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THEORY
1. Calcareous materials:
The most important calcareous (calcium containing)
material is lime stone. It occurs in the form of chalk,
metamorphic lime stone, sedimentary lime stones,
carbonite lime stone, coral and secondary lime stones.
Marl is calcareous sedimentary deposit often used with
small shells (also called as soft limestone).
2. Argillaceous materials:
The important argillaceous (rocks in which clay minerals
are a secondary but significant component) materials
available for making Portland cement are clay, slate,
shale ashes, blast furnace slag, cement rocks etc.
Cement rock itself is used as a raw material because of
its richness in argillaceous materials and it may
constitute the source of silica and alumina. Blast
furnace slag produced from high grade ore may be
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS
THEORY
3. Gypsum ( )
Gypsum is added to regulate the setting of cement.
4. Pulverised coal
Pulverised coal is used as a fuel in the manufacturing
process of Portland cement.
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
THEORY
Components
Formulae
Percentage
Lime
CaO
60-67
Silica
17-25
Alumina
2 3
3-8
Iron Oxide
2 3
2-4
Magnesium
MgO
15
Alkali Oxide
2 /2
0.3 1.5
Sulphur Trioxide
Oxide
1 -3
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
THEORY
2. Silica
Lime undergoes reaction with silica to form dicalcium
silicate ( 2 ) and tricalcium silicate ( 3 ). These 2
and 3 play important role in development of strength
of cement.
3. Alumina
With
reaction
of
alumina,
lime
gives
tricalcium
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
THEORY
4. Iron Oxide
Iron oxide is responsible for the development of colour,
strength and hardness to the cement.
5. Sulphur trioxide
Less proportion of sulphur trioxide is desirable because
it impart soundness to cement. But if it is in excess then
reduces the soundness of cement.
6. Alkalies
Alkalies which are a part of lime and ground minerals
actually causes the phenomenon of cement
efflorescence.
( Efflorescence is a crystaline deposit on surfaces of
masonry or concrete. It is whitish in appearance, and is
sometimes referred to as "whiskers. They are, for the
most part, water-soluble salts that come from many
possible sources to mar and detract from an otherwise
beautiful and serviceable structure. First of all, there
must be water present to dissolve and transport the
salts. Groundwater is often a source of efflorescence.
For water to carry or move the salts to the surface there
must be channels through which to move and migrate.
The more dense the material, whether it be brick, stone,
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS
THEORY
Example of efflorescence