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a
South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, PR China
College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510640, PR China
c
Food Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph ON N1G 5C9, Canada
d
School of Ocean, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, PR China
Received 13 July 2007; received in revised form 29 August 2007; accepted 13 September 2007
Available online 2 October 2007
Abstract
An ultrasonic technique was employed to extract polysaccharides from longan fruit pericarp (PLFP). Effects of ultrasonic power, time and
temperature on the extraction of PLFP were examined. Different effects of ultrasonic time were observed at two different ultrasonic power of 120
and 300 W. A higher recovery rate of PLFP at an ultrasonic power of 300 W was obtained as compared with 120 W. The recovery rate of PLFP
was slightly increased by elevating the ultrasonic temperature up to 60 C. The highest recovery rate of PLFP was achieved at 120 W and 70 C
for 20 min. Furthermore, PLFP I and PLFP IIeIV were prepared by hot-water extraction and ultrasonic extraction, respectively, and then used
for the analyses of physical and chemical properties. Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry showed that the onset temperature, peak temperature, conclusion temperature and melting enthalpy (DH ) of PLFP by hot-water extraction were lower than those by ultrasonic extraction.
These results suggested that rearrangement of PLFP microstructure could occur and development of a higher proportion of crystalline regions
might be induced by the ultrasonic treatments. The highest DH (8.02 J/g) and two endothermic peaks were observed in the thermogram of PLFP
II. Scanning electron micrographs revealed more aggregated particles in PLFP III and IV compared with PLFP I and II. However, no apparent
differences were found from the spectra of these four PLFP samples at a range of 195e550 nm, which indicated that ultrasonic treatment might
not cause significant chemical modification of groups in the PLFP chain.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Longan; Polysaccharide; Ultrasonic extraction; Recovery; Differential scanning calorimetry
1. Introduction
Polysaccharides play an important role in the growth and
development of living organisms. They have been widely studied in recent years due to their unique biological, chemical and
physical properties [1]. Thus, polysaccharides as important
components of therapeutic drugs and skin care products could
be used in modern medicine [2,3].
Recently, ultrasonic extraction was tested as an alternative
method for isolating polysaccharides from plant materials [4].
It is reported that extraction efficiency is enhanced greatly by
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 86 20 37252525; fax: 86 20 37252831.
E-mail address: ymjiang@scbg.ac.cn (Y. Jiang).
0141-3910/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.09.007
269
China, 40 kHz). Four grams of pericarp powders were extracted in 100 ml of distilled water in a 150-ml conical flask.
The flask was held in an ultrasonic cleaner with water and exposed to 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 min of ultrasonication at 25, 40,
55 or 70 C and 120 or 300 W of ultrasonic power. The subsequent filtration and purification of polysaccharides were
conducted according to the hot-water extraction method as
described above. PLFP I was extracted by hot-water extraction and PLFP IIeIV were extracted by ultrasonic treatments
using the lowest or highest ultrasonic power and temperature.
Their preparation conditions are as follows: PLFP I: 20 min
and 25 C; PLFP II: 120 W, 20 min and 25 C; PLFP III:
120 W, 20 min and 70 C and PLFP IV: 300 W, 20 min and
25 C.
The contents of polysaccharides were determined by the
phenolesulfuric acid method [14]. Glucose was used to
make a standard curve. The recovery of PLFP was expressed
as milligrams of glucose equivalents (GE) per gram of pericarp tissues on dry weight (DW) basis.
2. Experimental
Fresh longan (D. longan Lour. cv. Shixia) fruits at the commercially mature stage were purchased from a commercial
market in Guangzhou, China. Fruits were selected for uniformity of shape and colour.
2.2. Chemicals
Glucose, phenol and sulfuric acid were obtained from the
Guangzhou Reagent Co. (Guangzhou, China). All other chemicals used were of analytical grade.
2.3. Extraction and quantification of PLFP
PLFPs were extracted by the hot-water isolation method of
Yang et al. [12]. The longan fruit pericarp tissues were airdried and crushed using a mortar and pestle. The crushed pericarp tissues were passed through a 60-mesh stainless steel
sieve to obtain the pericarp powder. Four grams of pericarp
powders were extracted for 5, 10, 20, 30 or 40 min in
100 ml of distilled water in a 150-ml conical flask submerged
in a water bath at 25, 40, 55 or 70 C, and then filtered through
a Whatman No. 1 paper (Whatman Co., Shanghai, China). The
filtrate was concentrated to 25 ml using a rotary evaporator
(BC-R203, Shanghai Biochemical Equipment Co., Shanghai,
China) at 65 C under low pressure. The proteins in the extract
were removed using the Sevag reagent [13]. After removal of
the Sevag reagent, 100 ml of anhydrous ethanol was added and
the mixture was maintained overnight at 4 C to precipitate
polysaccharides. PLFP was then obtained by centrifugation
at 3860g for 15 min.
Extraction by ultrasonication was performed using an ultrasonic cleaner (SB-5200DTD, Xinzhi Biotech Co., Ningbo,
270
Recovery of PLFP
(mg GE/g DW)
5.5
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
20
30
40
50
60
70
Recovery of PLFP
(mg GE/g DW)
6
5
4
3
2
0
10
20
30
40
Fig. 3. DSC thermograms of PLFP IeIV. 1: PLFP I, 2: PLFP II, 3: PLFP III
and 4: PLFP IV.
271
Fig. 4. Scanning electron micrographs of PLFP IeIV. A: PLFP I, B: PLFP II, C: PLFP III and D: PLFP IV.
272
Acknowledgements
The financial support provided by National Natural Science
Foundation of China (No. 30425040), 11th five-year National
Key Technology R&D Program (Nos. 2006BAD27B03 and
2006BAD27B04) and Guangzhou Scientific Research Foundation (Nos. 2004Z1-E0061 and 2005Z2-E0151) is highly appreciated. We are grateful to Dr. Andrew Macnish of University
of California for his assistance in the improvement of the revised manuscript.
References
Fig. 5. The UVevis spectra of PLFP IeIV at a range of 195e550 nm. 1: PLFP
I, 2: PLFP II, 3: PLFP III and 4: PLFP IV.
4. Conclusions
Ultrasonic power, time and temperature are the important
factors influencing the extraction of PLFP. The highest recovery rate (5.49 mg GE/g DW) of PLFP was achieved at 120 W
and 70 C for 20 min. Four PLFP samples were prepared by
hot-water and ultrasonic extractions. The DSC analysis
showed that the To, Tp, Tc and DH of PLFP I were lower
than those of PLFP IIeIV, which meant that ultrasonic treatment caused changes in the microstructure of PLFP. PLFP II
had the highest DH (8.0 J/g) and exhibited two endothermic
peaks which were unlike the other three samples. Scanning
electron micrographs indicated the presence of many aggregated particles in PLFP III and IV. However, no apparent differences existed among the UVevis spectra of these four
PLFP samples at a range of 195e550 nm. Further investigations should be considered to obtain more understanding of
the effect of ultrasonic treatment on the chemical structure
of PLFP.