Burning heat (heating value or calorific value): As heat is generated by

burning a quantity (volume or weight) of fuel in standard conditions.

Explosion Limits: The percent by volume (% V) or the percentage of
moles of gas mixture with air or pure oxygen may explode when fire
ignition sources. This parameter has important implications in terms of
ensuring safety of oil storage terminal.
- The lower explosive limit means the percent by volume (% V) or the
smallest percentage of moles of gas in a mixture with air or pure oxygen
may explode when fire ignition sources.
- Limitations on fire: The percent by volume (% V) or the largest percent
of gas moles in a mixture with air or pure oxygen may explode when fire
ignition sources.
- The fire and explosion: As the gas mixture composition in percent by
volume (% V) or molar percentage in the region bounded by the lower
limit and upper limit.
- The safety zone: A zone of gas mixture composition in percent by
volume (% V) or molar percent beyond the fire.
Compression ratio Z: This is the ratio of the actual volume of gas and
the volume of the ideal gas of the same molecular weight in the same
conditions.
Humidity of the air: As the amount of water in the air at the temperature
and pressure are different. These two concepts are in place to assess
the moisture content in the air is: relative humidity and absolute
humidity.
- Absolute Humidity: The amount of water vapor present in a unit volume
or per unit luongcua gas and is usually expressed in grams of water / g
m3 of gas or water / kg air.
- Relative Humidity: The ratio of the mass of water vapor in the gas
mixture and the maximum amount of water vapor may be present in
the gas volume under saturated conditions (measured by percentage or

share units) .
Dew point (dew point of the gas under the water) is the point in
temperature, water vapor pressure of certain gases condenses into fog.
Flashpoint (Flash Point): The lowest temperature at which the product is
heated in certain conditions will evaporate and mix with air can then
turn off the fire flashed like lightning when taken fire is approaching.
The copper plate corrosion: is the quantity characterizing potential
corrosion of fuel, including fuel sulfur is the major factor mainly for
corrosive fuel.
1.3.2 The nature of danger
Fire and explosion:
Significant characteristics most important to ensure the safety issues in
the oil and gas import warehousing and petroleum products is limited to
the explosion of the product in which the flash point is the special
parameters important. This factor should take precedence in the fire
room for fuel. Characteristic quantities for levels of light hydrocarbon
constituents in the product. If the product contains light hydrocarbon
constituents will contain volatile in the tank where the vapor of a
hydrocarbon they lie between the explosion limit is dangerous, likely to
occur when sparks fire . The temperature of the gasoline igniting the
range (-40 C), jet fuel from 28 C - 60 C (average 40 C), diesel oil
from 35 C - 80 C (average 60 C) and Lubricant - 325oC from 120oC.
Therefore, ISO 5307-2009 flash point was taken as a basis for
classification of petroleum and petroleum products as 03 categories:
- Category 1: Includes all kinds of products with flash point 37,8oC;
- Category 2: Includes all kinds of products with a flash point
temperature from 60oC 37,8oC -;
- Type 3: Includes the product flash point 60 C.
Corrosion potential of the product or the sulfur content in the product is
one of the risk of corrosion of tanks leak led to the product caused the

warehouse fire this product.

The hydrocarbons colorless, odorless, tasteless, during processing and use
is likely to cause danger. So to check the leakage of hydrocarbons, the
flavorings are added, depending on demand and the level of safety.
Mercaptans are flavorings commonly used in the process of checking
leakage of hydrocarbons.
Poisoning:
In addition to explosives, petroleum and petroleum products can also
infect humans through contact with them.
- Liquid Products:
gastrointestinal toxicity: petroleum and petroleum products are not
toxic to the digestive system but if swallowed will cause nausea. The
ability to spot danger from the digestive tract, they can flush the lungs
during vomiting, especially dangerous when swallowed gasoline high
volatility.
poisoning through exposure to the skin: various types of petroleum
products can cause itching and skin infections when exposed to skin.
Gasoline will cause itchy eyes sticking up. The heavy oils to the skin if
exposed repeatedly will cause similar harm.
- Air Products (Gas):
When inhaled a small amount of gas (below the lower limit of fire - LFL)
will cause loss of control as drunken state, headaches and itchy eyes. If
you are a large amount of gas can be deadly. The harm caused by gas
poisoning mainly due to gas when exposed to the work. Toxicity of
different gases will vary. Mainly dependent on the aromatic
hydrocarbon such as benzene and H2S.
Cold burns:
This is a typical hazards of liquefied petroleum gas and compressed air.
When liquefied or compressed gas will collect heat and cold burns easily.

When cold burns skin burns easily cold and numb necrosis.
2 Transportation Boats - Barge - Tank
The transportation of oil and oil products, including:
- Waterways: specialized marine vessels; River vessels; self-propelled
barges and self-propelled; ship crude oil, product tankers, gas ships, oil
barges, barges gas.
- Road: road tankers for the transport of oil and gas;
- Rail transport: the transport of oil, gas;
- Pipelines: crude oil transportation, oil products, natural gas, LPG, LNG
...
Within the scope of this document refers only to means of water
transportation (sea / river) and tank trucks have direct contact
communication port to export oil and gas storage and petroleum
products.
2.1 Structure Features and equipment of vehicle safety
Anatomy of waterway transport and roads have the same
characteristics as the main 2 parts: The equipment related to moving
vehicles and equipment components related to receiving, storage and
delivery:
- Vessel, river vessels, barges: The motion includes a system, machine
lights, steering gear, marine equipment ... and part of cargo including
cargo boxes, pipes, pumps, compressors system valves, instrumentation
system temperature and pressure ...
- Tank: The motion includes the engine, drivetrain, wheels ... and part of
goods including: cargo boxes, pumps, valves, instrumentation ...
- All vehicles transporting petroleum and petroleum products must be
equipped with fire protection systems in accordance with the type of
shipment, size and type of vehicle.
2.1.1 Vessel
Although not warehousing safety management on board, but by

maintaining the safety of the ship directly affect the safety of the
repository.
structure
Tankers (crude oil and oil products) have storage tanks along the hull.
General structure tanker's engine compartment and cabin located in the
back room, the shell itself is divided by transverse bulkheads and
longitudinal bulkheads 1-3.
Figure 2.2: Structure tankers, longitudinal section
Figure 2.3: Structure tankers, cross-sectional
For fire prevention, the Tank, overflow boxes should be separated from
the engine compartment, and control stations in the region by the
cofferdam room (double walled spaces in between).
Along the length of the drive train from the upper deck is the nose
bridge to ensure the movement of hydraulic hydraulic, piping, electric
wiring. Bridge should have a firm texture, with the number of links and
link elastic slip fit to avoid cracking when pitching strong demand in
large wind wave conditions.
Deck area above the cargo compartment installed alongside not
assume, just railing installed shielding to avoid accumulation of water
vapor and hydrocarbon accumulation in stormy conditions. Chronic
author with chronic open-door only installed outside of the cargo
compartment. Vertical walls and horizontal walls and water sealing is
capable of withstanding water pressures columns and inertial forces
caused by liquid (when a cargo hold side cavity is not). The division of the
area into the cargo compartment and limits on their size is due to the
fact the following requirements:
- Reduction of the surface area in order to reduce the inertia torque of
the surface as the ship was shaking. Vertical walls to reduce lateral

inertial forces (horizontal shaking vessels) and reduce the influence of the
liquid load to the stability of the ship. The transverse bulkheads reduce
longitudinal inertia, reducing bending moment and hull durability;
- Guarantee against oil tankers sunk;
- Reduce the impact of marine pollution caused by oil in the event of a
problem;
- Helps tanker can carry more goods in the different compartments.
On modern tankers is often designed along two walls, while the width of
the ship and the larger 35-50m, in many cases it is the 3rd wall
installation, the form can not watertight - block walls . Only in the small
tanker that enables a vertical wall and usually ship center plane. Due to
the large vertical wall, horizontal wall and no mouth carved on the large
deck durability hull oil tankers are increased and this gives rise
waterline and maximum payload.
The cargo compartment on a tanker with two longitudinal bulkheads are
divided into compartments starboard, starboard cabins and boat cabins
located in the center between two vertical walls. The size and layout of
the cargo compartment must meet the international standards.
The cargo compartment is necessary to ensure the protection of the
liquid from the impact of the external environment and avoid the impact
of the following symptoms on quality of liquid:
- The movement of the goods from ballast water and other liquids;
- Contamination from the sediment was transported earlier;
- Contamination by rust texture.
Currently the application type structure after the cargo compartment:
- Cavity traditional restaurant with two longitudinal bulkheads;
- There are two longitudinal bulkheads and compartments reserved for
balast clean;
- There is a double side and double side spaces for balast isolation;
- There are two longitudinal bulkheads and a double bottom, double

bottom space and double side balast used for isolation;

- Having the extra boxes, safes balast isolation between the hulls and
body safe.
The cargo compartment has two longitudinal bulkheads style and style
with double bottom and side tanks have a flat surface for all structures
located behind the twin structures. The flat surface allows the paint to
ensure good government, simplify washing the cargo compartment,
increasing the flow rate of the liquid to the suction load, reducing
delivery time by tanker.
Cavity pump: the pump chamber to be installed in the steering orders
compared to the cargo compartment near the engine compartment.
Pump cavity is separated from the cargo compartment by cofferdam or
act as cofferdam between the cabin and the cargo compartment. Pump
compartment separated from the cavity wall airtight KAC by the A-60
and are not equipped with the external vent pipes. During the
installation of the pump cavity pumping systems to control and
manipulate liquid pipeline shutdowns. Also on board was installed
pumping equipment, structures for rinsing compartments such as:
pump, water drying etc. .. need a pump chamber exits outside the main
doors.
The settling tank "SLOP" (Slop tank) - refers to a deposit for any power
user containing residues from the cargo compartment, lotions or other oil
compounds.
At the request of the MARPOL Convention-73/78 on the tanker to install
the system for depositing serving and cleaning oil-contaminated water
or wash dirty balast. The size of the settling tank of oil tankers of 150
tons register, shall not be less than 3% of the capacity of each tanker.
Balast tanks isolate: According to Article 13 of Annex 1 of MARPOL
convention on marine pollution block mounted in the event of a crash or
crash into rocks roared, the tanker was closed after 06/01/1982 must

have the balast safe isolation. This requirement applies to oil tankers
carrying crude oil and 20.000T DWT oil tankers carrying petroleum
products with DWT 30.000T.
Equipment
In this document only refers to the equipment related to safety:
Bridge leading to the shore (gang-way): Bridge leading down to the shore
on board to ensure the protection grid below, there are handrails and
long enough to touch the shore. Bridge is not located near the pipe line
and avoid mooring ropes mooring area.
Mooring lines (mooring lines): Flexes to train a sufficient number upon
request tied to the port storage vessel size. Mooring lines to ensure the
bearing. Mooring lines must be properly fastened, not cross, twist and
stretch. Do not use nylon cable and steel cable in the same direction
due to their elasticity different. Usually when ships would not use the
mooring anchor.
The cap Safe: On the cargo tanks, ships strained water, waste water
tank lid to the can deposit into boxes, each hole measuring, sampling.
The safe lid and measuring holes must be sealed in time delivery.
Waste oil tank (slop tanks): waste oil tank where water washing the cargo
tanks containing the collection.
The exhaust holes (scuppers, save-alls): On the deck above the cabin floor
area are the discharge hole. When you're pumping or consignee, the
outlet should be back button. If it is necessary to discharge storm water
to control oil flow if there is no deck on the river.
The fire protection equipment: Listing of ship fire fighting equipment
must be suspended deck area where recognizable. The equipment must
be properly arranged and positioned to be checked periodically.
Emergency tow lines (Emergency Tow-off Pendant or fire-wire): is the
emergency towing wire steel cable inside layout of the ship at the 2
position and the rear quarter of the ship hull, in addition to the chronic

breakdown train leave an urgent need, will use tugboats towing wires off
the pier. When mooring cargo ship, the emergency tow lines must be
ready. These wires are usually steel cable but now also has a wire
maker of synthetic resin (synthetic) to prevent injury.
Oil spill trays (drip trays): In the first area flange pipe line, the breathing
tube of the oil tanks on the vessel must have spill trays. Where no fixed
trays at the end of the tube to the cell tray.
Valves for marine (sea chest valve): The sea-van in time must be locked.
Smoking area: On the gas tankers prohibits smoking except some with
signs and meet the following criteria:
- Restricted in cabin areas;
- None of the doors and windows open puffy-plot directly to the open
deck;
- It is up to the state which can cause dangerous anomalies petroleum
vapor, especially when there is no wind and cargo operation on the ship or
the wharf next to it.
Air-conditioning: Air conditioning on board to ensure the pressure is
always higher in the outer room to avoid entering vapors outside.
2.1.2 River ships, barges
Structural requirements and cargo equipment, basic fire fighting river
ships, oil tanker ships like tankers.
Due to the low activity of waves is affected, not navigating complex
maritime equipment, communication simpler structure requires lower
crust. However, the layout requirements of equipment such as pumps,
pipes ... and fire protection equipment such as fire pumps, fire hose, fire
protection ... chemical or structural fire protection such as doors, fire
rated wall, area smoking ... also must comply with regulations for ships
and river barges.
2.1.3 Tank
Structure fuel tank mounted on tank trucks according to ISO 4162-85

include the following major components: body, neck, cap, enter the
door, the door watching, shaking his plate, exhaust structure, anti-wave
plate, exhaust pipes , exhaust valves, elected sediment, sediment
discharge valves, valves, exhaust valves pipeline.
Figure 2.4: Structure tank cars
2 tank cars must be equipped with portable fire extinguishers. Engine
exhaust must be located behind the car, the exhaust mouth provisions
to be running towards the car.
Tank cars should be equipped bruise brutal shooting started to mount
the exhaust port to warehouse.
Tank cars must be tested periodically.
Technical requirements of the car for liquefied petroleum gas tank (gas)
in accordance with ISO 6484-1999 should be noted as follows:
- Vehicles must have an emergency disconnect switch engine, mounted
behind the cabin and outside all vehicles must have clear signs (Section
5.2.2);
- Tank must be designed, built, installed, tested under the provisions of
the 6153 ~ 6156: 1996 (Section 6.5);
- With the line connected, disconnect the primary system including
refractory block 01 valve (or valves 01 and 01-way valves inside the fire)
and 01 inside the safety valve (Section 7.2);
- Safety valve inside the remote control phase 3i fitted with at least two
trigger points at the beginning and end of the basin (Section 7:12);
- With measuring instruments and test security framework: Each tank
must be one suitable manometer directly connected to the steam
chamber and the valve assembly 1 between the cavity vapor pressure of
the tank design (Section 8.1);
- Tank must have a capacity meter, 1 or 2 at the maximum liquid level
indicator and thermometer (thermometer inserted so that the earth stood

and read the book as well as the average temperature of the goods
contained in the tub) (Section 8.3, 8.6);
- Every tank must have a safety valve springs and valves fitted directly
to vapor cavity; valve is installed in the smaller tank design pressure
and exhaust flow to ensure the protection of the fire tank when tank
cover (Section 8.7, 8.8, 8.9);
- With Pump and compressor pump must be hybrid by hydraulic motor
or transmission from the gearbox shaft, the electric motor is not used or
the internal combustion engine (Section 9.1);
- Vehicles can be equipped with special compressor compressor
pressure not greater than the design pressure tank or pressure systems
(9.2, 9.3);
- Top speed pumps / compressors have him in the tub with a little oneway valves (Section 9.7);
- Pipeline pressure on the vehicle must be designed, manufactured and
installed in accordance with the provisions of the 6153 ~ 6156: 1996
(Section 10.1);
- Hoses for LPG must be manually operated valves installed at the top of
the tube (Section 10.7);
- Tank must have the piping system diagram (Section 11.2);
- Each vehicle must be equipped with at least 3 fire ban warning signs
and stay away. When parking signs must be placed at least 15 m in the
car positioned, easily seen (Section 12.2);
- Each tank car must be equipped with at least 2 per kg powder fire put
out Class 9 and 1 car per 2.5 kg powder or CO2 type placed in the cabin
(Section 4:16).
2.2 The safety hazard
The transportation of petroleum and petroleum products have two
functions: containing and transporting petroleum and petroleum
products.

Compared to onshore tanks, transport vehicles have many more

dangers due to their dynamic properties.
The safety hazard from:
- The vehicle operator: The crew has to work, just living on the media;
number of crew members more; proficiency and understanding of
freight uneven, and subjective consciousness for toxicological risk,
health and control their own behavior under pressure and working
conditions harsh environments ...;
- The device on the system means that the system arising from sources
of fire, heat source;
- Vehicles are mobile, the ability to collide with large;
- The equipment on board quickly degraded corrosion due to climate
conditions, weather;
- The tank truck equipment on easy false precision so much vibration;
- System management and maintenance of all different media, many
owners of primary focus of economic exploitation, little attention to
vehicle safety.
To ensure the safety of the port storage of petroleum export activities of
oil companies - all warehouse scene has given the means of inspection,
the authorities have regulations on structural safety and safety
management system for transport means.
2.3 Safety Management System
2.3.1 For Vessel
To improve safety in vehicle operation, environmental protection,
especially for ships, IMO has published in 1994 and applied safety
management systems International Safety Management Code - ISM
Code is a part (Chapter IX) of the International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea - SOLAS. 2002 ISM Code applies to most ships international
shipping. ISM Code include:
- General provisions;

- Security policy and environmental protection;

- Responsibilities and powers of the company;
- (The) person in charge;
- The responsibility and authority of the master;
- Resources and manpower;
- Implement plans for the operations on the ship;
- Emergency Response;
- Reports and analysis of non-conformities, accidents and dangerous
occurrences;
- Maintenance of ship and equipment;
- Documents;
- Test, review and evaluation of the Company;
- Certification and inspection and control.
2.3.2 For the River Boats - Barges
Currently, no regulations have safety management systems specific to
the ship means river barges in the country in addition to the provisions
of Registration and fire. The implementation of the safety measures to
be carried out in accordance with the general regulations of each
company, owners of the means.
2.3.3 For Tank
Similar vessels and river barges, the implementation of measures to
ensure the safety of vehicles depending on company policy of media
owners, no mandatory regulations of the State for this in addition to the
registration regulations, fire safety and ISO 6848: 1999.
Refer to the documentation:
- ISGOTT - 5th Edition: Part 2, Chapter 7,8,9;
- ISGINTT - 2012: Part 2, Chapter 7,8,9;
- The relevant ISO.
3 Port - Storage Space
3.1 Classification of Dried Port

warehouse
All oil and gas storage and petroleum products have a common function
is to receive - for storage - allocation of petroleum and petroleum
products. However, there are many ways of classifying different
repositories:
- Sort By warehouses capacity;
- Classification by type of goods stored in the warehouse;
- Classification according to purpose;
- Classification according to geographical location ...;
- In this document, with the purpose of focusing the analysis to ensure
safety aspects of operation, we would classify inventory as follows:
Classification storage capacity: Storage Tier 1 (100,000 m3), level 2 (from
30,000 to 100,000 m3), level 3 (under 30,000 m3);
Classification by type of goods stored in the warehouse: storage of
crude oil, petroleum depots, storage of liquefied petroleum gas,
compressed air;
Classification by type of storage: Store on shore, floating storage;
storage ports or no ports (not terminal); warehousing and storage ports
and river ports;
Classification by purpose: Terminal depots and transit, reserves;
owned Classification: warehouse owned by Petrovietnam and storage
units leased.
port
- Port is classified according to river ports, seaports, floating (nonterminal).
- The ability to receive, are classified: 1.000DWT / 3.000DWT /
5.000DWT / 10,000 DWT / 50,000.
3.2 Storage port on the coast
3.2.1 Pier (for storage ports)

To receive and delivery by sea. Can wharf to receive ships, river boats
and barges just oil. A wharf may be T-shaped tee (finger), or fish bones.
Figure 2.5: Map of Port-style "I" and "T"

Body parts wharf structure including: Bridge leads, floor work, and office,
float buffer.
Component system consisting of technology import: import piping,
instrumentation, control system technology at the wharf.
The auxiliary systems include: the lifesaving equipment, fire, lighting,
lightning protection and operator.
3.2.2 Tanks
The storage tank, the tank can tower, horizontal cylindrical, toilet (gas),
well above ground tub or sink underground.
Figure 2.6: Types of Storage
The tanks are bundled accessories include:
Figure 2.7: Diagram tanks and ancillary equipment

Technological systems: including piping, equipment and cargo pump on

the pipe.
- Depending on your needs and location installation, pipe steel pipe can
be hard or soft tube;
- Equipment on piping including pipe fittings (flanges, pipe trumpet,
elbows, T, straight coupling "manchon" soft gaskets, gasket glasses); open
devices (valves, one-way valves, quick closing valves, reflux valves);
control devices (pressure gauges, thermometers, filter, air separation, first
sample); compensation devices relaxation;
- Pump row: Pump includes 2 main components are pumped and

pumped hybrid engine. In storage, the pump is usually fixed layout into
separate clusters away from the tank
There are also a number of mobile pumps to drain the bottom line
remains in the tank when flushing bon.Ve structure, there are three
types of centrifugal pumps, gear pumps and piston pumps;
- Flowmeter: A device that can measure the precise amount used to
determine the order has been shipped (for tank cars or boats, barges).
To ensure accuracy, the flowmeter must be periodically tested.
Equipment and fire fighting: fire trucks, fire pumps, plumbing systems,
fire fighting foam, the hose, nozzle, spray guns, chemicals, water tanks,
CO2 fire extinguishers, extinguisher fire chemicals, sand, shovel, ax,
sack, ... The tank system technology, the first to produce as well as to
train tank cars, barges are earthing systems, lightning protection. All
equipment and fire control, lightning protection must be periodically
checked and maintained regularly. The equipment must be arranged in
accordance with regulations and in accordance with the diagram.
Administrative Area: Area offices, cafeterias, motels workers.
Administrative areas should be located away from the storage tank,
easily escape trouble in store.
3.2.3 The safety regulations and records storage terminal
Legal basis:
- Vietnam Maritime Law - Articles 61 and 62.
- Decree No. 21/2012 / ND - Article 17.18 of the port opening statement.
- Decision 109 / QD-CHHVN:
Article 12, 13.14 - Registration open ports;
Article 38 - Documents wharf, dock floats;
Article 39 - Content resume quays, buoys;
Article 40 - Diary wharf, dock floats.
- According to the text, to keep the port warehouse and ready to

produce the following legal documents:

acceptance record seaport facilities construction was completed and
put into use is accompanied by drawings of the ground surface
elevation and cross section of port; for outdoor oil ports, does not
require elevation drawings and cross the harbor;
acceptance record between the investor and the agency or
organization in charge of the survey results at face obstacles bottom
waters in front of the wharf and seaport channels, except for offshore
oil port;
Notify flow of maritime ports and wharves waters together with a map;
for offshore oil port, maritime informed about the safe harbor offshore
oil and gas;
written test, performed to confirm the contents of the report and the
decision to request approval of environmental impact assessment;
written acceptance of fire prevention and fire fighting;
Profile quays, buoys. Content resume wharf include:
Characterized ships mooring buoys: size length, width, height and
waterlines, tonnage (DWT), total registered tonnage (GRT), the amount
of water occupies the entire load W ;
The diagram and the basic parameters of port, jetty pontoon water
area, buoys: length, width and height dock; The length, width and depth of
the water area of port, float along the structural dimensions related ...;
Map structure berths, layout fender, flange anchor broken main
technical characteristics of the device;
Method of mooring buoys and natural conditions (wind, currents, waves)
to access, update speed train, corner counter vessel;
Method and anchor mooring diagrams; Mining conditions when the
ship tied up at wharves, buoys; Load cargo operators, vehicles and
equipment for loading and unloading shipping breakage; The natural

conditions limit as waves, wind and currents. Regulations about drift,

limited angle of the tether anchor for the buoy (special type of terminal
equipment tied with 2);
Other Considerations when conducting counter - anchor mooring at
the jetty, pontoon berths.
Annually management agencies, port operators must update history
jetty (especially the changes in loading and unloading equipment
transport) under their management;
Diary wharf, dock floats;
Records of natural conditions and the service record announce the
opening of the port;
Harbour Bridge Decision published.
- Fire Prevention and Fire Code, the accompanying text;
- Article 1 of Decree No. 46/2012 / ND-CP.
- Section 4.5, TCVN 5684-2003.
3.3 Floating Storage Oil (FPSO)
Depending on the structure, function and scope of work, a floating
storage is classified:
- Warehousing and storage tank floating well offshore;
- Storage warehouse storage or transit countries;
- Storage of crude oil, LNG, CNG and other petroleum products ...;
- Storage Space (FS, SALS), storage and export terminals not (FSO), storage,
processing and export terminals not (FPSO), and refrigerated storage
(FSRU), popular media exploitation, production, storage and cell
production (MOPU or MODU);
- Barge (Barge), self-elevating rigs (jackup), semi-submersible rig (Semisub),
vessel (FSO, FPSO), Rig Tension Leg Platform (TLP) ...;
- Conversion from oil tankers or other floating facilities or building new
designs.

According to the Vietnam Maritime Law or the International Maritime

Association (IMO), the floating facilities (floating storage) containing
petroleum and petroleum products are considered marine vessels, selfpropelled or non-self-propelled depends on the equipped main motivation.
Within the scope of this document focuses on a floating oil storage type
(FPSO) operating in Vietnam waters (mainly the FSO / FPSO / Semisub)
have major tasks:
- Check the oil and gas separation from the central technology platforms
and drilling rigs and oil handling entire commercial quality oil;
- Handling of formation water;
- Reserves and oil production for commercial buyers;
- Wash the cargo hold under the cup holder from paraffin deposition;
- Collection and gas extracted in requisition processing and storage;
- Producing enough energy to meet the needs of the general FPSO;
- Activities of the crew.
3.3.1 The system's main equipment FPSO
FPSO must include the following equipment and systems:
- The complex equipment and systems technology to:
Receive and process oil from the marine works (drilling);
row oil reserves;
Clean water separated.
- The system ensures energy.
- To ensure an inert gas system for the cargo hold.
- Environmental control system air, fire alarm and automatic fire.
- Heating system and keep the oil temperature in the cargo hold.
- Wash tunnel system with oil.
- The housing and living guarantee system for the crew.
- Cargo oil system piping, valves and pumping and pumping ballast
water to FPSO internal oil distribution and oil for customers to shuttle

tankers.
- Gathering system and gas extracted in the requisition process and
store oil on FPSO.
- Measuring systems for commercial oil quality control system products.
- Measuring system level, oil temperature and inert gas pressure in the
cargo holds and ballast water.
- The control system of the production process operating center rotation
oil (CCR) and the central executive producer (ECR) in the tunnel.
- Mooring buoy system to connect FPSO into position on oil.
- The system alongside the stern to connect and keep the shuttle with a
pattern FPSO "TANDEM" and the oil system.
- Cranes to receive and discharge from the service vessel.
- Laboratory oil analysis.
- Heliport.
- Lightning protection system.
- The communications and maritime current regulations (for FPSO) of
the International Convention.
- The vehicle safety, fire alarm and gas alarm, fire fighting, rescue,
burning garbage and torches.
- Other systems to ensure survival for FPSO.
3.3.2 Principle of operation and technological scheme FPSO
FPSO: including oil tankers or barges or floating facilities (TLP, Semisub,
Jack-up, FSO, FPSO, MOPU, MODU ...) oil system of the ship, buoy anchor
chain system, the tunnel and the tunnel technology cargo handling and
storage for oil, a combination of technological equipment on the deck,
oil systems and other systems, such as housing, torch (gas dispersion
tube) ....
Complex technology: the combination of technological devices and
systems to carry out various implementation and control processes on
FPSO technologies, such as gas separation, water splitting, and measure

the quantity and quality statistics crude oil, oil products distribution and
on FPSO. ...
Groundwater diversion valve (Pipeline End Manifold-PLEM): the first is the
underground pipe joints from fixed rigs (MSP) platform technology
center for the hoses (Riser) from the mooring buoy system. PLEM used to
transfer oil lines up FPSO.
Mooring system consists of:
- Neo may be the kind of deep groundwater into the sea bed, kind of
gravity, suction anchor or anchors.
- Wires can be chained anchor, anchor rope is made of metal or plastic.
Buoy System Optional: include mooring buoys to receive the product
valve joints with wire anchor or mooring structure. There are several
types of mooring buoys system as follows:
- CALM Soft Yoke / CALM (SBS);
- SALM;
- Small Tower "Turret" EXTERNAL or INTERNAL;
- Tower stands "Tower / Jacket" Soft Yoke;
- Forced scattered points "Spread Mooring".
Position anchor: where anchor offshore, where the anchor chain system,
PLEM and hose systems, forcing ships to customers. FPSO (common type
currently operating in Vietnam as FSO / FPSO crude oil) is anchored at
fixed coordinates as planned exploitation of oil and gas fields by
dedicated mooring buoy system: CALM Soft Yoke, Spread Turrets and
mooring.
Oil on crude oil transported by the pipeline system FPSO internal
underground mines from fixed platforms (or from center technology
platforms) through the distribution line (PLEM) leads to nasal FPSO go
through safety valve and stop valve malfunction (Van ESD) and then
through the filter and measure the oil flow into the oil line going into the
next firing of the secondary and the primary calcination, where crude oil

is heated up to the required temperature (the technological process) and

distribution of tank technology.
Technology cycle in the tank: Swimming technology operating at a fixed
oil, with applications gravity crude (oil treated) in the fixed rate will be
poured into the funnel slowly turning into the overflow tank
commodities and crude oil is considered commercial. Water was
separated from the oil slowly settle to the bottom and escape into
sewage tank (slop tanks).
Clusters of the pump: the case of oil-water separation tank technology
not satisfy the request, at the time of the pump will be on the road
quantitatively reception in front of oil flow measuring input to meet
pumping system to break the emulsion quality, corrosion inhibitors,
biocides, antifreeze into the top spot on the road, on the way out of
waste water from tank to tank technology slop tanks.
Steam baked System: Purposes and calcination temperature for safe
keeping, On the main deck is installed the pipes burst distribution pipe
along with the vapors of the condensate line tu.He slightly baked piping
is installed placed in slops tanks, tank technology, the commercial crude
oil storage tanks in accordance with the capacity and function of each
type of tank.
Inert gas systems: Provide inert gas for all safes to ensure constant inert
gas to prevent fire. the safes are equipped with high-speed pressure
valve, vacuum valve mounted height of 2 meters above the deck five
other chinh.Mat reduce excess pressure to the tank center technology
and inert gas diffusion and gas hydrocarbon, a safety valve quickly
exhaust installed on a 12 meter high vertical pipe from the main deck.
Tank effluent and sewage treatment: In normal conditions 2 slop tanks
tank continuous operation. Wastewater from tank to tank technology
goes slop tanks left, the oil layer of the water will be collected and
removed to tanks and slop oil tanks right. From here the water is

pumped up the processor on the deck and the process ends.

Processor wastewater effluent quality in this test prior to discharge into
the sea, when the oil content in the effluent containing greater than 15
mg / l (ppm), it will turn back round right slop oil tanks are separated from
the hydrocyclone go on slop tank left.
Meter oil exports: In the process of crude oil - the oil stream is passed
through the flow meter (meter prover) equipped with an automatic
sampling unit and the precise flow measurement of oil pass through.
Flow meter flowmeter consists of 3 types tuarbin, measuring the ability
of each flowmeter tuarbin of 2000 m3 / h.
Central control room: central control room is surrounded by layers of
steel bulkhead as standard isolation A60. The process focuses on
monitoring cycle technology and auxiliary systems are made from the
different control panels installed in the central control room, including:
- The operation of checking technology and tables;
- A record number indicating the temperature and pressure of each
deposit;
- The control valve system in the cargo tanks and waste water tanks;
- The meter operates oil;
- The operation of inert gas;
- Communication systems internally and externally (with the receiving
vessel in the oil service boats ...).
Laboratory: Laboratory is designed by the standard bulkhead A60 is
similar to the central control room, equipped lab equipment, tools and
equipment requested transfer crude oil samples from the laboratory.
Rooms are equipped with a separate air conditioner for rubbing the
atmosphere.
Working oil: The oil for the ship to pick up the oil must have a program
(plan) specifically to maintain the process of receiving, processing
continuous oil on FSO / FPSO. All operations must be operated in

compliance with "safe operating guidelines for the FSO / FPSO". Receiving
vessel will be anchored to the tail oil FSO with mooring equipment,
called TANDEM system. The process of pumping oil from the FSO / FPSO
vessels receiving oil to be carried out through a system of floating
hoses. Tug (train service) to constantly keep getting oil in the stern
anchor on the wrists for time FSO / FPSO. Reception and main engine oil
to ready state (stand-by) in his wrists ship time delivery. Captain FSO /
FPSO is responsible for notification to receiving oil captain of the above
requirements.
3.3.3 System safety and fire prevention on FPSO
The system stops the problem: ESD system is activated automatically to
transfer the oil to flow to an incident (emergency tank). It also works even
through the kick panel signals from the fire detection and gas in the
central control room.
Detection systems and gas fire: fire detection systems and gas
accumulation automated message tells us that the nature and level of
fire danger, dangerous process and exhaust gas impact effects. They are
installed throughout the main deck, living quarters and work area and is
connected to the circuit board fire detection, gas central control room.
Equipment to detect explosives: They are installed on the cluster
technology on board, manifold, filter, input the measurements, the kilns,
... oil gauge. On the entrance of the pumping chamber, the wind tunnel,
next to the cargo oil pumps .... On the way into the house, the two sides
wind tunnel, the wind tunnel to tunnel, ventilation holes on diesel
generators for backup. On the cockpit vents, ventilation holes on the
CO2 chamber.
Smoke detectors: They are installed in the hallway of the house to go
back in line the main staircase in the central control room, generator
room contacts backup, in laboratories, in the pumping chamber ... .
Heat detector: installed fire suppression system in the dining area,

kitchen and stations in the area of oil after driving FSO / FPSO.
Thermal Fuse: The thermal fuse is installed on the cluster technology
such as filters, the measured input and clusters of the pump, the oil
roasted, oil gauges, the high temperature, causing the fuse runs out
impact effect automatically.
The incident report manually point: It is the button located in easy
smash glass put in place as the bow deck, the measured input clusters,
the clusters measured oil on the area to do Wire poop ....
Fire protection systems in the country: The aim is to flush fire explosive
devices in areas of technology and the front housing. Water system
leading to foam (foam machine on the deck) to extinguish fires on the
technology sector, the main deck and the airport. The means of fire
prevention, fire suppression in the area after the stern. In all incidents
situation the main fire pumps, fire pumps reserve are started manually.
Deck foam system: Installed distribution nozzles fire retardant foam
solution (d = 25mm) in terms of technology, on the main deck near the
tunnel bulkhead, on the helipad.
CO2 System: Use in case of fire in the engine room or pump chamber. In
addition, mobile fire extinguishers (portable) arranged in places (according
to design diagrams), facilitate the work of extinguishing spot on FSO /
FPSO.
3.3.4 Regulations and safety profile FPSO
FPSO the port should have to meet safety regulations and records
storage terminal.
As a type of ship, FPSO must meet the regulations, standards and
International Vietnam. Most FPSO (FSO / FPSO) in Vietnam today is not
self-propelled floating equipment on the sea. International Maritime
Organization, International Labour Organization, and the International
Association of other non-governmental organizations (OCIMF-forum of
international oil companies) do not require thorough application, your

full the convention for these vehicles, but FPSO (FSO / FPSO) are
potentially dangerous sea so their activities should be carried out
according to the requirements and provisions of the law on safety
management :
- The safety and pollution prevention FSO / FPSO to suit the
requirements of SOLAS 1960 (for Warehouse closed before 5/1982) and
ISO 6474-1999 but then transformed according to SOLAS 1974;
- Regarding the structural safety guarantee stability in storage
conditions: A solution IMO-167 (ES IV), the stability requirements intact. A
solution IMO-562 (14) standard weather;
- Devise load, measure the load and prevent collisions: International
Conference on load lines, 1966, released 1981, additional provisions
related to international treaties on load lines, 1966 Decree 1988 relating
to international treaties on load lines, 1966, the international
Conference on the review of regulations to prevent collisions at sea in
1972, released 1990 international conference on measuring the load of
the train , 1969;
- System monitoring technique and state must comply with the
requirements and provisions of international documents:
IMO, International Convention on ensuring safety of life at sea, 1974, as
amended (SOLAS -74);
IMO, International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution ships,
1973, as amended by the Protocol relating 1978, as amended (MARPOL
73/78);
International Convention on Load Line ship, 1966 (Loadline, 1966);
International Convention on Tonnage Measurement Convention, 1969
(tonnage, 1969);
Regulations for Preventing collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG, 72);
ICS / OCIMF, International Safety Guide for Oil tankers and terminals

(ISGOTT) 4th Edition;

OCIMF, Introduction types of tankers and ancillary equipment (first
published 4.1991);
IMO, inert gas systems;
IMO Guidelines oil filtration system;
OCIMF, Guidelines handling, storage, monitoring and testing of hoses in
operating conditions (first published 2.1995);
ICS / OCIMF guidance pumping oil from ship to ship (first published
2.1988);
regulations hierarchical classification and technical supervision of the
International Registry or / and Vietnam (VIRES): rules for the
classification and technical supervision oil vessels TCVN 6474-1999
(Rules for the classification and technical Supervision of floating storage
units);
The rules of administrative agencies, local governments, but the
Vietnam Register, Port Authority, Agency management Immigration ... is
representative.
- Vietnam's regulations on certificates of technical safety and
environmental protection for FPSO (Circular 33/2011 / BGTVT):
ISO 6474-1 - 9 - Rules for the classification and technical supervision
of floating storage;
ISO 6968 - Lifting equipment on marine structures;
ISO 6155 - pressure cylinders - Requires KT safe installation, use and
repair;
ISO 6156 - pressure cylinders - Requires KT safe installation, use or
repair - Test method;
ISO 8366 - pressure cylinders - Requirements for design and
fabrication;

 ISO 6809 - Rules for the classification and manufacturing moorings

ISO 6475-1 - 13 - Rules for the classification and monitoring of marine
pipeline engineering;
ISO 8403 - Rules for the classification and technical supervision of the
stand pipe system;
ISO 8404 - Rules for the classification and technical supervision
software pipeline system.
FPSO be considered to ensure safe operation when all the following
elements:
- There is sufficient material on record FPSO / port authorities by the end.
The certification document states FPSO legal, compliance with
standards and regulations decentralization of national and international
safety boats and pollution prevention. The document issued boats
indefinitely or for a certain period after the expiration of such records
must be reviewed (extension) depending on the test results, testing. Not
be allowed to exploit FPSO without its records or records using the term.
- Be fully staffing the crew of titles, number. All crew members must be
fully on FPSO diplomas, certificates and documents required for the quality,
capacity, ability and health professionals valuable sailing nationally and
internationally.
- The crew must ensure safe operation FPSO on the basis of:
To comply with the mandatory standards of national and international
safety and environmental protection as well as the standards
promulgated by the mine;
ready to respond to emergencies during the closure process, since oil
from offshore drilling until the oil pump to the vessel to receive oil;
Do not stop improving safety skills including the ability to
preparedness for emergencies involving the safety of FPSO and
environment.

- On FPSO have enough reserves (spare parts, goods, equipment, materials,

water, food reserves, ...
- In good technical condition, maintenance and maintenance in
accordance with regulations and guidelines of the manufacturer /
fabrication ecological conditions and hygiene are kept clean. Logbook is
fully recorded and maintained in accordance with regulations shift.
3.4 floating warehouse - not oil export port terminals
Usually the floating storage (floating storage F exploitation / P processing;
containing S) together with oil export port: O terminals using a point
system tied SPMs. Cargo ship tied end to end (TANDEM) to receive / pay
directly from warehouses or forced to float to receive / cargoes through
the float and underground piping systems.
SPMs can be a standalone device, or a system, a part of the storage
terminal, or an integrated system, a part of the Sea (Offshore Platform) as
FPSO F (P) SO's (Floating Production Storage offloading Facility) or TRMS
(Riser Turret Mooring System).
Some floating storage port is integrated repository shorthanded - Single
Anchor Leg Storage (SALS), includes an anchoring device type SALM
fixed to the tail or nose floating storage, is kept constant by floats
through a beam. Oil tankers are kept stable during processing and
floating storage cargo, there is also: SBS (Single Buoy Storage); SPAR
(Floating Cylinder Facility) TOWER (Tower Storage & Loading) ....
DK 3.5 port entry / SPDK not dock - anchoring system
Port (station) DK import / dock SPDK not receive / cargoes to ships or
buoys are passed / floating structures or directly from floating storage in
the tail wiring systems (TANDEM) or alongside (BY SIDE); in deep water,
ships can fixed by automatic positioning system (DP). Floating storage,
buoys and ships are forced stable position by anchoring system.
There are 2 main types of anchoring systems: Neo forced a point (SPMs)
and Neo forced dispersal points (MPMs). Each class has different styles

have been designed, for use in the offshore oil and gas fields, and
neighborhood onshore storage terminal to allow receiving large cargo
ships and warehouses tied Fixed, float or vehicle stand. Anchoring
system basically consists of parts off the buoy or floating structure, and
part of the fixed structure attached to the sea floor (except for port
storage devices which use automatic positioning DP).
3.5.1 System anchoring point (SPMs)
The system allows cargo ships anchor tie front or behind and turned
around with the wind or water; is called a point system tied - Single Point
Moorings (SPMs), using Single Buoy Moorings pontoon called (SBMs). Part
mooring floating structures associated with the bottom part can
connect with hard texture, texture rotation (hinge) or coupling.
here are 2 main types of SPMs: Systems leash anchor - Catenary Anchor
Leg Moorings (calms) and tied with solitary system - Single Anchor Leg
Moorings (SALMs).
Set anchor chained CALM - Catenary ANCHOR MOORING LINE.
Anchor mooring equipment / floating storage includes a float / float
section the offshore anchoring as a holding vessel can export / import
(DK / SPDK).
Figure 2.8: The system is forced by anchor chains

The main parts:

- Buoy Body - The body floats;
- Mooring and anchoring Components - Parts tied;
- Product Transfer System - The system of shipping;
- Auxiliary Components - Parts Auxiliary.
Function: The body creates the floats float to other parts installed on it.
Floats are tied to the seabed by a number of moorings, fixed in the
seabed by anchor points. Buoy system typically fixed by 6 anchor chain

consisting of heavy chains / cables hanging curve. Connection between

the ship floats are set in many styles. Here will introduce some typical
fastening system.
Are shipped in a / some soft underwater pipeline between underground
valve PLEM (Pipeline End Manifold) located at the bottom and floats. His
quilts have enough length and suitable for all devices in a way to move
the float. Customers are switching from a floating storage and floating
buoys through hoses. Flow through the valve float through swivel
(Swivel), allowing flow through the stator and rotating parts of the buoy.
Part auxiliary equipment needed is support equipment of navigation,
pilotage distance alert, passionate and protective buffer avoiding buoys,
boat duty, power, ....
There are two types of body floats:
- Paul turntable (Turntable buoy): Body floating buoys set static part fixed
with rope tied, under section above rotate freely, allowing boats /
floating storage around.
- Paul pyramid (Turret buoys); Tower is a fixed stator with wire tied. The
body of well-established parts can go around the tower, allowing the vessel /
floating storage around.
Figure 2.9: The pontoon hulls (Buoy Body)

Vessel / floating storage may be forced to float in 2 ways:

- Ropes (Hawsers): It is nylon or synthetic fibers. Usually part of the chain
is attached to both sides contributed to the recovery, to prevent
corrosion, scratching the head. Part of elastic ropes to function reduces
vibrations from the load and displacement of the vessel / floating
storage.
Figure 2.10: Model tied with ropes (Hawsers)

- Horizontal bars (Yoke): A hard-beams used to connect to the buoy

floating warehouse. This type of risk aversion required for floating
storage / boat hit buoy. However, this system can only be used for
anchoring a floating storage and long-term fixed costs compared with
ropes.
Figure 2.11 Model forced by horizontal bar (Yoke)

Another type of large calms Single Buoy Mooring Location is Exposed

(ELSBM) are designed for deep-sea and inclement weather. With this
type of share float is replaced by a large cylindrical floating structures.
Equipped with a helipad, hoisting cables, hoses from the water and
block houses.
SPAR ELSBM similar, but much larger floating structures, and often
repositories to be mined continuously regardless of weather. Often longterm fixed installations.
Device force a solitary foot SALM - SINGLE ANCHOR LEG MOORING
Equipment mooring systems for offshore oil production. Once installed
allowing cargo hold steady at port due to pumping more free-floating
than fixed equipment required.
The main parts
- Buoy Body - Body floats
- Universal joint - Multidimensional Coupling
- Chain or tubular column with swivel chain - chain attached swivel
tubular columns
- Flexible pipe - Hoses
- Base (ballasted and / or piled) - Stands anchor (type or types of piles sunk)

Figure 2.12: System tied a rope to solitary

Function: SALM device to prevent collision to swivel by letting them sink

into the water at a lower level bilge. Any collision is only as you enjoy
the light onto the surface and repair is relatively simple and cheap.
Swivel underwater part, however, inconvenient for maintenance. To
prevent collisions between oil pipe with wire mooring anchors, anchor
chains were replaced with bar, often stretched vertically. in shallow
water, hose swivel valve manufacturing Pedestal. In deep water valves
can be fitted with swivel anchor bar. Allows easy maintenance valves
swivel and swivel tube from quilts to ship.
The body creates the floats float to other parts installed on it. Floats are
tied with Trays seabed anchored by a bar attached to a pedestal anchor,
sinking or pile type (ballasted and / or piled), Paul is connected by a wire
pedestal anchor or anchor column tube.
Ships and buoys are connected to each other, as well as between the
buoy and mooring platform in many ways.
Goods exported from or through hoses directly onto ships anchored
pedestal or pedestal anchor, anchor pipe through the swivel to the ship.
Hoses underwater with sufficient length and appropriate for each type
of float. Customers are switching from oil storage container to float
through one or more tubes floating blanket. Flow through the valve from
the float swivel, lets go through the stator and rotating parts of the
buoy.
Auxiliary parts may have the support of navigation devices for passing
vehicles to see, padded to avoid collisions, work boat (boat landing),
backup power (battery / power Provisions).
Floating storage - Single Anchor Leg Storage (SALS) using SALM mooring
equipment designed for specific purposes of oil. SALS floating storage
including thin vertical pipe connected to the bottom of the pedestal

anchors, beam hard, through multi-dimensional swivel at the top. In

hard beam, cavity layout to highlight, to keep the tube vertical (riser)
firmly by its features. Hard-beam, connected by horizontal bar storage
hard (rigid arm).
Pipe as manufactured goods or pipes and pipe joints blanket transfer
through multi-dimensional rotation on the train or in the pipeline and no
hoses swivel. Swivel valve is installed on the rig, integrated with the
necessary hardware. This way swivel (Swivel) is not load-bearing
component. Besides swiveling always floating on the water, resulting in
reduced demand and more convenient for maintenance.
Because of this special characteristic of the mooring system,
characterized by non-terminal storage - SALS is almost completely
independent in deep waters.
Can buoy tied to a mooring anchor pad or round columns.
Figure 2.13 System tied with a rope anchor
Figure 2.14: System tied with cylindrical

The body has two hulls float float: Float turntable - Turntable; -Turret
pyramid buoy (CALM equipment as mentioned above).
Vessel / floating storage may be forced to float in 2 ways: Ropes hawser and beams pointing - Yoke (such as equipment CALM above).
The system had a small tower - Turret
Fastening system tower - Turrets, including a static parts fastened to
base and turns, the part of the hull / floating storage and allows
interconnected vessels / floating storage orbiting Turret Tower.
The main parts:
- Turrets & Spider - Tower and pillows;
- Turret casing - Box tower;

- Turntable - Stand rotation;

- Anchor arrangement - mooring equipment;
- Product transfer system - Duct System products.
Function: The fixed tower connected to the seabed and gripping tower
chassis with hull / floating storage. The two parts of turrets connected
together through a system of bearings, allowing revolve around each
other, and allows ships / floating storage Turret Tower orbiting passively
or actively. Can also rotate between passive coordination with the
support of the propeller thrust. This is suitable for a number of weather
conditions. Since then floating storage / boat can identify appropriate
locations for wind direction, but the flow to minimize the impact on
floating storage capacity / vessel. Reduce the size of moorings and
anchor system versus a fixed forcing many points.
Turret has many other functions; it supports extraction tube / pipe
pressing seams; Multithreading and hold swivel joints formed
intermediate device between underwater and above water. All fluids,
communication systems, electrical and control systems are underwater
switch Turrets.
Because the pipes are through the inner part of the bearings of the
Turret, should it be considered as limiting factors of vertical pipes (risers).
So it can affect the capacity of the mine operators.
Use Turret, work oil can be done in the form of cave mooring floating
storage queue (Tandem). This allows for increased customer time and
reducing the risk r blue touch OVA between the floating storage vessel
than had fixed forms floating storage.
However, there is a floating storage Turret requires making complex
installations. Only a few companies in the world capable of
manufacturing.
There are several types of turrets have been developed.
Turrets inside (Internal Turret): This system is usually positioned in front of

the hull, between the train sometimes, but very rarely. Turrets inside the
system enhanced by a large roller bearings in the bearing, can be found
in the bilge or on the deck. Rolled outer ring of the bearings connected
to the ship, while the inner ring attached to the fixed portion of the
tower turrets. Connection between the lower part of the Turret and
swivel handles with structural valve on the deck.
Turret interior capable of accommodating large number of his software,
capable of transporting large materials. Turrets inside large systems can
accommodate over 100 quilts tube. Turret system allows floating
storage within fixed long positions, withstand harsh environments, such
as the North Sea. Advantages of Turret system inside versus outside
Turret is easily passed on to force the ship hull. However, work
restrictions are difficult to track more complex, more expensive, and
design and manufacture longer than outer turrets.
Figure 2:15: Turret inside

Turret outside (external turret): This system is similar Turret inside,

however, it is the external hull. It includes a separate box located at the
head or tail of the ship made the bracket round turrets and towers. Most
Turret placed above the water level, but a few turrets placed below the
water level.
Bearings fitted with forced hot pad leash, attached to the pipe blanket.
Leash tied to the seabed by anchors or piles. Swivel for connecting
devices on board with that equipment under the sea.
Because turrets placed outside the coal train, so need less Turret
conversion inside. Should the maximum capacity. On the other hand
the number of tubes can only be a blanket or a few tubes. Because of
Turret swivel pedestal outside often put on the water, this system
suitable for shallow waters. Like other systems Turrets, Turret outside

withstand harsh environmental conditions, as may be around 360. The

advantage is a lower investment costs, shorter construction time
savings on steel.
Figure 2:16: Turret outside (external)

Turret assembly is removed (Disconnectable turret): The working principle

is similar to two symmetrical parts, but can be removed and re-installed.
This system is well suited for warehouse work in the extreme. When the
vessel / floating storage hurricane risk, hurricane or ice, the system will
be operated to prevent risks. Turret whispered assembly can be kind
Turret Turret inside or outside.
Disconnectable Internal Turret - BTM Mooring System: This type usually
mounted at the aft body / barges. Section off a large telescopic
connector assembly with Turret Buoy required. Float sufficient lifting
capacity of supporting the weight of the anchor rope and duct blanket.
To resume by pulling floats up under the boat by cables and winches.
When the ship leaves the tower still tied positions.
External disconnectable turrets - the RTM Mooring system: This type is
mounted in the locomotive. The removed automatically in 2 steps. First,
remove the pipe blanket. Next is removing the telescopic tower
connected hydraulically operated. After removing the vessel to leave
the tower location was tied in place.
Figure 2:17: Turret type assembly is removed (Disconnectable)

Mooring system large tower - the tower mooring

Tower structure fixed on the seabed hard to force long-term space ship /
floating storage
Ingredients:

- Tower - Tower;
- Mooring Connection - Systems and equipment required to maintain;
- Product transfer system - System pouring product.
Function: Tower is a hard structure connected to the seabed. Pedestal
swivel tied to the tower, roller bearings, allowing the ship to swing freely
around the tower. Pedestal rotation system between the vessel may
have more style.
Our products are transshipped from the stator installed thickness sea (as
valve Underground - Pipe Line End Manifold (PLEM)) through vertical
pipes (risers), connected to the tower. From the solution flowing through
the pipe stand swivels (swivel) to dragons soft tube, connected to a pipe
system with a floating storage tower. Swivel allows flow through the
stator to the rotating part.
On the top floor tower for the valve, shuttle launch vehicles and
auxiliary equipment.
There are 3 different types of systems required to maintain the vessel
to the tower:
The bar system (Yoke system): The bar is connected to the rotating
platform with special joints allow ships into and protruding grip.
Horizontal bars include a safe ballast water to generate power train
service keeps minimum. Two bars are forcing suspension lift and a safe
ballast attached to the ship structure.
Figure 2:18: Style horizontal bar (Yoke System)

Horizontal bars groundwater system (Submerged yoke system): This

system is the same system of entry-level bar, but it's entirely up to
underwater to reduce the impact forces of waves, ice. Horizontal bar is
not connected to the upper part, which connects to the bottom of the
ship to significantly reduce torque. This allows simple design choices as

well as structural pedestal tower. The downside of this system is not

accessible from the train to the tower.
Figure 2:19: Underground Style horizontal bar (Submersible System Yoke)
System tied with ropes (hawser system): This system is similar to the
usual horizontal bar system, however, the horizontal bar is replaced by
the ropes to make the system simpler and cheaper. This system is very
easy to remove the assembly, the thong typically required for work
cruise line shuttle (shuttle tankers). It is rarely used for floating storage.
goods are transported by ship from the tower through the tube can not
pour that in hoses sink.
Figure 2:20: Style tied with ropes (hawser System)

3.5.2 Distributed Systems tied - Multi Point Mooring (MPMs)

This system is designed to keep the vessel / floating storage in a fixed
position towards fixed during cargo handling. Anchoring system and
cargo systems often separated. There are two types of systems
including forced dispersal and long-term fixed moorings system
temporary mooring points.
Forced dispersal system fixed - Spread Mooring Tanker for Permanent
Mooring.
Vessel / floating storage location is kept constant using an anchor
system. Some speculation anchor into the seabed. Usually 2 column
moorings bow and stern 2 ties. This design allows the ship can not go
spiraling 360. This system has several advantages: There is no need to
structure complex rotating equipment. Hoses can be connected directly
from the equipment to be installed under the water valve on the vessel.
However, this system is only suitable for some areas of good weather
conditions, wind and steady flow.

Figure 2:21: forced dispersal system (Spread Mooring System)

The main parts: lanyard is connected to the seabed by mooring or
anchoring conventional smoking. The wires are stretched tied by winch,
then fixed with locking latch to release the tension on the winch:
- Anchor normal or suction anchors (suction anchor);
- Rope tied (by cable or plastic);
- Hoists (winches);
- Lock key chain (Chain stoppers).
Function: elastic force of the ships anchored in position. This elastic force
(prestressed) vessels for hybrid location if it is moving the other way. This
is done by stretching the leash or day. A major advantage of the
mooring system is because it forces a fixed direction, so no need to
rotate around a point system should not need the tower with the large
bearings, swiveling to customers.
Hoses can leave in the middle of the ship, where there is plenty of
space and can be arranged many hoses poured. The cargo can be
arranged after the boat tail or tail wiring depends on the weather and
water level, or can use float poured.
Part moorings in mooring systems forced many general points can be
made two ways: system construction chain - anchoring and / or system
stretching day:
- System leash tied (Catenary mooring line): Chains elastic force created by
the weight of the chain and Romanian. Power generated in the direction
of sliding. seabed and water surface creates horizontal elastic forces,
allowing the ship to keep it in position.
Curve shape as the hanging wire or chain link with 2 points do not lie on
a vertical axis has the equation: y = k cosh (x / k). Bonding deeper the

greater the force that keeps creating. That is the reason for developing
methods of stretching force.
- System-leash stretched Taut mooring line: Wires are connected to the
vessel and connected directly to the seabed. This can only be done by
wire lightweight, synthetic fiber rope. This type of wire capable of
withstanding great traction and durability. In this case, greater elastic
force.
- Intermediary Solutions (Intermediate solution): You can select the
intermediate solution, at the bottom of the chain and polyester rope
connected to the boat. Leashes coercive force greater than polyester.
The system had many moorings - Multi Buoy Mooring (MBMS)
The system can MBM than traditional moorings systems. This system
allows the ship / floating storage can not go spiraling 360. Compared
with anchoring system (Spread Mooring System), this system can only be
applied to areas near the shore, where the stable weather conditions,
winds and currents do not change direction. This system is suitable only
for small vessels.
The main parts of the system MBM:
- The moorings - Multi Mooring buoys;
- Equipment anchor - Anchor Arrangement;
- Underground valve and hoses underground - PLEM with submersible
hose string.
Figure 2:22: The system forced many

Moorings - Multi Mooring buoys

Boats are tied with a couple of moorings. Each mooring configuration
may vary depending on the actual situation. A variety of factors have
an important role in the system, such as the length of the ship,

technological requirements and environmental conditions.

Usually ships were forced by 4 points. Each point consists of 1 anchor, 1
and 1 mooring buoy moorings. The advantage of this system compared
to fixed-tied system (Spread Mooring Sy) is the ship does not need to use
its own mooring system. The moorings are usually equipped with quick
coupling assembly operations.
Equipment Anchor - anchoring Arrangement.
Float is kept constant by some anchor position. Anchor mooring ropes
connected with the other end connected to a buoy with padlock.
Depending on the circumstances the fact that the layout will be
selected anchor. It is the flow, vessel size / type seabed topography and
water depth.
Underground valve and hoses - PLEM with submersible hose string
Underground valve and hoses wireless devices on the seabed with the
valve train. The length of the string depends on the water depth,
environmental conditions are expected to make goods. Mulberry fibers
still underwater when the system does not work and can find salvaged
boat buoys service
3.6 Storage of liquid gas well FSRU / FPSO (LNG / CNG / LPG / GTL)
Floating storage cooling liquid containing gas production (FSRUs) can
provide effective alternatives and flexibility for storage ashore. Offshore
installation media can shore (at the port) or the offshore (with a fixed
mooring system required long-term). FSRUs floating storage can be
closed or transformation from LNG tankers. Depending on the extent of
conversion and installation vessel to anchor mooring system (either in or
Turret Turret outside) the offshore or nearshore forced into port.
Storage container for liquefied natural gas LNG FPSO: design is based
on the equipment installed on the body of LNG tankers. Other parts are
air tanker technology systems are installed in the upper block (topside)
and distributed installations on deck. Depending on the expected

processing capacity of the FPSO LNG floating storage and disposal

needs gas component input that can block the upper frequency
weighting 20000-50000 tonnes for mid-sized floating storage;
production from 1.5 to 3 MTPA. For floating storage has a capacity to
handle large (3-5MTPA) upper block can be up to 70,000 tons.
LPG FPSO floating storage: Currently there are several floating storage
of LPG FPSO operates worldwide. According to the registry, it is
considered LPG marine works, must also comply with the requirements
for construction of LPG with the requirements applicable to floating
warehouse (FPSO).
FPSO CNG storage container: this appointment with a series of
orientation was developed to serve the mining and storing compressed
natural. To date, initially focused on air transport, however, this theory is
also used for floating storage: large diameter pipes; Coil of small
diameter; Composite pressure vessels and pressure pot steel-reinforced
composites .. The different solutions were selected including: storage at
high pressure (250 bar); At atmospheric pressure and at a pressure
Contains moderate and low temperature (about -30 degr C). Sea NG
offer solutions using rolled Seamless steel pipe sizes 6 inches or
smaller, called Coselle gas is compressed to 220 bar. Coils are placed
horizontally in the cargo hold; Knutsen OAS Shipping & Transport LLC
EnerSea (VOTRANSTM) suggested using larger piping parallel with the
cap at the top end; TransCNG suggested using straight pipes (usually
diameter from 24 "- 60" in length up to 25m) surrounded by high quality
composite layer called Gas Transport Module (GTM). They are made of
reinforced pipe - Composite Reinforced Line Pipe (CRLP); CETech (owned
by Hegh LNG Company) proposes to use Composite safes have a
diameter of up to 3 meters long and 30 meters to accommodate CNG at
a pressure of 150bar.
Liquefied gas depots Heavy - Heavy Liquefied Gas (HLG): The recent

study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of manufacturing

solutions, storage and transportation of LPG HLG. Technology combines
the technology of LNG and CNG consider pneumatic (pressurized gas) at
temperatures higher LNG liquefaction temperature. This reduces costs
and reduced demand for liquefied cup of heavy components from the
inlet (feed gas) such as CO2 and LPGs.
Repository solution LPG - Gas To Liquids (GTL) technology solution
including liquefied petroleum gas chemical conversion of natural gas
into high value liquids such as diesel and methanol. The liquid can be
easily stored and transported and marketed as the final product. While
this fluid has a higher commercial value of LNG, of course it requires the
processing complex and expensive than LNG.
Technological characteristics and safety for gas-liquid explosives
warehouse are detailed in the reference document. Consider these
characteristics when choosing research floating warehouse for liquid
gas storage conditions consistent with Vietnam's waters.
3.7 Hazards
The threat from terminal systems include:
- Fire: Fire due to many reasons such as leaking oil and gas to meet the
fire; electrostatics; electric shock; lightning; carelessness of humans;
vandalism; fire spread from the outside; vehicle collision; equipment
does not guarantee ...;
- Pollution: Pollution due to many reasons such as leaking petroleum
gas, careless operation pump assembly line equipment does not
guarantee ...;
- Toxic to humans: Humans oil contamination due to many reasons such
as careless operation, no protective equipment ...;
- The danger of floating storage - no dock port;
- In addition to the common danger of the terminal, floating storage port terminals do not have the risk of collision risk, safety of life at sea,

security from weather conditions, activities tied remove the assembly

from the people, equipment, and from third parties.