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Environmental factors
a. Players are under contract to the management
b. Athletes hold scholarships
c. Family members have expectations of athletes
d. Geographic restrictions must play for school district.
e. Regulations requiring that athletes play so many innings/minutes
f. Fees for exercise program
g. Proximity
h. Eligibility requirements
i. Size of the group smaller is better for cohesion
j. Level of competition HS more cohesive than college
k. Distinctive groups are more cohesive uniforms, names, etc.
2)
Personal factors
Measuring Cohesion
Questionnaires do NOT show how particular individuals relate to each other, whether
cliques are forming, or whether some members are feeling isolated.
A sociogram measures social cohesion.
It discloses:
The presence or absence of cliques
Members perception of group closeness
Friendship choices within the group
The degree to which athletes perceive interpersonal feelings similarly
Social isolation of individual group members
Extent of group attraction
To generate information:
Ask individual group members specific questions:
Name the three people you would most like to invite to a party.
Name the three people you would least like to invite to a party
Confidentiality must be assured.
Chart the responses
The more cohesive a group is, the greater an influence it has on individual members
to conform to the groups norms:
Teams higher in cohesion can better resist disruptions than teams lower in
cohesion
Teams that stay together longer tend to be more cohesive, which leads to
improvements in performance.
Stability - The longer the team has been together the more likely to develop cohesion
if it is cohesive, less likely people will leave
Teams with few lineup changes are more successful than those who change
lineups often.
Teams higher in cohesion can better resist disruption
Group Goals -Establishing positive group norms for productivity is one way to keep
individuals working together as a unit over time
Members who perceived that their team engaged in group goal setting for
competition had higher levels of cohesion
The higher the level of satisfaction with team goals, the higher the level of team
cohesion.
Although individual group members perceptions of cohesion changed across a
season, cohesion was still related to team satisfaction & group goals throughout the
season.
To Set up team goals:
Establish long-term goals first that are specific and challenging
Establish clear paths to the long-term goals through the use of short-term goals
Involve all team members in establishing goals
Carefully monitor progress toward team goals
Reward team progress toward team goals
Foster collective efficacy concerning team goal attainment.
Enhancing Cohesion:
Exercise Setting
If people feel they are part of the group:
Fewer drop outs
Better class attendance
More punctual
Some used a team approach to help with cohesiveness: group name, T-shirts, slogans
etc.
Team-building can even off-set the problem that occurs when classes are large
Guidelines for Building Team Cohesion:
Communicate effectively.
Explain individual roles and team success.
Develop pride within subunits.
Set challenging team goals.
Encourage team identity
Discourage formation of social cliques.