GENTICS & INHERITANCE

GENETICS & INHERITANCE

Activity #1, intro Chromosomes
Chromosome
= a structure inside the nucleus of a
cell; carries the genetic information
(DNA).

http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/VLI818/Module3Genetics/f10-05a_homologous_chro_c.jpg

SEX-LINKED CHROMOSOMES
A pair of sex-linked chromosomes determines the genetic sex
X & Y chromosomes
= NOT homologous in the true sense

Female (XX):
One X-chromosome from mother
Another X-chromosome from farther

Male (XY):
Y

One X-chromosome from mother (always)

Y chromosome from farther (always)

Modified from http://genome.cshlp.org/content/7/4/307/F1.large.jpg

GENETICS & INHERITANCE

Activity #1, intro Chromosomes, Genes & Alleles
Chromosome
= a structure inside the nucleus of a
cell; carries the genetic information
(DNA).

Gene
= a stretch of DNA; codes for a
particular protein
Allele
= an alternative forms of a gene

http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/VLI818/Module3Genetics/f10-05a_homologous_chro_c.jpg

GENETICS & INHERITANCE

Activity #1, intro Meiosis & Fertilisation

44XX (46)
Meiosis

22X (23)

44XY (46)

Meiosis
Meiosis
22Y (23)

22X (23)

44XX (46) or 44XY (46)

Photo Credit: 2009 Pearson Education, https://biologywarakwarak.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/gametogenesis.jpg

GENETICS & INHERITANCE

Activity #1 Construct-a-Kid Exercise
Instruction

You have a set of alleles from mum, and a set from dad.
Pair up your alleles, and complete the table to determine your childs
genotypes, and their phenotype.

Write answers first in a pencil during prac, then re-write it in pen before submission

Table #1: Autosomal dominant or recessive alleles

Table #2: Gender
Table #3: Codominant alleles
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GENES & ALLELES

Allele Dominant vs. Recessive
Dominant & Recessive
= the terms used to describe the inheritance patterns of certain traits

A) Dominant:
= an allele that mask the expression of a
recessive allele
(expressed in homozygous or heterozygous)

B) Recessive:
= two copies of recessive alleles are
necessary to manifest its effect
(only expressed in homozygous)
http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/VLI818/Module3Genetics/f10-05a_homologous_chro_c.jpg

GENES & ALLELES

Allele Homozygous vs. Heterozygous
Homozygous & Heterozygous
= are referring to an individual (human being)

A) Homozygous:
= an individual with two identical/same alleles
at a gene location
B) Heterozygous:
= an individual with two different alleles at a
gene location; called a recessive allele carrier

http://legacy.hopkinsville.kctcs.edu/instructors/Jason-Arnold/VLI/VLI818/Module3Genetics/f10-05a_homologous_chro_c.jpg

CO-DOMINANCE
Meaning with or together (co- )
Co-dominance
= Not dominant/recessive to each other; two alleles phenotypes evenly occur

More than two alleles involved:

A antigen A (dominant)
B antigen B (dominant)
o No antigen (recessive)
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INHERITED CONDITIONS
Activity #1, closing Genetic Problems
Genetics disorders could be:
Autosomal dominant present in both homozygous & heterozygous
Autosomal recessive present only in homozygous recessive
Sex-linked usually X-linked (Y-linked are extremely rare)

Autosomal dominant/recessive
A/A homozygous dominant
A/a heterozygous; recessive allele carrier
a/a homozygous recessive
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INHERITED CONDITIONS
Activity #1, closing X-linked genetic disorders
A or a alleles

Alleles
X unaffected allele
X affected allele
Y no corresponding allele

Possible genotypes
X unaffected

unaffected

unaffected

affected

Dd

X
Dddd affected
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PUNNETTS SQUARE

GENETIC PROBLEMS
Activity #2, intro Punnett Square activities
Use of Punnetts square
= to predict genotype of offspring & expected probability

Mother

Farther

T
T

TT

t
Tt

Calculate from known genotypes of

two parents
Probability never change

Methods
t

Tt

tt

1)

Determine parental gametes

2)

Determine probability of genotype

in offspring
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GENETIC PROBLEMS
Activity #2, intro Punnett Square activities
Which genotypes can be determined without a test?

ABO Blood Group

Albinism

A AA or Ao

AA unaffected

B BB or Bo

Aa unaffected (carrier)

AB AB

aa affected albino

O oo

Colour vision (colour blindness)

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PEDIGREE

PEDEGREES
Activity #3 Pedigrees
Steps in pedigree analysis
1.

Note name, date of birth, etc.

2.

Record spouse or partners

3.

Proceed through children, parents

and siblings

4.

Record partners and children of

sibs

5.

Record sibs of parents, and their

partners and children

6.

Carrier

Record all four grandparents and

their sibs if possible

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