MATH101201

MATH101201
This question paper consists of
6 printed pages, each of which
is identified by the reference
MATH101201.

All calculators must carry an

approval sticker issued by
the School of Mathematics.

c UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS

Examination for the Module MATH1012
(June 2014)
Mathematics 2
Time allowed: 3 hours
Answer all questions in Section A, no more than 2 from Section B and no
more than 2 from Section C. Each question in Section A carries 4 marks, and
each question in Sections B and C carries 15 marks. You must show your
working in answers to all questions.
SECTION A - Answer all questions in this section

A1. (a) Solve the following separable equation subject to the given boundary condition:
dy
= ex+y ,
dx

y = 0 at x = 0 .

(b) By using the substitution z =

d2 y
=
dx2

dy
dx

dy
, find the general solution of the equation
dx

2
.

A2. Solve the following linear first order differential equation subject to the given boundary
condition:
dy
+ 2y = 1 + x2 ex ,
dx

y = 1 at x = 0 .

A3. (a) Check whether the following vectors form a basis of R3 :

{(1, 2, 1), (2, 1, 1), (1, 1, 2)} .
(b) Suppose u1 , . . . , uk are linearly independent vectors in Rn and A is an invertible
n n matrix. Show that the vectors v1 = Au1 , . . . , vk = Avk are also linearly
independent.
1

CONTINUED...

MATH101201

A4. Find a basis of the kernel and determine the rank of the following matrix:

1 2 1 2
A = 2 5 4 3 .
1 0 3
4

A5. Show that the first order differential equation

(sin x + sin y + 2xy) + (x cos y + x2 + y 2 )

dy
=0
dx

is exact and hence find the general solution.

A6. Classify the critical point, x = (0, 0)T , of the system dx/dt = Ax when




7 2
6 8
(i) A =
, (ii) A =
.
5 5
2 6

A7. Consider a particle moving in one space dimension under the action of a potential
energy U (x) = x3 /3 + x2 . Calculate the force acting on the particle. Find the
equilibrium points of the system and determine whether they are stable or unstable.

A8. Assuming that the relation between the frequency of a pendulum, , its length, l ,
and the gravitational acceleration, g , is of the form
= l g ,
where is a dimensionless constant, determine and using dimensional analysis.

A9. The position vector of a particle is given as a function of time, t, by

r(t) = (R cos(t), R sin(t))T ,
where R and are positive constants. Calculate the velocity, v(t), and acceleration,
a(t), of the particle. Then, show that r is orthogonal to v and anti-parallel to a.

A10. A particle of mass m moves in a straight line with velocity v(t). Write down
the equation of motion of the particle if it experiences no other force than a linear
resistance, F = mkv , where k is a positive constant. Find the velocity and the
position, x(t), of the particle if x = x0 , v = v0 at t = 0. Then calculate the distance
travelled by the particle before it comes to a stop.
2

CONTINUED...

MATH101201

SECTION B - Do not answer more than two questions in this section

B1. (a) State the definition of a basis of a vector space V . Explain why the following
elements E1 , E2 , E3 , E4 form a basis of the space Mat2,2 of 2 2 matrices:

E1 =

1 0
0 0


,

E2 =

0 1
0 0


,

E3 =

0 0
1 0


,

E4 =

0 0
0 1


.

(b) Consider the transformation T acting on the vector space Mat2,2 by the formula
T (A) = CA

where C =

1 2
2 4

for A Mat2,2 ,


. Check that the transformation T is linear.

(c) For the above T , compute T (E1 ), . . . , T (E4 ), where Ei are as in part (a). Hence
obtain the 4 4 matrix of T with respect to the basis E1 , . . . , E4 .
(d) Describe all matrices A Mat2,2 which belong to the kernel of the above T .
Hence determine the dimension of the kernel of T . By using the rank-nullity
theorem or other method, find the dimension of the image of T .

B2. (a) Find the solution to the Bernoulli equation

dy 3y

= 4y 2 ln x ,
dx
x
subject to the boundary condition y = 1 at x = 1.
(b) Verify that y = x 5 is a particular solution of the equation
dy
2y + 6
=
.
dx
x+y+1
Reduce the equation to homogeneous by a suitable change of variables
X = x x0 ,

Y = y y0 .

Hence find the general solution.

B3. (a) Find the general solution to the second order differential equation
d2 y
dy
4 + 5y = 0 .
2
dx
dx
3

(1)

QUESTION B3 CONTINUED...

MATH101201

(b) Suppose that y1 , y2 are two particular solutions of the inhomogeneous equation
d2 y
dy
4 + 5y = f (x) ,
2
dx
dx

(2)

where f (x) is a given function. Let y = y1 + y2 where , are constants.

Show that for + = 0 such y will satisfy the homogeneous equation (1), while
for + = 1 it will satisfy the inhomogeneous equation (2).
(c) Find the general solution of
d2 y
dy
4 + 5y = e2x .
2
dx
dx
(d) Consider a Cauchy equation
dy
d2 y
+ ax
+ by = 0 ,
x
2
dx
dx
2

(3)

and suppose that the auxiliary equation ( 1) + a + b = 0 has a repeated

root . Show by direct substitution that y = x and y = x ln x satisfy the
equation (3).
Find the solution of the Cauchy equation
x2

dy
d2 y

5x
+ 9y = 0
dx2
dx

that satisfies the boundary condition y = 1,

dy
= 0 at x = 1.
dx

CONTINUED...

MATH101201

SECTION C - Do not answer more than two questions in this section

C1. (a) Write the system of first order linear differential equations
dx
9
3
= x + y,
dt
4
4

dy
1
11
= x y
dt
4
4

in matrix form, as dx/dt = Ax, where x = (x, y)T .

(b) Calculate the eigenvalues of the matrix A and classify the critical point of the
system.
(c) Find the eigenvectors of A and deduce that A = C D C 1 where




3 0
1 3
D=
and C =
.
0 2
1 1
(d) Write the solution and sketch the phase portrait of the linear system.

C2. At time t = 0, a particle of mass m is dropped with zero velocity from a height h
above the ground. It experiences a constant gravitational acceleration, g , and air
resistance of the form Fr = mk|v|v , where k is a positive constant.
(a) Write down the equation of motion and show that
v

dv
= g + kv 2 ,
dx

where x is the distance above the ground and v is the velocity, with v < 0
corresponding to downward motion.
(b) Solve the equation of motion for v(x) and show that
r
g
(1 e2k(xh) ).
v(x) =
k
(c) The work done by a force, F , as the particle travels from its initial position to
the ground is defined as
Z 0
W =
F (x) dx.
h

Find the work done by the gravitational force and by air resistance.
(d) Show that the total work done by these forces is equal to the change in the
kinetic energy of the particle.

CONTINUED...

MATH101201

C3. At time t = 0, a ball of mass m (modelled as a point particle) is projected from

the origin with speed v0 , at an angle to the horizontal. The ball experiences a
constant vertical gravitational force, F = mg . The x-axis is horizontal and the
y -axis vertical.
(a) Neglecting air resistance, write down and solve the equation of motion to show
that the position of the particle at time t is given by
x(t) = v0 t cos and y(t) =

g t2
+ v0 t sin .
2

(b) Show that the trajectory of the particle has equation

y(x) =

g x2
+ x tan .
2v02 cos2

(c) Using the identity sec2 = 1 + tan2 , rewrite this equation as a quadratic for
tan ,
gx2
gx2
2
tan

x
tan

+
y
+
= 0.
2v02
2v02
Show that the ball can hit a target placed at (xT , yT ) if satisfies
s


v02
v02 v02
tan =

2yT 1.
gxT
gx2T g
(d) Deduce that a ball can only reach its target if
0 yT

v02
g
2 x2T ,
2g 2v0

and sketch the locations of possible targets in the (x, y)-plane.

END