change of potential for a crack growth in LINEAR elasticity
Variation of potential in LINEAR elasticity
ti
ti
t .Du/2
Where t is the tension before crack propagation

Where Du is the opening after crack propagation
0
ui
ui+Dui ui
The surface created DS has actually two sides

An upper side DA+
A lower side DA With
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DA+
DA-
DS
&
16

Change of potential for a crack growth in LINEAR elasticity (2)
Variation of potential in linear elasticity
Energy release rate

The increment of fracture area DA corresponds to DA+
DA+
DA-
DS
before
Valid for any linear elastic material

Valid for any direction of crack growth (mode I, II & III)
Tensile mode I: G > 0 for a crack growth
PT decreases
crack growth requires energy
G corresponds to the work needed
to close the crack by Da
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Da
after
17
Crack that grows straight ahead

Energy release rate for LINEAR elasticity
Can be simplified if crack grows straight ahead

y
r
x
a
q
Da
x
a
syy = 0,
syy 0,
uy 0
syy = 0,
uy = 0
uy 0
Da
syy = 0,
uy 0
Increment of fracture area DA = t Da (t = thickness)

As DA has been chosen equal to DA+: n = -Oy & ti = - siy
Stress before crack

growth
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Displacement jump
after crack growth
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Energy release rate in mode I (LEFM & crack growing straight ahead)
Expression in 2D:
Mode I: only terms in i=y as

z
Asymptotic solution
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Energy release rate in mode I (2)
Asymptotic solution before crack growth
y
r=r
x
Da
Asymptotic solution after crack growth
syy = 0,
syy 0,
uy 0
uy = 0
r
x
a
syy = 0,
uy 0
r
Da
syy = 0,
uy 0
Energy
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Energy release rate in mode I (3)
After substitution
Change of variable
Plane s
& plane e
with
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Energy release rate in mode II (LEFM & crack growing straight ahead)
Asymptotic solution
Proceeding as for mode I

This time sxy(r, 0) ux(Da-r, p) is the non zero term
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Energy release rate in mode III (LEFM & crack growing straight ahead)
Expression in 2D:
Asymptotic solution
So
&
Energy release rate
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Energy release rate (LEFM & crack growing straight ahead)
Quadratic field
superposition ?
But when analyzing

i = x : sxy(r, 0) 0 & ux(Da-r, p) 0 only for mode II
i = y : syy(r, 0) 0 & uy(Da-r, p) 0 only for mode I
i = z : syz(r, 0) 0 & uz(Da-r, p) 0 only for mode III
Energies can be added:
Some remarks
This formula is valid for
Elastic linear material ONLY
Crack that grows straight ahead ONLY
So usefulness is questionable in the general case as
If more than one mode at work, the crack will not grow straight ahead
What if material is not linear?
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Application of the crack closure integral

Delamination of composites
Energy release rate
Pure mode I since
h Thickness t
x
h
uy(-y) = -uy(y) & ux(-y) = ux(y)
Crack is growing straight ahead
Plane s
Plane e
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J integral
The crack closure integral has some limitations
Linear and elastic materials
Useful only when crack grows straight ahead
More general energy-related concept?
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J integral
Rice (1968) proposed to compute the energy that flows to the crack tip
Given an homogeneous uncracked body B
D is a subvolume of boundary D
The stress tensor derives from a potential U

On D traction T is defined as s . n
Static assumption
.s
=0
The J-integral is the vector defined by
n
B
or
Applying Gauss theorem leads to
=skm=smk
=0 (balance eq.)
The flow of energy through a closed surface is equal to zero
What happens for an heterogeneous body or when the body is cracked ?

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J integral
For heterogeneous materials
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J integral
For homogeneous cracked materials (2D form)
y
Of practical interest for the flow // crack tip
G+ n
with
Along G - and G + :
G - n+
nx = 0 , ny = 1
Crack is stress free: Ta = say ny = 0
G2
n
G1
If there is no friction at the crack
So one can compute the energy that flows toward the crack tip by
It is path independent
No assumption on linearity has been made (only existence of U)
Does not depend on subsequent crack growth direction
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J integral for crack growing straight ahead

Although general
As long as an internal potential exists
The J integral can be specialized
s +Ds
T
DS
Back to crack closure integral
S
b
B-DB
n
For a material defined by an internal potential (linear response or not)
If the crack growth straight ahead, one has (see annex 2)
So G=J
For materials defined by an internal potential (linear response or not)
AND if the crack grows straight ahead
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J integral for linear elasticity

Although general
As long as an internal potential exists
The J integral can be specialized for linear elasticity

General expression
B
y
Specialize the internal potential for linear elasticity
Consider a circle as contour G
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J integral for linear elasticity

Use the asymptotic solution
J is path independent
r can be taken 0
Use asymptotic solution
B
y
x
a
After substitution by
J becomes
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Summary
SIFs (KI, KII, KIII) define the asymptotic solution in linear elasticity
Energy required to close the crack by an infinitesimal da
If an internal potential exists

with
AND if linear elasticity
AND if straight ahead growth
J integral
Energy that flows toward crack tip
If an internal potential exists
Is path independent if the contour G embeds a straight crack tip
BUT no assumption on subsequent growth direction
If crack grows straight ahead
G=J
If linear elasticity:
Can be extended to plasticity if no unloading (see later)
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Exercise
Exercise 1: Fracture testing of elastomers
Infinite strip with semi-infinite crack
Plane s (t << h)
Questions
1) Compute J integral
What are the assumptions?
2) Compute G
Why is it equal to J ?
3) When can we deduce the SIF from there?
What is the value of KI ?
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Du/2
y
h
Thickness t
x
h
Du/2
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Exercise
Exercise 2: Laminated composite
u/2, P
2 long thin strips of steel

E = 200 GPa
h = 0.97 mm
t = 10.1 mm
Bonded with epoxy

Gc = 300 Pa.m
Central crack 2a
Questions
1) Critical load for 2a = 60 mm

2) Apply same method for 2a = 70 and 80 mm
Report on a P vs u graph the toughness locus
3) Determine the critical energy release rate from that graph
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2a
u/2, P
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References
Lecture notes
Lecture Notes on Fracture Mechanics, Alan T. Zehnder, Cornell University,
Ithaca, http://hdl.handle.net/1813/3075
Other references
on-line
Fracture Mechanics, Piet Schreurs, TUe,
http://www.mate.tue.nl/~piet/edu/frm/sht/bmsht.html
Book
Fracture Mechanics: Fundamentals and applications, D. T. Anderson. CRC press,
1991.
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Exercise 1: Solution
Du/2
J integral
Material defined by an internal
potential U
G5
G4
Thickness t
G1
per unit thickness
G2
Du/2
On G1 & G5: material unloaded
no contribution
On G2 & G4: nx = 0 and u,x = 0
no contribution
On G3: nx = 1 and far away from the crack ux = 0 & sxy = 0, U constant
If material is linear elastic:

Far away from the crack
(Plane s)
J integral becomes
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G3
Energy release rate G
Du/2
As long as an internal potential

exists
y
h
Thickness t
x
Displacements are prescribed

Far behind the crack: unloaded material
Du/2
Eint = 0
Far ahead of the crack Eint = 2 U h is constant (energy per unit thickness)
So, if the crack growth by Da the change of energy is -2 U h Da
For linear elasticity

G = J as the crack grows straight ahead (by symmetry)
Stress intensity factor:

In linear elasticity (plane s):
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Compliance method
u/2, P
Beam theory
2a
Energy release rate

u/2, P
2 fronts
Critical load for 2a = 60 mm
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Critical energy release rate
Pc (N)
Toughness locus
Using same method
2a = 60 mm
2a = 70 mm
2a = 80 mm
Assuming the graph is

deduced from experiments
20
10
u (mm)
Critical energy release rate

0
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0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2
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Annex 1: Crack closure integral

In elasticity (linear or not) and if b assumed equal to 0
Potential energy variation
Stress derives from a potential
Since
.s
= 0 (as b=0)
Applying Gauss theorem
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Annex 1: Crack closure integral

In elasticity (linear or not) and if b assumed equal to 0 (2)
Study of term
Traction is constant on
& displacement is constant on
On the cavity surface S: t is defined as s .n
Be careful: S+DS is stress free, but only in the final configuration

(s+Ds).n = 0 on S+DS but,
s(e) .n 0 on S+DS
so the integral does not vanish
However, S remains stress free during the whole process
Eventually
If instead of a cavity we have a crack, the change of volume is zero and the last
term disappears
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Annex 2: J integral for crack growing straight ahead

Back to crack closure integral
Material not necessarily linear
s +Ds
T
DS
S
b
B-DB
For a crack (DB = 0), and in 2D, the energy release rate becomes
As the crack is stress free, as Du = 0 on D B, and as Ds = 0 on N B
After using the equilibrium equation
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.(s+Ds)
=0
43

Referential Oxy moving with the crack tip
Only if the crack grows straight ahead
&
D
x
x
a
Da
Energy release rate
Involves the whole body B

However, as Da 0, the non vanishing contributions are around the crack tip
The equation is then limited to the FIXED region D of boundary G
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Energy release rate (2)
In static
in D
D
Since the crack is stress free
Gauss theorem leads to
x
a
Da
Last term of energy release rate becomes
Using limit definition and after changing frame
Using momentum equilibrium equation and internal potential definition
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As D is fixed, let us define D* moving with
the crack tip:
First part of energy release rate becomes
D
Da
DDL
B
D*
x
Da
Da
DDR
G*
G
Since D* D, this relation tends toward
N.B.: Formally, one should use derivatives & limits of integrals with non-constant
intervals
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First part of energy release rate becomes (2)
Homogeneous materials (xU =0)
Considering the opened curve GL , at the limit

y
D
Da
DDL a
Da
GL
G*
Considering the opened curve GR* , at the limit

x
a
Da
Da
DDR
G
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G R*

First part of energy release rate becomes (3)
As GL + GR* G , it yields
And as
with
The energy rate is rewritten
So G=J
For materials defined by an internal potential (linear response or not)
AND if the crack grows straight ahead
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Fracture Mechanics, Damage and Fatigue Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics - Energetic Approach

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University of Lige

Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering

Fracture Mechanics, Damage and Fatigue

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Principle of superposition holds as linear responses have been assumed

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Relation with energy

K should be related to energy

Virtual energy of body B

Virtual work obtained after integration by parts of the linear momentum

In elasticity: stress derives from a potential

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

This formula is general if Q and du are the

Energy release rate G for Q constant

The internal (elastic) energy is therefore function

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Prescribed loading (2)

Can be measured by conducting experiments

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Energy release rate G for u constant

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Prescribed displacements (2)

For a constant crack size, the internal energy

Can be measured by conducting experiments

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Total energy has to be conserved

G is the energy required to create a crack of surface A

There is crack growth when

For other materials (ductile, composite, polymers, ) this energy depends

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Energy of cracked bodies

Linear case & compliance

Q linear with u, & the compliance is defined by

Same expression, but

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Applications of the compliance method

Assuming a >> h: Double Cantilever Beam

Energy release rate

Paul Tihon, coexpair

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Applications of the compliance method

Delamination of composite (2)

Experimental application: measure of Gc

Experimental application: crack length determination

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Crack closure integral

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Crack closure integral

1957, Irwin, crack closure integral

The cavity grows to S+DS

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Crack closure integral

On the cavity surface S: t is defined as s .n

(s+Ds).n = 0 on S+DS but,

For a hole tending to a crack, see annex 1, one has

Fracture Mechanics LEFM Energetic Approach

Crack closure integral