INTRODUCTION

UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient electricity
to every citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art
technologies, providing an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the
country.
We shall achieve this being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy
organization, sensitive to our customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run,
providing uninterrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation,
providing
Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (UPPTCL) has a very large network of
high voltage transmission lines in whole UP (about 24,000Km). Transmission lines transfer
power from power houses to substations and from one substation to many other substations or
vice versa. Power is generated at low Voltage (of the order of 3.3KV to 25KV) and is
stepped-up to high voltage (765KV, 400KV, 220KV & 132KV) for evacuating power into the
grid network through transmission lines.
33/11KV Substations of distribution companies (DISCOMs) draw power from transmission
substations through 33KV lines and distribute that to consumers (at 0.04KV, 11KV or in few
cases at 33KV). Distribution companies have industrial, rural and domestic load, which
varies from time to time of the day and from season to season of the year. Sometimes, large
variations in load cause over/under loading of lines, transformers or generators. Variations
beyond limits and breakdowns cause fluctuations in voltages & grid frequency of the
network. Control Centers, in hierarchical form, are set up for smooth functioning of the grid.
Each generating unit or substation has its own Control Centre. These are also named as Unit
Control Board (UCB)/Main Control Board (MCB)/Control Room. These Control Centres
report to Area Load Dispatch Station (ALDS). ALDS report to Central Load Dispatch Station
(CLDS at State Level), CLDS reports to Regional System Coordination & Control Centre
(RSCC at regional level having a group of States and Central sector units of that region) &
finally on top is National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) which is being set-up.
These control centers need real time information about generation, power flow, voltage,
frequency, etc. of generators & substations. This information is exchanged in data or voice
form. For exchange of such information, a reliable and dedicated communication system is
required. Substations or power houses, situated at both ends of transmission line, need
information in voice form. Trip commands (also called protection signal) are transmitted
from one substation to the other substation, through transmission line. When 'earth' or 'overcurrent' fault is sensed by one end of the transmission line, a trip command is generated,
which travels through communication system and opens circuit breaker (switchgear) of the
other end. Dedicated communication system is required for transmission of protection signal.

Old Communication System

Most of the high voltage substations & power houses are located away from cities/towns or in
outskirt area of the city. In mid sixties, in erstwhile U.P. State Electy. Board (UPSEB), even P
& T lines were not available for communicating messages among substations and
powerhouses. In some cases, telex messages were being sent through P & T department
between few Control Centers situated in major cities. Later on, Power Line Carrier
Communication (PLCC) systems were used for voice communication among substations,
powerhouses, grid control centers and for sending protecting signals. In late seventies, subVF band of few PLCC links were used for transmitting tele-metering signal (containing data
of power flow, voltage, frequency, circuit breaker/Isolator status, etc.) to Control Centers.
Thereafter in eighties, microwave communication system was introduced and 38 nos.
microwave stations were set up in Uttar Pradesh, starting from Rishikesh in the north-west to
Rihand in the south-east. It was an analogue communication system and was partially
successful. During this period, many 400KV substations and power houses came up but main
dependency remained upon PLCC & P&T communication systems.

Unified Scheme
In nineties, it had been felt that facilities for operation and management of power system
were grossly inadequate. The erstwhile UPSEB was finding it difficult to properly manage its
grid, as it was running in conjunction with other Constituents of Northern Region, comprising
of electricity boards/departments of States - Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, HP, J&K, DESU
and Central Sector Corporations (NTPS, NHPC, and PGCIL). After every grid failure or
isolation, restoration time used to be very long. During post-mortem analysis of grid failures,
it was difficult to pinpoint, confidently, the main culpri9t sub-station/State. At that time, only
UPSEB had an analogue microwave communication system, but it was operative in few
sections, while other States were totally dependent upon PLCC & P&T lines. Side-by-side
there was a plan for formation of National Grid. To manage in inter-State & power drawal
(export/import of power) and maintain a discipline, come rules/procedures (Grid Code) were
being framed. In order to manage regional grid, need of 'online information', in the form of
data, was felt. This online data, of grid substations & power houses, required a reliable and
dedicated communication system. Thus, adoption upon that situation, Central Electricity
Authority (CEA) & Northern Region Electricity Board (NREB) asked all its Constituents
(UPSEB was also a Constituent of NREB) to make a combined effort in this direction. This
gave birth to a 'Unified Scheme', a 'combined' project with other Constituents of NREB
(NREB has now been named as Northern Regional Power Committee-NRPC). This project
was formulated for establishment of modern computerized Load Dispatch Centres (LDCs),
for having SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) and Energy Management
System (EMS) along with strengthening of telecommunication facilities of each State. Uttar
Pradesh (included area which is now in Uttaranchal) was a major Constituent of NREB.
Since, Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL) had presence in every State, the
responsibility for implementation of 'Unified Scheme' was given to it by NREB, PGCIL got
the equipment, installed & commissioned in the whole northern region. A Memorandum of
Understanding (MoU) was signed between PGCIL and all other Constituents of NREB in
1994. Thereafter, it took four years for PGCIL to gather requirement of each Constituent and
finalize orders with their Vendors/Contractors under Global offers. Later on, same scheme
was implemented in other Regional Electricity Boards of India (such as Eastern, Western,
North-east & Southern). By mid of 2002, major works of commissioning of 'Unified Scheme'
were over in northern region.

Load Dispatch Centres

Before implementation of 'Unified Scheme' U.P. State had a 'Central Load Dispatch Station'
(CLDS), at 5th floor of Shakti Bhawan, Lucknow. It was being assisted by its four 'Area Load
Dispatch Stations' (ALDSs), situated at Sahupuri, Panki, Moradabad and Roorkee. After
modernization & computerization of control centers, the nomenclatures of these control
centers have been changed. A hierarchy of Control centers has been formed.

The basic control centre, ALDS of every State has been named as sub-Load Dispatch
Centre (subLDC)

CLDS has been named as State Load Dispatch Centre (SLDC).

Regional System Coordination & Control Centres (RSCC) of northern region at New
Delhi has been named as Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC).

In the above Figure 1 National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) has been shown at the top. Its
Control Centre has been setup at New Delhi and will be operational in month of May/June

2008. Below this, five nos. regional level Load Dispatch Centers have been shown. Presently,
except for Southern Region, grids of all other regions are interconnected and are running in
combined form. This way, Northern Regional Load Dispatch Centre (NRLDC) is now part of
all India Grid or say 'National Grid'. The role of the NRLDC is to monitor and supervise the
grid and power generation of the region. It focuses attention on the regional interconnected
network. By using 'Energy Management System' (EMS) and advanced application
programmes, NRLDC coordinates with all inter-region and inter-state power exchange.
Below NRLDC, State level SLDCs and Central Project Coordination & Control Centre
(CPCC) have been shown. The primary role of SLDCs is to monitor, control and coordinate
the generation, transmission and distribution of power within the State while ensuring safety
and continuity of its transmission and sub-transmission power networks. CPCC (North)
coordinates with all Central sector projects of northern region such as those of NTPC, NHPC,
Power Grid, Tehri, etc. CPCC gets data from Central Sector projects and that data is added at
regional level. Each RLDC has the ability to exchange data with other RLDCs as well as with
NLDC, but direct data transmission does not take place between SLDC of one State with
SLDC of another State.
SLDC of Uttar Pradesh is situated at 5 th Floor of Shakti Bhawan, Lucknow. This SLDC has
the ability to exchange data with NRLDC, New Delhi and its sub-LDCs. Under it, there are
five sub-LDCs. SLDC of UP & each subLDC is manned 24 hours of the day by shift
engineers (except for subLDC Sultanpur, which is being managed from subLDC Panki). Each
subLDC collects data from various 'Remote Terminal Units' (RTUs), installed at important
sub-stations (400KV, 220KV and few 132KV) and powerhouses. So far in UPPTCL, 72
RTUs have already been integrated with the system. Each RTU automatically picks up
required information (MW, MVAr, KV, Hz, Circuit breaker & isolator status) of the substation/powerhouse and transmit it to its subLDC through communication system. This
information is processed in the data Server of subLDC. Data in the form of binary stream of
pulses are sent by RTU at the speed of 300, 600 or 1200 bits per second rate (baud). At
subLDC, the information is updated within 10 sec.
For managing power system at load dispatch centers, communication plays a vital role by
providing path for transmitting of data & voice. Work of these control centers is dependent
upon SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) System and various types of
communication systems.

Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Corporation Ltd. (UPPTCL) has a very large network of
high voltage transmission lines in whole UP (about 24,000Km). Transmission lines transfer
power from power houses to substations and from one substation to many other substations
or vice versa. Power is generated at low Voltage (of the order of 3.3KV to 25KV) and is
stepped-up to high voltage (765KV, 400KV, 220KV & 132KV) for evacuating power into
the grid network through transmission lines.
33/11KV Substations of distribution companies (DISCOMs) draw power from transmission
substations through 33KV lines and distribute that to consumers (at 0.04KV, 11KV or in few
cases at 33KV). Distribution companies have industrial, rural and domestic load, which
varies from time to time of the day and from season to season of the year. Sometimes, large
variations in load cause over/under loading of lines, transformers or generators. Variations
beyond limits and breakdowns cause fluctuations in voltages & grid frequency of the
network. Control Centers, in hierarchical form, are set up for smooth functioning of the grid.
Each generating unit or substation has its own Control Centre. These are also named as Unit
Control Board (UCB)/Main Control Board (MCB)/Control Room. These Control Centres
report to Area Load Dispatch Station (ALDS). ALDS report to Central Load Dispatch
Station (CLDS at State Level), CLDS reports to Regional System Coordination & Control
Centre (RSCC at regional level having a group of States and Central sector units of that
region) & finally on top is National Load Dispatch Centre (NLDC) which is being set-up.
These control centers need real time information about generation, power flow, voltage,
frequency, etc. of generators & substations. This information is exchanged in data or voice
form. For exchange of such information, a reliable and dedicated communication system is
required. Substations or power houses, situated at both ends of transmission line, need
information in voice form. Trip commands (also called protection signal) are transmitted
from one substation to the other substation, through transmission line. When 'earth' or 'overcurrent' fault is sensed by one end of the transmission line, a trip command is generated,
which travels through communication system and opens circuit breaker (switchgear) of the
other end. Dedicated communication system is required for transmission of protection
signal.

Transmission of Data
Below in Figure 2, main equipment from substation/power house to its subLDC has been
shown in a very simple form.

Figure 2: Transmission of Data from substation/Power house to subLDC

Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs), installed on transmission

lines, provide inputs to transducers of SIC (Supervisory Interface & Control) & RTU
(Remote Terminal Unit) panel. Circuit breakers & isolators' status are extended up to SIC
panel. If for such extension extra potential free contacts are not available in the Control
Panels, Contact Multiplying Relays (CMRs) are used to provide potential free contacts. The
output of RTU is connected to the communication equipment, through Modem. In between
substation & subLDC, a communication link has been shown. Telephone exchanges are
connected with the communication equipment. Such communication links can be of any
type. UPPTCL has got its own three different type of communication systems, i.e. PLCC
(Power Line Carrier Communication), microwave and fibre-optic. PLCC system is more
prevalent in UPPTCL. Modem output at receive side is connected with the CFE
(Communication End Frame). Its output is connected with data takes over. Each RTU is
automatically polled by Server of subLDC to obtain each data of repeats at least once in 10
sec and is stored in the database of subLDC. This data is processed in database formats and
is retrieved for different applications. These formats or graphics are displayed or printed as
per requirement. At subLDC, System Control Officers use this data to monitor and analyze
position of the grid.
Below in Figure 3, main equipment from subLDC to SLDC, Lucknow has been shown in a
very simple form.

A systematically combined/processed data of all RTUs, in server of subLDC, is transmitted

to SLDC Lucknow. This data in the form of 64Kb/s signal is sent through multiple
paths/channels. Presently four channels are used. For this purpose 'Routers' are used. Routers
basically work as modem but is has multiple paths for LAN, WAN or internet, etc. In
UPPTCL, for transmission of data, from subLDC to SLDC, only wideband communication
system (microwave or fibre-optic links) is being used. In SLDC, data from all other
subLDCs is also received simultaneously and are processed for different purposes and
applications. From Inter-Control Centre Communications Protocol (ICCP) Servers of SLDC,
complete data of all subLDCs is sent to NRLDC, New Delhi through wideband
communication system. This way communication plays a major role in grid management.

Communication for Power System

Following are mainly three inter-related areas of functions in UPPTCL for management of
power system:

A) Telecommunication
B) SCADA- Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition System.
C) EMS- Energy Management System

A) TELECOMMUNICATION
There are three different types of telecommunication systems in UPPTCL i.e.
i.

Microwave Communication System,

ii.

Fibre-optic Communication System,

iii.

PLCC-Power Line Carrier Communication.

Voice Frequency (VF) channels of all these systems have been integrated/interconnected to
make a hybrid communication system. Microwave & Fibre Optic are multi-channels
communication systems and are also called 'Wideband communication system'. PLCC is
single channel communication system. A brief overview of these three types of
telecommunication system of UPPTCL is as below:

Microwave Communication System

Microwaves travel in 'Space' and any object in the path can obstruct communication system.
Microwave is called 'line-of-sight' communication system. As such, its antennas are mounted
on high towers so that even trees should not obstruct path of microwaves. UPPTCL is using
frequency band between 2.3 GHz to 2.5 GHz. The height for antenna are calculated by
taking into account many factors, such as, distance between two locations, path clearance,
height from sea level of these locations, tropical area, reflection points, and so on. As such,
height of towers varies from location to location. Tower heights at our microwave stations
range from 30 to 110 meters. Starting from Muzaffarnagar (220KV substation Nara), in the
north-west, to Rihand (Pipri), in south-east of UP, 33 microwave stations have been
established. A list of microwave stations with height of towers has been given at the end of
this write-up. This covers a route length of over 1000 Km. Erstwhile UPSEB had an
analogue microwave system which was converted to digital microwave system in 2001.
Previous analogue microwave equipment was being used with 'frequency diversity' system
where frequencies of Transmitters & Receivers of 'Normal' and 'Standby' equipment were
different. In Frequency Diversity system both Transmitters & Receivers are connected with
antenna simultaneously. In present digital microwave system, Transmitters & Receivers of
'Normal' and 'Standby' equipment has got same frequency and is called 'hot standby' system.
Only one column is equipment has got same frequency and is called 'hot standby' system.
Only one column is connected with the antenna. Microwaves are susceptible to 'fading
phenomenon' due to change in atmospheric medium above the earth, during day & night and
from season to season. Some links, which are suspected for excessive fading during
propagation of signal, have been provided with additional antennas for 'space diversity'. In
space diversity system, Transmitters & Receivers have additional antennas, located at
different heights. Each system has got its own advantages. New digital microwave system
has got many useful features for easy maintenance. Its 'Network Management System'

(NMS) helps in remote diagnosis operation and maintenance. As an example, microwave

NMS equipment at Lucknow detects defective circuits between Obra-Pipri and diagnoses its
problem. In some cases, the maintenance personnel at Lucknow implements remedial
actions and reallocate channels, if required. This way immediate site visits for minor faults,
in many cases, are not required. Microwave equipment is of 'Nokia' Finland make.

Fibre Optic Communication System

It is new communication system and has been introduced in UPPTCL since 2001. Optical
fibre cable, in the form of 'Optical Fibre Composite Ground Wire' (OPGW), has been
installed on transmission towers by replacement of earth wire. Earth wires of following five
transmission lines, total route length of 408 Km., have been replaced:
1. 400KV line between 400KV S/S Muradnagar - 400KV S/S Moradabad;
2. 220KV line between 400KV S/S Moradabad - 220KV S/S C.B. Ganj;
3. 400KV line between 400KV S/S Unnao - 400 KV S/S Panki;
4. 220KV line between 220KV S/S Sahupuri - 400KV S/S Sarnath and
5. 400KV line between 400KV S/S Sarnath - 400KV S/S Azamgarh.
'Optical Line Terminal Equipment' (OLTE) have been manufactured by Fujitsu, Japan and
have been installed at eight sub-stations (Muradnagar, Moradabad, C.B.Ganj, Unnao, Panki,
Sahupuri, Sarnath & Azamgarh). The electrical signal of 2Mb/s or 34Mb/s, as the case may
be, from OLTE is connected with Primary Multiplexing equipment supplied by 'Nokia'
Finland. Its NMS provides operational support for the 'Fibre Optic Transmission System'
(FOTS). For testing, commissioning & maintenance 'FLEXR' and 'FLEXR Plus' computer
software programmes have been provided. 'FLEXR' is used for initial settings of OLTEs of
fibre optic network. Similar to microwave NMS, 'FLEXR Plus' helps in remote diagnosis,
operation and maintenance of fibre optic network. For complete communication control
system, a NMS100 system has installed at NRLDC, New Delhi, which is in position to
diagnose faults of whole northern region.
OPGW has been manufactured by Farukawa, Japan. They have done replacement work, on
live (hot) lines, by using a unique installation technology. The OPGW in our system has got
twelve (12) 'Dual Window Single Mode' (DWSM) type fibres in it. Optical signals of 1310
or 1550 nanometer (nm) wavelength are being used. Only two fibres are required for a
multi-channel link between two stations. One fibre is used for transmitting optical signal and
second for receiving from other end. In our system two fibres have been used for 'Normal'
communication path and two fibres for 'protection' path. Fibre optic communication system
has got a wide bandwidth transmission capability. Two fibres are sufficient for providing
more than one lakh telephone channels on both sides. As such, a high-speed data, containing
large volumes of information can be transmitted at low cost.

Power Line Carrier Communication System

Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) is a single channel communication system in

which its channel (300 to 3400 Hz) is divided into two parts i.e. speech band is generally
kept 300 to 2400Hz or 300 to 2000Hz and rest is used as data band. Due to narrow speech
band in PLCC, voice of poor quality is available in comparison to wideband communication
system. In this system, signal travels on the transmission line from one end to other end.
Transmitter output (Radio Frequency signal) is fed to the transmission line through a
Coupling Capacitor or CVT. RF power output is in frequency band from 70 KHz to 500
KHz. Inductors, called 'Wave Traps' are used at the ends of the signals. PLCC is also used
for line protection signal. Protection signals are transmitted through PLCC system for
tripping circuit breaker of other end of transmission line. UPPTCL has a wide network of
PLCC links. Presently, its number of PLCC links are about 550.

B) SCADA SYSTEM
In SCADA system measured values, i.e. analogue (measured value) data (MW, MVAR, V,
Hz Transformer tap position), and Open/Closed status information, i.e. digital data (Circuit
Breakers/Isolators position i.e. on/off status), are transmitted through telecommunication
channels to respective sub-LDCs. For this purpose Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) at
400KV, 220KV and few important 132KV sub-stations have been installed. System values
& status information below 132 KV have not been picked up for data transmission, except
for 33KV Bus isolator position and LV side of generators. Secondary side of Current
Transformers (CT) and Potential Transformer (PT) are connected with 'Transducers'. The
output of transducers is available in dc current form (in the range of 4mA to 20mA).
Analogue to digital converter converts this current into binary pulses. Different inputs are
interleaved in a sequential form and are fed into the CPU of the RTU. The output of RTU,
containing information in the form of digital pulses, is sent to subLDC through
communication links. Depending upon the type of communication link, the output of RTU is
connected, directly or through Modem, with the communication equipment. At subLDC end,
data received from RTU is fed into the data servers. In general, a SCADA system consists of
a database, displays and supporting programmes. In UPPTCL, subLDCs use all major
functional areas of SCADA except the 'Supervisory Control/Command' function. The brief
overview of major 'functional areas' of SCADA system is as below:
1. Communications - Sub-LDC's computer communicates with all RTU stations under
its control, through a communication system. RTU polling, message formatting,
polynomial checking and message retransmission on failure are the activities of
'Communications' functional area.
2. Data Processing - After receipt of data through communication system it is
processed. Data process function has three sub-functions i.e. (i) Measurements, (ii)
Counters and (iii) Indications.
'Measurements' retrieved from a RTU are converted to engineering units and
linearised, if necessary. The measurement are then placed in database and are
checked against various limits which if exceeded generate high or low limit alarms.

The system has been set-up to collect 'Counters' at regular intervals: typically 5 or 10
minutes. At the end of the hour the units is transferred into appropriate hour slot in a
24-hour archive/history.

'Indications' are associated with status changes and protection. For those statuses that
are not classified as 'alarms', logs the change on the appropriate printer and also enter
it into a cyclic event list. For those statuses, which are defined as an 'alarms' and the
indication goes into alarm, an entry is made into the appropriate alarm list, as well as
in the event list and an audible alarm is generated in the sub-LDC.

3. Alarm/Event Logging - The alarm and event logging facilities are used by SCADA
data processing system. Alarms are grouped into different categories and are given
different priorities. Quality codes are assigned to the recently received data for any
'limit violation' and 'status changes'. Alarms are acknowledged from single line
diagram (or alarm lists) on display terminal in LDCs.
4. Manual Entry - There is a provision of manual entry of measured values, counters
and indications for the important sub-station/powerhouse, which are uncovered by an
RTU or some problem is going on in its RTU, equipment, communication path, etc.
5. Averaging of Measured Values - As an option, the SCADA system supports
averaging of all analogue measurements. Typically, the averaging of measured values
over a period of 15 minutes is stored to provide 24 hours trend.
6. Historical Data Recording (HDR) - The HDR, i.e. 'archive', subsystem maintains a
history of selected system parameters over a period of time. These are sampled at a
pre-selected interval and are placed in historical database. At the end of the day, the
data is saved for later analysis and for report generation.
7. Interactive Database Generation - Facilities have been provided in such a way that
an off-line copy of the SCADA database can be modified allowing the addition of
new RTUs, pickup points and communication channels.
8. Supervisory Control/Remote Command - This function enables the issue of
'remote control' commands to the sub-station/powerhouse equipment e.g. circuit
breaker trip command. Though, there is provision of this function in this system, yet
it is not used in U.P. As such, related/associated equipment have not been ordered.
9. Fail-over - A 'Fail-over' subsystem is also provided to secure and maintain a
database of devices and their backups. The state of the device is maintained
indicating whether it is 'on-line' or 'failed'. There is a 'backup' system, which
maintains database on a backup computer and the system is duplicated.
SLDC Lucknow has a large and active 'Mimic Board' in its Control room. This mimic board
displays single line diagram of intra State transmission system i.e. grid network of 400KV,
220KV and important 132KV sub-stations, transmission lines, thermal & hydro
powerhouses. Outgoing feeders, shown in the mimic board, have 'achieve' (LED display)
colored indications, of three different colors, to show the range of power flow at any
moment i.e. 'Normal', 'Nominal' or 'Maximum' of its line capacity. UPPTCL's transmission
network is expanding rapidly and thereby number of RTUs is also increasing. For new
substations and lines, displays in active and passive forms are required to be made in the
Mimic diagram. But, Mimic Board has a limitation that it cannot incorporate/add large
volume of displays for substations/power houses/transmission lines in 'active' form due to

space constraint and congestion. Due to this Mimic Board is going to be supplemented with
a Video Projection System (VPS) at SLDC, Lucknow in near future. Also in SLDC &
subLDCs, displays of single line diagrams of RTU sub-stations/power house are viewed on
VDUs of large size (21").

C) ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)

For energy management of the power system, control personnel and application software
engineers use SCADA data available in the database by using EMS software. The software
functions are based on the Energy Management Platform (EMP). All servers have 'Open
VMS' operating system. All Personal Computers (PCs) have 'Window NT' operating system.
Important features are as below:
1. The Data Base Compiler provides a consistent source of data usable for the
applications in an efficient form. The Data Base Compiler does final checking for
completeness and consistency of the entries for a specific application and prepares
those special tables which are needed for the efficiency of specific application
programmes.
2. Recording of 'Sequence of Events' (SOEs) is the most innovative feature provided in
this system. A RTU has the ability to accurately time tag status change and report this
information to sub-LDC. All RTUs in the system are 'time synchronised' with the
master station. Global Positioning System (GPS) system has been used at all
subLDCs & SLDC. In the event of any tripping, sequence of events can be well
established on time scale with a resolution of 10 milliseconds.
3. Normally, 'Automatic Generation Control' (AGC) function issues control commands
to generating plants using the concept of Area Control Error (ARE). It is base on
deviations in 'standard frequency (50 Hz)' and 'scheduled area interchanges' from that
of the 'actual frequency' and 'actual area interchanges'. The scope of AGC function
for UPPTCL has been limited to open loop operation i.e. the software provides the
desired corrective actions for each plant, but the actual command are not issued. It is
left to 'System Control Officer' to take necessary action as divided by AGC
Controller. In the event of unavailability of sufficient generation to satisfy the AGC
requirement, the System Control Officer can enforce required quantum of load
shedding.
4. For 'Operation Scheduling' the application software has 'short-term' and 'long-term'
'System Load Forecasting' functions to assist dispatching Engineer/control Officer in
estimating the loads that are expected to exist for one to several days in advance.
This function provides a scientific and logical way of scheduling of resources in a
very effective manner.

Under 'Short-term Load Forecasting' function, application software engineers are

able to forecast weekly peak demands and load duration curves for several months
into the future.

Under 'Long-Term Load Forecasting' function, forecasting of monthly peak demands

and load duration curves for several years into the future can done for the use of

'Power System Planner'.

5. The other functions like economic dispatch, reserve monitoring, production costing,
inter system transactions scheduling, etc. are available to guide System Control
Officer to optimally use available resources.
6. Power System Control Officer/Analyst would be able to use contingency analysis
function to assess the impact of specified contingencies that would cause line (s)
overloads, abnormal voltages, and reactive limit violations.
7. The EMS software system may have many other applications for use, which include
network topology, performing of state estimation, optimal power flow (OPW)
programme, stability programme, power flow displays, help and instructional
displays, tabular displays, single line diagram displays, etc.

LIST OF MICROWAVE STATIONS OF UPPTCL

S.N
.

Name of
Microwav
e station

Location

District

Tower
Heigh
t (m)

Type
(Channel
Dropping
/
Repeater

Pipri

Hydro Power Station Rihand

Sonebhadra

60

Dropping

Dalla

Near Dalla Cement Factory

Sonebhadra

100

Repeater

Obra

Thermal Power House Obra

Sonebhadra

30

Dropping

Robertsganj 132KV substation

Robertsganj

110

Dropping

Marihan

33KV substation Marihan

Mirzapur

110

Repeater

Mirzapur

132KV substation Mirzapur

Mirzapur

100

Dropping

Chunar

132KV substation Chunar

Mirzapur

70

Repeater

Sahupuri

220KV substation Sahupuri

Chandauli

80

Dropping

Handia

132KV substation Handia

Allahabad

90

Repeater

10

Allahabad

132KV substation Rewa Road

Allahabad

80

Dropping

11

Mauaimma

33KV substation Mauaimma

Allahabad

90

Repeater

12

Ramganj

33KV substation Sultanpur

Sultanpur

110

Repeater

13

Sultanpur

400KV substation Sultanpur

Sultanpur

35

Dropping

14

Gauriganj

3KV substation Gauriganj

Sultanpur

100

Repeater

15

Raibareli

132KV substation Raibareli

Raibareli

100

Repeater

16

Samesi

33KV substation Samesi

Lucknow

80

Repeater

17

Lucknow

Shakti Bhawan, Lucknow

Lucknow

100

Dropping

18

Sarojininaga
40KV substation Sarojininagar Lucknow
r

30

Dropping

19

Ajgain

33KV substation Ajgain

Unnao

80

Repeater

20

Panki

400KV substation Panki

Kanpur

100

Dropping

21

Bilhaur

33KV substation Bilhaur

Kanpur Dehat 90

Repeater

22

Gurshaiganj 33KV Gurshaiganj

Kannoj

110

Repeater

23

Nibkharori

132KV substation Nibkarori

Farrukhabad

60

Repeater

24

Mainpuri

220KV substation Mainpuri

Mainpuri

110

Dropping

25

Etah

132KV substation Etah

Etah

110

Dropping

26

Sikandrarao 132KV substation Sikandrarao Hathras

70

Repeater

27

Harduaganj

Thermal Power Stn.

Harduaganj

Aligarh

100

Dropping

28

Khurja

220KV substation Khurja

Bulandshahar 80

Dropping

29

Gulawati

132KV substation Gulawati

Bulandshahar 60

Repeater

30

Muradnagar220KV substation Muradnagar Ghaziabad

II

100

Dropping

31

Muradnagar400KV substation Muradnagar Ghaziabad

I

30

Dropping

32

Modipuram 220KV substation Modipuram Meerut

60

Dropping

33

Nara

220KV substation Nara

Muzaffarnaga
100
r

Dropping