Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
120716U
120720C
120724R
120726B
120737J
120240E
Observations
Name
: H. N. T. Wijesekara
Index No.
: 120716 U
Group
: G-22
Field
: Electrical Engineering
Date of Perform
: 24/02/2015
Date of Submission
: 10/03/2015
Current
Power Received
(A)
0.48
0.28
0.39
0.52
0.65
0.73
(W)
41
22
32
44
55
62
Current 1
Current 2
(A)
0.8
1.05
1.15
1.2
1.2
(A)
0.95
1.1
1.3
1.45
1.45
Calculations
1
X
Series capacitive reactance ( c ) = 2 fC
Inductive reactance (
XL
) = 2 fL
1 (2 f C )
2 f L
Per Unit Compensation of the Line =
Sample Calculation
C = 17 F
L = 0.15 H
f = 50 Hz
Series Capacitive Reactance
1
187.241
6
= 2 50 17 10
Inductive Reactance
= 2 50 0.15 47.124
187.241
3.973
Per Unit Compensation of the Line = 47.124
Capacitance(
Per Unit
Series Capacitive
Inductive
F )
Reactance ( )
Reactance ( )
41
17
187.241
47.124
3.973
22
29
109.762
47.124
2.329
32
35
90.946
47.124
1.930
44
43
74.026
47.124
1.571
55
52
61.213
47.124
1.299
62
Compensation of the
Line
Power
Received (W)
32
109.762
44
90.946
55
74.026
62
61.213
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
50
70
90
110
130
150
170
190
210
22
3.973
32
2.329
44
1.930
55
1.571
62
1.299
60
50
40
30
20
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
Capacitance( F )
Shunt Capacitive
12
Reactance ( )
265.258
18
176.839
90
24
132.629
100
30
106.103
110
36
88.419
105
80
110
105
100
95
Received Power (W)
90
85
80
75
70
0.5
50.5
100.5
150.5
200.5
250.5
300.5
Discussion
Effect of Power Factor on the Power Systems
The power factor of an AC electric power system can be defined as the ratio of the real
power to the apparent power. This is a number between 0 and 1. Real power is the capacity of
the circuit to perform work in a unit time. Apparent power is the product of the current and
voltage of the circuit. Due to energy stored in the load and returned to the source or due to a nonlinear load that distorts the wave shape of the current drawn from the source, the apparent power
is usually greater than the real power. Low-power-factor loads increase losses in a power
distribution system and result in increased energy costs.
A power factor of unity is the goal of any electric utility company because if the power
factor is less than one, they have to supply more current to the user for a given amount of power
use. To do so, they incur more line losses. They also must have larger capacity equipment in
place than would be otherwise necessary. As a result, an industrial facility will be charged a
penalty if its power factor is much different from 1.
Utilities typically charge additional costs from the industrial users who have a power
factor below some limit, which is typically 90 to 95%. So it is necessary to have a power factor
close to unity to reduce additional costs in electricity payments.
Usefulness of Shunt Capacitors in Improving the Power Factor of the Load
Inductive components in a power system such as ballasts, motors and heaters, draw
Lagging Reactive Power from the supply. It lags behind the Active Power by 90 degrees. If a
capacitor is connected across the supply, it will draw Leading Reactive Power, which leads the
Active Power by 90 degrees. The direction of the Capacitive (i.e. leading) Reactive Power is
opposite to the direction of the Inductive (i.e. lagging) Reactive Power.
Industrial facilities tend to have a lagging power factor, where the current lags the
voltage because of having a lot of electric induction motors. This will lead to the consumption of
Lagging Reactive Power. To minimize this effect we should either consume Leading Reactive
Power or Supply Lagging Reactive Power within the system. This can be accomplished by
adding Shunt Capacitors to the system. Some industrial sites will have large banks of capacitors
strictly for the purpose of correcting the power factor back toward one to save on utility
company charges.