Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
*Tampere University of Technology, Department of Automation Science and Engineering, P.O. Box 692,
FI-33101 Tampere, Finland (e-mail:yrjo.majanne@tut.fi)
** Metso Power, P.O.Box 109, FI-33101 Tampere, Finland (e-mails:
Jani.Laine@metso.com Petri.Koykka@metso.com )
*** Metso Automation, P.O.Box 237, FI-33101, Tampere, Finland
(e-mail: Jyri.Kaivosoja@metso.com)
Abstract: The fast pyrolysis process is developed to produce liquid bio oil from biomass. In the discussed
process the required thermal energy is extracted from a circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB) as hot sand
fed into the pyrolysis reactor. Residual char and uncondensed gases from the pyrolysis process are fed
back and combusted in the boiler. Thus, the pyrolysis and the boiler processes are interconnected together
both via energy and mass balances. Dynamic simulation is used to analyze how start ups, stops, and
disturbances in the pyrolysis process effect on the operation of the boiler. According to the results of the
analysis the boiler control system is modified to be able to stabilize the operation of the boiler with the
interconnected pyrolysis process. The trouble free operation of the boiler must be guaranteed during all
possible situations of the pyrolysis process. This project is a part of a R&D project by Metso Power
where fast pyrolysis process is developed and commercialized as a new liquid bio fuel production process
which can be integrated e.g. as a part of a paper mill.
Keywords: Dynamic simulation, CFB boilers, Fast Pyrolysis, Interconnected systems, Boiler control.
1. INTRODUCTION
Fuels produced from renewable energy sources are seen as a
part of the solution to reduce CO2 emissions and the
replacement of fossil fuels. Pyrolysis is a promising process
for conversion of solid biomass to liquid bio fuels.
This paper introduces an integrated process concept, where
the pyrolysis process is connected together with a fluidized
bed boiler. The concept is developed by Metso Corporation
and Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT. Heat
required for the pyrolysis process is extracted as hot sand
from the fluidized bed boiler. The charcoal remained from
the pyrolyzed biomass and non-condensable pyrolysis gases
are fed back to the boiler to be combusted. Thus, both the
energy and the mass balances of the boiler and the pyrolysis
processes are connected with each other.
In the pyrolysis process the volatile components are extracted
from biomass by heating up the solid matter in an oxygen
free atmosphere. After the extraction the gaseous pyrolysis
product is condensed into a liquid phase. This pyrolysis oil
can be used directly to replace heavy fuel oil in industrial
processes or as a raw material for upgrading processes to
synthesize new hydrocarbon compounds, (Sipil et al., 2007),
(Calabria et al., 2005). Research and development of
pyrolysis process is surveyed by Bridgwater (1999) and
Bridgwater & Peacocke (2000).
Modelling of the pyrolysis process is based on the first
principal models of heat and mass transfer and experimental
Copyright by the
International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC)
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Cyclone
Non-condensed
pyrolysis gas
Cooler
Condensate
pump
Pyrolysis oil
nd
Sa
Loop
seal
Pyrolysis reactor
Loop
seal
Condenser
Cyclone
Boiler
Fuel
Pyrolysis gas
,
Char
Sand
Primary
air
Pyrolysis
reactor model
Aeration
gas
Biomass
Fluidization
gas
xi ,k
Tn ,k
Fluidization gas
compressor
k=4
m tot
xi ,4
Tn ,4
Cyclone and
loopseal model
m gas
Tgas
Tloopseal
xi ( gas )
Tgas
m solid
xi ,k
Tn ,k
m oil
k=2
xi ,k
Tn ,k
xi ,in
Tn ,in
m fluidgas
m cw
xi ,k
Tn ,k
m tot
Tscr
mgas
moil
Tcw
k=3
Condenser
model
k = element
i = component
n = phase
k=1
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Flue gas
Temperature T
of phase n
in element k
Mass fraction x
of component i
in element k
Component i
Tsand,k
xsand,k
Sand
xash,k
Ash
xwater,k
Moisture (water)
xact,k
xchar,k
Char
xcond,k
xnoncond,k
xpyroH2O,k
xsteam,k
Moisture (steam)
xfluidgas,k
Tbio,k
Tgas,k
9
Cyclone
7
6
Solids
return
leg
Secondary air
h f h ,
(4)
(3)
Primary air
kv A e E RuT .
dxi ,k
m tot ,k xi ,k 1 xi ,k yi k v mact ,k .
dt
3
Fuel feed
mtot ,k
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(6)
O2 +
flue gases
Heat power
to wall and
radiation
superheaters
is
modelled
by
O2 +
flue gases
Heat power
to wall
(7)
Volatiles,
charcoal
Element
temp.
AIR
PREHEATER
Secondary air
Cyclone temperature
Mixing
of sand
Sand flow
LOOP SEAL
Sand flow
ELEMENT 1
Primary air
Refractory
temperature
Recirculation
gas
Drum
pressure
Feed water flow
Feed water enthalpy
FEED WATER
PREHEATER
Heat power
Tube
temperature
(8)
Tube
temperature
Feed water flow
Feed water enthalpy
Water-steam
mixture enthalpy
DRUM
Water-steam
mixture density
EVAPORATOR,
NONREFRACTED
WALL
Steam quality
Water-steam
mixture enthalpy
Steam quality
EVAPORATOR,
REFRACTED WALL
Refractory
temperature
Fig. 5 The block diagram of the CFB boiler water side model.
ELEMENTS 2 - 9
Heat power
to preheater
Tube
temperature
Sand
flow
Fig. 4 The block diagram of the CFB boiler flue gas side
model.
fdf
Element
9 temp.
Refractory
and tube
temperature
Fuel (amount +
properties)
an
tcf
Volatiles
charcoal
FLUE GAS
DUCT
Sand temperature
c d c2
tc
,
3Di O 2 Sh
Refractory
temperature
CYCLONE
Heat power
to wall
Combustion of volatile
experimental equation
Convective superheaters
and economizer tube
temperatures
(9)
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G ff _ ideal
Gd
,
Gp
Steam power
100
1/1
2/3
1/3
90
80
70
60
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
Time, min
100
1/1
2/3
1/3
99
98
(10)
97
96
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
Time, min
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+3
+2
+1
% -1
-2
-3
-4
-5
50
55
60
65
70
75
Time, min
80
85
90
95
100
5. REFERENCES
Borman, G.L. & Ragland, K,W. (1998). Combustion
engineering. Singabore 1998, McGraw-Hill Inc. 613 p.
Breitholtz, A., Leckner, B. & Baskakov, A.P. (2001). Wall
average heat transfer in CFB boilers. Powder
Technology 120(2001), pp. 41-48.
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