Section 8 Optimisation

Number of Location Areas (LAs) has impact on BSC load. If there are
many cells per area, the local page attempts will be quite heavy. If
increasing the number of LAs, the paging load will go down. On the
other hand: If high movability for mobiles, the load from location updates
will increase. When finding the optimal point, also load in MSC must be
looked into.

Section 8 Optimisation

Adding New Applications

The following table presents the CP capacity impacts on an
average node

AUC (Authentication Center) -0.4%

FNR (Flexible Numbering) -2.5%
SCF (Service Control Function) -2.0%
(Based on 10% IN calls)
SSF (Service Switching Function) -10%
(Based on 10% IN calls)
PRA (Primary Rate Access 30B + D) -19%

(Based on 10k BHCA PRA traffic)

Section 8 Optimisation

Capacity Gains
IMEI Check on Location Update
It is possible to switch off the IMEI check function for location
update, which increases the capacity with 2%.

Usage of Toll Ticket

Output only those call data records that are needed, where
possible accounting should be used instead. For instance
switching off the Land to Land call data record increases the
capacity with 3.2%.

Section 8 Optimisation

TMSI Reallocation

Switching off the TMSI reallocation at location update, change of LAI, intraMSC function will result in 2% more capacity.

Authentication at Location Update

Switching off authentication at location update, change of LAI, intra-MSC

will result in an increase of the capacity with 1%.

Section 8 Optimisation

Selective IMEI Check

It is advisable to use the selective IMEI check for all access types,
which results in a gain of capacity of 4%. To be able to decrease
the system recovery time it is recommended to switch off IMEI
checking for the access type location update.

Selective Authentication
The usage of selective authentication for all access types is
strongly recommended from a capacity point of view. In case of
the activation of selective authentication instead of authentication
for each access, the increase of capacity is equal to 6.2%.

Section 8 Optimisation

Conclusion
A better network and cell planning will result in some cases in more
capacity, when less location updates and handovers are needed.
Moreover the number of small nodes in a network may decrease
the overall network capacity, since they may introduce more
inter-MSC handovers, more new registrations and a higher
amount of transit traffic compared to a network with several big
nodes. Furthermore the split of GMSC and MSC allows a better
maintainable network and more capacity in the separate entities,
also the usage of different processors for each entity will be
possible. Stand-alone HLR will also increase the total capacity in
the network.

Section 8 Optimisation

GPRS TCP/IP Strategies

Datagram: It is a technical term for a packet of data and composed of
many components. The most basic is:

Header

Data

To: 129.23.88.12
From: 136.24.87.23
0100010101001010101001001011110101001010100101010100101010010101
0010101010100101010100101110000111110100100100010101000100000001
1110010010100100010101001010101001001011110101001010100101010100
1010100101010010101010100101010100101110001111101001001000101010
0010000000111100100101001000101010010101010010010111101010010101
0010101010010101001010100101010101001010101001011100001111101001
0010001010100010000000111100100101001000100

Section 8 Optimisation

IP Datagram Components
Version IHL
Identification
Time to Live

Type of Service
Total Length
Flags
Fragmentation Offset
Protocol
Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address

Options (and padding)

Data

Section 8 Optimisation

Whats in a Datagram
Version: Version of IP (example: IPv4, IPv6)
IP Header Length: The datagrams header size in 32 bit words.
Type of Service: Indicates priority of the packet. This is determined
by the type of data in the packet. (QoS - Quality of Service)

Total length: Size of the IP packet (in bytes).

Identification: An integer number identifying the datagram.

Section 8 Optimisation

Flags: A 3-bit field of which the low-order 2 bits control

fragmentation. One bit specifies whether the packet can be

fragmented; the second bit specifies whether the packet is the
last fragment in a series of fragmented packets.

Fragmentation Offset: A sequence number for the bytes in

this packet when reassembling.

Time-to-live: A counter that discards the datagram when it

reaches a limited. This prevents the packet from looping
endlessly on the network.

Protocol: Indicates which upper-layer protocol receives

incoming packets after IP processing is complete.

Section 8 Optimisation

Header Checksum: Helps ensure IP header integrity.

Source Address: Specifies the sending node.
Destination Address: Specifies the receiving node.

Options: Allows IP to support various options, such as security.

Data: Information payload.

Section 8 Optimisation

TCP/IP is the Packet Data

technology used by the Internet.
GPRS will also be using the
TCP/IP standard.

TCP/IP 7-Layer Stack

(OSI Reference Model)

Section 8 Optimisation

Application
Presentation
Session
Transport

WWW, e-mail, data services

TCP

Network
Link

IP

Physical

Fiber cable, Microwave link

Network Interface Card

Section 8 Optimisation

TCP Characteristics

Concerned only with the origin

and destination on the network.

Adapts to congestion

Provides virtual connection

Section 8 Optimisation

IP Addressing
For example:
150.215.17.9 (Octets 0-255)

In binary form, it looks like:

10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
IP number is like an address

136.20.2.1

136.20.2.2

136.20.2.3

Section 8 Optimisation

An IP address consists of two parts

Identifies the network
Identifies the node or host
These two parts specifies the class where the node belongs..

Section 8 Optimisation

Address Classes
There are 5 different address classes.

The first byte of the first octet determines the class of the address.
Class A addresses start with 0.
Class B addresses start with 10.
Class C addresses start with 110.
Class D addresses start with 1110.
Class E addresses start with 1111

Section 8 Optimisation

5 Classes of IP Address

125

Class A: 1-126
127: Reserved (loopback)

Quantity of
Domains
(Networks)
in each
Class

63

Class B: 128-191

31

Class C: 192-223

15
15

Section 8 Optimisation

Finding an IPs Network Address

When a node receives a packet, it needs to determine the Network

Address of the network where the destination node belongs.
This is done by using the network subnet mask.
Subtracting the subnet mask to an IP address results in the
identification of the network and node sections of an the IP address

10010110.11010111.00010001.00001001
- 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
10010110.11010111.00000000.00000000

150.215.017.009
255.255.000.000
150.215.000.000

Section 8 Optimisation

Transmission Methods

Transmission is the supporting layer under TCP/IP.

Types of transmission
Frame Relay

ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

Section 8 Optimisation

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode - A high speed, low delay, multiplexing and
switching technology that can support any type of traffic including voice,
data, and video applications. ATM is ideally suited to applications that
cannot tolerate time delay, as well as for transporting frame relay and IP
traffic that are characterized as bursty.

Section 8 Optimisation

Other Packet-Based Networks

X.25 --- A popular standard for packet-switching networks.

CLNP --- (Connection-Less Network Protocol) derived from IP.