Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 2 Fluid Statics

21
22
23
24
25
26
27

Preface
Fluid Static Pressure and Its Characteristics
Differential Equation of Fluid Equilibrium
Equilibrium Fluids in Gravity Field
Calculation and Measure of Static Pressure
Relative Equilibrium of Liquid
Total Pressure exerting on Plane of Static Fluids

28 Total Pressure exerting on Curved Surface of Static

Fluids
Exercises of Chapter 2

2-1 Preface
Fluid statics looks at the mechanics rules and applications of
Equilibrium fluids.
a. Fluids have not relative motion
The relative
Equilibrium
to the earth
Equilibrium to the
b. Fluids have not relative motion coordinate system.

to the moving container.

There are not relative motion among the Equilibrium fluids and
fluids do not appear having viscosity. The static pressure in the
normal direction is the only surface force exerting on fluids.
Main tasks in this chapter: Study distribution of fluid static
pressure in space , the total pressure exerting on the fixed wall( such
as planes or curved surfaces) , etc. Moreover some factual
engineering problems are discussed based on knowledge of
hydrostatics.

2-2 Fluid Static Pressure and Its Characteristics

Definition
The pressure in the Equilibrium fluid is called fluid static
pressure. It is expressed by p
P dP
p lim

21
A0 A
In the equation:
dA
A area of infinitesimal unit

P the total pressure exerting on the surface of A

Vector expression of fluid static pressure on the surface of

infinitesimal unit is dP pdA

22
The minus shows that the direction of fluid static pressure goes
along the inner normal direction of the surface.
Characteristics
The magnitudes and directions are all relative to the surface area.

Characteristics of Fluid Static Pressure

1. The direction always goes along the inner normal of the
surface.
Incise the static fluid into two parts with an arbitrary plane as
shown in Figure 21. Take the shadow part as partition, if the
direction of the static pressure at a certain point m on incisory plane
doesnt go along the normal direction but arbitrary, then p can be
decomposed tangent component and normal component pn . The
static fluid dose not undergo shearing stress and pulling force or else
the equilibrium will be broken. So the only direction of static
pressure is consistent with the normal direction on the surface.

z
C

m
x

the static fluid

B
A

Figure21 a parcel in

px
pn

py

pn

f
pz

Figure 22 the infinitesimal

wedge-shaped parcel in the
equilibrium fluid

2. On any points in the static fluid the static pressures in all

directions are equal, having nothing to do the azimuth of surface.
Select a infinitesimal wedge-shaped OABC in the equilibrium fluid

which length of sides are

dx , dy and dz. As shown in Figure 22.

Assume that the pressure at a random point of each surface of

the wedge-shaped cell is expressed by p x , p y and p z
respectively. Then the surface force exerting on the infinitesimal
wedge-shaped cell is

1
dP ( p x dydz pn ABC cos(n, x))i
2

1
( p y dxdz pn ABC cos(n, y )) j
2

1
( p z dxdy pn ABC cos(n, z ))k
2

1
1
1
( p x pn ) dydz i ( p y pn ) dxdzj ( p z pn ) dxdyk
2
2
2

23

The mass force on the infinitesimal fluid

1
d Fm dV f m dxdydz ( f x i f y j f z k ) 24
6
If the fluid is in balance state. According to
simplify the formula and get the results:

1
p x pn f x dx 0
3
1
p y pn f y dy 0
3
1
p z pn f z dz 0
3

dFm dF
0

25

when dx , dyand dz approach to zero the wedge-shaped cell

px py pz
pn
lessens to a point O .
at
any point turn
to be the fluid static pressure at point O in all directions. So we can
get
px p y pz pn

26

The fluid static pressures on different space points are different

to each other normally . That is to say the fluid static pressure is a
continuous function of space coordinates.
p p( xyz
27

2-3 Differential Equation of Fluid Equilibrium

1. Eulers equilibrium equation
Euler put forward the equation in 1755.
As shown in Figure23 Select a infinitesimal block
ABCDE in the balance fluid which length of sides are dx , dy and

dz. Assume that the density is

and the pressure is

p at point A .

D
E

o
x

Figure 23 infinitesimal hexahedron

From equation (117, the mass force of fluid is

dFm dm( f x i f y j f z k )

dxdydz ( f x i f y j f z k )

28

From equations22and23,the surface force of fluid

is

dP pdA

( p A pB )dydzi ( p A pC )dxdzj ( p A pD )dxdyk

In this equation

29

pA The pressure at a point on surfaces DC, BD and BC

pB pC pD The pressures at a point on surfaces BE, CE and DE.

p A p is given . The pressure is the continuous function of

coordinates in the balance fluid. namely p px, y, z . Expand it
according to the Taylors formula for multi dimensions continuous
functions and omit the infinitesimal above second order, the result is
p
dx
x
p
p
dy
y
p
p
dz
z

pB p
pC
pD

210

From29and210, we can have

p p p
dP dxdydz ( i
j k)
x
y
z

211


According to the condition of fluid equilibrium F 0212
from28and212we can obtain

1 p
1 p
1 p
i f y
j f z
k 0
dxdydz f x
x
y
z

1 p
namely
fx
0
x
1 p
fy
0
213
y
1 p
fz
0
z
The equation (213is the differential equation of fluid
equilibrium Eulers equilibrium equation.
physical meaning
When fluids are in balance the mass force exerting on the unit
mass fluid equals to the resultant force of pressure.

1. Potential function of mass force

First multiplying equation213)bydx dy and dz
respectively and then summating the three results , we have
1 p
p
p
f x dx f y dy f z dz ( dx dy dz ) 0 214
x
y
z
because p px, y, z then

dp f x dx f y dy f z dz

215
The equation (215is the general Eulers equilibrium equation
(differential equation of pressure) .
For incompressible fluid is constant. It is known from math
theory that the right-hand sides in the equation215are
certainly the full differential of a certain function W W x, y, z .

let

fx
fy
fz

x
W

y
W

216

From equations215and216

f x dx f y dy f z dz dW
dp dW
namely

217

The function W x, y, z that satisfies the equation (2-16) is

called potential function of mass force. The mass force is called mass
force with potential.
Conclusion
Fluids that have only mass force with potential can keep
equilibrium.

[example21] Try to calculate the potential function of mass force of the

equilibrium fluid in gravity field.
[solution] choose the coordinates system as shown in Figure 24 . Component
forces of unit mass are
f x f y 0, f z g , so
dW

W
W
W
dx
dy
dz
x
y
z

( f x dx f y dy f z dz )

gdz
z
g
o

218

Suppose the potential function is zero on the

datum plane W 0 that is to say that z 0
is on zero potential plane. So the potential
function of equilibrium fluid in the gravity
y field after integrating is

W gz

219

Figure 24 component forces of mass in gravity field

1. Isobaric Surface
Defintion
The plane consisted of equal pressure points in fluid is called
equal pressure surface.
on equal pressure plane
pC
dq 0
From the formula215the differential equation of isobaric
surface can be obtained as
f x dx f y dy f z dz 0
220

characteristics
1. Isobaric surface is also a equipotential surface .
Look at equation217if dp 0 and dW 0
221
W C
The surface that the potential function of mass force keeps
constant is called equipotential surface so isobaric surface is
also a equipotential surface.
2. Isobaric surface is perpendicular to unit mass force vectors .
Change the equation220into the following vector form

222
f

d
s

where ds is a arbitrary segment on isobaric surface.

So isobaric surface is perpendicular to unit mass force vectors.

2-4 Equilibrium Fluid in the Gravity Field

Eulers equation in gravity field:

dp dW gdz

223
1. The basic formula of static pressure of incompressible fluid
For the continuous, homogeneous and incompressible fluid the
density is constant .
So the equation223turns into
dp
dz
0
g
After integral above equation becomes

p
z
C
g

224

in this equation

z the vertical coordinate at any point in equilibrium fluids

p static pressure at any point in equilibrium fluids

The equation224is the basic equation of continuous ,

homogeneous and incompressible fluid in gravity field.

2. Distribution of static pressure

Making use of the boundary conditions on free surface of
equilibrium fluid : z z0 , p p0
The equation224turns into

p0
p
z
z0
g
g
p p0 g ( z0 z) p0 gh

Rearrange the
items
225
Equation225means
1.The pressure p at any point in static fluid equals to the sum of
surface pressure p0 and the fluid weight gh on unit area from the
point to the free surface of fluid.
2.In static fluid the pressure changes with the depth linearly. As
shown in Figure (25.
3.The isobaric surface in static fluid undergoing only gravity is
horizontal plane (contour plane

p0

gh

Figure 25 Distribution of

static pressure

3. The geometric and physical meaning of basic equation of

static pressure
See the monomeric tube in Figure 26 . 00 is the datum plane.
p1
p2
z1
z2
g
g
p1

1
z1

p2

2
z2

0
0
Figure 26 Geometric and physical meaning of the basic
equation of static pressure

1. Geometric meaning
See from geometric point of view:
z denotes the height from the position of a certain point to the
datum plane . It is called position head.
z

p
g is called piezometer head .

p
g

denotes the height of liquid column which is exerted by point

pressure . It is called pressure head.
meaning

In the equilibrium fluid the piezometer head at any point is

constant.

2. physical meaning
see from physical point of view

z denotes the position potential energy of unit

gravity fluid.
p
g

denotes the pressure potential energy of unit

gravity fluid.
z

p
gdenotes whole potential energy .

meaning
In the equilibrium fluid the whole potential energy is constant.

2-5 Calculation and Measurement of static pressure

1.Calculation of static pressure
calculation reference Absolute pressure
pressure
Gage pressure
definition
The pressure using absolute vacuum P > 0 as reference is
called absolute pressure, sign p

The pressure using local atmosphere pressure pa as reference

is called relative pressure , p . It may be pe > 0 or p e< 0

In it pe p p a
226
The absolute pressure which is less than local pressure is
Pv
called vacuum pressure (degree of vacuum
e

pV pe pa p

227
In IS system it is known that 1 standard atmosphere pressure equals to
101325 m 2 . On engineering the engineering atmosphere pressure is
used . 1 engineering atmosphere pressure equals to 9.81104 2
m

[example 22] The glass tube open at two ends is put in the closed
water container. As shown in Figure (27Given that when the glass
tube extends the depth h=1.5m under water surface , no air pass the
glass tube into container and no water into glass tube. Try to calculate the
absolute pressure p0 and gage pressure p e 0 on the water surface in the
container at this time.
[solution] Apply the equation (225at a point on water surface in
container and on the bottom of glass tube. namely

p0 gh pa

when no specific notice is given 1 local atmosphere pressure

considered as 1 engineering atmosphere pressure. so pa
p0 pa gh 98100 1000 9.811.5
83385N/m2

p0

From equation226

pe0 p0 pa gh
1000 9.8 1.5
14715N/m 2

Figure 27 of
example 22

pais

2. Static pressure of fluid

the measuring instruments
of static pressure of fluid

Metal meter

Electrical meter

Liquid column
The measurement precision of liquid column instrument is high and the
range is lower . It is used in experiments with low pressure.
The typical liquid column instrument is manometric tube
as shown in Figure 2-8, the gas pressure in container can be measured

Pe gh

pa

pa

p0

p0
p
A

h2

h1

2
m

Figure 28 Manometric tube Figure 29 U shape tube manometer

2. U-shaped tube manometer

when the pressure of fluid being measured is relative large the U
shape tube manometer is usually used to obtain h1 and h2 in the
continuous and at still Hg. According to equation225

p1 p gh1
p2 pa m gh2
Because points 1 and 2 of U shape tube are on same isobaric
surface p1 p2 from this the relative pressure at point A is

pe p pa mgh2 gh1

228

When the fluid being measured is gas, because the density of

gas is relative small the last item in the above equation gh1 can
be ignored .
30

3.Differential manometer
Definition
The instrument being used to measure the pressure between two points
is called differential manometer. As shown in Figure 210.Below the
hose there is a Hg differential manometer with U shape tube .Its
calculation formula is

p1 p2 gh

229

p
p
Upside the conduit there is water column
differential manometer with counter U shape tube
h

. Ignore the density of air ,then the calculation

formula is
p1 p2 gH
230
Figure 210 Differential
1

manometer

Compare the formula229and230in the case that the

length of tube is given, the measurement range of Hg differential
manometer is bigger ,but the precision of water column differential
manometer is higher.

4. Micromanometer
Definition
The instrument being used to measure the less pressure or pressure
difference is called micromanometer. The instrument shown in Figure
211 is one kind.
p1
p2
l
h
A1
h

A2

Figure 211 Inclined micro-manometer

The inclined micromanometer consists of a glass tube ( the

area of cross section is A1 those obliquity can be adjusted and
a small container with liquid (the area of cross section is A2 .If the
entrance pressures p1of inclined tube equals to the entrance
pressure p2 of container then the liquid surfaces in container and in
inclined tube are even .When p1dont equal to p2 such as p1 < p2
then the liquid surface of inclined tube will rise
h and the
liquid surface of container will drop
.h
So from formula225
231
p2 p1 g (h h)
Because the descending volume in container equals to the
ascending volume in inclined tube , namely
A1
232
h
l
A2
and
233
h l sin
from formulas231,232and233
A1
p2 p1 g (sin )l
A2

234

2-6 Relative Equilibrium of liquid

Definition
If the container with liquid or machine part have relative motion to
the fixed coordinate system on earth, but no relative motion between
the liquid particles there. This motion state is called relative equilibrium.
Except the equilibrium problems of fluid in gravity field there
are two kinds of circumstances on engineering .z
1. Containers do linear motion at a
uniform acceleration

In Figure 212the container

a
y
o
with liquid does linear motion
a
g m
downwards at uniform acceleration a

along the inclined plane which has

horizontal datum
an angle
with the
Figure 212 linear motion at
uniform acceleration
horizontal plane

the mass forces on the equilibrium fluid particles are

The fictitious inertial force contrary to the direction
of acceleration
gravity
According to Figure 2-12 the components of unit mass
force are

fx 0
f y a cos
f z a sin g

235

(1). Equation of isobaric surface

Substitute the formula (235into the (220, the result is

a cos dy (a sin g )dz 0

236

dz
a cos

tan
dy g a sin

namely

Do integral to the above formula

a cos y (a sin g ) z c
Because

237

, g and a are all constant is a fixed value.

Explain
The isobaric surfaces ( including free surfaces) are a group of
parallel surfaces which makes an angle with the horizontal surface.
The group of surfaces is perpendicular to the unit mass force f m.

(2). Distribution of static pressure

Substitute formula235into215, that is
dp a cos dy a sin g dz
Do indefinite integral

p ay cos z a sin g C
According to the boundary condition y 0, z 0, p p0
p p0 ay cos za sin g
238

when 0 or
we can get that container does horizontal or

2
vertical uniform acceleration motion. As shown in Figure213.
z

a
g

direction of
g
motion
level basis
level basis
Figure 213 Two specific instances of container doing uniform acceleration
37
linear motion.
direction of motion

2. Containers rotate at constant angular speed

As shown in Figure 214 the container with liquid rotates
with vertical axis z . When the motion keeps stable the liquid
forms free surface just as shown in the Figure. There is no relative
z
motion between particles along any longer.
In the similar way to analyze the container

doing uniform acceleration motion

o
the components of unit mass force are

f x 2 r cos 2 x
f y r sin y 239
2

fz g

2r

o yr
x

2r

Figure 214 Container doing rotating motion at

definite angular speed

(1) Equation of isobaric surface

Substitute formula239into formula220, the
result is
2
2

xdx ydy gdz 0

Do indefinite integral

2 x2
2
namely

2 y2
2

2r 2
2

gz c
gz c

Explain
The equal pressure surfaces are a group of spinning
paraboloids with axis z.

240

(2)Distribution of static pressure

Substitute the formula239into the formula 215),
result is
dp 2 xdx 2 ydy gdz
Do indefinite integral then

2 x2 2 y2

zg c
2 2 2 2

zg
c

241

The integration constant in the formula can be decided in the

following three circumstances.
(2.1) Closed container . The pressure on liquid surface is p0 .as
shown in the Figure 215
Substitute the boundary condition r 0, z 0, p p0into
241the result is
2r 2

242
p p0 g
z
2g

(2.2Container is filled with liquid and the center of coping contacts atmosphere.
as shown in Figure 216
Substitute the boundary conditions r 0, z 0, p painto the formula241

2r 2

p pa g
z
2g

243

(2.3) Container is filled with liquid and the borders of coping contacts atmosphere.
as shown in Figure 217
Substitute the boundary conditions r R, z 0, p pa into the formula 241
2

2
2

p pa g
R

z
2g

z
o p0

z
pa

z 244
pa

R
R

Figure215 Closed
Figure 216 The container
Figure 216 The container
container
whose center of coping has hatch whose border of coping has hatch

2-7 Total Pressure Exerting

on the Plane by Static Fluid
Definition
The force exerting on the wall by static fluid is called fluid static
o
pressure.

hc
h
1.The magnitude and
gh a
e
F ghc
direction of totalpressure
b
L
C
As shown in Figure 218
m
dA
d
lC
C
the plane A and liquid surface

lD
l
D
C
form an angle .
L

Figure 218 total pressure exerting on the

plane

Choose the infinitesimal area A then the fluid static press on

infinitesimal area is
245
dF pdA ghdA g sin ydA
Summate the forces and then the total press on plane A is

F dF g sin ydA
A

In the formula ydA denotes the area moment of area A to the axis ox
A
It equals to the product of area A and its geometric center yc. Then
takeF as static water pressure at point C . Then
c
246
F g sin y c A Fc A
Explain
The total pressure acting on the plane with arbitrary shape equals to
the product of the area of the plane and the pressure on geometric center
Direction of total pressure
Direction of the total pressure is in reverse normal direction of the
plane that the pressure exerting on.

2. exerting point of total pressure

Definition
The exerting point of total pressure is called the pressure center .

yD

ydF
F

g sin y 2 dA
A

ghc A

g sin I m
Ix

g sin yc A yc A

247

In the formula y 2 dA I x is the moment of area A of the plane

A
to the axis ox .
According to the axis replacement theorem of inertia moment:
248
I x I c yc2 A

Ic
yc 249
Substitute it into formula247,then y D
yc A
Ic
for y A > 0 so yD > yc ,the center of press D is below the
c

Ic
centre C of figure the distance between them is
yc A

[example 23]As shown in Figure 219two sides a

rectangular gate undergo pressure of water . The depth of water
on left is H1 4.5m and the depth of water on right is H 2 2.5m .the
strobe and the water surface form an angle 45.0Assume the width
of gate is b 1mtry to calculate total press exerting on the
strobe and its exerting point.
[solution] the difference of total
pressure of the liquid on left and right
is the total pressure exerting on the
gate. namely

F F1 F2

so

H1
H
, A1 b l1 b 1 ;
2
sin
H
H
2 , A2 b l2 b 2
2
sin

H c1
H c2

l1

H1

P
P
l0 l 1
1
3

P2

l2
3

H2
l2

Figure 219 for example

23

So

gbH12 gbH 22
F ghc1 A1 ghc 2 A2

2 sin 2 sin

9800 1 4.52 9800 1 2.52

2 0.707
2 0.707
140346 43316 97030
pressure center on rectangular plane
Jc
L
b L3 12
2
y D yc

L
yc A
2 ( L 2) bL 3
According to the resultant moment theorem do moment to the
axis who across point O and keeps vertical with figure.
l1
l2
H1
H2
FI 0 F1
F2
F1
F2
3
3
3 sin
3 sin
So
F1H 1 F2H 2
140346 4.5 43316 2.5
l0

2.54 m
3F sin
3 97030 0.707
This is the distance from exertion point of total pressure on the
gate to bottom of the gate.

2-8 Total Pressure Exerting on

Curved Surface by Static Fluids
The pressure acting on the curved surface by static fluid is a complicated system of
spatial forces. The questions to calculate the total pressure become the complicated
questions regarding spatial forces .Now take dualistic curved surface as example to
explain the calculation method of the total pressure.
Assume the area of a dualistic curved surface A is abextending in direction
perpendicular to the paper surface the left undergoes the pressure of the static liquid
, as shown in Figure 2 - 20

Take a infinitesimal area dA o

on the curved surface . The
submerged depth at the
center of figure is h . then
the total pressure of fluid
acting on the infinitesimal is A

dF ghdA

Az

c
hc

dP
x

dPz

dP

dA

dPx

dAx

dA
dAz

z Figure 2 - 20 total pressure acting on the curved

surface

1. The magnitude and direction of total pressure

(1) The horizontal component of total pressure
Assume the normal of infinitesimal area dA and axis x forms an
angle then the horizontal component of the infinitesimal is
dFx ghdA cos dAx
So the horizontal component of the total pressure (fore) is

Fx g hdAx ghc Ax
A

250

In the formula
Ax The area of the projection of the curved surfac on plane

yoz

hc the submerged depth of the geometric centerAx

Explanation of formula250

The horizontal component of fluid acting on the curved surface

equals to the total pressure of fluid acting on the vertical projection
plane Ax of the curved surface.

(2) The vertical component of total pressure

The vertical component acting on the infinitesimal is

dFz ghdA sin ghdAz

251

so the vertical component of total press is

Fz g hdAz

251

A
In the formula
AhdAz the volume of liquid column on curved surface ab , is
called pressure volume V
So
Fz gV
252

Explanation

The vertical component Fz of the total pressure exerting on the

curved surface ab equals to the liquid weight above the curve
plane.

(3) total pressure

magnitude

F Fx2 Fz2

253

direction

Fx
arctan
Fz

254

2.The exertion point of total pressure

The total pressure must pass the point that vertical component of
total pressure passes, while the vertical component must pass the
mass center of the liquid body above the curve surface. Vertical
component and horizontal component will have a cross point D '.
F and are already known. So we can draw F line that cross
Ax the
point D on the curve surface as shown in Figure 221. The
crossing point that the F line of total pressure and the curved surface
is the exertion point on the curved surface of total pressure.

Fz

Fx

D
D

b
Figure221 The resultant force of total pressure on the curved
surface

3. pressure volume
The pressure volume is the pure geometry volume determined by
hdAz , no matter there is liquid above it or not. Such
the integral
A
as four columns above surfaces ab in Figure 222. As long as
their sizes and shape are completely the same and the distances below
the liquid surface are equal too, then the volume of pressure volume
are equal completely V Vabcd .
Note
The liquid weight of pressure volume is not necessary the factual
gravity of liquid in the pressure volume . It is only a imagined volume.

d c

d c

d c
a

Figure 222 Pressure volume on curved surface

[Example24] As shown in Figure 223, there is a round water

gate which length is 1m and diameter D is 4m. There is water on
two sides and the depth of upstream is 4m and the depth of
downstream is 2m .Calculate the total pressure exerting on the gate
and the position of the pressure line.
[solution] calculate the two parts of pressure left and right
the left partthe horizontal component

Fx1 ghc1 Ax1 9800 2 (4 1) 78400 N

The vertical component is

Fz1 gV1

4m
2m
water

water

Figure 2 23 example 2-4

9800 1 4 2
2 4

61500 N

The resultant force is

F1 F F
2
x1

2
z1

78400 61500
2

99640 N

The action line across the center makes an angle 1 with the
vertical line.

Fx1
78400
1 arctg
arctg
500 47
Fz1
61500

The right part

The horizontal component is

Fx 2 ghc 2 Ax 2 9800 1 (2 1) 19600 N

The vertical component is

1
Fz 2 gV2 Fz1 30750 N
2
The resultant force is

F2 Fx22 Fz22

196002 307502

36470 N

The action line across the center makes an angle 2 with the
vertical line .

Fx 2
30750
2 arctan
arctan
4007
Fz 2
36470
The total horizontal component is

Fx 78400 19600 58800 N

The total vertical component is

Fz 61500 30750 92250 N

Resultant force is

F Fx2 Fz2

588002 922502

Fx
58800
arctan arctan
32030
Fz
92250

109400

Exercises of Chapter 2
21 In a closed container there is oil which specific gravity is 0.8,
h1 300mm .The water is under the oil , h2 500mm . In the
manometric tube the reading of Hg liquid level is h 400mm.Calculate

the pressure p on the liquid surface in the container.

solutionThe key point of this problem is to calculate the pressures
of water and oil respectively and then summate them. The solution
should begin with the given conditions. The atmosphere pressure are
self equilibrium. So usually the pressure is calculated.

pa 0
pb pa Hg h

pc pb water h 2

h1 Oil

pd pc oil

h1

b
Hg

133.4 0.4 9.81 0.5 9.81 0.8 0.3

46.1 KN/m

h Water

\ p pd Hg h water h2 oil h1
2

Figure for
exercise 21

9
.
0
KN/m
2-2The top layer of cup-shaped micro manometer is oil, oil
, and the lower layer is water. Diameter of the cup isD 40mm and
the diameter of hose is d4mm . If p2 p110mm what is the
water head h ?
h
solutionthe key point of this question is that the changing values
of liquid level in two cups are all h and the volume change
will p
p1
2
cause liquid surface change in the hose with the

same volume.
h
h
hd
2

2
2
h 2 0.005h
namely2 h D h d
Oil
4
4
2D
Calculate the pressure on isobaric surface and also let
them equal to each other.
h
h p2 oilh
p1 2 h oil water
p2 p1 water
h oil
0.99 oil)h
h 2 h) (water
109.81
Water
109 mm
h
9.81 0.999
Magnify the pressure to 11 times of the original
when make use of micro manometer so increase the Figure for 22
measure precision.

23 The width of rectangular gate AB is 1.0 m. The depth of left

oil is h1 1m and the depth of water is h2 2m 7.84KN/m3
oil
o
The tilt angle of gate is 60 . Calculate the total pressure of
the liquid on gate and the position of action point.
solutionAssume the boundary point of oil and water on gate is
point Ethe action location of total pressure is point D. In order to
calculate the position of action point, decompose the total pressure of
liquid into three parts P1 , P2 , P3 , the areas of gate contacting with
FAE and FEB
oil and water are respectively
h1
1

1.155 m2
sin 0.866
h2
2

2.310 m2
FEB
sin 0.866
h2 27.46 KN/m2
pE oilh1 7.84 KN/m2 , pB pE water
FAE

1
pE FAE 4.53KN , P2 pE FEB 18. 11 KN
2
PB PE
P3
FEB 22.66 KN , P P1 P2 P3 45.3 KN
2

P1

h1

h2water

oil

p3

p2

p1

A
E

Figure for exercise 23

when calculate the action location using the moment equilibrium
equation . Namely three components moments to a point equals to
moment of the total pressure to the same point.
2
h2
2
1

h1 P2 ( h1
) P3 ( h1
h2 )]
3
2
3
sin
yD 2.348 m
Substitute data and
solve out
h y sin 2. 033 m
PyD [ P1

24 The shape of the curved surface is 3/4 round arc. Its

radius r is 0.8 m and width is 1m .It is h=2.4 m under the water
surface . Calculate the total pressure that liquid exerts on the
curved surface.
solutionfirst calculate the horizontal component and vertical
component of the total pressure respectively and then find the
resultant.
1.the horizontal component . The directions of the total
pressure on plane bc and dc are contrary and counteract to each
other. The direction of total pressure on plane ab is rightward. The
value is Px (h r )r 9.81(2.4 0.4)0.8 15.7 KN
2
2.the vertical total pressure. Calculating the vertical total
pressure should understand virtual pressure volume and factual
pressure volume . The pressure volume on curved surface ab is
abgf which direction is downward.
the pressure volume on bc is cbgf whose direction is upward
the pressure volume on cd is dcef whose direction is downward
After algebraic addition the total pressure is shown as the
shadow in the figure and its direction is downward . Its value is
3 2
Pz (hr r ) 33.63 KN
4

f g

h
a

d
c

Figure for exercise 24

3. total pressure P Pz2 Px2 33.632 15.72 37.15 KN

4. the angle is formed by total pressure P and horizontal direction
Pz
33.63
arctan arctan
65o
Px
15.7

25 A open rectangular water container moves up along a

2
inclined surface that oblique in 30 o with an acceleration a 2 m/s
Calculate the angle between the liquid surface and the
containers wall.
solutionAccording to the total differential equation z
dp ( f x dx f y dy f z dz )
a
x

in the formula f x a cos , f y 0 , f z a sin g

substitute them into the total difference equation and

do integral for it the result is
p (a cos x gz a sin z ) c ,

Figure for exercise

25

when x 0 , z 0 p 0 (the relative pressure c 0

the equation of the surface of liquid is p 0 ,
a cos x ( gz a sin z )

xa cos
l
z
, substitute the relation ship x
into it ,
g a sin
2 cos
the result is
al
z
,
2( g a sin )
l
1
2
tan

52.7 o
l
a
z tan
tan
2
g a sin

26 A rotating container (cylindrical ) is filled with some water. If

D=300 mm , H=500 mm and h=300 mm are given , what is the rotate
speed n when the surface of water just reaches the upper margin ?
solutionWhen solve the questions about relative equilibrium of
rotation the key knowledge point is that the volume surrounded by the
spinning paraboloidal is the half of its circumscribing cylinder.
Assume that
the paraboloidal
from
height
D
the vertex to the top of container is z
D2
1 D2
z
( H h) , z 2( H h) 400 mm
z
2 4
4
H
the equation of free surface of paraboloidal is
h
2
V
z
2g

V
18.68 1/s
V 2 gz 2.8 m/s
r
Figure for exercise

60
178.4 r/min
n
26
2

27 A cylindrical container filled with water . A open manometric

tube is installed on the center of its coping. When the container rotates
in a angular speed how much is the upward total pressure of liquid
exerting on the coping
h
solution
The pressure acting on the coping of container can
D
be determined by the total differential equation
dp ( f x dx f y dy f z dz )
i n the formula f x 2 x , f y 2 y , f z g

Figure for
substitute them into the total differential
exercise 27
equation and integrate
it , the result is
r
2
2

p
(
gz ) c , when z 0 , r 0 p h c
2
Because z of each point on the coping is zero. the distribution
2 r 2
h)
of pressure on the coping is
p (
2g

the pressure on the coping changing with rso do integral to it

D
2
0

P p 2 rdr
D
2
0

2r 2
2g

2 D 4
64 g

h)2 rdr

D2
4