Slide 2

A Blu-ray Disc (also called BD) is a high-density optical disc format for the storage of digital
media, including high-definition video.

Blu-ray, also known as Blu-ray Disc (BD) is the name of a next-generation optical disc format. The
format was developed to enable recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as
well as storing large amounts of data.

[density=storage of data in specific area may be 100 mb/in2,

optical disc=an optical disc is a flat, circular, usually polycarbonate disc whereon data is stored
in the form of pits (or bumps)

hd video=High-definition (HD) video generally refers to any video system of higher resolution
than standard-definition (SD), i.e. NTSC, PAL

the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical system is a dimensionless number that characterizes
the range of angles over which the system can accept or emit light.]

slide 3

The name Blu-ray Disc is derived from the blue-violet laser used to read and write this
type of disc. The name is a combination of "Blue" (blue-violet laser) and "Ray" (optical ray).

The name Blu-ray Disc describes its essential nature as an optical disc
storage technology employing a 405 nm (blue) wavelength laser to read and
write information. Its misspelling is adopted to make it distinctive for
trademark protection. BD is the common abbreviation used to designate Blu-
ray Disc.

Slide 4

The Blu-ray Disc format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of
leading consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, with more than
180 member companies from all over the world. The Board of Directors currently consists of:

Apple Computer, Inc.

Dell Inc.
Hewlett Packard Company
Hitachi, Ltd.
LG Electronics Inc.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Pioneer Corporation
Royal Philips Electronics
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
Sharp Corporation
Sony Corporation
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
TDK Corporation
Thomson Multimedia
Twentieth Century Fox
 Walt Disney Pictures
Warner Bros. Entertainment

Slide 5 & Slide 6

Slide 7

Blu ray disc is having smaller size of pits and dats why lands …….makes it large to
store data…also this pits are closely packed with each other…Laser used for reading and
writing is so concentrated….with shorter wavelength and large numerical aperature….

Slide 8 & 9

Discs store digitally encoded video and audio information in pits –

The recessed area on a CD or DVD where data is stored. CDs and DVDs store data in
lands and pits. The lands represent 1 and the pits represent 0 in binary computing. The
bits are read by the disc drive that uses a laser beam to distinguish between the lands and
pits based on the amount of scattering or deflection that occurs when the beam of light
hits the surface of the disc.
If you examined the spiral track under a microscope, you would see
that along the track are raised bumps, called pits, and flat areas
between the pits, called lands.
spiral grooves that run from the center of the disc to its edges. A laser reads the other side
of these pits -- the bumps -- to play the movie or program that is stored on the DVD. The
more data that is contained on a disc, the smaller and more closely packed the pits must be.
The smaller the pits (and therefore the bumps), the more precise the reading laser must be.
[Laser= Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation]
Slide 10
Unlike current DVDs, which use a red laser to read and write data, Blu-ray uses a blue
laser (which is where the format gets its name). A blue laser has a shorter wavelength (405
nanometers) than a red laser (650 nanometers). The smaller beam focuses more precisely,
enabling it to read information recorded in pits that are only 0.15 microns (µm) (1 micron =
10-6 meters) long -- this is more than twice as small as the pits on a DVD. Plus, Blu-ray has
reduced the track pitch from 0.74 microns to 0.32 microns. The smaller pits, smaller beam
and shorter track pitch together enable a single-layer Blu-ray disc to hold more than 25 GB
of information -- about five times the amount of information that can be stored on a DVD
Slide 11 & 12
Distance betn 2 (vertical)pits=track pitch

Slide 13
Blu-ray plans to provide a wide range of formats including ROM/R/RW. The following formats
are part of the Blu-ray Disc specification:
BD-ROM - read-only format for distribution of HD movies, games, software, etc.
BD-R - recordable format for HD video recording and PC data storage.
BD-RE - rewritable format for HD video recording and PC data storage.

Slide 14

The design of the Blu-ray discs saves on manufacturing costs. Traditional DVDs are built by
injection molding the two 0.6-mm discs between which the recording layer is sandwiched.
The process must be done very carefully to prevent birefringence.
1. The two discs are molded.
2. The recording layer is added to one of the discs.
3. The two discs are glued together.
Slide 15

Each Blu-ray disc is about the same thickness (1.2 millimeters) as a DVD. But the two types
of discs store data differently. In a DVD, the data is sandwiched between two polycarbonate
layers, each 0.6-mm thick. Having a polycarbonate layer on top of the data can cause a
problem called birefringence, in which the substrate layer refracts the laser light into two
separate beams. If the beam is split too widely, the disc cannot be read.
Slide 16

The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing the data on top of a 1.1-mm-
thick polycarbonate layer. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore
prevents readability problems.
Blu-ray discs only do the injection-molding process on a single 1.1-mm disc, which reduces
cost. That savings balances out the cost of adding the protective layer, so the end price is no
more than the price of a regular DVD.
A BD-ROM (prerecorded) is a sandwich of multiple layers of materials and either one or two data
layers (single or dual-layer). A single-layer (SL) disc begins with the substrate (polycarbonate)
molded with a spiral track of pits and lands extending from the inside to the outside diameter of the
disc. Added to this substrate are a reflective layer (aluminum or silver alloy), a cover layer
(polycarbonate film, silicone and others) and finally a transparent protective hard coating (silicon
dioxide resin, silicone and others).

Slide 17

The Blu-ray disc overcomes DVD-reading issues by placing the data on top of a 1.1-mm-
thick polycarbonate layer. Having the data on top prevents birefringence and therefore
prevents readability problems.
Slide 18

BD-ROM/R/RE are currently read and written using Constant Linear Velocity (CLV).

Blu-ray also has a higher data transfer rate -- 36 Mbps (megabits per second) -- than
today's DVDs, which transfer at 10 Mbps. A Blu-ray disc can record 25 GB of material in just
over an hour and a half.
According to the Blu-ray Disc specification, 1x speed is defined as 36Mbps
Blu-ray also has the potential for much higher speeds, as a result of the larger numerical
aperture (NA) adopted by Blu-ray Disc.

The large NA value effectively means that Blu-ray will require less recording power and lower
disc rotation speed than DVD and HD-DVD to achieve the same data transfer rate.

[the speed at which the drive reads the data had

to be constant. To maintain this constant flow, CD-ROM data is
recorded using a technique called
constant linear velocity (CLV).,CAV
At 1x, the rotational speed of a BD disc decreases from roughly 1957 RPM to 810 RPM (ID to OD) to
maintain a constant linear velocity of 5.280 m/s (23.3 GB disc) or 4.917 m/s (25 GB disc).]

Slide 19

Because the Blu-ray Disc standard places the data recording layer close to the surface of
the disc, early discs were susceptible to contamination and scratches and had to be
enclosed in plastic caddies for protection. The consortium worried that such an
inconvenience would hurt Blu-ray Disc's market adoption. Blu-ray Discs now use a layer
of protective material on the surface through which the data is read.

The recent introduction of a clear polymer coating has given Blu-ray Discs substantial
scratch resistance

Slide 20

Codecs are compression schemes that reduce data storage requirements; both lossy and
lossless compression techniques have been developed and are being used. Depending on
the application, either can be used to greatly increase the amount of audio or video
storable on fixed bit-capacity media.

MPEG-2 - enhanced for HD, also used for playback of DVDs and HDTV recordings.
MPEG-4 AVC - part of the MPEG-4 standard also known as H.264 (High Profile and Main
Profile).

Please note that this simply means that all Blu-ray players and recorders will have to support
playback of these video codecs, it will still be up to the movie studios to decide which video
codec(s) they use for their releases.

[MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio
information".[1] It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio
compression (audio data compression) methods which permit storage and transmission of
movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth

H.264 is a standard for video compression. It is also known as MPEG-4 Part 10, or
AVC (for Advanced Video Coding)

Lossless data compression is a class of data compression algorithms that allows the
exact original data to be reconstructed from the compressed data. This can be contrasted
to lossy data compression, which does not allow the exact original data to be
reconstructed from the compressed data.]

Slide 21

Linear PCM (LPCM) - up to 8 channels of uncompressed audio. (mandatory)

Dolby Digital (DD) - format used for DVDs, 5.1-channel surround sound. (mandatory)
Dolby Digital Plus (DD+) - extension of Dolby Digital, 7.1-channel surround sound. (optional)
[Linear pulse code modulation (LPCM) is a method of encoding audio information
digitally

Dolby Digital is the marketing name for a series of lossy audio compression technologies
developed by Dolby Laboratories.

Dolby Digital Plus (DD+), also known as E-AC-3, is an audio compression system that
was developed specifically for the introduction of HDTV and HD DVD/Blu-ray Disc.]

Slide 22

disc contains one or more region codes, denoting the area(s) of the world in which
distribution and playback are intended.

Region
Area
code

North America, Central America, South America, Japan, North Korea, South
A/1
Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia.

Europe, Greenland, French territories, Middle East, Africa, Australia and New
B/2
Zealand.

C/3 India, Nepal, Mainland China, Pakistan, Russia, Central and South Asia.

Slide 23

Blu-ray HD content is protected by the Advanced Access Content System (AACS) a

standard for content distribution and digital rights management. It is developed by AACS
Licensing Administrator, LLC (AACS LA), a consortium that includes Disney, Intel,
Microsoft, Matsushita (Panasonic), Warner Brothers, IBM, Toshiba and Sony.
 [A consortium is an association of two or more individuals, companies, organizations or
governments (or any combination of these entities) with the objective of participating in a
common activity or pooling their resources for achieving a common goal.]

Slide 24

BD-ROM AV (HDMV/BD-J) discs contain information that specify in which of these they are to be
marketed. To prevent movies designated for one part of the world being distributed elsewhere, a
BD-ROM AV disc contains a checking program that automatically compares its own RPC details to
those encoded in the player and stops operation if both do not match. Discs can be authored to play
in one (A, B, C), multiple (A/B, B/C, A/C) or all (A/B/C) regions (region-free) but CE players are
region-specific.

Computers, on the other hand, function differently. Rather than the BD drive containing RPC
information, the region code is managed in the playback software, is set manually by the user and,
optionally, may be changed up to five times.

Slide 25

The home video game console system PlayStation 3 (Sony) is shipped with a 2x Blu-ray
Disc drive.

• record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss

• instantly skip to any spot on the disc

Slide 26

As a movie platform, BD supports both standard (SD) and high definition (HD) video

To deter unauthorized copying of commercial material, BD also incorporates more robust content
management and protection mechanisms.

Slide 27

 Sony launched their first standalone Blu-ray Disc player

 Dell introduced its XPS M1710 laptop with a BD-ROM player and burner
 The first Blu-ray Disc recorder was demonstrated by Sony
 Pioneer announced its BDC-2202 Blu-ray computer drive

It will be able to play back Blu-ray movies, as well as BD-ROM/BD-R/BD-RE at up

to 5x and can read BD-ROM (DL) and BD-R/-RE (DL) at up to 2x speed

Blockbuster Video, one of the largest chain of DVD and video game rental stores in
the world, will be carrying only Blu-ray Discs in 1,450 more stores,