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American Revolution (1775-83)

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French Revolution
(1787-99)
American Revolution
Ethics Case Study: 3
Solution to Ethics Case
Study 2

The American Revolution is the single most important event in American history. Not only did
it create the United States, but it defined most of the persistent values and aspirations of the
American people. The noblest ideals of Americans the commitments to freedom, equality,
constitutionalism, and the well being of ordinary people came out of the Revolutionary era.
The Revolution gave Americans the consciousness that they were a people with a special
destiny to lead the world toward liberty.
Gordon Wood

Ethics Case Study 2

Ethics Case Study 1
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Europe and America

The impact of Renaissance and Reformation movements in sixteenth Century in Europe galvanized the spirit
of individual independence and made people more adventurous. Long standing beliefs were tested and the
acceptance of challenging long held beliefs became acceptable. The decline of feudalism in Europe during
this period had far reaching consequences in the economic, political and cultural fabric of European society.
Both political and economic developments of this period stimulated people at Europe to explore and conquer
new countries.
The Age of Discovery, also known as the Age of Exploration, was a period starting in the early 15th century
th

and continuing to the 17 century during which Europeans explored Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania.
America was discovered and colonized by Europeans during this period.

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Discovery of America: The New World

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The period between sixteen and eighteenth century is characterized as a time when European Nations began
exploring the world by sea in search of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routes. The main reason

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for exploring the new routes by sea was the fact that the Turks, the arch rivals of Europeans, had conquered
Constantinople and the eastern Mediterranean, and controlled the land routes to Asia. This not only blocked
the route to Asia but also blocked access to North Africa and the Red Sea -- two very important trade routes to
the Far East. Therefore a new sea route was needed which could act as a viable trading channel with Asia.

About Harappan Indus

In addition, some explorers set sail to simply learn more about the world. Whatever their reasons though, the
information gained during the Age of Exploration significantly helped in the advancement of geographic
knowledge. The European countries during this period were also in the pursuit of larger empire, find spices
and other riches, and expand Christianity.

Fundamental Rights:

During this Age of Discovery were the renowned voyages of Christopher Columbus financed by the king of

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Right to Equality
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Fundamental Rights:
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Spain. These voyages started as an endeavor to unearth a trade route to Asia by sailing west to find the

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shortcut to the Indies. Columbus and his crew reached the island of Hispaniola after three months in the
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Atlantic Ocean. Although Columbus believed he had reached Asia, he had actually discovered the entire

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continent of North America. Thus A New World was discovered by Columbus although accidently!
In 1500 Amerigo Vespucci was successful in preparing the maps of Atlantic Ocean and Asia which proved very
useful both for the trade and navigation purposes. His efforts were really of great significance for the western
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world. Banglore JTS Institute

Colonization of Americas
The Colonization of America was made possible by the voyages and discoveries of the early explorers who
came from the great sea-faring nations of Europe. During the sixteenth century (1500's) the work of the
Colonization of America was left almost entirely to Spain. Their program of colonization was concentrated on
South America but the Spanish also explored the regions of New Mexico and Texas and had established the
Spanish colony of St. Augustine, in Florida
As the Spanish empire grew, explorers forced native populations into slavery and to convert to
Christianity. Soon the other competing European Nations started the colonization of North America. France
claimed of much of Canada and the north Atlantic coast. England too established its first settlement in the New
World at Roanoke Island, North Carolina. Soon England and France became the major contesting colonial
powers in America as the Spains days of greatness were gone. The Colonization of South America also had a
significant presence from the Portuguese.

Columbian Exchange
The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange.
The potato, the pineapple, the turkey, dahlias, sunflowers, magnolias, maize,
chilies, and chocolate went East across the Atlantic Ocean. Smallpox
and measles but also the horse and the gun traveled west.
There were a few diseases which were introduced by Europeans and were very
new to the people of New World. Some of these diseases took the form of
epidemics and proved detrimental for the local population.

13 British Colonies
There were Thirteen British Colonies in America on the Atlantic coast of North America founded between 1607
(Virginia) and 1733 (Georgia). These were Delaware,
Virginia, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina,
New Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island. These
were the colonies later rebelled against the colonial rule of
Britain and came to be known as United States of America.
A large number of immigrants from Europe in general and
Britain in particular settled in these colonies. Apart from
Britain, France, Germans, Scotland and Ireland also
swelled the population of these colonies. The population
of settlers in these colonies had grown from a few
thousands in early 17th century to about 2 millions by
1760. Along with the increase in population, the westward
expansion of these colonies was also the hallmark of this
period. They have extended their territories inland to
between 240 and 320 kilometers from eastern coastline.
This frontier moved continually westwards over the 19th
century creating a society which was more democratic and
American than it had been during British colonial rule.
Boston with a population of 15000 and Philadelphia with a
population of 20000 become the emerging centers during that period.
A commercial revolution which commenced in the middle eighteenth century led to a considerable expansion in
American imports and exports. The value of imports from Britain rose from less than a million pounds in 1747
to nearly 4.5 million pounds by 1772. The process of commercial change which was mainly because of
expansion in internal trade and use of paper money enabled people of "middling rank" to break away from
traditional patron-client relationships. The religious revival known as the Great Awakening also weakened
traditional authority and the position of the gentry and the established Anglican clergy. The existence of
American philosophical society including several other institutions of higher education, including Harvard and
Yale was testimonial of the fact that the intellectual life was thriving.

Political condition of America on the eve of the

revolution
There was a stark difference between the political conditions prevailing in Europe and in America. The higher
strata of society in colonial America wielded much less economic and political power vis-a-vis Britain. On the
other hand the majority of American farmers owned their own land unlike in Britain which had a majority of
marginal tenants and landless agricultural workers.

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Two-thirds of the white colonial population owned land in America while only one-fifth of the population owned
land in Britain. The relative weakness of the aristocracy, the existence of a large body of land owning farmers,
the absence of a large indigenous population and the possibility of acquiring land by westward movement
imparted a strong republican flavor to the politics of the 18th century America.
The British legacy of parliamentary politics and constitutional monarchy inspired the American Revolution to a
great extent. Since a huge chunk of European settlers in these 13 colonies were from Britain they were
already exposed to parliamentary politics of their home land. The settlers were independent minded and
intrepid.
Much political power had been delegated to America from Britain in these colonies. In all the colonies people
voted for the representatives to make up popular institutions like legislative assemblies. These institutions
pass laws on taxation, defense etc. There was an arrangement for military governor in all the colonies, except
five. The governor was the representative of British monarch had extensive powers like such as making
appointments and vetoing laws and ruled the country with the iron hand. Thus unlike in the other colonies of
Britain in Asia and Africa, where it took decades for the indigenous people to get inspired by the modern
ideologies like limited government, parliamentary politics and constitutional monarchy the stage was already
set in the case of America.
Apart from Britain the people who went to America were Germans, Swiss, Dutchmen, Scotsmen and Irishmen.
Some of them even did not speak English and had their own interests in trade and agriculture. Their social
systems were even different from those of Englishmen living in England. They were mostly criminals and had
been exiled for political offences.

Rivalry between the colonial powers

The two great European powers of the time i.e. Britain and France were arch rivals in America, Asia and Africa
in order to extend their political influence and make new colonies. The conflict evolved into a series of
maritime wars between two European powers as they sought to expand their own empires at the expense of
the others. These conflicts came to have a big impact on how English and French spread around the world.
From the 1650s, the New World increasingly became a battleground between the two powers. The 13
colonies of Britain in America from north and west were surrounded by the French colonies. The French had
settled in the province of Canada to the North, and controlled Saint-Domingue in the Caribbean, the wealthiest
colony in the world.
In the early 1750s, French expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought France into armed conflict
with the British colonies. This culminated into Seven Year War (1756-63) between the two European powers. It
is also known as French India War in Northern America. The name refers to the two main enemies of the
British colonists: the royal French forces and the various Indigenous forces allied with them.
Apart from Britain and France, their respective allies and colonies in Europe, Asia and America got involved in
this war. The war escalated from a regional affair into a world-wide conflict for example in India the hostilities
was manifested in the form of Carnatic War wherein the English and French companies and their regional
allies in India got involved.
In the Seven Year War, the French forces got the support of the native tribes of America; on the other hand the
13 colonies sided with Britain. Representatives of the colonies met at Albany Congress in 1754 and advocated
for a union of the British colonies in North America for their security and defense against the French. The
Albany Congress also an adopted proposal of Benjamin Franklin to establish a colonial union. George
Washington the first President of United States played a dynamic role in this war. Washington never gained
the commission in the British army but he gained valuable military, political, and leadership skills. After Seven
Years War George Washington had become the first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his
countrymen.

Causes of American Revolution

Basic contradiction: The most significant cause the American Revolution was the basic contradiction
between the interests of the metropolis and the colony. The colonial powers have all along been responsible
for this, as these continued to exploit their colonies much to the annoyance and displeasure of their people.
Apart from this the political awakening has been gradually coming in every part of the world. This is what
happened in America as well.
Britain adopted mercantilist policies in colonial America which were designed to promote British economic
interests mainly in the form of a favorable balance of trade. Various Navigation Acts of 165 1, 1660 and 1663
ensured that trade was carried only in British or colonial ships; that most European goods had to pass through
Britain before entering the American colonies; that certain goods like tobacco and rice declared enumerated
goods could be shipped only in Britain; that bounties would be paid for the production of certain enumerated
goods to promote British economic self-sufficiency. Moreover colonies were not allowed to export
manufactured goods under various Acts effecting wool and woolen textiles in 1699, the hat industry in 1732
and iron products in 1750.

Geographical constraints: The distance of the colonies from Great Britain created an independence
that was hard to overcome. Those willing to colonize the new world generally had a strong independent streak
desiring new opportunities and more freedom.

Political factors: British government usually deployed Governors in American colonies. These governors
ruled these colonies with an iron hand and took many tyrannical measures without caring for the sentiments of
the people. This was bound to repel and because of their repressive policies, the people became both
repulsive and revengeful. Grenville, the then Prime Minister passed the Navigation and the Molasses Acts
imposing several limitations on the colonies. He wanted that the colonies should also contribute some money
for their protection but this policy very much offended the colonies. This British government perhaps did not
realize the gravity of the situation and continued with the taxes. This resulted in great resentment in America.

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On the other hand the 13 colonies of Britain in America were much advanced in terms of political ideologies
and institutions vis--vis their Asian and African counterparts. The existence of colonial legislatures enjoyed
many powers and were in many ways independent of the crown. The legislatures were elected institution and
had the legitimate power to levy taxes, muster troops, and pass laws. Over time, these powers became rights
in the eyes of many colonists. When they were curtailed by the British, conflict ensued.
European settlers in America were inspired by the ideas related to the Enlightenment.

Many of the

revolutionary leaders of these colonies were inspired by the writings and ideas thinkers like Thomas Hobbes,
John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and the Baron de Montesquieu. From these writings, the founders
gleaned the concepts of the social contract, limited government, the consent of the governed, and separation
of powers.
During the Seven Years War, England had conquered the eastern parts of the rivers, Ohio and Mississippi.
But after the war was over (1763) and peace restored, the people of these colonies wanted status quo ante.
But England wanted to retain these places as was prize. In order to implement this decision she began to plan
to have an effective control over the territories lying east of the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers. This area
became a bone of contention between the colonists and England and proved another cause responsible for
Revolution.
Prior to the defeat of France in the Seven Year War, the settlers in America were engulfed by the French
possessions in America also called New France. These 13 colonies were under the invariable threat of French
invasion from northern and western parts. Thus they were dependent on the British support against the
imperial France. Nonetheless after the Seven Year War the fear of French invasion passed into the oblivion
and so was the dependency on Britain.

Economic factors: Britain won the Seven Year War, but her engagement in the war proved extremely
detrimental in the financial context. By 1763 the British government had an extreme shortage of money. British
government wanted that the people of the colonies should raise huge amounts to write off the debts and
expenses of Seven Years War. For this the argument advanced was that the war was fought on behalf of the
colonies. The colonies were not prepared to bear this financial burden, whereas the British government was
bent up collecting these funds.

Religious factors: The majority of the English people believed in Anglican Church of England whereas
the people in American colonies followed Puritanism. There were thus clear religious differences between the
two.

Ideological factors: The ideological movement known as the American Enlightenment was a critical
precursor to the American Revolution. Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the
concepts of liberalism, republicanism and fear of corruption. Collectively, the acceptance of these concepts by
a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new
sense of political and social identity.
The eighteenth century Enlightenment produced ideas which undermined traditional beliefs and social
relationships in a variety of ways. By adopting enlightenment ideas the ruling elites and those in authority
undermined their own authority whether as rulers magistrates, masters and fathers. A revolution against
patriarchy took place simultaneously with a general growth of republican ideas. With the growth of
commercialization in the 18th century contracts which had been based on patriarchal relationships between
husbands and wives or masters and apprentices in an earlier period were replaced by contracts which were
positive bargains between two equal parties representing specific transactions rather than social relationships.
The widespread adoption of the language of modem legal contractualism made it easier for the American
colonists to break with the mother country and the patriarchal authority of the British king.

The Course of Events

No taxation without representation
The British Parliament controlled colonial trade and implemented the taxing of imports and exports since 1660.
The colonist objected the right of British Parliament to impose taxes on the American colonies. The logic
behind this objection had its basis in the English Revolution of 17th century. In the 17th century in Britain, the
Parliament (House of Commons) became gradually powerful institution and objected the legitimacy of those
Acts passed by Kings related to the taxation in which the consent of Parliament was not taken. The
champions of Parliamentary politics in England were of the view that since Parliament was elected body and
the representative of the people so it should have the exclusive rights related to taxation. The colonists were
of the view that since British parliament did not have representation of American colonies, principally it should
not make the taxation laws for them. By making the taxation laws for the American colonies, the British
Parliament is actually defying the principles and legacy on which it itself rests.
American colonist came up with the slogan of No taxation without representation. According to the
revolutionaries the lack of representation in the British Parliament was a clearly a violation of the rights of the
colonists. Thus, taxation and all other laws that affected the colonists directly and indirectly were not
constitutional at all. During the American Revolution, there were only a few British citizens that were
represented and they were not even a part of the colonies. The phrase summarizes the sentiments that
caused the English Civil War, as told by John Hampden.
The British, on the other hand, supported the concept of virtual representation, which was based on the
belief that a Member of Parliament virtually represented every person in the empire and there was no need for
a specific representative from Virginia or Massachusetts etc.
The following were the taxation laws which were opposed by the colonists:
S.No

Name of the Law

Year

Details

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Navigation Acts

1651

Molasses Act
2

1733

Currency Act

1751, 1764

Stamps Act

1765

Townshend Acts

1767

Tea Act

1773

A series of Acts that restricted the use of foreign shipping for

trade between England and its colonies.
Forcing the colonists to buy the more expensive sugar from
the British West Indies instead.
Restricted the emission of paper money by the colonies of North
America
Act required that many printed materials in the colonies be
produced on stamped paper produced in London
To raise revenue in the colonies to pay the salaries of governors
and judges so that they would be independent of colonial rule
To reduce the massive surplus of tea held by the financially
troubled British East India Company in its London warehouses

The annoyance of the Americans at the imposition of import duties became so alarming by 1773 that Lord
North compelled the Parliament to pass an Act repealing all duties except that on tea. This duty, which was
calculated to bring in little more than three hundred pounds a year. It was retained merely to assert the right of
England to tax its colonies.
Thus it was the principles of taxation which was involved in the import duties and not the actual amount which
would come to the treasury. This was very much objected by the people of America. The resistance of tax
gradually changed into open defiance and lawlessness.
In 1773, Lord North bargained with the East India Company to carry a large quantity of tea to Boston. On its
arrival in the harbor of the town a number of America youths, disguised as Indians boarder the tea ships broke
open the tea cheats and poured tea into the sea. This is known as Boston Tea Party. At this time the
representatives of Massachusetts collected at Concord against the orders of the British Government.
The outrage perpetrated by the American youths was intolerable for England. This was taken as an
unpardonable offence and thus the British government was roused to take strong action against the Americans
accordingly the following two Acts were passed as the punitive measures. These Acts are also popularly
known as Intolerable Acts. The Acts passed were as:
1. Boston Part Act: By this the port was ordered to be closed. All its trade was transferred to the port of the
New Salem which was quite in the neighborhood. This was a punitive measure to punish the colonies for
their annoyance to the Government at what had happened at Boston.
2. Massachusetts Government Act: According to this Act, Massachusetts was deprived of the right of
electing representatives to all in the Assembly. The Act annulled the old charter of the colony. Public liberties
like holding meetings etc were curtailed. The American rioters were to be tried in England and not in
America.

General Congress at Philadelphia

The punitive Acts or the Intolerable Acts, as mentioned above, seriously terrified the colonies and they had an
authentic fear that the other colonies might as well face the same fate. A Congress was convened by the
colonies (also known as General Congress at Philadelphia) to decide the future course of action.
Congress issued by a Declaration of Rights and declared that the recent Acts passed by the British
Government were an infringement of their basic rights. The Congress also accepted a declaration forbidding
the import of goods from England until the grievances of the Colonies were redressed.

Revolutionary War
The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775 and they declared themselves the
government. They also named George Washington
Commander in Chief of the newly organized Continental Army.
The Continental Army was supplemented by local militias and
other troops that remained under control of the individual
states.
After repeated pleas to the British monarchy for intervention
with Parliament, any chance of a compromise ended when the
Congress were declared traitors by royal decree, and they
responded by declaring the independence of a new sovereign
nation, the United States of America, on July 4, 1776.On July
4th, 1776, Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence.
Skirmishes between British troops and colonial militiamen in
Lexington and Concord in April 1775 kicked off the armed
conflict, and by the following summer, the rebels were waging a full-scale war for their independence.
France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had essentially
been a civil war into an international conflict. France bitterly resented its loss on the Seven Years War and
sought revenge; it also wanted to keep Britain from becoming too powerful. French ruler saw the revolution as
an opportunity to strip Britain of their North American possessions in retaliation for France's loss of Canada a
decade before. French money, munitions, soldiers and naval forces proved essential to America's victory over
the Britain.

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The Declaration of Independence

We hold these truths to be self evident; that all men are created equal; that
they are endowed by the Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among
these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
These united colonies are and ought to be independent; they are absolved
from all allegiance to the British Crown; and all political connections
between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally
dissolved.
The following were the important battles fought during this period:
S.No

Name of the Battle

Year

Results

Battle of Lexington

April 1775

American victory

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775

British victory

Battle of Long Island

August 1776

British victory

Battle of Harlem Heights

Sept. 1776

American victory

Battle of Saratoga

October 1777

American Victory

Battle of Monmouth

June 1778

No result

Battle of the Chesapeake

Sept. 1781

French Naval victory

Battle of Yorktown

October 1781

Franco-American victory

A French naval victory just outside Chesapeake Bay led to a siege by combined French and Continental
armies that forced a second British army to surrender at Yorktown, Virginia in 1781. Fighting continued
throughout 1782, while peace negotiations began.

The factions in the American Revolution

People of 13 British Colonies in America were not a homogeneous group. During
the American Revolution they were divided into following categories:
1. Patriots:

Popularly known as "Patriots", "Whigs", "Congress-men", or

"Americans". They belong to different socio-economic status and classes but
the commonality among them was that they wanted to defend the rights of
Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting
monarchy and aristocracy, while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the
citizens.
2. Loyalists: "Loyalists", "Tories", or "King's men" were typically older, less

willing to break with old loyalties, often connected to the Church of England,
and included many established merchants with strong business connections
across the Empire, as well as royal officials
3. Neutrals: A minority of American population tried to stay nonaligned in

the war. They came to known as Neutrals

Significance of American Revolution

The American Revolution proved to be important not only for the 13 colonies which gained freedom from
Britain, but it also propagated the modern ideas of liberty, equality and republicanism in European nations and
their colonies. The impact of Revolution was not just confined to the political life and related institutions but it
explicitly and/or implicitly shaped the socio-economic dynamics of the society as well.

Political
All the 13 colonies in North America freed themselves from the yoke of the Britain. For the first time in the
history of mankind a written Constitution came into force which explicitly talked about equality and rights.
Americans succeeded in establishing themselves as an independent country. In due course of time they grew
strong and had deep influence on the social, political and intellectual life of people everywhere. The world
civilization was considerably effected and politically balance of power changed which effected world politics.
Revolution led to the growth of mass participation in politics and the emergence of the free market based on
the ideals of economic development and political equality. American Revolution gave a big blow to monarchical
society and aristocratic privileges.
The loss of American colonies shaped the colonial policy of England. By this defeat
England learnt that if old colonial policy was continued, she might lose other colonies in the same way too. As
a result England came to follow liberal policy towards her colonies. Thus the new policy of England amply
compensated the loss of American colonies. England now gave economic and political independence to the
colonies to a large extent and ensure that grievances of these people were redressed and removed without
loss of time and to their satisfaction.

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Economic
American Revolution gave the impetus to the policy of liberalism and free trade. It was realized that the
principles of free trade and commercial monopoly were opposed to each other. The erstwhile conservative
policy of denial of economic independence to colonies was considerably relaxed. The policy of economic
interference was relaxed.

Social
American Revolution not only ended feudal forms of land tenure but supported more enlightened attitude
towards the family. After the Revolution the patriarchal control of men over their wives declined, the latter
gaining the right to hold property separately and to make contracts and do business in the absence of their
husbands.
The equal rights of widows and daughters were recognized in matters concerning inheritance and possession
of property. Prior to the War they had no rights except to raise families, but they did gain little rights afterwards.
Women now gained the power to be able to divorce their husbands if they chose to, something they never
could've done before. However, this power was only available in certain colonies and the woman would lose
most of her property to the man.

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Comments
# UJ

+1

2013-06-05 16:43

Good one!!!
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# Tejashrippk

2013-06-05 16:44

+5

The article is really good, simple and easy to understand. Flow is good. Please do post the corresponding
questions on the topic so that we can think of answers and you also give some standard outline of answers.
Thank you so much for the material. :)
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# rachna 2013-06-05 20:58

Nicely compiled

+1
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# Rahul

+1

2013-06-05 21:01

Succintly put.. a nice read.. kudos or efforts :)

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# rajesh%%

2013-06-06 01:09

+1

thanks for material..plz post daily.it z useful for students lyk us(village) students
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# venu y 2013-06-06 02:30

Very nice and interesting article. Never felt bored while reading it.

+1
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