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Differentiator and Integrator

Differentiator
An amplifier can utilize the relation between charge and current.
dQ
dV
I = ------- = C -----dt
dt
Rf

i
vin
Ci

vout

The current is converted to a voltage

dv in
v out = iR f = R f C i ---------dt

For a sinusoidal input vin = V0sint,

dv in
---------- = V 0 cos t
dt
v out = R f C i V 0 cos t = R f C i v in

The amplitude increases with increasing frequency

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Integrator
The input current can be converted into a charge
Cf
i
vin
Ri

vout

dv out
v in
i = ------- = C f ------------dt
Ri

Solving for vout:

1
v out = ----------- v in dt + K
Ri Cf

With a sine wave input

1
v out = ---------------v in + K
R i C f

The amplitude decreases with frequency.

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Stabilized Integrator
The constant term from the integral is undesirable on the output.
A switch can be used to discharge the capacitor.
The circuit can provide a path for the capacitor to discharge.
Rf = 22 M
i
vin
Ri = 100 k

Cf = 1 F

vout

The feedback resistor and capacitor have a parallel impedance

Rf
Z f = --------------------------1 + j R f C f

The break frequency is f = 1/2RC = 0.007 Hz .

Only DC can feedback for amplification.

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Limited Differentiator
Differentiator has large amplification at high frequencies.
A high frequency cutoff above the signal range is often needed.
Combine an integrator and differentiator.
Cf = 50 pF

vin

Ci = 0.01 F Rf = 100 k

Ri = 1 k
+

vout

The differentiator has a low cutoff

dv in
v out = R f C i ---------dt

1
f B = ------------------ = 160Hz
2R f C i

The integrator begins working at

1
v out = ----------- v in dt
Ri Cf

1
f B = ------------------ = 3MHz
2R i C f

The differentiator will perform well between those two frequencies.

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DC Amplifiers
Logarithmic Amplifier
Use a transistor in the feedback network of an inverting amplifier.
Vin

2N2222

R = 100 k

RB = 100 k

Vout

RB compensates for the bias current.

The current Iin is given by
V in
I in = -------R

This current must flow into the collector of the transistor

IC = I0 e

V BE V T

V in
= -------R

The base-emitter voltage is equal to the negative of Vout

V in
V out = V T log -------I R
0

The output depends on the logarithm of the input voltage.

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Analog Product
Combine logarithm amplifiers and summation amplifiers
VC = 2b

V1

R
RB

(a lnV1 + b)
V2

R
R
RB

(a lnV2 + b)

(a lnV2 + b) + (a lnV1 + b) 2b = a ln(V1V2)

Vout = cV1V2

The final stage is an exponentiator to return the product of the inputs.

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Current-to-Voltage Converter
Operational feedback relies on current.
Rf

Vout

V out = R f I

This is used for small input signals such as photonic devices.

A parallel feedback capacitor can be used to reduce high frequencies.
The output is usually measured in V/A.
The op-amp provides low output impedance, hence higher power.

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Current-to-Current Converter
An extra resistor to defines the current.
Rf

Iin

Iin
RL

Vout

IL
Rg
Ig

V out = R f I in

From Kirchoffs Laws:

Ig = IL + I
in
V out = R g I g

Combine the equations:

Rf

I L = I in 1 + ------
R g

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Voltage-to-Current Converter
An op-amp follower can be used to drive a conventional transistor
current source.
Iout

I1
Vin

VC

VG
VS
Rf

I2

IR
VE
R

The current Iout splits through the FET and BJT.

No current passes through the gate of the FET or the v- op-amp input.
All current Iout is present through the resistor IR.
VE = Vin from the op-amp voltage rule.
V in
I out = -------R

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Op-amps can be used as a current source all alone.

I1

Vin
Ri1

Rf1

Rf2

I2

Ri2

R f2
R i2
-------- = -------R f1
R i1
Iout
V in
I out = -------R f2

The current source only depends on Rf2 and Vout.

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