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Journal of Electrostatics
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a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 11 March 2013
Received in revised form
2 June 2014
Accepted 27 June 2014
Available online 11 July 2014
In this work, analysis of the human body exposed to high voltage electric and magnetic elds is presented. The distribution of the electric eld is obtained by using Laplace's equation. This relates the
surface charge induced on the body to the potential in a reciprocal Laplace problem, which is then
calculated by charge simulation method coupled with genetic algorithms to determine the appropriate
arrangement of simulating charges inside the human body. The magnetic eld intensity along the vertical center line of the human is calculated. Exposure to external electric and magnetic elds at power
frequency induces electric eld, magnetic eld and currents inside the human body. The presented
model for simulating electric and magnetic elds are a three dimensional eld problem and introduced
different types of charges to simulate the different elementary geometrical shapes of human body. The
particular strength of the charge simulation method in this application is its ability to allow a detailed
representation of the shape and posture of the human body. The results have been assessed through
comparison induced current, electric eld, magnetic eld and there distribution over the body surface, as
estimated in other experimental and computational work.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Magnetic eld calculation
Electric eld simulation
Induced elds and current
Charge simulation method
Genetic algorithms
Human subject to electric power lines
1. Introduction
The numerical analysis of electromagnetic eld plays an
important role in the understanding of electrical phenomena such
as; ow in electrolytic solutions [1], exposures to high voltage
power lines [2], treeing in solids [3], electrication and streamers in
liquids [4], streamers in gases [5], and the design of high voltage
insulation [6]. Numerical methods, such as nite element method
(FEM) [1,6], charge simulation method (CSM) [2,3,7], charge density
[8], Monte-Carlo method (MCM) [9], nite difference method
(FDM) [10,11], and integral equation methods have been used to
simulate the non-uniform electric elds. CSM is one of the most
successful numerical methods used for solving electromagnetic
eld problems [2,3,5,7].
The interaction of electric and magnetic elds with humans has
initiated public concern, due to the overlap between the power
transmission lines and the settlement areas which lie very near or
under the power transmission lines [2,7,12e15]. There has been a
growing interest in determining the safe exposure level of humans
to power frequency electric and magnetic elds [2,7,12,15]. Therefore, the simulation of electric and magnetic elds, in the space
388
Muscle
Bone
Skin
Heart
Gland
Blood
Lung
Liver
Lens
0.86
0.04
0.11
0.5
0.11
0.6
0.04
0.13
0.11
434,930
12,320
1136
352,850
56,558
5259
145,100
85,673
105,550
1
Vi
Qj Pij
(1)
fi
6
X
fk
i 1; 2; M
(2)
k1
M
X
V fi x; y; z2
(3)
i1
Mn
X
Qi 0:0
(4)
i1
and for transmission lines the objective function is still the accumulated squared error but with only the simulated line charges.
n
X
i1
V fi x; y; z2
(5)
389
Fig. 1. Representation of simulation subject in terms of elementary geometrical shapes, all dimensions in cm.
The problem is now reduced to the determination of the optimum values of parameter subject to the satisfaction of the objective
function given by Equation (3) for grounded human body and
Equations (4) and (5) for ungrounded human body, using GAs.
Also, the electric eld components Eri and Ezi at the contour
point i are the vector sum of the eld contributions from all the
simulated charges, where Er represent the equivalent vector of Ex
and Ey.
Eri
6
X
Erk
(6)
k1
Ezi
6
X
Ezk
(7)
k1
The value of electric eld components Eri and Ezi for any part of
the human body is calculated, see Appendix D.
The total electric eld at the ith contour point is expressed as,
q
Ei Er2i Ez2i
(8)
rs o r En
(9)
Jk urs uo r En
(10)
where, k indicates the human part. Also, in lieu of the fact that the
relative permittivity of tissues is large at low frequencies, the human body represented as a good conductor with o.
The value of the normal component of the electric eld at any
arbitrary point on the human surface is presented by:
En ETL Ein
(11)
Ein Vfk uA
where, A is the magnetic vector potential. The rst term of Eq. (12),
E Vfk , can be obtained from the presented simulation program, and the value of A in the second term is given by;
m
4p
J
k dv
.
r r
(12)
(13)
390
0.06
0.04
% Potential error
0.02
Jk
uo r
E Vfk
1 uo r Lk TL
-0.02
-0.04
-0.06
ISk
-0.08
-0.1
(16)
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
h/200
Fig. 2. The variation of the per cent potential errors along the human body.
Jk dSk
(17)
0.6
0.4
2Jk
usak
(18)
0.2
where, ak is the radius of the human body part expressed as cylindrical cross section. Then the magnetic eld strength H is
expressed as, H m1 B.
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
1
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
h/200
Fig. 3. The variation of the deviation angle along the human body.
6
Bum
Jk uo r 4ETL Vfk @
4p
13
J
7
k dvC
A5
.
r r
(14)
The volume of any part of the human body can be obtained from
the integration over area of the human part and its length, so the
last term can be simplied to LkJk.where,
Lk
um
1
dsdl
4p r .
r
(15)
The boundary conditions are checked over 200 points along the
human height, h, in terms of the potential error, (the difference
between the actual conductor voltage, V, and the potential calculated due to the factious simulated charges, f), and deviation angle
(the deviation in the eld angle from the normal position on the
conductor surface). The accuracy of the simulation is satised for
the potential error, (not more than 0.1 %), and the eld deviation
angle, (not more than 1 degree) [2,4,7,12,18e21] over the human
body, as shown, in Figs. 2 and 3.
Table 2
Induced current in grounded and ungrounded human body.
Position
Top of
head
Middle
of neck
Middle
of waist
Middle
of legs
Induced magnetic
eld (mT)
Induced current
(mA)
Induced electric
eld (mV/m)
Induced magnetic
eld (mT)
18
0.3
1.6
18
0.29
1.6
38
2.6
35
2.2
130
66
0.6
2.1
152
10
1.9
20
0.9
1.56
Grounded
Ungrounded
1.4
2.5
1.6
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20
391
1.5
Grounded
Ungrounded
0.5
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Fig. 4. Induced current distributions for ungrounded and grounded human body.
0.4
Fig. 6. Induced magnetic eld distributions for ungrounded and grounded human
body.
Fig. 7. Actual measured magnetic eld variation over human body for 220 kV power
lines [30].
4. Conclusions
With the advent of high voltage power lines, it becomes
increasingly important to describe accurately the power line electromagnetic eld interaction with life forms.
Fig. 5. Computed (Gandhi & Chen) [28] and measured (Deno) [29] current distribution
for an ungrounded and grounded human of 1.77 m in height standing in a vertical
homogeneous electric eld of 10 kV/m at 50 Hz.
Fig. 8. Actual measured magnetic eld variation over human body for 500 kV power
lines [30].
392
Fig. A.1. Representation of the human head and different charges distribution.
Fig. A.2. Representation of the human waist with different charges distribution.
Fig. A.3. Representation of the human arm and leg with different charges distribution and transformation axes.
f4
nn1X
n2 n3
393
Pij Qj
jnn1 n2 1
|{z}
elliptical
f5
charges
nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X
Pij Qj
jnn1 n2 n3 1
|{z}
segment
f6
ring charges
nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5
Pij Qj
jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1
|{z}
horizontal finite line charges
Also n is the number of the innite line charge and its image for
twin bundle, n1 is the number of simulated ring charges located at
the head, neck, and legs, n2 is the number of simulated inclined
vertical nite line charges located at arms, n3 is the number of
simulated elliptical charges located at head, n4 is the number of
simulated segment ring charges located at waist, n5 is the number
of simulated horizontal nite line charges located at waist.
zj zj1 n3 1
x2 y2
2
a2i
bi
!
l1
x2 y2
2
a2i
bi
aj f1 ai
Appendix B. Potential calculation
bj f1 bi
The axial location of the jth ring charge along the z-axis in cylindrical surface and truncated cone located at arms and legs is
determined by [2,4,7] as,
zj zj1 n1 1 r l2 r
f1
n
X
Pij Qj
j1
|{z}
infinite line
f2
rj f2 r
nn
X1
Pij Qj
jn1
|{z}
ring
charges
nn
1 n2
X
f3
Pij Qj
jnn1 1
|{z}
inclined
vertical
finite
lines
394
Ez4
nn1X
n2 n3
fzij Qj
jnn1 n2 1
|{z}
elliptical
Ez5
charges
nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X
fzij Qj
jnn1 n2 n3 1
|{z}
Er1
n
X
nn
X1
where, frij and fzij are the r and z eld coefcients of the charge Qj
calculated at the ith contour point. The value of frij represent the
equivalent vector of fxij and fyij .
line
frij Qj
jn1
References
ring
|{z}
charges
nn
1 n2
X
Er3
frij Qj
jnn1 1
|{z}
inclined
vertical finite
nn1X
n2 n3
lines
frij Qj
jnn1 n2 1
|{z}
elliptical
charges
nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X
frij Qj
jnn1 n2 n3 1
|{z}
segment ring
Er6
charges
nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5
frij Qj
jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1
|{z}
horizontal
Ez1
n
X
finite
line
charges
fzij Qj
j1
|{z}
infinte
Ez2
line
nn
X1
fzij Qj
jn1
|{z}
ring
Ez3
fzij Qj
|{z}
infinte
Er5
nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5
frij Qj
j1
Er4
Ez6
jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1
|{z}
Er2
charges
nn
1 n2
X
fzij Qj
jnn1 1
|{z}
inclined vertical
finite lines
395
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