Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
HISTORY OF POLYNOMIALS
Mircea BECHEANU
University of Bucharest, Romania
bechmir@fmi.unibuc.ro
The History of Mathematics was less focused on the History of Algebra. For many centuries,
Algebra was considered rather a collection of methods and algorithms created with the aim to
make possible computations.
Our aim is to present a short incursion into the History of Algebra through polynomials, one
of the basic notions in Mathematics. We want to clarify how this notion appeared in
Mathematics and especially why its born was so late. The clear idea of "what it is polynomial"
is very connected to modern Algebra. Nevertheless, for many centuries they were a necessary
tool in mathematical discovering.
We present the evolution of mathematical ideas connected to polynomials starting from
Ancient Mesopotamia, then we pass to Ancient Greek Mathematics, Eastern and Arabic
Mathematics. Next, coming to Renaissance and Modern Time we present the evolution of the
algebraic formalism in connection with the problem of solving algebraic equations. At the end
we will mention some important problems in modern theory of polynomial rings.
UP-TO-DATANESS OF THE GREEK WORLD-VIEW
Mria BOTH1, Lszl CSORBA2
1
Apor Vilmos Catholic College, Vc
bothmaria@invitel.hu
2
Etvs Lornd University (ELTE) Budapest
csorbafl@invitel.hu
The lecturers are going to show how the historical method can be applied int the teaching of
science at high school and university. Their examples are based on their own books (ScienceNature-History I-II.) and their experience.
The first example shows how the gnomonic world-view came from the ancient Greek
geometry and how it can be used in philosophy, astronomy and geography. The knowledge
from ancient astronomy is a part of the present-day natural geographical world view.
The other example shows the birth of atom theory and chemistry. The Demokritos idea of the
atom is based on logics proving with the help of an indirect method. This idea has been
loaded with empirical contents by modern chemistry. In this way the Greek theory has been
connected with the permanence of relations declared by Phthagoras.
The knowledge about different viewpoints leads pupils to the methods of scientific
argumentation; therefore, the historical knowledge is up-to-date advanced and useful even
now.
and publications, the Society has an Education Committee which is concerned with the whole
spectrum of mathematical education. In particular, this Committee manages the Schools
Enrichment Fund to support a range of mathematical activities at school level. I will describe
some of the work of the Education Committee of which I am at present the convener.
TEACHING DIFFERENTIAL GEOMETRY OF PLANE CURVES WITH MATHCAD
Nicolae DANET
Technical University of Civil Engineering of Bucharest
ndanet@cfdp.utcb.ro}
The aim of this paper is to present the benefits of using Mathcad for teaching differential
geometry of plane curves to civil engineering students. Being easy to combine math equations
and graphical representations with text regions in Mathcad, the teacher can deliver good
lectures without using the software like a black box.
TWO MAHEMATICAL GEMS BEHIND A TANGRAM
Fernando Castro GUTIRREZ
Universidad Pedaggica Experimental Libertador, Venezuela
fercasgu@hotmail.com
From the times of the Greeks the presence of the Golden ratio between segments has been a
seal of beauty and harmony. This is the emblematic case of the Parthenon in Athens. But what
about the presence of the Golden Number as a ratio between areas of plane regions ?. In
1984 the German mathematician Georg Brugner created an interesting 3-pieces Tangram.
Through the geometric Tangram construction we can find the Pythagoras theorem and a
Golden Section between areas. A search in the Kasimir Malevich paintings ,some decorative
Spanish bricks and book design reveals the presence of the Golden Number as a ratio
between the areas of plane regions.
EULER, SEGNER, TOBIAS MAYER AND DEBRECEN
Tnde KNTOR
University of Debrecen, Hungary
tkantor@math.klte.hu
Read Euler, read Euler, he is the master of us all.
Lagrange
This lecture presents a connection among Euler and his contemporaries Segner, Tobias Mayer
and some aspects concerning Debrecen. We discuss his influence on the growth of European
mathematics and physics. Euler was one of the most important mathematicians and physicians
of the Enlightenment. The year 2007 marks the 300th anniversary of Eulers birth. In Debrecen
we organized lectures and an exhibition of remembrance. Why? The causes are very obvious.
1. Segner was student of the ancient Calvinist College in Debrecen and later he was employed
as a doctor in Debrecen. Segner invented a simple reaction waterwheel. Euler presented
Segners turbine at the Academy of Berlin. This work influenced Euler to work on turbines.
Euler used Segners results when he created a crude turbine. We could find a very big
correspondence between Segner and Euler, Segner wrote 159 letters to Euler.
2. Eulers lunar theory was used by Tobias Mayer in constructing his famous tables of the
moon. We could find Eulers correspondence (10) with Tobias Mayer (21) from1751 to 1755.
3. Tobias Mayer and Segner were at the same time professors at the University of Gttingen.
Their common work was to build up and to equip the new observatory. Instead of Segner
Tobias Mayer got the directors chair of the observatory. Euler solved the problem, he advised
the authorities that Segner should occupy Ch. Wolffs chair in Halle.
4. In Debrecen, in the Great Library of the Calvinist College we found 12 original works of
Euler. Their owners were some peregrine students, who became later well-known outstanding
personalities. The most interesting is that we find a coloured exemplar of Tobias Mayers
Mathematischer Atlas (Pfeffel, Augsburg, 1745), and a lot of his maps as part of the Atlas
Scolasticus and the Atlas Geographicus Maior (1748-1751).
THE ROLE OF G. B. HALSTED IN THE RECOGNITION OF JNOS BOLYAI'S
ACHIEVEMENTS
Zoltn KSA
Sapientia University, Tg-Mures
kasa@cs.ubbcluj.ro
In the summer of the year 1896 George Bruce Halsted (1853-1922), professor at Texas
University in Austin, who had published in English the Lobachesky's treatise and the Bolyai's
Appendix, made a trip to Marosvsrhely and Kolozsvr and after this to Kazan. In The
University Of Texas Magazine was published a paper by J. A. Lomax, the editor in chief,
about this very interesting summer trip. In the same journal Halsted published two papers on
his visit in Transylvania.
In this paper we discuss how this visit was reacted in the local newspapers.
ON TWO LONG LASTING DELUSIONS IN THE HISTORY OF EQUATIONS
Lajos KLUKOVITS
University of Szeged, Hungary
klukovits@math.u-szeged.hu
The first is the misbelief that Al Khwarizmi was the inventor of two powerful method
called by him as al-jabr and al-muquabla in solving (quadratic) equations.
We will present several examples of two millennia earlier i.e. examples from the
period aof the Old Babylonian Empire.
The second is that either nothing remarkable happened in algebra between
Leonardo of Pisa and Luca Pacioli, or the 16th century Italian \\\"maestro\\\"-s and
mathematicians have first disproved the opinions of the mediaeval Islamic scholars
that the cubic and the biquadratic equations can be solved geometrically only.
We will show results due to Italian \\\"maestro\\\"-s (master Dardi of Pisa, master Benedetto
of Florence) and the famous renaissance painter Pierro della Francesca of the 14th and 15th
centuries.
They have reached several interesting but non-general results,
Our article reports about a survey about the topic of spatial ability and fundamental
knowledge on descriptive geometry. We surveyed the knowledge of first year architect
Equation AXXB = C; where A is a real mm matrix; B is a real nn; C; X a real mn, and
the continuous-time algebraic Riccati equation (CARE):
ATX + XA XSX + Q = 0;
where A; Q; S; X are real nn matrices, proposed by Z. Woznicki. In comparison to other
numerical methods methods the described in this paper use simple algorithms. They also give
an low-computational ways of estimating errors.
CORRESPONDENCE OF MATHEMATICIANS I.
LSZL KALMRS CORRESPONDENCE WITH HUNGARIAN
MATHEMATICIANS
Pter Gbor SZAB
University of Szeged, Hungary
pszabo@inf.u-szeged.hu
Lszl Kalmr (1905-1976) was the leader of Hungarian mathematical logic at the University
of Szeged. He was an excellent mathematician and one of the best-known pioneers of
Computer Science in Hungary.
The Kalmrs scientific legacy is an important source of the History of Mathematics and the
History of Computer Science. He had more than 700 corresponding partners, many Hungarian
and foreign mathematicians, and other scientists.
In our project, we published two books based on the Kalmrs legacy. We worked up his
correspondence with 24 Hungarian mathematicians: with Jnos Aczl, Lajos Dvid, Pl
Erds, Lipt Fejr, Istvn Feny, Gza Grnwald, Bla Gyires, Gyrgy Hajs, Jnos
Neumann, Andor Kertsz, Dnes Knig, Imre Lakatos, Dezs Lzr, Tibor Rad, Lszl
Rdei, Alfrd Rnyi, Frigyes Riesz, Jnos Surnyi, Tibor Szele, Barna Sznssy, Bla
Szkefalvi-Nagy, Pl Turn, Tams Varga, and Istvn Vincze. The books contain more than
500 letters with 1000 comments and many other documents, photos, and biographical data
[1,2].
References
[1] KALMRIUM. Kalmr Lszl levelezse magyar matematikusokkal (Dvid Lajos, Erds Pl, Fejr Lipt,
Grnwald Gza, Kertsz Andor, Knig Dnes, Rdei Lszl, Rnyi Alfrd, Riesz Frigyes, Szele Tibor, Turn
Pl, Varga Tams). sszell.: Szab P. G. Szeged, 2005. Polygon. 476 p.
[2] KALMRIUM II. Kalmr Lszl levelezse magyar matematikusokkal (Aczl Jnos, Feny Istvn, Gyires
Bla, Hajs Gyrgy, Lakatos Imre, Lzr Dezs, Neumann Jnos, Rad Tibor, Surnyi Jnos, Sznssy Barna,
Szkefalvi-Nagy Bla, Vincze Istvn). sszell.: Szab P.G. Szeged, 2008. Polygon. 424 p.
The Riesz brothers, Frigyes Riesz (1880-1956) and Marcel Riesz (1886-1969) were great
mathematicians of the 20th century. Frigyes Riesz lived in Hungary (in Kolozsvr, Szeged,
and Budapest), his brother, Marcel Riesz in Sweden (in Stockholm and Lund). Their scientific
works have a great significance in many parts of mathematics, and their collected papers
published in two monographies [1,2].
In our project we started the collecting and reviewing the Riesz brotherss correspondence in
Lund, and carried on the preliminary studies [3] by the late Lszl Filep (1941-2004), who
worked both in Lund and in the Institute for the History of Hungarian Sciences.
We concluded that these materials definitely contain items of mathematical and historical
worth, which help us understand the history of mathematical problem solving in the twentieth
century [4]. This project was supported by the Grant OTKA K 67652.
References
[1] Riesz Frigyes sszegyjttt munki I-II. (A Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia megbzsbl sajt al rendezte
Csszr kos), Akadmiai Kiad, Budapest, 1960.
[2] Marcel Riesz, Collected Papers, (Edited by Lars Gårding and Lars Hrmander), Springer-Verlag,
Berlin, Heidelberg, 1988.
[3] Filep Lszl, Szemelvnyek Riesz Frigyesnek Riesz Marcellhez rott leveleibl, Mszaki Szemle 27. szm,
Historia Scientiarum 1, 2004, 26-38.
[4] Riesz Frigyes s Riesz Marcell levelezse (Submitted for publication).